dcsimg

Trophic Strategy ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fishbase
Euryhaline species. Found in sandy or muddy substrates (Ref. 127989). Common off sandy beaches and in shallow estuaries and lagoons; also found in sandy areas of coral reefs (Ref. 9710). Found on the continental shelf (Ref. 75154). Also offshore down to 50 m depth (Ref. 5578). May enter fresh water (Ref. 5578). Feeds on small fishes, bivalves, crabs, shrimps and worms.
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Morphology ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0
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Migration ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fishbase
Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692).
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Life Cycle ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fishbase
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Bears 3 to 5 young in the summer (Ref. 5578). Size at birth about 21 (Ref.58048) - 28 cm WD (Ref. 6871).
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Diagnostic Description ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fishbase
Huge stingray with conspicuous dark spots on a light brown disc; spots well-spaced in young but crowded to form reticulated pattern in adult; white ventrally; tail marked with bands of black and white; snout sharply pointed; disc with narrowly rounded outer corners, and tail long, slender and nearly three times body length when intact, with no caudal finfolds; disc without thorns but with band of flat denticles along midback (in adults); usually 1 medium-sized sting on tail (Ref. 5578).
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Biology ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fishbase
Common off sandy beaches and in shallow estuaries and lagoons; also found in sandy areas of coral reefs (Ref. 9710). Also offshore down to 50 m depth (Ref. 5578). May enter fresh water (Ref. 5578). Feeds on small fishes, bivalves, crabs, shrimps, worms (Ref. 3263) and jellyfishes (Ref. 37816). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Common catch of the demersal tangle net, bottom trawl, longline and beach seine fisheries (Ref.58048). Popular angling fish (Ref. 3263). Not esteemed as a food fish (Ref. 3263). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). Tail is used as It is parasitised by the monogeneans Dendromonocotyle colorni and Dendromonocotyle ukuthena on the dorsal skin surface (Ref. 124058).
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Importance ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fishbase
fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: commercial
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分布 ( englanti )

tarjonnut The Fish Database of Taiwan
分布於印度-西太平洋區,西起紅海及地中海東部(經由蘇伊士運河)到非洲南部,東至法屬玻里尼西亞,北至臺灣,南至澳洲。臺灣分布於東部及溪南部海域。
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臺灣魚類資料庫
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The Fish Database of Taiwan

利用 ( englanti )

tarjonnut The Fish Database of Taiwan
主要漁法為底拖網及延繩釣等。肉可食用,但具腥味,非重要的食用魚;是受歡迎的垂釣魚種;皮膚與肉被乾製或用來生產皮革做成錢包與袋子;亦被使用於中藥藥材。
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描述 ( englanti )

tarjonnut The Fish Database of Taiwan
體盤菱形,前緣微凹,與吻端成60度;體盤寬比體盤長約大1.1-1.2倍,最寬處在體盤的中部。吻頗尖,相當突出;吻長等於體盤長的1/4,比眼間隔大約2倍。眼頗小,稍突出,眼徑約與噴水孔稍小。口小,口前吻長比口寬大2.5-2.7倍。口底乳突4-7個,中部3個中的左右旁邊2個最明顯,最中央的乳突細小或消失;最外側的2個存在,但小型,而內側2個細小或消失。尾細長,為體盤長的3倍餘;背及腹側面之皮褶完全消失;尾刺1枚。幼體背部中央自鰓區到肩帶區有一小群圓錐形小棘,中央一列較大,且為黃色;成魚之小棘分佈擴大,甚至整個尾部都有棘。幼魚體背面白色而佈滿黑點,隨成長而漸呈灰色,但仍佈滿黑點,成魚則呈淡褐色,且黑點擴大成豹紋斑或雲狀斑紋;腹面淡白,邊區褐色;尾部具黑白相間之色環,延伸至尾部末端。/Dasyatis uarnak/為本種之同種異名。
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棲地 ( englanti )

tarjonnut The Fish Database of Taiwan
底棲性魚類,是最大型魟魚之一。一般大多活動於沿岸的沙泥底海域,亦常隨著高潮時而進入河口區或更淺的潟湖區,甚至也可被發現於珊瑚礁區的沙泥地。活動深度在5-50公尺間。常將身體埋入沙中,僅露出兩眼及呼吸孔,伺機捕食,以小魚、底棲蝦蟹、蠕蟲及水母等為食。尾刺有毒腺,是危險的海洋生物。
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Heuningkoekpylstert ( afrikaans )

tarjonnut wikipedia AF

Die heuningkoekpylstert (Himantura uarnak) kom aan die ooskus van Suid-Afrika voor. Dit het sy naam gekry van die feit dat die patroon op sy bokant soos 'n heuningkoek lyk. Die vis word 2 m breed en 120 kg swaar. Die stert kan tot drie keer die lengte van die lyf word. Dit is 'n bodembewoner en word deur die IUBN geklassifiseer as 'n kwesbare spesie. In Engels staan die pylstert bekend as die Honeycomb stingray.

