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Cylindrophiidae ( бретонски )

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Cylindrophiidae: Brief Summary ( бретонски )

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Cylindrophiidae zo ur c'herentiad e rummatadur ar stlejviled, ennañ naered a vev e kreisteiz ha gevred Azia. Cylindrophis eo ar genad nemetañ ennañ.

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Walzenschlangen ( германски )

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Walzenschlangen (Cylindrophis) sind weniger als einen Meter lange unterirdisch grabende Tiere, die auf Sri Lanka, der Malaiischen Halbinsel und in Indonesien vorkommen. In die Reisfelder Südostasiens können sie sich metertief eingraben.

Walzenschlangen haben eine glänzende Haut, einen kleinen, flachen und stumpfen Kopf und einen kurzen Schwanz. Die Bauchseite ist schwarzweiß gescheckt. Ihre Augen sind winzig, nicht aber von Schuppen bedeckt.

Lebensweise

Wegen ihrer versteckten Lebensweise ist ihr Verhalten weitgehend unbekannt. Einige Arten fressen andere grabende Schlangen. Bedroht, verstecken sie ihren Kopf unter dem gewundenen Körper, richten den sich windenden abgeflachten Schwanz in die Höhe und zeigen dessen auffällig gefärbte Unterseite. Walzenschlangen sind vivipar (lebendgebärend) und bekommen bis zu 15 Junge in einem Wurf.

Systematik

Die Walzenschlangen wurden früher als Unterfamilie den Schildschwänzen (Uropeltidae) zugeordnet. 2008 wurde die Familie von Vidal & Hedges nach einer von molekularbiologischen Grundlagen gestützten phylogenetischen Studie zusammen mit den Schildschwänzen und den Wühlschlangen (Anomochilidae) in die Überfamilie Uropeltoidea gestellt.

Arten

Die Gattung enthält mehrere unbeschriebene und folgende beschriebene Arten.[1]

Literatur

  • Chris Mattison: Enzyklopädie der Schlangen. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8354-0360-4.
  • N. Vidal, S. B. Hedges: The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 2008, doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.010.

Einzelnachweise

  1. A. A. Thasun Amarasinghe, Patrick D. Campbell, Jakob Hallermann, Irvan Sidik, Jatna Supriatna, Ivan Ineich: Two new species of the genus Cylindrophis Wagler, 1828 (Squamata: Cylindrophiidae) from Southeast Asia. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 9(1) [General Section]: 34–51 (e98), 2015 (PDF; 916 kB).
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Walzenschlangen: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Walzenschlangen (Cylindrophis) sind weniger als einen Meter lange unterirdisch grabende Tiere, die auf Sri Lanka, der Malaiischen Halbinsel und in Indonesien vorkommen. In die Reisfelder Südostasiens können sie sich metertief eingraben.

Walzenschlangen haben eine glänzende Haut, einen kleinen, flachen und stumpfen Kopf und einen kurzen Schwanz. Die Bauchseite ist schwarzweiß gescheckt. Ihre Augen sind winzig, nicht aber von Schuppen bedeckt.

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දෙපත්නයි ගණය ( синхалски )

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විශේෂ

මෙම ගණයට අයත් ලෙස පහත සඳහන් විශේෂ හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.

ජීව විශේෂය[2] Taxon author[2] සාමාන්‍ය නම[3] Geographic range[1] C. aruensis Boulenger, 1920 Aru cylinder snake Indonesia: The Aru Islands C. boulengeri Roux, 1911 Boulenger's pipe snake Indonesia: the islands of Babar, Timor, and Wetar C. isolepis Boulenger, 1896 Jampea Island pipe snake Indonesia: Jampea Island C. lineatus Blanford, 1881 Blanford's pipe snake Indonesia: Borneo and Sarawak C. maculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) ලංකා දෙපත්නයා Sri Lanka C. melanotus Wagler, 1828 black pipe snake Indonesia: Sulawesi (Celebes), the Tabukan Islands, the Sangihe Islands, the Sula Islands, Halmahera and Batjan C. opisthorhodus Boulenger, 1897 island pipe snake Indonesia: Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo and Flores. C. ruffusT (Laurenti, 1768) red-tailed pipe snake Myanmar and southern China (Fujian, Hong Kong and on Hainan Island), south into Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, the Malay Peninsula and the East Indies to Indonesia (the Riau Archipelago, Sumatra, Bangka, Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, Buton and the Sula Islands

T) Type species.[1]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. 2.0 2.1
  3. සැකිල්ල:NRDB genus
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Cylindrophis ( англиски )

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The Cylindrophiidae are a monotypic family[2] of secretive, semifossorial, non-venomous snakes containing the genus Cylindrophis found in southeastern Asia. These are burrowing snakes and most have a banded pattern on the belly.[3] Currently, 13 species are recognized, all with no subspecies.[2] Common names include Asian pipe snakes or Asian cylinder snakes.

