dcsimg

Life is short, but snakes are long: Dwarf Boas ( англиски )

добавил EOL authors

A blog about snake natural history, ecology, and evolution

лиценца
cc-publicdomain
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
EOL authors

Tropidophiidae ( англиски )

добавил EOL authors
Tropidophiids or "dwarf boas" are a family of small snakes. Despite their name, they are not closely related to true boas (family Boidae). They are found in South America and the West Indies, and reach their highest diversity on Cuba. Most species are 1-2 feet long, drab-colored, nocturnal, and give birth to live young. Many change color from day to night. They either completely lack a left lung or have a greatly reduced one, but possess a "tracheal lung" on the dorsal wall of the trachea.When threatened, these snakes coil up into tight balls and spontaneously bleed from their nose and mouth.There are two genera: 32 species ofTropidophis and two species ofTrachyboa. Tropidophiids eat mostly frogs and lizards, and they constrict their prey in the same way as true boas, but recent molecular analyses have shown that they are most closely related to the single species of Red Pipesnake (Anilius scytale, family Aniliidae). This family used to contain two other genera,ExiliboaandUngaliophis, which we now know to bemore closely related to true boas. Because most species live on islands, tropidophiids are faced with numerous threats, including the almost complete destruction of native ecosystems and predation from non-native mongeese.

Наводи

  • Battersby, J. 1938. LXIV.—Some snakes of the genus Tropidophis. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1:557-560
  • Brongersma, L. 1951. Some notes upon the anatomy of Tropidophis and Trachyboa (Serpentes). Zoologische Mededelingen 31:107-124
  • Cocteau, J. and G. Bibron. 1843. Reptiles. in M. R. de la Sagra, editor. Histoire physique, politique, et naturelle de l’Ile de Cuba. Vol. 4. Arthus Bertrand, Paris
  • Curcio, F. F., P. M. Sales Nunes, A. J. S. Argolo, G. Skuk, and M. T. Rodrigues. 2012. Taxonomy of the South American Dwarf Boas of the Genus Tropidophis Bibron, 1840, With the Description of Two New Species from the Atlantic Forest (Serpentes: Tropidophiidae). Herpetological Monographs 26:80-121
  • Cocteau, J. and G. Bibron. 1843. Reptiles. In: M. R. de la Sagra. Histoire physique, politique, et naturelle de l’Ile de Cuba. Vol. 4. Arthus Bertrand, Paris
  • Dessauer, H. C., J. E. Cadle, and R. Lawson. 1987. Patterns of snake evolution suggested by their proteins. Fieldiana Zoology New Series 34:1–34
  • Echternacht, A. C., F. J. Burton, and J. M. Blumenthal. 2011. The amphibians and reptiles of the Cayman Islands: conservation issues in the face of invasions. Pages 129-147 in A. Hailey, B. Wilson, and J. Horrocks, editors. Conservation of Caribbean Island Herpetofaunas Volume 2: Regional Accounts of the West Indies. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands
  • Fong, A. 2005. Variation in and natural history notes on Tropidophis fuscus (Serpentes: Tropidophiidae) from Cuba. Herpetological Review 36:118-119.
  • Greene, H. W. and G. M. Burghardt. 1978. Behavior and phylogeny: constriction in ancient and modern snakes. Science 200:74-77
  • Hecht, M. K., V. Walters, and G. Ramm. 1955. Observations on the natural history of the Bahaman pigmy boa, Tropidophis pardalis, with notes on autohemorrhage. Copeia 1955:249-251
  • Hedges, S. B. 2002. Morphological variation and the definition of species in the snake genus Tropidophis (Serpentes, Tropidophiidae). Bulletin of The Natural History Museum. Zoology Series 68:83-90
  • Hedges, S. B., A. Estrada, and L. Diaz. 1999. New snake (Tropidophis) from western Cuba. Copeia 1999:376-381
  • Hedges, S. B. and O. H. Garrido. 1992. A new species of Tropidophis from Cuba (Serpentes: Tropidophiidae). Copeia 1992:820-825
  • Hedges, S. B. and O. H. Garrido. 1999. A new snake of the genus Tropidophis (Tropidophiidae) from central Cuba. Journal of Herpetology 33:436-441
  • Hedges, S. B. and O. H. Garrido. 2002. A new snake of the genus Tropidophis (Tropidophiidae) from eastern Cuba. Journal of Herpetology 36:157–161
  • Hedges, S. B., O. H. Garrido, and L. M. Diaz. 2001. A new banded snake of the genus Tropidophis (Tropidophiidae) from north-central Cuba. Journal of Herpetology 35:615-617
  • Hedges, S. B., C. Hass, and T. Maugel. 1989. Physiological color change in snakes. Journal of Herpetology 23:450-455
  • Iturriaga, M. 2014. Autohemorrhaging behavior in the Cuban Dwarf Boa Tropidophis melanurus Schlegel, 1837 (Serpentes: Tropidophiidae). Herpetology Notes 7:339-341
  • Iverson, J. B. 1986. Notes on the natural history of the Caicos Islands dwarf boa, Tropidophis greenwayi. Caribbean Journal of Science 22:191-198.
  • Meylan, P. A. 1996. Pleistocene amphibians and reptiles from the Leisey Shell Pit, Hillsborough County, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 37:273-297
  • Olson, S. L., ed. 1982. Fossil Vertebrates from the Bahamas. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA
  • Rehák, I. 1987. Color change in the snake Tropidophis feicki (Reptilia: Squamata: Tropidophidae). Vestnk Ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti Zoologicke 51:300-303.
  • Reynolds, R. G. 2011. Status, conservation, and introduction of amphibians and reptiles in the Turks and Caicos Islands, British West Indies. Pages 377-406 in A. Hailey, B. Wilson, and J. Horrocks, editors. Conservation of Caribbean Island Herpetofaunas. Volume 2: Regional Accounts of the West Indies. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands
  • Reynolds, R. G., M. L. Niemiller, and L. J. Revell. 2014. Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 71:201-213
  • Rieppel, O. 2012. “Regressed” Macrostomatan Snakes. Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences 5:99-103
  • Rivalta, V., A. González, and L. Rodríguez. 2013. Collection of herpetology of the institute of ecology and systematics, La Habana, Cuba. Family Tropidophiidae, Genus Tropidophis. Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal 5:282-300
  • Schwartz, A. 1957. A new species of boa (genus Tropidophis) from western Cuba. American Museum Novitates 1839:1-8
  • Schwartz, A. 1975. Variation in the Antillean boid snake Tropidophis haetianus Cope. Journal of Herpetology 9:303-311
  • Schwartz, A. and R. J. Marsh. 1960. A review of the pardalis-maculatus complex of the boid genus Tropidophis of the West Indies. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 123:49-84
  • Siegel, D. S., A. Miralles, and R. D. Aldridge. 2011. Controversial snake relationships supported by reproductive anatomy. Journal of Anatomy 218:342-348
  • Stull, O. G. 1928. A revision of the genus Tropidophis. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 195:1-49
  • Szyndlar, Z. and W. Böhme. 1996. Redescription of Tropidonotus atavus von Meyer, 1855 from the Upper Oligocene of Rott (Germany) and its allocation to Rottophis gen. nov. (Serpentes, Boidae). Palaeontographica Abteilung A 240:145-161
  • Szyndlar, Z., R. Smith, and J.-C. Rage. 2008. A new dwarf boa (Serpentes, Booidea,‘Tropidophiidae’) from the Early Oligocene of Belgium: a case of the isolation of Western European snake faunas. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152:393-406
  • Thomas, R. 1963. Cayman Islands Tropidophis (Reptilia, Serpentes). Breviora 195:1-8
  • Tolson, P. J. and R. W. Henderson. 2006. An overview of snake conservation in the West Indies. Applied Herpetology 3:345-356
  • Torres, J., C. Pérez-Penichet, and O. Torres. 2014. Predation attempt by Tropidophis melanurus (Serpentes, Tropidophiidae) on Anolis porcus (Sauria, Dactyloidae). Herpetology Notes 7:527-529
  • Torres, J., O. J. Torres, and R. Marrero. 2013. Autohemorrage in Tropidophis xanthogaster (Serpentes:Tropidophiidae) from Guanahacabibes, Cuba. Herpetology Notes 6:579-581
  • Vidal, N., A. S. Delmas, and S. B. Hedges. 2007. The higher-level relationships of alethinophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Pages 27-33 in R. W. Henderson and R. Powell, editors. Biology of the Boas and Pythons. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, Utah, USA
  • Wilcox, T. P., D. J. Zwickl, T. A. Heath, and D. M. Hillis. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the dwarf boas and a comparison of Bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25:361-371
  • Zaher, H. 1994. Les Tropidopheoidea (Serpentes: Alethinophidea) sont-ils reellement monophyletiques? Arugments en faveur de leur polyphyletisme. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris 317:471–478