Sien ook

Bronne

Verwysings

  1. Manjaji, B.M. en W.T. White (2004). Himantura uarnak. 2008 IUBN Rooi Lys van bedreigde spesies. Internasionale Unie vir die Bewaring van die Natuur 2008. Verkry op 8 April 2010.

Eksterne skakel

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Heuningkoekpylstert: Brief Summary ( afrikaans )

tarjonnut wikipedia AF

Die heuningkoekpylstert (Himantura uarnak) kom aan die ooskus van Suid-Afrika voor. Dit het sy naam gekry van die feit dat die patroon op sy bokant soos 'n heuningkoek lyk. Die vis word 2 m breed en 120 kg swaar. Die stert kan tot drie keer die lengte van die lyf word. Dit is 'n bodembewoner en word deur die IUBN geklassifiseer as 'n kwesbare spesie. In Engels staan die pylstert bekend as die Honeycomb stingray.

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Himantura uarnak ( valencia )

tarjonnut wikipedia CA
 src=
Exemplar a l'aquari de Newport
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Exemplar de Queensland (Austràlia)
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Dibuix on s'observa el patró de la pell
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Exemplar fotografiat a Darwin (Austràlia)
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Exemplar a l'aquari de Sydney
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Una altra vista de l'exemplar de Darwin
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Foto on s'aprecia la llargada de la cua

Himantura uarnak és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels dasiàtids.[4]

Descripció

  • Pot arribar a fer 200 cm de llargària màxima[5] (normalment, en fa 45)[6] i 120 kg de pes.[7]
  • Disc de color marró clar amb taques fosques, les quals són espaiades en els juvenils però nombroses, fins al punt de formar un patró reticulat, en els adults. No té espines però presenta denticles al llarg de l'esquena en els exemplars adults.
  • Zona ventral de color blanc.
  • Cua llarga, prima, amb franges blanques i negres, de gairebé tres vegades la longitud del cos i amb un fibló de mida mitjana.
  • Musell punxegut.[8][9]

Reproducció

És ovovivípar.[10][11]

Alimentació

Menja peixets, bivalves, crancs, gambes, cucs i grumers.[12][13]

Hàbitat

És un peix d'aigua marina i salabrosa; associat als esculls;[14] amfídrom[15] i de clima subtropical (23 °C-26 °C; 38°N-32°S) que viu entre 20 i 50 m de fondària.[8][16]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba des del mar Roig[17] (i la Mediterrània oriental a través del canal de Suez[18])[19][20][21][22][23] fins a l'Àfrica Austral,[9][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] la Polinèsia Francesa, Taiwan i Austràlia,[32][33][34][35][36][37] incloent-hi el mar d'Arafura[38] i l'estuari del riu Ganges.[8][16][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]

Ús comercial

És emprat en la medicina tradicional xinesa[73] i consumit per la seua carn, pell (d'alt valor) i cartílag.[74][75] A més, la seua cua és utilitzada com a element decoratiu.[8][76]

Observacions

És popular entre els afeccionats a la pesca esportiva,[5] tot i que és verinós per als humans.[8][77]