Geographic range

Cylindrophis are found in southeastern Asia from Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and the Malay Archipelago, including Singapore, both peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak, and Indonesia, including the Greater Sunda Islands (Borneo [including Sarawak and Brunei]), Sumatra, and Java, as well as some of their offshore islands), Sulawesi, the Lesser Sunda Islands (Lombok, Komodo, Flores, Sumbawa, Timor [including Timor-Leste]), and east to the Maluku Islands (Halmahera, Wetar, Damar, Babar, and into the Tanimbar Archipelago). The eastern distributional limit, sometimes given as the Aru Islands off the southwestern coast of New Guinea, is questionable.[4][5] They are also found in Sri Lanka (but not India[6]) and in southeastern China (Fujian, Hong Kong, and on Hainan Island).[2][7][3][4]

Description

All members of the genus Cylindrophis share the following five characteristics: 1) a relatively blunt head, not distinct from the neck, with minute eyes and a mental groove; 2) the absence of well-developed ventral scales, with ventral scales only slightly larger than or equal in size to the dorsal scales; (3) the presence of a pair of pelvic spurs in both sexes; (4) a very short tail, often with conspicuous ventral coloration; and (5) contrasting light and dark ventral blotching.[4]

The body is cylindrical, with a near-uniform diameter, which leads to the name "pipe snakes". All species are small- to medium-sized, with total lengths ranging from 12.5 cm (5 inches) to 85.7 cm (34 inches).[4]

The teeth are moderate and subequal, with 10–12 in each maxilla and none in the premaxilla. There are no fangs and no evidence of venom. The eyes have round or vertically subelliptic pupils. The head has large symmetrical shields, with the nostrils in a single nasal, which forms a suture with its fellow behind the rostral. Loreal scale is present, a small postocular scale is present. The dorsal scales are smooth, in 17, 19, 21, or 23 rows depending on the species.[3][4][8]

Behavior and ecology

When threatened, Cylindrophis flatten the posterior portion of their body and arch it above the ground to display their conspicuous ventral pattern, while the head remains concealed among the body coils.[4] Only one species, C. yamdena, lacks a bold ventral pattern in most individuals, having instead an orange-pink belly without bands or spots.[9]

Little is known of the foraging or mating behavior of Cylindrophis. At least one species uses constriction to subdue its prey,[10][11] which include elongate vertebrates: reptiles (snakes), amphibians (caecilians), and fish (eels).[10][12] Prey are swallowed from one end using rotational movements of the braincase and mandibles, a process that takes up to 30 minutes for larger prey.[13] This is distinct from the 'pterygoid walk' used by most other species of alethinophidian snakes, which have greater mobility of most skull bones than Cylindrophis.

Species

The genus Cylindrophis contains the following 14 species.

Species[2] Taxon author[2] Common name[2] Geographic range[1][2][7][3][4] C. aruensis Boulenger, 1920 Aru cylinder snake Indonesia: The Aru Islands C. boulengeri Jean Roux, 1911 Boulenger's pipe snake Indonesia: the islands of Babar, Timor, and Wetar, and Timor-Leste C. burmanus Smith, 1943 Burmese pipe snake Myanmar C. engkariensis Stuebing, 1994 Malaysia: Borneo (Sarawak) C. isolepis Boulenger, 1896 Jampea Island pipe snake Indonesia: Jampea Island C. jodiae Amarasinghe, Ineich, Campbell & Hallermann, 2015 Jodi's pipe snake central Vietnam, Thailand C. lineatus Blanford, 1881 Blanford's pipe snake Indonesia: Borneo, and Malaysia: Sarawak C. maculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Ceylonese cylinder snake Sri Lanka C. melanotus Wagler, 1828 black pipe snake Indonesia: Sulawesi (Celebes), the Tabukan Islands, the Sangihe Islands, the Sula Islands, Halmahera and Batjan C. opisthorhodus Boulenger, 1897 island pipe snake Indonesia: Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo and Flores. C. osheai Kieckbusch, Mader, Kaiser, & Mecke, 2018 O’Shea's pipe snake, Boano pipe snake Indonesia: Boano C. ruffusT (Laurenti, 1768) red-tailed pipe snake Myanmar and southern China (Fujian, Hong Kong and on Hainan Island), south into Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, the Malay Peninsula and the East Indies to Indonesia (the Riau Archipelago, Sumatra, Bangka, Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, Buton and the Sula Islands) C. slowinskii Bernstein, Bauer, McGuire, Arida, Kaiser, Kieckbusch & Mecke, 2020[14] Slowinski's pipe snake Myanmar: Kachin state C. subocularis Kieckbusch, Mecke, Hartmann, Ehrmantraut, O’Shea & Kaiser, 2016 Indonesia: south-central Java C. yamdena Smith & Sidik, 1998 Yamdena pipe snake Indonesia: Yamdena Island

T: Type species.[1]

Phylogenetic relationships

Many recent studies based on molecular data suggest that Cylindrophiidae may be paraphyletic with respect to another family of pipesnakes, Anomochilidae or dwarf pipesnakes.[15][16][17][18] Probably this will be resolved by including Anomochilidae within Cylindrophiidae in the future, but as of May 2018 no formal proposal to do so has been made.

