Buckthorn Family

Longitude (deg): -1.1. Latitude (deg): 51.5. Longitude (deg/min): 1° 10' W. Latitude (deg/min): 51° 30' N. Vice county name: Berks. Vice county no.: 22. Country: England. Stage: Plant. Identified by: Malcolm Storey. Category: standard photograph or close-up. Photographic equipment used: "35mm transparencies (on a variety of films, but Agfa CT18 in the 1960's to early 1980's followed by Fujichrome in the late 1980's.) Transparencies scanned with Minolta Dimage Scan Dual II AF-2820U transparency scanner.".

Jason Sharp;Desoto Memorial, Manatee County, Florida

Kauila, KauwilaRhamaceae (Buckthorn family)Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Rare on the main islands of Oahu, Lnai, Molokai, Maui, Hawaii, except Kauai)Photo: Maui (Cultivated)Early Hawaiians used this hard wood for handles for stone chisels, beams for huts (pupupu hale), kapa beaters, javelins or spears (polol), digging sticks (), carrying poles, and tall straight portable poles for khili.Early Hawaiians kauila medicinally for khewa (stroke, as of heart failure, apoplexy).NPH00001nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Alphitonia_ponderosa

2011-08-07 Vienna XXII. district - Lobau National Park (155 msm Quadrant 7864/2).German name: FaulbaumFruiting.Use view on black.

Kauila, KauwilaRhamaceaeEndemic to the Hawaiian IslandsEndangeredOahu (Cultivated; Oahu form)Early Hawaiians used the heavy, durable wood of kauila to make farming tools, handles for stone chisels, pegs for repairing bowls, digging sticks (), carrying poles, tall poles for banners, khili poles (royal feather stands, netting needles or shuttles, kapa beaters and grooving tools, prepping boards for kapa (lau kahi wauke), war clubs, spears (polol) and daggers, and bait sticks for fishing.The wood was also crafted into musical instruments, such as hula sticks (ka lau), and was the preferred wood for muscial bows called kk.Kauila wood was also fashioned into spears for the games of spear throwing ( ihe) and spear fencing (kaka lau). The only use of the bow and arrows was for a sport called pana iole (rat shoot). Thought the bow was made from an unidentified wood, the arrows were made of k (sugarcane) and tipped with bone or kauila wood. The sport of sledding or hlua was reserved for young men and women alii. The sled runners were made from kauila.Kauila leaves and bark produce a bluish dye for kapa.Medicinally, kauila were used for khewa (stroke, as of heart failure, apoplexy).Fruitswww.flickr.com/photos/dweickhoff/4822719484/in/photolist-...nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Colubrina_oppositifolia

Kauila, KauwilaRhamaceaeEndemic to the Hawaiian IslandsEndangeredOahu (Cultivated; Oahu form)Early Hawaiians used the heavy, durable wood of kauila to make farming tools, handles for stone chisels, pegs for repairing bowls, digging sticks (), carrying poles, tall poles for banners, khili poles (royal feather stands, netting needles or shuttles, kapa beaters and grooving tools, prepping boards for kapa (lau kahi wauke), war clubs, spears (polol) and daggers, and bait sticks for fishing.The wood was also crafted into musical instruments, such as hula sticks (ka lau), and was the preferred wood for muscial bows called kk.Kauila wood was also fashioned into spears for the games of spear throwing ( ihe) and spear fencing (kaka lau). The only use of the bow and arrows was for a sport called pana iole (rat shoot). Thought the bow was made from an unidentified wood, the arrows were made of k (sugarcane) and tipped with bone or kauila wood. The sport of sledding or hlua was reserved for young men and women alii. The sled runners were made from kauila.Kauila leaves and bark produce a bluish dye for kapa.Medicinally, kauila were used for khewa (stroke, as of heart failure, apoplexy).nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Colubrina_oppositifolia

Oahu chewstickRhamnaceae (Buckthorn family)Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, West Maui, Hawaii Island)IUCN: Critically EndangeredOahu (Cultivated)Though no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush.In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste.EtymologyThe genus Gouania is named for Antoine Gouan (1733-1821), a professor and naturalist at Mountpellier, France.The specific epithet vitifolia means "grape-like foliage," named for its grape-like foliage and spiraled "watch spring" tendrils.nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Gouania_vitifolia