Referències

  1. Müller J. & Henle F. G. J., 1837. Ueber die Gattungen der Plagiostomen. Arch. Naturgeschichte v. 3. 394-401, 434 (Nachträliche Bemerkung).
  2. Forsskål, P., 1775. Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit... Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniae. Descr. Animalium: 1-20 + i-xxxiv + 1-164, map.
  3. Catalogue of Life (anglès)
  4. The Taxonomicon (anglès)
  5. 5,0 5,1 Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Dasyatidae. P. 135-142. A: M.M. Smith i P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín.
  6. Bouhlel, M., 1988. Poissons de Djibouti. Placerville (Califòrnia, els Estats Units): RDA International, Inc. 416 p.
  7. Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Dasyatidae. P. 135-142.
  8. 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 FishBase (anglès)
  9. 9,0 9,1 Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert i M.J. Smale, 1989. Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., Londres. 158 p.
  10. Dulvy, N.K. i J.D. Reynolds, 1997. Evolutionary transitions among egg-laying, live-bearing and maternal inputs in sharks and rays. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B: Biol. Sci. 264:1309-1315.
  11. Breder, C.M. i D.E. Rosen, 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, Nova Jersey, Estats Units. 941 p.
  12. Myers, R.F., 1999. Micronesian reef fishes: a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Micronesia. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 330 p.
  13. Nasir, N.A., 2000. The food and feeding relationships of the fish communities in the inshore waters of Khor Al-Zubair, northwest Arabian Gulf. Cybium 24(1):89-99.
  14. Hardy, J.D. Jr., 2003. Coral reef fish species. NOAANational Oceanographic Data Center. NODC Coral Reef Data and Information Management System. Estats Units. 537 p.
  15. Riede, K., 2004. Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Alemanya. 329 p.
  16. 16,0 16,1 Al Sakaff, H. i M. Esseen, 1999. Occurrence and distribution of fish species off Yemen (Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea). Naga ICLARM Q. 22(1):43-47.
  17. Khalaf, M.A., 2005. Fish fauna of the Jordanian Coast, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Journal of King AbdulAziz University-Marine Sciences. Vol. 15.
  18. Por, F.D., 1978. Lessepsian migration. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Heidelberg, Nova York. 228 p.
  19. Stehmann, M., 1979. Rajidae. P. 58-69. A: J.C. Hureau i Th. Monod (eds.). Checklist of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean (CLOFNAM), UNESCO, París, Vol. 1.
  20. Quignard, J.-P. i J.A. Tomasini, 2000. Mediterranean fish biodiversity. Biol. Mar. Mediterr. 7(3):1-66.
  21. Louisy, P., 2001. Guide d'identification des poissons marins. Europe et Méditerranée. París: Eds. Eugène Ulmer.
  22. Golani, D., L. Orsi Relini, E. Massutí i J.-P. Quignard, 2002. CIESM Atlas of Exotic Species in the Mediterranean. Vol. 1. Fishes. F. Briand (ed.). 256 pages. CIESM Publishers, Mònaco.
  23. Bilecenoglu, M., E. Taskavak S. Mater i M. Kaya, 2002. Checklist of the marine fishes of Turkey. Zootaxa (113):1-194.
  24. Van der Elst, R.P. i F. Adkin (eds.), 1991. Marine linefish: priority species and research objectives in southern Africa. Oceanogr. Res. Inst., Spec. Publ. Núm. 1. 132 p.
  25. Van der Elst, R., 1993. A guide to the common sea fishes of southern Africa. (3a edició) Struik Publishers, Ciutat del Cap. 398 p.
  26. Van der Elst, R., 1988. A guide to the common sea fishes of Southern Africa. (2a. ed.) C. Struik, Ciutat del Cap. 395 p.
  27. Van der Elst, R., 1981. A guide to the common sea fishes of southern Africa. C. Struik, Ciutat del Cap. 367 p.
  28. Torres, F.S.B. Jr., 1991. Tabular data on marine fishes from Southern Africa, Part I. Length-weight relationships. Fishbyte 9(1):50-53.
  29. Smith, J.L.B., 1969. Fishes of Inhaca. p. 131-136. A: W. Macnae i M. Kalk (eds.) A natural history of Inhaca Island, Moçambique. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg.
  30. Pereira, M.A.M., 2000. Preliminary checklist of reef-associated fishes of Mozambique. Maputo, Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA). 21 pp.
  31. Fischer, W., I. Sousa, C. Silva, A. de Freitas, J.M. Poutiers, W. Schneider, T.C. Borges, J.P. Feral i A. Massinga, 1990. Fichas FAO de identificaçao de espécies para actividades de pesca. Guia de campo das espécies comerciais marinhas e de águas salobras de Moçambique. Publicaçao preparada em collaboraçao com o Instituto de Investigaçao Pesquiera de Moçambique, com financiamento do Projecto PNUD/FAO MOZ/86/030 e de NORAD. Roma, FAO. 1990. 424 p.
  32. Sainsbury, K.J., P.J. Kailola i G.G. Leyland, 1985. Continental shelf fishes of the northern and north-western Australia. CSIRO Division of Fisheries Research; Clouston & Hall and Peter Pownall Fisheries Information Service, Canberra, Austràlia. 375 p.
  33. Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen i J.E. Hanley, 1989. Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Vol. 7. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 665 p.
  34. Last, P.R. i J.D. Stevens, 1994. Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Austràlia. 513 p.
  35. Johnson, J.W., 1999. Annotated checklist of the fishes of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 43(2):709-762.
  36. Hoese, D.F., D.J. Bray, J.R. Paxton i G.R. Allen, 2006. Fishes. A Beasley, O.L. i A. Wells (eds.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Volum 35. ABRS & CSIRO Publishing: Australia Part 1, pp. xxiv 1-670; Part 2, pp. xxi 671-1472; Part 3, pp. xxi 1473-2178.
  37. Blaber, S.J.M., J.W. Young i M.C. Dunning, 1985. Community structure and zoogeographic affinities of the coastal fishes of the Dampier region of north-western Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 36: 247-266.
  38. Russell, B.C. i W. Houston, 1989. Offshore fishes of the Arafura Sea. Beagle 6(1):69-84.
  39. Carpenter, K.E., F. Krupp, D.A. Jones i U. Zajonz, 1997. FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. Living marine resources of Kuwait, eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. FAO, Roma, Itàlia. 293 p.