In a broader sense, Cylindrophiidae & Anomochilidae are most closely related to Uropeltidae, a family of burrowing snakes from southern India & Sri Lanka. These three families are together called the Uropeltoidea and probably last shared a common ancestor in the Eocene, about 45 million years ago. Uropeltoids are probably most closely related to pythonoids,[18] and then to booids. These three groups probably last shared a common ancestor in the late Cretaceous, about 75 million years ago.[16]

References

  1. ^ a b c d McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Uetz, Peter. "Cylindrophiidae at The Reptile Database". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d Amarasinghe, A. A. T.; Campbell, P. D.; Hallermann, J.; Sidik, I.; Supriatna, J.; Ineich, I. (2015). "Two new species of the genus Cylindrophis Wagler, 1828 (Squamata: Cylindrophiidae) from Southeast Asia" (PDF). Amphibian and Reptile Conservation. 9: 34–51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-11-24.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Kieckbusch, M.; Mecke, S.; Hartmann, L.; Ehrmantraut, L. E.; O'Shea, M.; Kaiser, H. (2016). "An inconspicuous, conspicuous new species of Asian pipesnake, genus Cylindrophis (Reptilia: Squamata: Cylindrophiidae), from the south coast of Jawa Tengah, Java, Indonesia, and an overview of the tangled taxonomic history of C. ruffus (Laurenti, 1768)". Zootaxa. 4093 (1): 1–25. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4093.1.1. hdl:2436/621321. PMID 27394478.
  5. ^ Iskandar, D. T. (1998). "The biogeography of Cylindrophis (Cylindrophidae, Ophidia) in the Wallacean Region". Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Eastern Indonesian-Australian Vertebrate Fauna: 32–38.
  6. ^ Smith, M. A. (1943). The Fauna of British India. Volume III. Serpentes (PDF). London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 94–98.
  7. ^ a b Wallach, V.; Williams, Kenneth L.; Boundy, J. (2014). Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press. p. 1237. ISBN 9781138034006.
  8. ^ Boulenger GA. 1893. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families ... Ilysiidæ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I-XXVIII. (Genus Cylindrophis, pp. 134-135).
  9. ^ Smith, L.; Sidik, I. (1998). "Description of a new species of Cylindrophis (Serpentes: Cylindrophiidae) from Yamdena Island, Tanimbar Archipelago, Indonesia". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 46: 419–424.
  10. ^ a b Kupfer, A.; Gower, D. J.; Himstedt, W. (2003). "Field observations on the predation of the caecilian amphibian, genus Ichthyophis (Fitzinger, 1826), by the red-tailed pipe snake Cylindrophis ruffus (Laurenti, 1768)" (PDF). Amphibia-Reptilia. 24: 201–234.
  11. ^ Greene, H. W.; Burhardt, G. M. (1978). "Behavior and phylogeny: constriction in ancient and modern snakes". Science. 200 (4337): 74–77. Bibcode:1978Sci...200...74G. doi:10.1126/science.635575. PMID 635575.
  12. ^ Priyadashana, T. S.; Jayasooriya, A.; Wijewardana, I. H. (2016). "Cylindrophis maculata (pipesnake) diet". Herpetological Review. 47: 145–146.
  13. ^ Cundall, D. (1995). "Feeding behaviour in Cylindrophis and its bearing on the evolution of alethinophidian snakes". Journal of Zoology. 237 (3): 353–376. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb02767.x.
  14. ^ Bernstein, Justin M.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Mcguire, Jimmy A.; Arida, Evy; Kaiser, Hinrich; Kieckbusch, Max; Mecke, Sven (2020-09-11). "Molecular phylogeny of Asian pipesnakes, genus Cylindrophis Wagler, 1828 (Squamata: Cylindrophiidae), with the description of a new species from Myanmar". Zootaxa. 4851 (3): 535–558. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4851.3.5. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 33056720.
  15. ^ Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016). "A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161070F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. PMC 5014348. PMID 27603205.
  16. ^ a b Zheng, Y; Wiens, JJ (2016). "Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species". Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 94 (Pt B): 537–547. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009. PMID 26475614.
  17. ^ Gower, D. J.; Vidal, N.; Spinks, J. N.; McCarthy, C. J. (2005). "The phylogenetic position of Anomochilidae (Reptilia: Serpentes), first evidence from DNA sequences". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 43 (4): 315–320. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00315.x.
  18. ^ a b Reynolds, R. G.; Niemiller, M. L.; Revell, L. J. (2014). "Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 71: 201–213. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011. PMID 24315866. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-02. Retrieved 2018-05-13.

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Cylindrophis: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The Cylindrophiidae are a monotypic family of secretive, semifossorial, non-venomous snakes containing the genus Cylindrophis found in southeastern Asia. These are burrowing snakes and most have a banded pattern on the belly. Currently, 13 species are recognized, all with no subspecies. Common names include Asian pipe snakes or Asian cylinder snakes.

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Cylindrophis ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Cylindrophis es el único género de la familia monotípica de serpientes subterráneas Cylindrophiidae.[1]​ Son propias de la región indomalaya, la Wallacea y las islas Aru.

Especies

Se reconocen las 13 siguientes especies:[1]

Referencias

  1. a b Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (ed.). «Cylindrophis». Reptile Database. Reptarium. Consultado el 11 de abril de 2016.