лиценца
cc-by-3.0
авторски права
Andrew Durso
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
EOL authors

Erdboas ( германски )

добавил wikipedia DE

Die Erdboas (Tropidophiidae) sind eine Schlangenfamilie, die auf Kuba, den Kaiman- und Caicos-Inseln und im nordwestlichen Südamerika vorkommt.

Merkmale

Erdboas sind kleine bis mittelgroße Schlangen und zeigen sowohl ursprüngliche als auch abgeleitete Merkmale. Zu den primitiven zählen die Reste des Beckengürtels, die bei allen Arten bis auf eine noch vorhanden sind. Zu den abgeleiteten Merkmalen zählen die gut entwickelten Tracheallungen. Im Unterschied zu den Boas und Pythons ist bei den Erdboas nicht die rechte Lunge reduziert, sondern die linke wurde zurückgebildet oder fehlt. Beide Ovarien sind gut entwickelt. Die Zungenbeinhörner stehen dicht zusammen und sind parallel ausgerichtet. Wärmeempfindliche Labialgruben fehlen.[1]

Wie die eigentlichen Boaschlangen sind die Erdboas ovovivipar, bringen also lebende Junge zur Welt.[2]

Gattungen und Arten

 src=
Die ausgestorbene Erdboa Messelophis ermannorum aus der Grube Messel.
 src=
Tropidophis semicinctus

Es gibt zwei Gattungen mit 34 Arten[3]:

Neben den rezenten Arten sind auch einige ausgestorbene aus Europa, Nord- und Südamerika bekannt, darunter Messelophis aus der Grube Messel.[4]

Einzelnachweise

  1. Mark O’Shea: Boas & Pythons of the World. New Holland Publishers, 2011, ISBN 1-8477-3872-9, S. 19.
  2. John P. Rafferty: Reptiles and amphibians. Britannica Educational Pub., 2011, S. 131.
  3. Tropidophiidae In: The Reptile Database
  4. Family Tropidophiidae Cope 1894 (dwarf boa). The Paleobiology Database.
 title=
лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia DE

Erdboas: Brief Summary ( германски )

добавил wikipedia DE

Die Erdboas (Tropidophiidae) sind eine Schlangenfamilie, die auf Kuba, den Kaiman- und Caicos-Inseln und im nordwestlichen Südamerika vorkommt.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia DE

Tropidophiidae ( англиски )

добавил wikipedia EN

The Tropidophiidae, common name dwarf boas or thunder snakes,[2] are a family of nonvenomous snakes found from Mexico and the West Indies south to southeastern Brazil. These are small to medium-sized fossorial snakes, some with beautiful and striking color patterns. Currently, two living genera, containing 34 species, are recognized.[3] Two other genera (Ungaliophis and Exiliboa) were once considered to be tropidophiids but are now known to be more closely related to the boids, and are classified in the subfamily Ungaliophiinae. There are a relatively large number of fossil snakes that have been described as tropidophiids (because their vertebrae are easy to identify), but which of these are more closely related to Tropidophis and Trachyboa and which are more closely related to Ungaliophis and Exiliboa is unknown.

Description

This family is confined to the neotropics, mainly in Hispaniola, Jamaica, and the Cayman Islands, with the greatest diversity being in Cuba, where new species are still being discovered. These snakes are relatively small, averaging to about 30–60 cm (12–24 in) in total length (including the tail).

Rieppelophis ermannorum, an extinct pygmy boa

Behavior

Most species spend their day burrowed underground or under vegetation, surfacing only at night or when it rains. Some species are arboreal and are often seen hiding in bromeliads in trees.

Color change

The dwarf boas can change color from light (when they are active at night) to dark (inactive in the day). This color change is brought about by the movement of dark pigment granules.