  40. Compagno, L.J.V. i T.R. Roberts, 1984. Dasyatidae. P. 4-5. A: J. Daget, J.P. Gosse i D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.). Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ORSTOM, París i MRAC, Tervuren. Vol. 1.
  41. Conlu, P.V., 1986. Guide to Philippine flora and fauna. Fishes. Volum IX. Natural Resources Management Center, Quezon City. 495 p.
  42. De Bruin, G.H.P., B.C. Russell i A. Bogusch, 1995. FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The marine fishery resources of Sri Lanka. Roma, FAO. 400 p.
  43. Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2009. Valid local name of Malaysian marine fishes. Department of Fisheries Malaysia. Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry. 180 p.
  44. Fouda, M.M. i G.V. Hermosa, Jr., 1993. A checklist of Oman fishes. Sultan Qaboos University Press, Oman. 42 p.
  45. Fricke, R., 1999. Fishes of the Mascarene Islands (Réunion, Mauritius, Rodriguez): an annotated checklist, with descriptions of new species. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, Theses Zoologicae, Vol. 31: 759 p.
  46. Ganaden, S.R. i F. Lavapie-Gonzales, 1999. Common and local names of marine fishes of the Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Filipines. 385 p.
  47. Gloerfelt-Tarp, T. i P.J. Kailola, 1984. Trawled fishes of southern Indonesia and northwestern Australia. Australian Development Assistance Bureau, Austràlia, Directorate General of Fishes, Indonèsia i German Agency for Technical Cooperation, República Federal d'Alemanya. 407 p.
  48. Herre, A.W.C.T., 1953. Check list of Philippine fishes. Res. Rep. U.S. Fish Wild. Serv., (20): 977 p.
  49. Herre, A.W.C.T. i A.F. Umali, 1948. English and local common names of Philippine fishes. U. S. Dept. of Interior and Fish and Wildl. Serv. Circular Núm. 14, U. S. Gov't Printing Office, Washington. 128 p.
  50. Huang, Z., 2001. Marine species and their distribution in China's seas. p. 404-463. Vertebrata. Smithsonian Institution, Florida, Estats Units. 598 p.
  51. Kailola, P.J., 1987. The fishes of Papua New Guinea. A revised and annotated checklist. Vol. 1. Myxinidae to Synbranchidae. Research Bulletin Núm. 41. Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Port Moresby, Papua Nova Guinea. 194 p.
  52. Kapoor, D., R. Dayal i A.G. Ponniah, 2002. Fish biodiversity of India. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources Lucknow, Índia. 775 p.
  53. Kiener, A., 1963. Poissons, pêche et pisciculture à Madagascar. Publ. Centre Techn. For. Trop. 24. 244p.
  54. Last, P.R. i L.J.V. Compagno, 1999. Dasyatididae. Stingrays. p. 1479-1505. A: K.E. Carpenter i V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae). FAO, Roma.
  55. Lieske, E. i R. Myers, 1994. Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400 p.
  56. Masuda, H. i G.R. Allen, 1993. Meeresfische der Welt - Groß-Indopazifische Region. Tetra Verlag, Herrenteich, Melle. 528 p.
  57. Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno i T. Yoshino, 1984. The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tòquio, Japó. 437 p.
  58. Mohsin, A.K.M., M.A. Ambak i M.N.A. Salam, 1993. Malay, English, and scientific names of the fishes of Malaysia. Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malàisia, Occasional Publication Núm. 11.
  59. Monkolprasit, S., S. Sontirat, S. Vimollohakarn i T. Songsirikul, 1997. Checklist of Fishes in Thailand. Office of Environmental Policy and Planning, Bangkok, Tailàndia. 353 p.
  60. Myers, R.F., 1991. Micronesian reef fishes. Segona edició. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p.
  61. Nakaya, K., 1984. Dasyatididae. P. 15-16. A: H. Masuda, K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno i T. Yoshino (eds.). Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai Univ. Press, Tòquio. 437 p, 370 pls.
  62. Nguyen, H.P. i H.L. Tran, 1994. Checklist of marine fishes in Viet Nam. Vol. 1. Amphioxi and Chondrichthyes. Science and Technics Publishing House, el Vienam.
  63. Randall, J.E., 1995. Coastal fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 439 p. ISBN 0-8248-1808-3.
  64. Randall, J.E. i K.K.P. Lim (eds.), 2000. A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea. Raffles Bull. Zool. Suppl. (8):569-667.
  65. Rao, K.V.R., 1995. Pisces. p. 483-506. A: Fauna of Chilka Lake. Wetland Ecosystem Series 1. Zool. Surv. Índia. 673 p.
  66. Smith, J.L.B. i M.M. Smith, 1963. The fishes of Seychelles. Rhodes University, Grahamstown. 215 p.
  67. Sommer, C., W. Schneider i J.-M. Poutiers, 1996. FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of Somalia. FAO, Roma, Itàlia. 376 p.
  68. Suvatti, C., 1981. Fishes of Thailand. Royal Institute of Thailand, Bangkok. 379 p.
  69. Talwar, P.K. i A.G. Jhingran, 1991. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Vol 1. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. 541 p.
  70. Talwar, P.K. i R.K. Kacker, 1984. Commercial sea fishes of India. Zoological Survey of India, Calcuta. 997 p.
  71. Taquet, M. i A. Diringer, 2007. Poissons de l'Océan Indien et de la Mer Rouge. Éditions Quæ, Versalles, França.
  72. Zajonz, U., M. Khalaf i F. Krupp, 2000. Coastal fish assemblages of the Socotra Archipelago. p.127-170. A Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity of Socotra Archipelago: marine habitat, biodiversity and fisheries surveys and management. Progress Report of Phase III. Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Alemanya.
  73. Tang, W.-C., 1987. Chinese medicinal materials from the sea. Abstracts of Chinese Medicine 1(4):571-600.
  74. Sen, T.K., 1987. Commercial fishes of Calcutta and adjoining fish markets (Economic aspects, scientific, local and English names). Seafood Export J. 19(5):5-11.
  75. White, W.T., P.R. Last, J.D. Stevens, G.K. Yearsley, Fahmi and Dharmadi, 2006. Economically important sharks and rays of Indonesia. (Hiu dan pari yang bernilai ekonomis penting di Indonesia). Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Austràlia.
  76. Mohsin, A.K.M. i M.A. Ambak, 1996. Marine fishes and fisheries of Malaysia and neighbouring countries. University of Pertanian Malaysia Press, Serdang, Malàisia. 744 p.
  77. Mohsin, A.K.M. i M.A. Ambak, 1996.