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Cylindrophis: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Cylindrophis es el único género de la familia monotípica de serpientes subterráneas Cylindrophiidae.​ Son propias de la región indomalaya, la Wallacea y las islas Aru.

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Silindermadu ( естонски )

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Silindermadu (Cylindrophis) on silindermadulaste sugukonda kuuluv maoliste perekond.[1]

Klassifikatsioon

1978. aastal paigutati silindermadu rullmadulaste sugukonda. 2008. aastal klassifitseerisid Vidal & Hedges sugukonna molekulaarbioloogiliste uuringute ja fülogeneetilise süstemaatika alusel ülmesugukonda Uropeltoidea.

Liigid

Silindermao perekonda klassifitseeritakse roomajate andmebaasis järgmised maoliigid[2]:

Levila

Silindermao levila asub Sri Lankas, Myanmaris, Tais, Kambodžas, Vietnamis ja Malai saarestikust kuni Aru saarte ja Uus-Guineani. Neid on kohatud ka Lõuna-Hiinas (Fujian, Hongkong ja Hainan) ja Laoses.[3]

Kirjeldus

Nende kaevuva eluviisi tõttu teatakse nende madude kohta üsna vähe. Saaklooma tapavad nad kehakeerdudega kägistades.

Silindermaod on elussünnitajad. Suguküpsed emasloomad võivad sünnitada kuni 15 poega korraga.

Kui nad tunnetavad ohtu, siis käituvad nad üsna omapäraselt, nii näiteks püüab punane silindermadu (Cylindrohpis rufus) pea keha alla peita ning saba kõrgemale ja esiplaanile tõsta: teatmeteoses "Loomade elu" (V köide, lk 261) kirjeldatakse käitumisviisi järgmiselt:

“ Kui teda ehmatatakse, surub madu pea maa ligi, lamendab tugevasti keret ja saba, sirutades roided küljele, ja tõstab keha tagumise otsa üles, kõverdades seda ja pöörates saba erepunase alakülje vaenlase poole. ”

Viited

  1. Loomade elu 5:261.
  2. Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann, Cylindrophis Roomajate andmebaasi veebiversioon (vaadatud 11.06.2016) (inglise keeles)
  3. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 1. köide, Herpetologists' League. 511 l. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (seeria). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (köide).

Välislingid

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Silindermadu: Brief Summary ( естонски )

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Silindermadu (Cylindrophis) on silindermadulaste sugukonda kuuluv maoliste perekond.

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Cylindrophiidae ( баскиски )

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Cylindrophiidae Asian bizi diren narrasti familia da. Bere barruan Cylindrophis generoa bakarrik dago. Sabelalde zuri-beltza dute, tarteka. Gaur egun zortzi espezie ezagutzen dira.

Espezieak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Cylindrophiidae: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Cylindrophiidae Asian bizi diren narrasti familia da. Bere barruan Cylindrophis generoa bakarrik dago. Sabelalde zuri-beltza dute, tarteka. Gaur egun zortzi espezie ezagutzen dira.

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Cylindrophis ( француски )

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Cylindrophis est un genre de serpents, le seul de la famille des Cylindrophiidae.

Répartition

Les 14 espèces de ce genre se rencontrent en Asie du Sud-Est, en Asie du Sud et en Asie de l'Est.

Liste des espèces

Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (7 mai 2017)[1] :

Publications originales

  • Wagler, 1830 : Natürliches System der Amphibien : mit vorangehender Classification der Säugethiere und Vögel : ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. München p. 1-354 (texte intégral).
  • Fitzinger, 1843 : Systema Reptilium, fasciculus primus, Amblyglossae. Braumüller et Seidel, Wien, p. 1-106 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Cylindrophis: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Cylindrophis est un genre de serpents, le seul de la famille des Cylindrophiidae.

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Cylindrophiidae ( индонезиски )

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Cylindrophiidae atau ular-pipa asia adalah familia ular primitif yang menyebar di sebagian wilayah Asia Selatan hingga Tenggara, termasuk di kepulauan Indonesia. Semua jenis ular ini merupakan ular primitif penggali tanah dan tidak berbisa.[2] Ular pipa hidup sebagai ular penggali yang semi-fossorial; lebih banyak mengembara di atas tanah, namun tersembunyi di balik serasah, pepagan yang merenggang, dan aneka penutup tanah yang agak longgar; jarang menyelusup ke dalam tanah atau lumpur[3]

Sebelumnya, kelompok ular ini terdiri dari ular-ular marga Cylindrophis dan Anomochilus. Akan tetapi, marga Anomochilus sekarang dipisahkan menjadi golongan tersendiri, Anomochilidae. Ular-ular jenis Cylindrophiidae dibedakan dari Anomochilidae berdasarkan adanya celah dagu (mental grove), perisai nasal yang saling bersentuhan, dan tidak adanya perisai preokular.[4]

Morfologi

Semua jenis ular ini memiliki beberapa karakter berikut: kepala tertutupi oleh perisai (sisik-sisik besar) yang terletak simetris, lubang hidung (nostril) terletak pada sebuah perisai nasal, tidak memiliki sisik-sisik loreal maupun preokular, mata berukuran kecil, namun masih dapat dibedakan dari sisik-sisik di sekelilingnya, ekornya pendek dan tumpul bahkan nyaris menyerupai bentuk kepala.[5], serta sisik-sisik di badan yang halus (tak berlunas) dan dapat memantulkan cahaya yang dibiaskan (iridescent).[3][6].