Defensive behavior

When threatened, tropidophiids coil up into a tight ball. A more peculiar defensive behavior is their ability to bleed voluntarily from the eyes, mouth, and nostrils.[4]

Distribution and habitat

They are found from southern Mexico and Central America, south to northwestern South America in Colombia, (Amazonian) Ecuador, and Peru, as well as in northwestern and southeastern Brazil, and also in the West Indies.[1]

Fossils

Fossils of 10 extinct species in five genera[5] from the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene of Europe, Africa, and North and South America have been assigned to the Tropidophiidae, although all of them are probably actually either ungaliophiines or stem afrophidians. Two genera, Falseryx and Rottophis, both from the Oligocene of western Europe, have some similarities with living tropidophiids[6] as well as with ungaliophiines, but for the most part their skulls are poorly preserved, leaving paleontologists to work on just their vertebrae. Paleogene erycines dominated the snake fauna of North America prior to the Miocene explosion of colubroids, but as far as we know all of these species were much more closely related to modern rosy and rubber boas than they were to tropidophiids. The only unequivocal tropidophiid fossils are from the Pleistocene of Florida[7] and the Bahamas.[8]

Genera

Genus[2] Taxon author[1] Species[2] Common name Geographic range[1] Trachyboa W. Peters, 1860 2 eyelash boas Panama, Pacific Colombia and Ecuador TropidophisT Bibron, 1840 either 17 or 33 wood snakes or West
Indian wood snakes the West Indies, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador

T Type genus.[1]

Cited references

  1. ^ a b c d e McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ a b c "Tropidophiidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 August 2007.
  3. ^ "Tropidophiidae". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  4. ^ Hoefer, Sebastian; Mills, Sophie; Robinson, Nathan J. (2019). "Autohaemorrhaging in a Bahamian pygmy boa, Tropidophis curtus barbouri". The Herpetological Bulletin (150). doi:10.33256/hb150.3940.
  5. ^ "Subfamily Tropidophiinae Cope 1894 (dwarf boa)". Fossilworks. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  6. ^ Szyndlar Z; Smith R; Rage J-C (2008). "A new dwarf boa (Serpentes, Booidea,'Tropidophiidae') from the Early Oligocene of Belgium: a case of the isolation of Western European snake faunas". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 152 (2): 393–406. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00357.x.
  7. ^ Meylan PA (1996). "Pleistocene amphibians and reptiles from the Leisey Shell Pit, Hillsborough County, Florida" (PDF). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 37: 273–297. (in English, with an abstract in Spanish).
  8. ^ Pregill GK (1982). "Fossil amphibians and reptiles from New Providence Island, Bahamas". In Olson SL (ed.). Fossil Vertebrates from the Bahamas. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. Vol. 48. Washington, DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 8–21. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.48.1.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Wikipedia authors and editors
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia EN

Tropidophiidae: Brief Summary ( англиски )

добавил wikipedia EN

The Tropidophiidae, common name dwarf boas or thunder snakes, are a family of nonvenomous snakes found from Mexico and the West Indies south to southeastern Brazil. These are small to medium-sized fossorial snakes, some with beautiful and striking color patterns. Currently, two living genera, containing 34 species, are recognized. Two other genera (Ungaliophis and Exiliboa) were once considered to be tropidophiids but are now known to be more closely related to the boids, and are classified in the subfamily Ungaliophiinae. There are a relatively large number of (because their vertebrae are easy to identify), but which of these are more closely related to Tropidophis and Trachyboa and which are more closely related to Ungaliophis and Exiliboa is unknown.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Wikipedia authors and editors
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia EN

Tropidophiidae ( шпански; кастиљски )

добавил wikipedia ES

Los tropidófidos (Tropidophiidae) son una familia de serpientes no-venenosas cuya área de distribución se extiende desde México hasta el sur de Brasil, incluyendo el Caribe.

Son serpientes fosoriales pequeñas a medianas, algunas con patrones de colores hermosos y llamativos. En la actualidad, se distinguen 2 géneros vivos, que se componen de 34 especies y un género extinto de una sola especie.[2]

Descripción

Esta familia se limita a los neotrópicos, principalmente en las islas caribeñas de Española, Jamaica y las Islas Caimán, con la mayor diversidad en Cuba donde se descubren nuevas especies con cierta regularidad. Estas serpientes son pequeñas, con un promedio de unos 30-60 cm de longitud total.

La mayoría de las especies pasan el día bajo tierra o bajo la hojarasca, y salen a la superficie solo por la noche o cuando llueve. Algunas especies son arbóreas y a menudo se mantienen escondidas en bromelias. Tienen la capacidad de cambiar su color de un color claro (cuando están activos durante la noche) a un color oscuro (cuando son inactivos de día). Este cambio de color se produce por el movimiento de los gránulos de pigmento oscuro. Cuando se siente amenazado, se enrollan en una bola apretada. Una conducta defensiva más peculiar es su capacidad de sangrar voluntariamente de los ojos, la boca y las fosas nasales.

Distribución geográfica

Su área de distribución se extiende desde el sur de México, América Central, hasta el noroeste de Sudamérica en Colombia, (Amazonas) Ecuador y Perú, así como en el noroeste y el sureste de Brasil. También se encuentra en las islas caribeñas de Española, Jamaica, Islas Caimán y Cuba.[1]

Géneros

Se reconocen los siguientes:

Género[2]​ Autor de taxón[1]​ Especies[2]​ Nombre común Distribución geográfica[1]Trachyboa Peters, 1860 2 Panamá, Colombia y Ecuador. TropidophisT Bibron, 1840 32 Caribe, Brasil, Perú y Ecuador.

T Género tipo.[1]

Referencias

  1. a b c d e McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. a b c Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (ed.). «Tropidophiidae». Reptile Database. Reptarium. Consultado el 17 de noviembre de 2014.

 title=
лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia ES

Tropidophiidae: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

добавил wikipedia ES

Los tropidófidos (Tropidophiidae) son una familia de serpientes no-venenosas cuya área de distribución se extiende desde México hasta el sur de Brasil, incluyendo el Caribe.

Son serpientes fosoriales pequeñas a medianas, algunas con patrones de colores hermosos y llamativos. En la actualidad, se distinguen 2 géneros vivos, que se componen de 34 especies y un género extinto de una sola especie.​

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia ES

Tropidophiidae ( естонски )

добавил wikipedia ET

Tropidophiidae (selts Squamata, infraselts Alethinophidia) on madude sugukond.

Klassifikatsioon

Sugukonda Tropidophiidae liigitatakse järgmised maoperekonnad:

Viited

  1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 1. köide, Herpetologists' League. 511 lk. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (seeria). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (köide).
лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia ET

Tropidophiidae: Brief Summary ( естонски )

добавил wikipedia ET

Tropidophiidae (selts Squamata, infraselts Alethinophidia) on madude sugukond.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia ET

Tropidophiidae ( баскиски )

добавил wikipedia EU

Tropidophiidae suge familia bat da. Hego Amerika eta Erdialdeko Amerikan bizi dira.

Generoak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia EU

Tropidophiidae: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

добавил wikipedia EU

Tropidophiidae suge familia bat da. Hego Amerika eta Erdialdeko Amerikan bizi dira.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia EU

Kääpiöboat ( фински )

добавил wikipedia FI

Kääpiöboat[1] (Tropidophiidae) on käärmeheimo, jota tavataan Länsi-Intian saaristosta ja Etelä-Amerikasta. Ne ovat pienehköjä käärmeitä, jotka elävät maassa ja osittain puissa. Kääpiöboat ovat myrkyttömiä ja harmittomia ihmiselle. Heimoon kuuluu kaksi sukua ja 34 lajia[2].