Bibliografia

  • Anònim, 2000. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, Sud-àfrica. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, Sud-àfrica.
  • Anònim, 2001. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution - Division of Fishes.
  • Anònim, 2002. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, NY 10024-5192, Estats Units.
  • Compagno, L.J.V., 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. A W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland, Estats Units.
  • Crespo, J., J. Gajate i R. Ponce, 2001. Clasificación científica e identificación de nombres vernáculos existentes en la base de datos de seguimiento informático de recursos naturales oceánicos. Instituto Español de Oceanografía (Madrid).
  • Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.), 1998. Catalog of fishes. Publicació especial de la California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 3 vols. 2905 p.
  • Michael, S.W., 1993. Reef sharks and rays of the world. A guide to their identification, behavior, and ecology. Sea Challengers, Monterey, Califòrnia, Estats Units. 107 p.
  • Museu Suec d'Història Natural. Base de dades de la col·lecció d'ictiologia. Secció d'Ictiologia, Departament de Zoologia de Vertebrats. Estocolm, Suècia, 1999.
  • Walford, L. i R. Wicklund, 1973. Contribution to a world-wide inventory of exotic marine and anadromous organisms. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. Núm. 121. 49 p.
  • Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao i C.F. Lai (eds.), 1999. Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.


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Himantura uarnak: Brief Summary ( valencia )

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Himantura uarnak és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels dasiàtids.