Hairy-fruit chewstickRhamnaceae (Buckthorn family)Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Molokai, Lnai (extinct), West Maui, Kahoolawe (extinct), Hawaii Island)NatureServe: Critically ImperiledOahu (Cultivated)Though no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush.In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste.EtymologyThe genus Gouania is named for Antoine Gouan (1733-1821), a professor and naturalist at Mountpellier, France.The specific epithet hillebrandii is named in honor of William Hillebrand (1821-1886), a young Prussian physician and plant collector. He planted many of the plants he collected at Queen's Hospital and on his own property in Nuuanu. After moving back to Germany the property was sold to his neighbors Thomas & Mary Foster. Today, it is known as the Foster Botanical Gardens.nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Gouania_hillebrandii

Oahu chewstickRhamnaceae (Buckthorn family)Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, West Maui, Hawaii Island)IUCN: Critically EndangeredOahu (Cultivated)Though no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush.In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste.EtymologyThe genus Gouania is named for Antoine Gouan (1733-1821), a professor and naturalist at Mountpellier, France.The specific epithet vitifolia means "grape-like foliage," named for its grape-like foliage and spiraled "watch spring" tendrils.nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Gouania_vitifolia

Kauila, KauwilaRhamaceaeEndemic to the Hawaiian IslandsEndangeredOahu (Cultivated; Oahu form)Early Hawaiians used the heavy, durable wood of kauila to make farming tools, handles for stone chisels, pegs for repairing bowls, digging sticks (), carrying poles, tall poles for banners, khili poles (royal feather stands, netting needles or shuttles, kapa beaters and grooving tools, prepping boards for kapa (lau kahi wauke), war clubs, spears (polol) and daggers, and bait sticks for fishing.The wood was also crafted into musical instruments, such as hula sticks (ka lau), and was the preferred wood for muscial bows called kk.Kauila wood was also fashioned into spears for the games of spear throwing ( ihe) and spear fencing (kaka lau). The only use of the bow and arrows was for a sport called pana iole (rat shoot). Thought the bow was made from an unidentified wood, the arrows were made of k (sugarcane) and tipped with bone or kauila wood. The sport of sledding or hlua was reserved for young men and women alii. The sled runners were made from kauila.Kauila leaves and bark produce a bluish dye for kapa.Medicinally, kauila were used for khewa (stroke, as of heart failure, apoplexy).Flowerswww.flickr.com/photos/dweickhoff/5341874134/in/photolist-...nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Colubrina_oppositifolia

Oahu chewstickRhamnaceae (Buckthorn family)Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, West Maui, Hawaii Island)IUCN: Critically EndangeredOahu (Cultivated)Though no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush.In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste.EtymologyThe genus Gouania is named for Antoine Gouan (1733-1821), a professor and naturalist at Mountpellier, France.The specific epithet vitifolia means "grape-like foliage," named for its grape-like foliage and spiraled "watch spring" tendrils.nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Gouania_vitifolia

Smoothfruit chewstickRhamnaceaeEndemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu)EndangeredWaianae Mountains, OahuThough no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush.In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste.nativeplants.hawaii.edu

Hairy-fruit chewstickRhamnaceaeEndemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Molokai, Lnai (extinct), West Maui, Kahoolawe (extinct), Hawaii Island)NatureServe: Critically ImperiledOahu (Cultivated)Though no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush.In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste.nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Gouania_hillebrandii

Oahu chewstickRhamnaceae (Buckthorn family)Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, West Maui, Hawaii Island)IUCN: Critically EndangeredOahu (Cultivated)Though no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush.In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste.EtymologyThe genus Gouania is named for Antoine Gouan (1733-1821), a professor and naturalist at Mountpellier, France.The specific epithet vitifolia means "grape-like foliage," named for its grape-like foliage and spiraled "watch spring" tendrils.nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Gouania_vitifolia

Oahu chewstickRhamnaceae (Buckthorn family)Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, West Maui, Hawaii Island)IUCN: Critically EndangeredOahu (Cultivated)Though no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush.In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste.EtymologyThe genus Gouania is named for Antoine Gouan (1733-1821), a professor and naturalist at Mountpellier, France.The specific epithet vitifolia means "grape-like foliage," named for its grape-like foliage and spiraled "watch spring" tendrils.nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Gouania_vitifolia