Ulkonäkö ja koko

 src=
Fossiilinen laji Messelophis ermannorum Messelin kaivoksesta, Saksasta.

Kääpiöboalajien pituus on yleensä 30–60 senttiä, mutta jotkut kääpiöboat kuten mustapyrstömaaboa[3] (Tropidophis melanurus) voivat olla lähes metrin pitkä. Useimmilla kääpiöboalajeilla on pilkkuja tai raitoja tummilla väreillä, kuten ruskealla, vihreällä tai harmaalla. Joillakin kuubalaisilla lajeilla on mustavalkoisia raitoja tai pilkkuja.[4]

Kääpiöboat vaihtavat väriä olosuhteiden mukaan. Kun ne ovat aktiivisia yöllä, ne ovat vaaleamman värisiä ja kun ne lepäävät päivällä, ne ovat tummempia.[4]

Suurimmalla osalla lajeja on primitiiviset lantiorenkaiden surkastumat sekä koirailla kynsimäiset ulokkeet kloaakin aukon molemmilla puolilla.[5][6] Niiden vasen keuhko on pienentynyt tai puuttuu kokonaan, kun taas jättiläis- ja pytonkäärmeillä oikea keuhko on pienentynyt. Huulien suomuissa ei ole lämpökuoppia.[6]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Suvun maaboat[7] (Tropidophis) levinneisyysalue kattaa Bahaman, Kuuban, Hispaniolan, Turks- ja Caicossaaret, Caymansaaret ja Jamaikan. Eniten lajeja on Kuubassa, josta on kuvattu ainakin 15 lajia.[4] Lisäksi viittä maaboalajia tavataan Etelä-Amerikan mantereelta, joista kolme elää Brasilian rannikkosademetsässä ja kaksi luoteisessa Etelä-Amerikassa.[8] Toinen suku, Trachyboa, koostuu kahdesta Etelä-Amerikan luoteisosassa elävästä lajista.[4]

Kääpiöboan elinympäristöä ovat sademetsät, suot, mäntymetsät ja pensaikot, sekä ihmisasutusten lähistöt.[4] Niiden sanotaan suosivan kivisiä elinympäristöjä.[5]

Elintavat

Kääpiöboat ovat yleensä aktiivisia öisin, mutta niiden nähdään usein liikkuvan ja ottavan aurinkoa myös päivisin.[9] Ne elävät pääosin maassa, mutta kiipeilevät joskus saalistaessaan pensaissa, köynnöksissä ja matalissa puissa.[9][10] Kääpiöboat syövät etenkin sammakkoeläimiä ja liskoja, mutta myös pieniä nisäkkäitä ja lintuja.[4][9][10] Näiden käärmeiden ruokailutapoja ei tunneta hyvin. Kääpiöboat ovat tunnetusti aktiivisia petoja, mutta vankeudessa niiden on myös havaittu väijyvän saalista.[4][9] Monilla lajeilla on keltainen tai oranssi hännänpää, jolla ne voivat houkutella saalista tai mahdollisesti pelotella saalistajia.[4] Lajit ovat vivipaarisia, eli naaras synnyttää eläviä poikasia. Poikue koostuu yleensä enintään 10 poikasesta.[11]

Vaaran uhatessa useimmat kääpiöboat puolustautuvat kieriytymällä tiukaksi keräksi, kuten monet muutkin käärmeet.[4][9][12] Trachyboa-lajit kiertyvät litteäksi levyksi, jonka keskellä on käärmeen pää.[9] Fyysisesti häirittynä kääpiöboat voivat käyttää toista keinoa, johon myös useimmat muut käärmeet pystyvät, erittää pahanhajuista myskiä peräaukkoon liittyvistä anaalirauhasistaan.[4][9][12] Kääpiöboat puolustautuvat harvoin puremalla.[9] Maaboat voivat hyvin häirittynä turvautua erikoisempaan puolustautumiskeinoon, tahdonalaiseen verenvuotoon, jolloin ne valuttavat verta ulos silmistään, suustaan ja sieraimistaan.[4][12] Esimerkiksi kuubanmaaboa (Tropidophis semicinctus) voi täyttää silmänsä hiussuonet verellä, jolloin silmät alkavat kiiltää punaisina, ja kun suulaen hiussuonet lopulta alkavat vuotaa verta, valuu veri ulos käärmeen suupielistä.[12]

Luokittelu

Heimoon luettiin aiemmin myös suvut Ungaliophis ja Exiliboa, mutta nykyään niiden uskotaan olevan läheisempää sukua jättiläiskäärmeille ja luokitellaan alaheimoon Ungaliophiinae.[13][14] Lisäksi Xenophidion on siirretty omaan heimoonsa Xenophidiidae.[15][16]

Kääpiöboat-heimoon luetaan myös monia eri puolilta maailmaa löydettyjä fossiilisia käärmeitä. Suku Dunnophis tunnetaan paleoseenilta ja eoseenilta sekä Euroopasta että Pohjois-Amerikasta. Suvun Messelophis molemmat lajit on löydetty eoseenisesta Saksasta. Platyspondylia eli Euroopassa eoseenin ja oligoseenin aikana, Saksasta peräisin oleva Rottophis atavus eli oligoseenilla ja Falseryx eli Euroopassa oligoseenilta mioseenille.[17][18]