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Indo-Australischer Tüpfelrochen ( saksa )

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Der Indo-Australische Tüpfelrochen (Himantura uarnak) ist eine Rochenart aus der Familie der Stechrochen (Dasyatidae).

Merkmale

Dieser Rochen kann einen Durchmesser von bis zu 1,5 m erreichen. Der nahezu kreisrunde Körper ist mit dunklen Flecken überzogen, welche im Alter verblassen können, oder sich vollständig auflösen. Der peitschenförmige Schwanz ist beinahe doppelt so lang wie der eigentliche Körper und ab dem deutlich sichtbaren Stachel wesentlich dunkler als der Rest des Fisches.

Verbreitung

Der Indo-Australische Tüpfelrochen kommt vom Roten Meer bis nach Französisch-Polynesien und bis zum südlichen Japan vor. Er ist in 0,3 bis 75 Metern Tiefe anzutreffen und lebt in sandigen und schlammigen Lagunen und Deltas. Er ist auch in Riffnähe und an riffnahen Außenhängen anzutreffen.

Lebensweise

Er ernährt sich von Garnelen, Krabben, Mollusken, Fischen und Quallen.

Nach einer Tragzeit von einem Jahr werden 1 bis 5 Jungtiere geboren.

Literatur

  • Ewald Lieske, Robert Myers: Korallenriff-Führer Rotes Meer: Rotes Meer bis Golf von Aden, Südoman. Franckh-Kosmos, 2009, ISBN 3-440-11971-8.

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Indo-Australischer Tüpfelrochen: Brief Summary ( saksa )

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Der Indo-Australische Tüpfelrochen (Himantura uarnak) ist eine Rochenart aus der Familie der Stechrochen (Dasyatidae).

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Reticulate whipray ( englanti )

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The reticulate whipray or honeycomb stingray (Himantura uarnak) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae. It inhabits coastal waters in the western Indian Ocean including the Red Sea, Natal and the Arabian Sea; also a Lessepsian transmigrant in the eastern Mediterranean. A large species reaching 2 m (6.6 ft) in width, the reticulate whipray has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc and an extremely long tail without fin folds. Both its common and scientific names refer to its ornate dorsal color pattern of many small, close-set dark spots or reticulations on a lighter background. However, the reticulate whipray is only one of several large spotted stingrays in the Indo-Pacific which, coupled with the variability of its coloration with age and locality, has resulted in a great deal of taxonomic confusion.

Often encountered resting on the bottom during daytime, the reticulate whipray is a predator of bottom-dwelling invertebrates and bony fishes. Like other stingrays, it is aplacental viviparous, with the developing embryos nourished at first by yolk and later by histotroph ("uterine milk"). Females bear litters of up to five pups in summer, following a gestation period of a year. The reticulate whipray is fished in parts of the Indian Ocean for meat, skin, cartilage, and other purposes. It is highly susceptible to population depletion because of its large size, inshore habits, and low reproductive rate, and is additionally threatened by extensive habitat degradation. Consequently, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed this species as Endangered.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

In 1775, Carsten Niebuhr published Descriptiones animalium – avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium: quæ in itinere orientali observavit, the work of his late friend, the Swedish naturalist Peter Forsskål. Within Forsskål had described Raja sephen, now commonly known as the cowtail stingray, with a spotted variant he called uarnak ورنك, which is the Arabic name stingrays on the Red Sea shores. No type specimen was designated.[2] Forsskål's account formed the basis for two subsequent writings that named the spotted ray as a distinct species: Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre's Raia scherit in 1788, and Johann Friedrich Gmelin's Raja uarnak in 1789. Although Bonnaterre's name was published first and thus would have had precedence, later authorities have regarded Forsskål's uarnak as the earliest available name even though it was not initially part of a binomial. Consequently, modern sources give uarnak as the valid specific epithet and either Gmelin or Forsskål as the species authority.[3][4] In 1837, Johannes Peter Müller and Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle included the reticulate whipray in the newly created genus Himantura; David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann made it the type species in 1896.[5]

The reticulate whipray is closely related to H. undulata, H. leoparda as well as the recently described H. tutul (previously confused with H. leoparda[6]) and H. australis. All five species are very similar in size and shape, and their colour patterns may overlap to some extent,[7] resulting in a long history of taxonomic confusion that only recently has begun to be untangled.[8] In 2004, Mabel Manjaji designated as the 'uarnak' species complex a group of genetically unrelated species including H. fai, H. gerrardi, H. jenkinsii, H. leoparda, H. toshi, H. uarnak, and H. undulata, plus three more undescribed species.[9] More recently, genera in the stingray family Dasyatidae were redefined based on molecular phylogenetics. Species previously under Himantura now belong to separate genera.[10] The reticulate whipray itself varies in appearance throughout its range, and further taxonomic comparisons are required to determine whether its spotted and reticulated color morphs in fact represent different species.[1] Alternate common names for this ray include coachwhip ray, leopard stingray, longtail stingray, and marbled stingray; some of these names are shared by other, similar species.[3]

Description

A stingray with many small dark spots and a thin black tail
The reticulate whipray has a dorsal color pattern of many small dark spots.