Kauila, KauwilaRhamaceaeEndemic to the Hawaiian IslandsEndangeredOahu (Cultivated; Hawaii Island form)Early Hawaiians used the heavy, durable wood of kauila to make farming tools, handles for stone chisels, pegs for repairing bowls, digging sticks (), carrying poles, tall poles for banners, khili poles (royal feather stands, netting needles or shuttles, kapa beaters and grooving tools, prepping boards for kapa (lau kahi wauke), war clubs, spears (polol) and daggers, and bait sticks for fishing.The wood was also crafted into musical instruments, such as hula sticks (ka lau), and was the preferred wood for muscial bows called kk.Kauila wood was also fashioned into spears for the games of spear throwing ( ihe) and spear fencing (kaka lau). The only use of the bow and arrows was for a sport called pana iole (rat shoot). Thought the bow was made from an unidentified wood, the arrows were made of k (sugarcane) and tipped with bone or kauila wood. The sport of sledding or hlua was reserved for young men and women alii. The sled runners were made from kauila.Kauila leaves and bark produce a bluish dye for kapa.Medicinally, kauila were used for khewa (stroke, as of heart failure, apoplexy).nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Colubrina_oppositifolia

Kauila, KauwilaRhamaceaeEndemic to the Hawaiian IslandsIUCN: Critically EndangeredOahu (Cultivated; Oahu form)Early Hawaiians used the heavy, durable wood of kauila to make farming tools, handles for stone chisels, pegs for repairing bowls, digging sticks (), carrying poles, tall poles for banners, khili poles (royal feather stands, netting needles or shuttles, kapa beaters and grooving tools, prepping boards for kapa (lau kahi wauke), war clubs, spears (polol) and daggers, and bait sticks for fishing.The wood was also crafted into musical instruments, such as hula sticks (ka lau), and was the preferred wood for muscial bows called kk.Kauila wood was also fashioned into spears for the games of spear throwing ( ihe) and spear fencing (kaka lau). The only use of the bow and arrows was for a sport called pana iole (rat shoot). Thought the bow was made from an unidentified wood, the arrows were made of k (sugarcane) and tipped with bone or kauila wood. The sport of sledding or hlua was reserved for young men and women alii. The sled runners were made from kauila.Kauila leaves and bark produce a bluish dye for kapa.Medicinally, kauila were used for khewa (stroke, as of heart failure, apoplexy).Fruitswww.flickr.com/photos/dweickhoff/4822719484/in/photolist-...nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Colubrina_oppositifolia

Oahu chewstickRhamnaceae (Buckthorn family)Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, West Maui, Hawaii Island)IUCN: Critically EndangeredOahu (Cultivated)Though no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush.In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste.Habitwww.flickr.com/photos/dweickhoff/4832061569/in/photolist-...EtymologyThe genus Gouania is named for Antoine Gouan (1733-1821), a professor and naturalist at Mountpellier, France.The specific epithet vitifolia means "grape-like foliage," named for its grape-like foliage and spiraled "watch spring" tendrils.nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Gouania_vitifolia

Hairy-fruit chewstickRhamnaceaeEndemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Molokai, Lnai (extinct), West Maui, Kahoolawe (extinct), Hawaii Island)NatureServe: Critically ImperiledOahu (Cultivated)Though no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush.In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste.nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Gouania_hillebrandii

Smoothfruit chewstickRhamnaceaeEndemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu)EndangeredWaianae Mountains, OahuThough no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush.In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste.nativeplants.hawaii.edu

Oahu chewstickRhamnaceae (Buckthorn family)Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, West Maui, Hawaii Island)IUCN: Critically EndangeredOahu (Cultivated)Leaves, tendrils & flowerswww.flickr.com/photos/dweickhoff/4832061569/in/photolist-...Though no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush.In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste.EtymologyThe genus Gouania is named for Antoine Gouan (1733-1821), a professor and naturalist at Mountpellier, France.The specific epithet vitifolia means "grape-like foliage," named for its grape-like foliage and spiraled "watch spring" tendrils.nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Gouania_vitifolia