Lähteet

  1. EU:n CITES-lajilistat Suomen herppiharrastajat ry. Viitattu 25.3.2018.
  2. Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (toim.): Tropidophiidae Reptile Database. Reptarium. Viitattu 24.3.2018. (englanniksi)
  3. McGhee, Karen & McKay, George: Maailmamme eläimet, s. 161. Suomentanut Marja-Leena & Pertti Hiltunen. Helsinki: Gummerus, 2007. ISBN 978-951-20-7373-3.
  4. a b c d e f g h i j k Burger, R. Michael: Dwarf Boas of the Caribbean. Reptilia: The European Herp Magazine, 2004, nro 35, s. 43–47. Artikkelin verkkoversio (pdf) Viitattu 25.3.2018. (englanniksi)
  5. a b Minelli, Alessandro & Contrafatto, Giancarlo: Biological science fundamentals and systematics, Nide 4, s. 147. Oxford: Eolss Publishers Co Ltd, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84826-189-1. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 25.3.2018). (englanniksi)
  6. a b O’Shea, Mark: Boas and pythons of the world. Lontoo: New Holland, 2007. ISBN 9781845375447. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 24.3.2018). (englanniksi)
  7. Palmén, Ernst & Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Eläinten maailma, Otavan iso eläintietosanakirja. 1. Aarnikotka–Iibikset, s. 117. Helsinki: Otava, 1974. ISBN 951-1-01065-4.
  8. Curcio, Felipe Franco & Sales Nunes, Pedro M. & Argolo, Antônio Jorge Suzart & Skuk, Gabriel & Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut: Taxonomy of the South American Dwarf Boas of the Genus Tropidophis Bibron, 1840, With the Description of Two New Species from the Atlantic Forest (Serpentes: Tropidophiidae). Herpetological Monographs, 1.12.2012, 26. vsk, nro 1, s. 80–121. The Herpetologists' League. doi:10.1655/herpmonographs-d-10-00008.1. ISSN 0733-1347. Artikkelin verkkoversio Viitattu 25.3.2018. (englanniksi)
  9. a b c d e f g h Hutchins, Michael & Murphy, James B. & Schlager, Neil (toim.): Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia. 7. Reptiles, s. 433–435. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 2003. ISBN 0-7876-5783-2. Teoksen verkkoversio (pdf) (viitattu 15.10.2018). (englanniksi)
  10. a b Rafferty, John P.: Reptiles and Amphibians, s. 131. New York: Rosen Education Service, 2011. ISBN 978-1-6153-0344-1. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 24.3.2018). (englanniksi)
  11. Vitt, Laurie J. & Caldwell, Janalee P.: Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles, s. 604–605. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2014. ISBN 978-0-12-386919-7. Teoksen verkkoversio (pdf) (viitattu 25.3.2018). (englanniksi)
  12. a b c d Palmén, Ernst & Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Eläinten maailma, Otavan iso eläintietosanakirja. 5. Sydän–Öljykala, s. 1821. Helsinki: Otava, 1975. ISBN 951-1-02059-5.
  13. Lee, Michael S. Y. & Hugall, Andrew F. & Lawson, Robin & Scanlon, John D.: Phylogeny of snakes (Serpentes): Combining morphological and molecular data in likelihood, Bayesian and parsimony analyses. Systematics and Biodiversity, 1.11.2007, 5. vsk, nro 4, s. 371–389. Taylor & Francis. doi:10.1017/S1477200007002290. ISSN 1477-2000. Artikkelin verkkoversio (pdf) Viitattu 24.3.2018. (englanniksi)
  14. Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (toim.): Ungaliophiinae Reptile Database. Reptarium. Viitattu 24.3.2018. (englanniksi)
  15. Wallach, Van & Günther, Rainer: Visceral anatomy of the Malaysian snake genus Xenophidion, including a cladistic analysis and allocation to a new family (Serpentes: Xenophidiidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, , 19. vsk, nro 4, s. 385–405. doi:10.1163/156853898x00052. ISSN 1568-5381. Artikkelin verkkoversio Viitattu 24.3.2018. (englanniksi)
  16. Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (toim.): Xenophidiidae Reptile Database. Reptarium. Viitattu 24.3.2018. (englanniksi)
  17. Szyndlar, Zbigniew & Smith, Richard & Rage, Jean-Claude: A new dwarf boa (Serpentes, Booidea, ‘Tropidophiidae’) from the Early Oligocene of Belgium: a case of the isolation of Western European snake faunas. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 1.2.2008, 152. vsk, nro 2, s. 393–406. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00357.x. ISSN 0024-4082. Artikkelin verkkoversio Viitattu 25.3.2018. (englanniksi)
  18. Z. Szyndlar et al. 2008 Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database. Viitattu 25.3.2018. (englanniksi)
лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia FI

Kääpiöboat: Brief Summary ( фински )

добавил wikipedia FI

Kääpiöboat (Tropidophiidae) on käärmeheimo, jota tavataan Länsi-Intian saaristosta ja Etelä-Amerikasta. Ne ovat pienehköjä käärmeitä, jotka elävät maassa ja osittain puissa. Kääpiöboat ovat myrkyttömiä ja harmittomia ihmiselle. Heimoon kuuluu kaksi sukua ja 34 lajia.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia FI

Tropidophiidae ( француски )

добавил wikipedia FR

Les Tropidophiidae sont une famille de serpents.

Répartition

Les espèces de cette famille se rencontrent en Amérique centrale et en Amérique du Sud.

Liste des genres

Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (4 nov. 2011)[1] :

Notes et références

Publication originale

  • Brongersma, 1951 : Some notes upon the anatomy of Tropidophis and Trachyboa (Serpentes). Zoologische Mededelingen, vol. 31, n. 11, p. 107-124 (texte intégral).

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia FR

Tropidophiidae: Brief Summary ( француски )

добавил wikipedia FR

Les Tropidophiidae sont une famille de serpents.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia FR

Tropidophiidae ( индонезиски )

добавил wikipedia ID

Tropidophiinae adalah famili ular primitif yang dapat ditemui di Meksiko, Hindia Barat, dan Amerika Selatan. Famili ini terdiri dari ular-ular primitif berukuran kecil hingga sedang, dan beberapa memiliki pola warna yang cantik dan mencolok. Saat ini, terdapat 2 genus yang terdiri dari 34 spesies.[2]

Persebaran

Ular ini dapat ditemui dari Meksiko selatan dan Amerika Tengah hingga Kolombia, Ekuador, Peru, dan Brasil barat laut dan tenggara. Mereka juga tinggal di Hindia Barat.[1]

Genus

Referensi

  1. ^ a b McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ Tropidophiidae @ The Reptile Database

Pranala luar

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia ID

Tropidophiidae: Brief Summary ( индонезиски )

добавил wikipedia ID

Tropidophiinae adalah famili ular primitif yang dapat ditemui di Meksiko, Hindia Barat, dan Amerika Selatan. Famili ini terdiri dari ular-ular primitif berukuran kecil hingga sedang, dan beberapa memiliki pola warna yang cantik dan mencolok. Saat ini, terdapat 2 genus yang terdiri dari 34 spesies.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia ID

Tropidophiidae ( латински )

добавил wikipedia LA

Tropidophiidae sunt familia Serpentium quae in Mexico et regione Caribaea meridionali habitant. Generibus duobus constat, quae sunt Tropidophis et Exiliboa.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Et auctores varius id editors
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia LA

Tropidophiidae ( малајски )

добавил wikipedia MS

Tropidophiinae[2] ialah sebuah keluarga ular yang ditemui dari Mexico dan Hindia Barat ke selatan hingga tenggara Brazil. Ini merupakan ular fosorial yang bersaiz kecil dan sederhana. Ada dalam kalangannya yang memperlihatkan corak warna yang cantik dan menawan. Kini, empat genus masih wujud yang merangkumi 22 spesies dan satu genus pupus dengan satu spesies telah dikenal pasti.[2]