The pectoral fin disc of the reticulate whipray is diamond-shaped and wider than long, with the leading margins almost straight and the snout and outer corners angular. In juveniles, the disc is about as wide as long, with a more obtuse snout and rounded corners. The eyes are small and immediately followed by the spiracles (paired respiratory openings). A short and wide curtain of skin with a minutely fringed rear margin is present between the long, thin nostrils. The mouth is relatively small, with a deep concavity at the center of the lower jaw and shallow furrows at the corners extending onto the lower jaw.[11] A row of 4–5 papillae (nipple-like structures) is found across the floor of the mouth. There are 26–40 upper tooth rows and 27–44 lower tooth rows.[12] The pelvic fins are small and triangular. The tail is whip-like and extremely thin, measuring 3–3.5 times as long as the disc when intact, and lacks fin folds. Usually one serrated stinging spine is located on the upper surface on the tail, some distance from the base.[11]

Adult rays have a wide band of flattened, heart-shaped dermal denticles that extend from between the eyes to the tail spine, increasing in density with age, along with two large pearl thorns at the center of the back. The tail behind the spine is covered by small thorns. The dorsal band of denticles is largely developed by the time the juveniles are 50 cm (20 in) across. The coloration of the reticulate whipray varies substantially with age and locality. Adults generally have a dorsal pattern of numerous closely spaced dark brown spots or reticulations on a beige to yellow-brown background, which becomes blackish past the spine with lighter bands on the sides. The underside is pale, without markings. Juveniles are yellowish above with tiny, densely packed dark spots, around seven spots in a line between the spiracles, and three rows of spots in front of the sting.[11] This large species has been reported to reach a disc width of 2 m (6.6 ft), a total length of 6 m (20 ft), and a weight of 120 kg (260 lb).[3][12]

Distribution and habitat

A dark-spotted stingray swimming over a sandy bottom
The reticulate whipray frequents areas with fine sediment.

The reticulate whipray occurs in the western Indian Ocean, including the Red Sea, Natal in South Africa, and the Arabian Sea.[8] It also entered 30 years ago [13] the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal and it is now common in the south eastern Mediterranean.[14] The recently-described H. australis formerly confused with H. uarnak seems to be common only in Australian waters, where it occurs from Shark Bay to Brisbane.[1][11]

Bottom-dwelling in nature, the reticulate whipray is generally encountered over sandy flats near beaches, in lagoons, and around coral reefs, from the intertidal zone to offshore waters 50 m (160 ft) deep or more.[1] In Shark Bay, it frequents intertidal sand flats during the warm season, and shifts to slightly deeper seagrass patches in the cold season.[15] This species is tolerant of low salinities and has been known to enter estuaries and mangrove swamps,[16] though records from fresh water in Southeast Asia are unverified and may represent misidentifications.[17] Its preferred water temperatures are 23–26 °C (73–79 °F).[18]

Biology and ecology

Two spotted stingrays with many other fish splashing in the surf
Two reticulate whiprays and other fish being fed on a beach near Darwin, Australia.

During the day, the reticulate whipray is generally inactive and spends much time resting motionless on the sea floor, sometimes buried in sand.[16] In Shark Bay, Western Australia, this ray can be found resting singly or in small groups in very shallow water during high tide. Its lateral line extends to the tip of its extremely long tail, giving it advance warning of approaching predators such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) and hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna). The cowtail stingray (Pastinachus sephen) prefers to rest with the reticulate whipray over others of its own species, because the whiprays' longer tails grant them superior predator detection. These mixed-species groups often settle into a "rosette" with their tails pointing radially outward for maximum predator awareness.[19]