Sebaran geografis

Ular-ular Cylindrophiidae tersebar luas mulai dari Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Kamboja, Malaysia, dan Indonesia (Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, hingga Kepulauan Aru).

Spesies

Berikut adalah daftar spesies menurut pembaruan dari situs Reptile Database.[7]

Referensi

  1. ^ McDiarmid RW, JA. Campbell, & T. Touré. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ Manthey, U. & W. Grossmann. 1997. Amphibien und Reptilien Südostasiens. Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, p 413.
  3. ^ a b c Stuebing, RB. 1994. "A new Species of Cylindrophis (Serpentes: Cylindrophiidae) from Sarawak, Western Borneo". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 42: 967–73.
  4. ^ Das, I., L. Maklarin, KKP. Lim, HH. Tan. 2008. "New Species of Anomochilus from Borneo (Squamata: Anomochilidae)". Journal of Herpetology 42: 584–91. (petikan)
  5. ^ de Rooij, N. 1917. The Reptiles of The Indo-Australian Archipelago II (Ophidia): 35. Leiden:E.J. Brill
  6. ^ a b Amarasinghe, AAT., PD. Campbell, J. Hallermann, I. Sidik, J. Supriatna, & I. Ineich. 2015. "Two new species of the genus Cylindrophis Wagler, 1828 (Squamata: Cylindrophiidae) from Southeast Asia". Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 9(1): 34–51.
  7. ^ a b http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?submit=Search&exact%5B0%5D=taxon&taxon=Cylindrophiidae
  8. ^ Boulenger, GA. 1920. "Descriptions of four new snakes in the collection of the British Museum". Annals and Magazine of Natural History Ser. 9(6): 108.
  9. ^ Boulenger, GA. 1896. "Descriptions of new reptiles and batrachians obtained by Mr. Alfred Everett in Celebes and Jampea". Annals and Magazine of Natural History Ser. 6(18): 62.
  10. ^ Blanford WT. 1881. "On a collection of reptiles and frogs chiefly from Singapore". Proceedings of Zoological Society London 1881: 215, deskripsi, & ilustrasi.
  11. ^ Linnaeus, C. & L. Salvius 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I: 228. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758-1759. (sebagai Anguis maculata)
  12. ^ Wagler, J. 1828. Descriptiones et icones amphibiorum. Vol. 1. Monachii, Stuttgartiae et Tubingae: Sumtibus J.G. Cottae, [1828-]1833. (dalam catatan perbandingan spesimen Cylindrophis resplendens)
  13. ^ Boulenger, GA. 1897. "List of the reptiles and batrachians collected by Mr. Alfred Everett in Lombok, Flores, Sumba and Saru, with descriptions of new species". Annals and Magazine of Natural History Ser. 6(19): 506.
  14. ^ Laurenti, J.N. 1768. Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austracorum, quod authoritate et consensu. p.71 (sebagai Anguis ruffa) Viennae:Typ. Joan. Thomae nob. de Trattnern ...,1768.
  15. ^ Smith, LA. & I. Sidik. 1998. "Description of a new species of Cylindrophis (Serpentes: Cylindrophiidae) from Yamdena Island, Tanimbar Archipelago, Indonesia". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 46: 419-24.

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Cylindrophiidae: Brief Summary ( индонезиски )

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Cylindrophiidae atau ular-pipa asia adalah familia ular primitif yang menyebar di sebagian wilayah Asia Selatan hingga Tenggara, termasuk di kepulauan Indonesia. Semua jenis ular ini merupakan ular primitif penggali tanah dan tidak berbisa. Ular pipa hidup sebagai ular penggali yang semi-fossorial; lebih banyak mengembara di atas tanah, namun tersembunyi di balik serasah, pepagan yang merenggang, dan aneka penutup tanah yang agak longgar; jarang menyelusup ke dalam tanah atau lumpur

Sebelumnya, kelompok ular ini terdiri dari ular-ular marga Cylindrophis dan Anomochilus. Akan tetapi, marga Anomochilus sekarang dipisahkan menjadi golongan tersendiri, Anomochilidae. Ular-ular jenis Cylindrophiidae dibedakan dari Anomochilidae berdasarkan adanya celah dagu (mental grove), perisai nasal yang saling bersentuhan, dan tidak adanya perisai preokular.

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Cylindrophis ( латински )

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Cylindrophis (-is) est genus Serpentium octo specierum:

Alteri Cylindrophim inter Uropeltidas ponunt, alteri familiae suae (Cylindrophiidae) tribunt.