Keterangan

Keluarga ular ini terhad kepada kawasan neotropika, terutamanya Hispaniola, Jamaica, dan Kepulauan Cayman, di mana kepelbagaian yang terbesar adalah di Cuba di mana spesies-spesies baru sedang ditemui. Ular-ular ini sangat kecil dengan purata kepanjangan 30–60 cm. Kebanyakan spesiesnya menghabiskan waktu siang dengan menyorok di bawah tanah atau di bawah dedaun, dan hanya keluar pada waktu malam atau ketika hujan. Sesetengah spesies adalah penghuni pokok dan sering kelihatan menyorok dalam bromeliad dalam pokok. Ia boleh berubah warna dari terang (ketika giat pada waktu malam) kepada gelap (ketika rehat pada waktu siang). Perubahan warna ini disebabkan oleh pergerakan granul-granul pigmen gelap. Apabila diancam, ia melingkar-lingkar menjadi bebola yang ketat. Satu kelakuan pertahanan yang lebih aneh ialah kebolehannya untuk berdarah secara sengaja pada mata, mulut dan lubang hidungnya.

Taburan geografi

Ia ditemui dari selatan Mexico dan Amerika Tengah ke selatan hingga barat laut Amerika Selatan di Colombia, Ecuador (Amazon), dan Peru, dan juga di barat laut dan tenggara Brazil; juga di Hindia Barat.[1]

Genera

Genus[2] Pengarang takson[1] Spesies[2] Taburan geografi[1] Exiliboa Bogert, 1968 1 Mexico. Trachyboa Peters, 1860 2 Panama, Colombia Pasifik dan Ecuador. TropidophisT Bibron, 1840 17 Hindia Barat, Brazil, Peru dan Ecuador. Ungaliophis Müller, 1880 2 Selatan Mexico dan ke selatan melalui Amerika Tengah hingga sejauh Colombia.

T Genus jenis.[1]

Rujukan

  1. ^ a b c d e McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ a b c d "Tropidophiidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Dicapai 17 August 2007.

Pautan luar

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Pengarang dan editor Wikipedia
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia MS

Tropidophiidae: Brief Summary ( малајски )

добавил wikipedia MS

Tropidophiinae ialah sebuah keluarga ular yang ditemui dari Mexico dan Hindia Barat ke selatan hingga tenggara Brazil. Ini merupakan ular fosorial yang bersaiz kecil dan sederhana. Ada dalam kalangannya yang memperlihatkan corak warna yang cantik dan menawan. Kini, empat genus masih wujud yang merangkumi 22 spesies dan satu genus pupus dengan satu spesies telah dikenal pasti.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Pengarang dan editor Wikipedia
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia MS

Dvergboaer ( норвешки )

добавил wikipedia NO

Dvergboaer er en familie av slanger som er utbredt i Sør-Amerika og på De karibiske øyene.

Beskrivelse

 src=
Messelophis ermannorum (Zoologisk museum i Oslo)

De minner overfladisk om en mellomting mellom kvelerslanger og snoker, og har store skjell på hodet som ligner på hodeskjellene til avanserte slanger. Lengden er som regel 30–60 cm, men cubajordboa kan bli nesten én meter. De fleste artene har flekker eller striper i duse farger som brun, grønn eller grå. Noen cubanske arter har svart-hvite striper eller flekker.

Dvergboaer skifter farge etter forholdene; når de er aktive om natta har de en lys farge, mens de er mørkere når de hviler på dagtid.[1]

Utbredelse

Utbredelsen omfatter Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Turks- og Caicosøyene, Caymanøyene og Jamaica. I tillegg finnes det noen få arter på det søramerikanske kontinentet, der dvergboaer forekommer sørover til det sørøstre Brasil. De fleste artene finnes på Cuba, og fra denne øya er det foreløpig beskrevet hele 15 arter. Alle dvergboaer tilhører slekten jordboaer (Tropidophis), unntatt to arter fra det nordvestre Sør-Amerika som regnes til slekten Trachyboa.

På det søramerikanske kontinentet finnes det fem arter av Tropidophis, to i nordvest og tre i den atlantiske regnskogen.[2]

Habitat

Habitatet er ulike skogstyper, men de finnes også ofte i nærheten av bebyggelse. Dvergboaer lever som regel på bakken, men noen arter kan klatre høyt i trær. De eter øgler, frosker, små pattedyr og fugler. Hvis de blir skremt, ruller de seg sammen til en ball, på samme måte som noen andre slanger.

Taksonomi

Familien Tropidophiidae omfattet før flere arter.[3] Fellestrekk var at den venstre lungen mangler, og at de har en trakélunge. Slekten Xenophidion fra Malaysia er nå plassert i en egen familie, Xenophidiidae.[4] Undersøkelser av mitokondrielt DNA viser at de mellomamerikanske slektene Exiliboa og Ungaliophis er nærmere i slekt med boaslanger enn med de andre dvergboaene. De er derfor nå flyttet til en egen underfamilie, Ungaliophiinae, under boaslangene.[5][6]

Mange fossile slanger fra ulike deler av verden regnes også til familien Tropidophiidae. Slekten Dunnophis er kjent fra både Europa og Nord-Amerika i paleocen og eocen. De to artene i slekten Messelophis er bare kjent fra eocen i den tyske Messelgruven. Platyspondylia forekom i Europa i eocen og oligocen, Rottophis atavus er kjent fra oligocen i Tyskland, og Falseryx levde i Europa fra oligocen til miocen.[7][8][9]

Fylogeni

Følgende kladogram viser slektskapsforholdene innenfor Alethinophidia ifølge Vidal & Hedges. Den lite kjente sørøstasiatiske slekten Xenophidion er ikke tatt med i denne studien. Afrophidia utenom de avanserte slangene danner en naturlig gruppe som eventuelt kan kalles Henophidia.[10]

Alethinophidia Afrophidia

avanserte slanger


Henophidia




pytonslanger



spisshodepyton




mudderslanger




boaslanger (inkl. Ungaliophiinae)




Uropeltoidea (skjoldhaler, valseslanger, dvergvalseslanger)




bolyeriaslanger




Amerophidia

dvergboaer



falsk korallslange





Referanser

  1. ^ R.M. Burger (2004). «Dwarf Boas of the Caribbean» (PDF). Reptilia: The European Herp Magazine (35): 43–47. Arkivert fra originalen (PDF) 3. desember 2010. Besøkt 11. juli 2010.
  2. ^ F.F. Curcio m.fl. (2012). «Taxonomy of the South American dwarf boas of the genus Tropidophis Bibron, 1840, with the description of two new species from the Atlantic Forest (Serpentes: Tropidophiidae)». Herpetological Monographs. 26 (1): 80–121. ISSN 1938-5137. doi:10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-10-00008.1.
  3. ^ Catalogue of Life – Tropidophiidae Besøkt 24. september 2013.
  4. ^ V. Wallach og R. Günther (1998). «Visceral anatomy of the Malaysian snake genus Xenophidion, including a cladistic analysis and allocation to a new family (Serpentes: Xenophidiidae)». Amphibia-Reptilia. 19 (4): 385–405. ISSN 1568-5381. doi:10.1163/156853898X00052.
  5. ^ T.P. Wilcox m.fl. (2002). «Phylogenetic relationships of the dwarf boas and a comparison of Bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support» (PDF). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 25 (2): 361–371. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 12414316.
  6. ^ The Reptile Database – Higher Taxa in Extant Reptiles Besøkt 15. september 2013.
  7. ^ The Paleobiology Database – Tropidophiidae Arkivert 25. september 2013 hos Wayback Machine. Besøkt 21. september 2013.
  8. ^ J.-C. Rage og Z. Szyndlar (2005). «Latest Oligocene–Early Miocene in Europe: dark period for booid snakes». C. R. Palevol. 4 (5): 428–435. ISSN 1777-571X. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.04.001.
  9. ^ Z. Szyndlar, R. Smith og J.-C. Rage (2008). «A new dwarf boa (Serpentes, Booidea, ‘Tropidophiidae’) from the Early Oligocene of Belgium: a case of the isolation of Western European snake faunas». Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 152 (2): 393–406. ISSN 1096-3642. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00357.x.
  10. ^ N. Vidal m.fl. (2009). «Snakes (Serpentes)». I S.B. Hedges og S. Kumar. The Timetree of Life (PDF). Oxford University Press. s. 390–397. ISBN 978-0-19-953503-3.

Eksterne lenker

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia NO

Dvergboaer: Brief Summary ( норвешки )

добавил wikipedia NO

Dvergboaer er en familie av slanger som er utbredt i Sør-Amerika og på De karibiske øyene.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia NO

Boaszkowate ( полски )

добавил wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Boaszkowate (Tropidophiidae) – rodzina niejadowitych węży z infrarządu Alethinophidia. Są wężami małej do średniej wielkości (od 30 do 60 cm), u niektórych z nich można spotkać bardzo kolorowe łuski. Prowadzą z reguły grzebiący tryb życia, rzadziej nadrzewny.

Zagrożone, zwijają się w ciasną kulkę. Posiadają nietypową zdolność obronną samokrwawienia z oczu, warg i nozdrzy[2].

Przedstawiciele rodziny żyją głównie w krainie neotropikalnej, od Meksyku i Indii Zachodnich do południowo-wschodniej Brazylii. Najczęściej można ich znaleźć na wyspach: Haiti, Jamajce, Kajmanach i Kubie. Zalicza się do nich obecnie 2 rodzaje, do których należą 34 gatunki[3]:

Rodzaje Ungaliophis i Exiliboa były kiedyś zaliczane do boaszkowatych, lecz obecnie częściej są uważane za bliżej spokrewnione z duscielowatymi i zaliczane do nich jako podrodzina Ungaliophiinae[4][5].

Przypisy

  1. Tropidophiidae, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Javier Torres, Orlando J. Torres, Ruben Marrero. [http://www.herpetologynotes.seh-herpetology.org/Volume6_PDFs/Torres_HerpetologyNotes_volume6_pages579-581.pdf Autohemorrage in Tropidophis xanthogaster (Serpentes: Tropidophiidae) from Guanahacabibes, Cuba]. „Herpetology Notes”. 6, s. 579-581, 2013 (ang.).
  3. Lista gatunków z rodziny boaszkowatych wraz z najnowszymi odkryciami (ang.). The Reptile Database. [dostęp 2017-07-06].
  4. Thomas P. Wilcox, Derrick J. Zwickl, Tracy A. Heath, David Hillis. Phylogenetic relationships of the Dwarf Boas and a comparison of Bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support. „Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution”. 25, s. 361–371, 2002 (ang.).
  5. Wyższe taksony żyjących gadów (ang.). The Reptile Database. [dostęp 2017-07-06].

Linki zewnętrzne

Life is Short, but Snakes are Long: Dwarf Boas (ang.)
p d e
Węże (Serpentes) Scolecophidia Kingbrownsnake.jpgAlethinophidia
лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia POL

Boaszkowate: Brief Summary ( полски )

добавил wikipedia POL

Boaszkowate (Tropidophiidae) – rodzina niejadowitych węży z infrarządu Alethinophidia. Są wężami małej do średniej wielkości (od 30 do 60 cm), u niektórych z nich można spotkać bardzo kolorowe łuski. Prowadzą z reguły grzebiący tryb życia, rzadziej nadrzewny.

Zagrożone, zwijają się w ciasną kulkę. Posiadają nietypową zdolność obronną samokrwawienia z oczu, warg i nozdrzy.

Przedstawiciele rodziny żyją głównie w krainie neotropikalnej, od Meksyku i Indii Zachodnich do południowo-wschodniej Brazylii. Najczęściej można ich znaleźć na wyspach: Haiti, Jamajce, Kajmanach i Kubie. Zalicza się do nich obecnie 2 rodzaje, do których należą 34 gatunki:

rodzaj: Trachyboa rodzaj: Tropidophis

Rodzaje Ungaliophis i Exiliboa były kiedyś zaliczane do boaszkowatych, lecz obecnie częściej są uważane za bliżej spokrewnione z duscielowatymi i zaliczane do nich jako podrodzina Ungaliophiinae.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia POL

Tropidophiidae ( португалски )

добавил wikipedia PT

Tropidophiidae é uma família de répteis escamados da subordem Serpentes.[1]

Géneros

Referências

  1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
 title=
лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia PT

Tropidophiidae: Brief Summary ( португалски )

добавил wikipedia PT

Tropidophiidae é uma família de répteis escamados da subordem Serpentes.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia PT

Họ Trăn cây ( виетнамски )

добавил wikipedia VI

Họ Trăn cây[2], hay trăn lùn,[3], tên khoa học Tropidophiidae, là một họ rắn được tìm thấy từ MéxicoTây Ấn về phía nam đến đông nam Brasil. Đây là những loài rắn có kích thước nhỏ-trung bình, sống trong hang, một vài loài có dải màu nổi bật, bắt mắt. Hiện tại, hai chi còn sinh tồn, gồm 34 loài, được công nhận.[4] Hai chi tuyệt chủng (UngaliophisExiliboa) từng được xếp vào Tropidophiidae, nhưng nay đã đưa sang họ Boidae, chính xác hơn là vào phân họ Ungaliophiinae.