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Cylindrophiidae ( малајски )

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Cylindrophiidae atau ular kepala dua ialah sebuah famili monotip[2] yang mengandungi genus Cylindrophis yang ditemui di Asia. Ini merupakan ular pengorek tanah yang kesemuanya berperut petak-petak hitam putih. Kini, lapan spesies telah dikenal pasti tanpa berpecah kepada subspesies.[3]

Taburan geografi

Ular ini ditemui dari Sri Lanka ke timur melalui Myanmar, Thailand, Kemboja, Vietnam dan Kepulauan Melayu hingga sejauh Kepulauan Aru dekat pantai barat New Guinea. Ia juga ditemui di selatan China (Fujian, Hong Kong dan Pulau Hainan) dan Laos.[1]

Keterangan

Giginya sederhana dan subekual, iaitu 10-12 batang di setiap maksila dan tiada di pramaksila. Kepalanya kecil dan tidak ketara dari leher. Matanya sangat halus dengan anak mata yang bulat atau bujur menegak. Kepalanya mempunyai pengadang yang besar dan bersimetri, dengan nostril dalam satu nasal yang membentuk sutur dengan felonya di sebalik rostral. Badannya berbentuk silinder. Sisik dorsalnya licin dalam 19, 21, atau 23 baris. Sisik ventralya lebih besar sedikit ataupun sama besar dengan sisik dorsal. Ekornya teramat kecil dan tumpul.[4]

Spesies

Genus Cylindrophis mengandungi lapan spesies yang berikut.

Spesies[3] Pengarang takson[3] Nama am[5] Taburan geografi[1] C. aruensis Boulenger, 1920 Ular kepala dua Aru Indonesia: Kepulauan Aru C. boulengeri Roux, 1911 Ular kepala dua Boulenger Indonesia: pulau-pulau Babar, Timor, dan Wetar C. isolepis Boulenger, 1896 Ular kepala dua Pulau Jampea Indonesia: Pulau Jampea C. lineatus Blanford, 1881 Ular kepala dua Blanford Indonesia: Borneo and Sarawak C. maculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Ular kepala dua Ceylon Sri Lanka C. melanotus Wagler, 1828 Ular kepala dua hitam Indonesia: Sulawesi, Kepulauan Tabukan, Kepulauan Sangihe, Kepulauan Sula, Halmahera dan Batjan C. opisthorhodus Boulenger, 1897 Ular kepala dua pulau Indonesia: Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo dan Flores. C. ruffusT (Laurenti, 1768) Ular kepala dua berekor merah Myanmar dan selatan China (Fujian, Hong Kong dan Pulau Hainan), ke selatan melalui Vietnam, Laos, Kemboja, Thailand, Semenanjung Melayu dan Hindia Timur hingga Indonesia (Kepulauan Riau, Sumatra, Bangka, Borneo, Jawa, Sulawesi, Buton dan Kepulauan Sula

T) Spesies jenis.[1]

Rujukan

  1. ^ a b c d e McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ "Cylindrophiidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Dicapai 17 August 2007.
  3. ^ a b c "Cylindrophis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Dicapai 17 August 2007.
  4. ^ Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History), Volume I. London. pp. 134-135.
  5. ^ Templat:NRDB genus

Pautan luar

Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Cylindrophiidae.
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Cylindrophiidae: Brief Summary ( малајски )

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Cylindrophiidae atau ular kepala dua ialah sebuah famili monotip yang mengandungi genus Cylindrophis yang ditemui di Asia. Ini merupakan ular pengorek tanah yang kesemuanya berperut petak-petak hitam putih. Kini, lapan spesies telah dikenal pasti tanpa berpecah kepada subspesies.

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Valseslanger ( норвешки )

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Valseslanger er en gruppe av gravende slanger som er utbredt i Sør- og Sørøst-Asia.

Lengden er alltid mindre enn én meter. Skjellene er glinsende, og buken har et svart-hvitt mønster. Hodet er lite, og halen er kort. De eter relativt store, langstrakte byttedyr, som andre slanger, åler og ormepadder.[1]

Alle valseslanger hører til slekten Cylindrophis. De ble tidligere regnet til familien Aniliidae sammen den søramerikanske arten falsk korallslange, men er nå plassert i en egen familie, Cylindrophiidae. En fylogenetisk studie utført av Vidal & Hedges viser at de tilhører overfamilien Uropeltoidea sammen med dvergvalseslanger og skjoldhaler.[2]

Arter

Ti arter av valseslanger er vitenskapelig beskrevet, men det er også minst én art som ikke er beskrevet.[3] Det er aldri gjort noe sikkert funn av valseslanger på Timor. Utbredelsen til de kjente artene er som følger:[4]

Referanser

  1. ^ A. Kupfer, D.J. Gower og W. Himstedt (2003). «Field observations on the predation of the caecilian amphibian, genus Ichthyophis (Fitzinger, 1826), by the red-tailed pipe snake Cylindrophis ruffus (Laurenti, 1768)» (PDF). Amphibia-Reptilia. 24: 212–215. ISSN 0173-5373.
  2. ^ N. Vidal og S.B. Hedges (2009). «The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians». C. R. Biologies. 332 (2–3): 129–139. ISSN 1631-0691. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.010.
  3. ^ D.T. Iskandar (1998). «The Biogeography of Cylindrophis (Cylindrophidae, Ophidia) in the Wallacean region». I D.M. Prawiradilaga, M. Amir og J. Sugardjito. Proceedings of the second international conference on Eastern Indonesia-Australian vertebrate fauna. Jakarta: LIPI. s. 32–40. ISBN 979-579-024-2.
  4. ^ L.A. Smith og I. Sidik (1998). «Description of a new species of Cylindrophis (Serpentes: Cylindrophiidae) from Yamdena Island, Tanimbar Archipelago, Indonesia» (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 46 (2): 419–424. ISSN 0217-2445.

Eksterne lenker

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Valseslanger: Brief Summary ( норвешки )

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Valseslanger er en gruppe av gravende slanger som er utbredt i Sør- og Sørøst-Asia.

Lengden er alltid mindre enn én meter. Skjellene er glinsende, og buken har et svart-hvitt mønster. Hodet er lite, og halen er kort. De eter relativt store, langstrakte byttedyr, som andre slanger, åler og ormepadder.

Alle valseslanger hører til slekten Cylindrophis. De ble tidligere regnet til familien Aniliidae sammen den søramerikanske arten falsk korallslange, men er nå plassert i en egen familie, Cylindrophiidae. En fylogenetisk studie utført av Vidal & Hedges viser at de tilhører overfamilien Uropeltoidea sammen med dvergvalseslanger og skjoldhaler.

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Cylindrowężowate ( полски )

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Cylindrowężowate (Cylindrophiidae) – monotypowa rodzina węży z nadrodziny Uropeltoidea w rzędzie łuskonośnych (Squamata).

Zasięg występowania

Rodzina obejmuje gatunki występujące na Chinach, Sri Lance, Mjanmie, Tajlandii, Laosie, Kambodży, Wietnamie, Malezji, Indonezji i Timorze Wschodnim[4].

Systematyka

Etymologia

Cylindrophis: gr. κυλινδρος kulindros „cylinder, walec”[5]; οφις ophis, οφεως opheōs „wąż”[6].

Podział systematyczny

Do rodziny należy jeden rodzaj z następującymi gatunkami[4]:

Przypisy

  1. Cylindrophiidae, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b L.J.F.J. Fitzinger: Systema reptilium. Fasciculus primus, Amblyglossae. Vindobonae: Braumüller et Seidel, 1843, s. 24. (łac.)
  3. J.G. Wagler: Descriptiones et icones amphibiorum. Monachii, Stuttgartiae et Tubingae: Sumtibus J.G. Cottae, 1828, s. ryc. 5. (łac.)
  4. a b P. Uetz & J. Hallermann: Higher taxa: Cylindrophiidae (ang.). The Reptile Database. [dostęp 2019-03-01].
  5. Jaeger 1944 ↓, s. 65.
  6. Jaeger 1944 ↓, s. 154.
  7. M. Kieckbusch, F. Mader, H. Kaiser & S. Mecke. A new species of Cylindrophis Wagler, 1828 (Reptilia: Squamata: Cylindrophiidae) from Boano Island, northern Maluku Province, Indonesia. „Zootaxa”. 4486 (3), s. 236–250, 2018. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.2 (ang.).

Bibliografia

  1. E.C. Jaeger: Source-book of biological names and terms. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1944, s. 1–256. (ang.)
p d e
Węże (Serpentes) Scolecophidia Kingbrownsnake.jpgAlethinophidia
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Cylindrowężowate: Brief Summary ( полски )

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Cylindrowężowate (Cylindrophiidae) – monotypowa rodzina węży z nadrodziny Uropeltoidea w rzędzie łuskonośnych (Squamata).

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Cylindrophiidae ( португалски )

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Cylindrophiidae: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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Cylindrophiidae é uma família de répteis escamados da subordem Serpentes.

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Cylindrophis ( романски; молдавски )

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Cylindrophis[1] este un gen de șerpi din familia Cylindrophiidae.[1]


Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life[1]:

Cylindrophis

Cylindrophis aruensis



Cylindrophis boulengeri



Cylindrophis engkariensis



Cylindrophis isolepis



Cylindrophis lineatus



Cylindrophis maculatus



Cylindrophis melanotus



Cylindrophis opisthorhodus



Cylindrophis ruffus



Cylindrophis yamdena



Referințe

  1. ^ a b c Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)


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Họ Rắn trun ( виетнамски )

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Rắn trun (danh pháp khoa học:Cylindrophiidae) là một họ rắn đơn chi[2] gồm Cylindrophis, được tìm thấy ở Châu Á. Đây là các loài rắn đào hang và có những vòng đen trắng xen kẽ trên cơ thể. Hiện họ này có 8 loài được công nhận, không có phân loài.[3]

Tham khảo

  1. ^ a ă McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ Cylindrophiidae (TSN 563896) tại Hệ thống Thông tin Phân loại Tích hợp (ITIS).
  3. ^ Cylindrophis (TSN 209616) tại Hệ thống Thông tin Phân loại Tích hợp (ITIS).

Liên kết ngoài

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Họ Rắn trun: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Rắn trun (danh pháp khoa học:Cylindrophiidae) là một họ rắn đơn chi gồm Cylindrophis, được tìm thấy ở Châu Á. Đây là các loài rắn đào hang và có những vòng đen trắng xen kẽ trên cơ thể. Hiện họ này có 8 loài được công nhận, không có phân loài.