Các chi

Chi[3] Tác giả[1] Số loài[3] Tên thông thường Phạm vi phân bố[1] Trachyboa W. Peters, 1860 2 Panama, vùng ven Thái Bình Dương của ColombiaEcuador. TropidophisT Bibron, 1840 17 Tây Ấn, Brasil, Peru và Ecuador.

T Chi điển hình.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă â b McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ Thông tư 40/2013/TT-BNNPTNT ban hành Danh mục các loài động vật, thực vật hoang dã quy định trong các Phụ lục của Công ước về buôn bán quốc tế các loài động vật, thực vật hoang dã nguy cấp
  3. ^ a ă â Tropidophiidae (TSN 209617) tại Hệ thống Thông tin Phân loại Tích hợp (ITIS).
  4. ^ “Tropidophiidae”. The Reptile Database. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 4 năm 2017.

Tham khảo

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia VI

Họ Trăn cây: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

добавил wikipedia VI

Họ Trăn cây, hay trăn lùn,, tên khoa học Tropidophiidae, là một họ rắn được tìm thấy từ MéxicoTây Ấn về phía nam đến đông nam Brasil. Đây là những loài rắn có kích thước nhỏ-trung bình, sống trong hang, một vài loài có dải màu nổi bật, bắt mắt. Hiện tại, hai chi còn sinh tồn, gồm 34 loài, được công nhận. Hai chi tuyệt chủng (UngaliophisExiliboa) từng được xếp vào Tropidophiidae, nhưng nay đã đưa sang họ Boidae, chính xác hơn là vào phân họ Ungaliophiinae.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia VI

林蚺科 ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科

林蚺科蛇亞目下的一個蛇科,科內的蛇主要分佈在墨西哥巴西一帶。與所有蛇類比較之下,林蚺科的蛇類體型由小型至中型不等,具備洞棲性。部分林蚺有著斑駁燦爛的體紋。目前林蚺科下有4個屬共22個種已被確認。[2]

特徵

林蚺科的蛇類生活於新熱帶界,如伊斯帕尼奧拉島牙買加開曼群島以及古巴等地區。林蚺科是一個經常發現新蛇種的蛇科,這些蛇的體型細小,每條平均約只有30至60公分。牠們基本上都生活於地洞之中,只會在晚上或者雨天才較會移到地面。有一部分林蚺具備樹棲性,牠們有時會藏身於鳳梨科的樹木之中。牠們能因應日夜而利用蛇皮上的黑色微粒調整身體顏色的光暗度,務求讓自己適合於不同的時段活動。當牠們受到威脅之時,牠們會把身體捲成球狀;牠們有另一個更為奇特的自衛方式,就是能夠令自己的眼睛嘴巴鼻孔從體內滲出血水。

地理分佈

林蚺主要分佈在墨西哥南部及中美洲,範圍南及南美洲西北部(如哥倫比亞厄瓜多爾秘魯)以至巴西東南部。[1]

品種

[2] 學名及命名者[1] 種數[2] 異名 地理分佈[1] 侏儒蚺屬 Exiliboa,Bogert,1968 1 墨西哥 硬鱗蚺屬 Trachyboa,Peters,1860 2 巴拿馬哥倫比亞厄瓜多爾 林蚺屬T Tropidophis,Bibron,1840 17 加勒比地區巴西秘魯及厄瓜多爾 中美蚺屬 Ungaliophis,Müller,1880 2 南墨西哥至中美洲

備註

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 McDiarmid RW、Campbell JA、Touré T:《Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1》頁511,Herpetologists' League,1999年。ISBN 1-893777-00-6
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Tropidophiidae. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2007 [17 August, 2007] (英语). 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)

外部連結

真蛇下目
Titanoboa NT.jpg
盲蛇下目
 title=
лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
维基百科作者和编辑
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia 中文维基百科

林蚺科: Brief Summary ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科

林蚺科是蛇亞目下的一個蛇科,科內的蛇主要分佈在墨西哥巴西一帶。與所有蛇類比較之下,林蚺科的蛇類體型由小型至中型不等,具備洞棲性。部分林蚺有著斑駁燦爛的體紋。目前林蚺科下有4個屬共22個種已被確認。

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
维基百科作者和编辑
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia 中文维基百科

난쟁이왕뱀과 ( корејски )

добавил wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

난쟁이왕뱀과(Tropidophiidae, dwarf boa)는 뱀목에 속하는 파충류 과이다.[2] 독이 없는 뱀으로 멕시코서인도 제도 남쪽부터 브라질 남동부 지역까지 분포한다. 땅에 구멍을 파서 살며, 작거나 중간 크기의 뱀으로 일부 종들은 아름답고 눈에 띄는 피부 가죽 패턴을 보여준다. 현재, 4개의 현존 속에 22종과 1개의 멸종 속에 1종을 포함하고 있다.[2]

하위 분류

  • Exiliboa
  • Ungaliophis
  • Trachyboa - 2종
  • Tropidophis - 17종

계통 분류

다음은 2013년과 2014년, 피론(Pyron, R.A.), 2016년 정(Zheng, Yuchi)과 존(John J. Wiens) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[3][4][5]

뱀아목    

가는장님뱀과

     

게르호필루스과

     

제노티프롭스과

   

장님뱀과

           

미국실뱀과

       

파이프뱀과

   

난쟁이왕뱀과

       

제노피디온과

         

아시아파이프뱀과

   

가시꼬리뱀과

         

햇살뱀과

     

멕시코비단뱀과

   

비단뱀과

           

제노피디온과

   

왕뱀사촌과

       

칼라바비단뱀과

왕뱀과

마다가스카르나무왕뱀아과

     

운갈리오피스아과

     

태평양왕뱀아과

     

모래왕뱀아과

   

왕뱀아과

                       

줄판비늘뱀과

   

제노데르무스과

       

파레아스과

     

살무사과

       

호말롭시스과

     

람프로피스과

   

코브라과

       

뱀과

                   

각주

  1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6(series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4(volume).
  2. “Tropidophiidae”. 미국 통합 분류학 정보 시스템(Integrated Taxonomic Information System, ITIS).
  3. Pyron, R.A.; Frank T Burbrink, John J Wiens 2013. “A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes.”. 《BMC Evol Biol 13: 93》.
  4. R. ALEXANDER PYRON, R. GRAHAM REYNOLDS & FRANK T. BURBRINK. “A Taxonomic Revision of Boas (Serpentes: Boidae)” (PDF). 《Zootaxa 3846 (2): 249–260》.
  5. Zheng, Yuchi; John J. Wiens (2016). “Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species” (PDF). 《Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 537–547, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009》.
лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia 한국어 위키백과