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管蛇科 ( кинески )

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管蛇科蛇亞目下的一個單型科,主要包含亞洲一帶的管蛇。[2]管蛇科是洞棲性蛇類,身體有著斑駁的相間體紋。目前[何时?]管蛇科下有8個品種已被確認。[3]

地理分佈

管蛇科主要分佈在自斯里蘭卡東至緬甸泰國柬埔寨越南寮國馬來群島一帶,以至新畿內亞的西南岸。另外,在中國南部如福建香港海南島亦有發現牠們的蹤跡。[1]

品種

品種[3] 學名及命名者[3] 異名 地理分佈[1] 阿魯管蛇 Cylindrophis aruensis,Boulenger,1920 印尼阿魯群島 包爾格管蛇 Cylindrophis boulengeri,Roux,1911 印尼的巴卑爾帝汶 占皮亞島管蛇 Cylindrophis isolepis,Boulenger,1896 印尼的占皮亞島 伯蘭福管蛇 Cylindrophis lineatus,Blanford,1881 印尼的婆羅洲砂拉越. 斑管蛇 Cylindrophis maculatus,Linnaeus,1758 錫蘭管蛇 斯里蘭卡 黑管蛇 Cylindrophis melanotus,Wagler,1828 印尼的蘇拉威西島摩鹿加群島島管蛇 Cylindrophis opisthorhodus,Boulenger,1897 印尼的龍目島松巴哇島科莫多島弗洛勒斯島 紅尾管蛇T Cylindrophis ruffus,Laurenti, 1768) 華南地區(福建香港海南島)、緬甸越南寮國柬埔寨泰國馬來半島、及印尼諸島

備註

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 McDiarmid RW、Campbell JA、Touré T:《Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1.》頁511,Herpetologists' League,1999年. ISBN 1-893777-00-6
  2. ^ Cylindrophiidae. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (英语).
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cylindrophis. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (英语).
真蛇下目
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盲蛇下目 物種識別信息
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管蛇科: Brief Summary ( кинески )

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管蛇科是蛇亞目下的一個單型科,主要包含亞洲一帶的管蛇。管蛇科是洞棲性蛇類,身體有著斑駁的相間體紋。目前[何时?]管蛇科下有8個品種已被確認。

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아시아파이프뱀속 ( корејски )

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아시아파이프뱀속(Cylindrophis)[2]뱀목에 속하는 독이 없는 분류군이다. 아시아파이프뱀과(Cylindrophiidae)의 유일속으로 아시아에서 발견된다. 땅을 파고 들어가는 습성이 있으며, 배쪽에 흑백의 체크무늬를 모두 갖고 있다. 현재, 8종이 알려져 있으며 아종은 없다.[2]

분포

스리랑카부터 미얀마 동부를 거쳐, 태국캄보디아, 베트남, 그리고 말레이 제도, 뉴기니섬 남서부 해안에 떨어져 있는 아루 제도와 같은 먼 동쪽까지 분포한다. 중국 남부(푸젠성, 홍콩, 하이난섬)와 라오스에서도 발견된다.[1]

하위 종

  • Cylindrophis aruensis
  • Cylindrophis boulengeri
  • Cylindrophis isolepis
  • Cylindrophis lineatus
  • Cylindrophis maculatus
  • Cylindrophis melanotus
  • Cylindrophis opisthorhodus
  • Cylindrophis ruffus

계통 분류

다음은 2013년과 2014년, 피론(Pyron, R.A.), 2016년 정(Zheng, Yuchi)과 존(John J. Wiens) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[3][4][5]

뱀아목    

가는장님뱀과

     

게르호필루스과

     

제노티프롭스과

   

장님뱀과

           

미국실뱀과

       

파이프뱀과

   

난쟁이왕뱀과

       

제노피디온과

         

아시아파이프뱀과

   

가시꼬리뱀과

         

햇살뱀과

     

멕시코비단뱀과

   

비단뱀과

           

제노피디온과

   

왕뱀사촌과

       

칼라바비단뱀과

왕뱀과

마다가스카르나무왕뱀아과

     

운갈리오피스아과

     

태평양왕뱀아과

     

모래왕뱀아과

   

왕뱀아과

                       

줄판비늘뱀과

   

제노데르무스과

       

파레아스과

     

살무사과

       

호말롭시스과

     

람프로피스과

   

코브라과

       

뱀과

                   

각주

  1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. Cylindrophiidae. 미국 통합 분류학 정보 시스템(Integrated Taxonomic Information System, ITIS).
  3. Pyron, R.A.; Frank T Burbrink, John J Wiens 2013. “A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes.”. 《BMC Evol Biol 13: 93》.
  4. R. ALEXANDER PYRON, R. GRAHAM REYNOLDS & FRANK T. BURBRINK. “A Taxonomic Revision of Boas (Serpentes: Boidae)” (PDF). 《Zootaxa 3846 (2): 249–260》.
  5. Zheng, Yuchi; John J. Wiens (2016). “Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species” (PDF). 《Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 537–547, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009》.
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