The reticulate whipray preys on a variety of benthic and neritic organisms, including crabs, shrimps, mantis shrimps, bivalves, gastropods, worms, jellyfish, and bony fishes.[3][20] In the western Indian Ocean, about two-thirds of its diet consists of fishes, in particular ponyfish and anchovies, with shrimps and other crustaceans making up most of the remainder.[21] By contrast, rays in Australian waters are apparently not piscivorous, and are known to consume penaeid prawns.[22] Known parasites of this species include Anthrobothrium loculatum,[23] Dendromonocotyle colorni,[24] Halysiorhynchus macrocephalus,[25] Monocotyle helicophallus, M. multiparous, and M. spiremae,[26] Thaumatocotyle australensis,[27] and Tylocephalum chiralensis.[28]

Like other stingrays, the reticulate whipray is aplacental viviparous: the developing embryos are initially sustained by yolk, which is later supplanted by histotroph ("uterine milk", enriched with proteins and lipids) produced by the mother.[1] Females give birth to up to five pups in the summer, after a year-long gestation period.[20] Off South Africa, the newborns measure 28–30 cm (11–12 in) across and sexual maturation is attained at a disc width of approximately 1 m (3.3 ft), which corresponds to an age of 4-5.[29] Off Australia, the newborns measure 21–28 cm (8.3–11.0 in) across, with males reported to mature at 82–84 cm (32–33 in) across.[11] The juveniles of this species, H. leoparda, and H. undulata differ in birth size, disc shape, denticle development, and amount of spotting, and are in fact more distinct from each other than are adults of the three species.[9] Shark Bay may serve as a nursery area for young rays.[15]

Human interactions

A spotted stingray with a long tail, lying on sand with a Horn shark in an aquarium
A reticulate whipray at the Palais de la Porte Dorée Tropical Aquarium in Paris.

The reticulate whipray fights strongly on hook-and-line and is thus popular with recreational anglers, who usually release it alive.[29] This species is caught by intensive artisanal and commercial fisheries operating in parts of the western Indian Ocean, using bottom trawls, gillnets and tangle nets, beach seines, and longlines.[1] The meat, skin, and cartilage are utilized, though this species is not a highly valued food fish. It also has applications in Chinese medicine, and its tail may be sold as a curio.[3]

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the reticulate whipray as Endangered. Its large size, inshore habitat preferences, and slow reproductive rate render it susceptible to overfishing. Although specific data is lacking, significant declines in overall ray catches have been documented within its range. Habitat degradation also threatens this species, while pollution and destructive fishing practices may have also taken their toll.

The reticulate whipray is occasionally offered within the home aquarium trade. It is best avoided, however, because of its massive proportions.[30] It is also kept in some public aquariums such as the Aquarium of the Pacific (where it is one of the aquarium's largest inhabitants),[31] the Atlantis Dubai hotel aquarium, and the California Academy of Sciences' Steinhart Aquarium.[32]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Sherman, C.S., Bin Ali, A., Bineesh, K.K., Derrick, D., Dharmadi, Fahmi, Fernando, D., Haque, A.B., Maung, A., Seyha, L., Tanay, D., Utzurrum, J.A.T., Vo, V.Q. & Yuneni, R.R. (2021). "Himantura uarnak". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2021: e.T201098826A124528737. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T201098826A124528737.en.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Forsskål, P.S. (1775). Niebuhr, C (ed.). Descriptiones animalium – avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium: quæ in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål (post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr). Adjuncta est materia medica kahirina atque tabula maris Rubri geographica. ex officina Mölleri, Hauniae. pp. 17–18.
  3. ^ a b c d e Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Himantura uarnak" in FishBase. March 2009 version.
  4. ^ "Himantura uarnak". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  5. ^ Jordan, D.S. & B.W. Evermann (October 3, 1896). "The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama (Part I)". Bulletin of the United States National Museum. 47: 1–1240.
  6. ^ Borsa, P. (2017). "Comment on 'Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity' by Weigmann (2016)" (PDF). Journal of Fish Biology. 90 (4): 1170–1175. doi:10.1111/jfb.13235. PMID 28026866.
  7. ^ Borsa, P.; Durand, Jean-Dominique; Shen, Kang-Ning; Irma S.Arlyza; Dedy D.Solihin; Berrebi, Patrick (2013). "Himantura tutul sp. nov. (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae), a new ocellated whipray from the tropical Indo-West Pacific, described from its cytochrome-oxidase I gene sequence". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 336 (2): 82–92. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2013.01.004. PMID 23608177. S2CID 13204782.
  8. ^ a b Philippe Borsa; Collin T. Williams; Ashlie J. McIvor; Thierry B. Hoareau; Michael L. Berumen (2021). "Neotype designation and re-description of Forsskål's reticulate whipray Himantura uarnak". Marine Biodiversity. 51 (2): 28. doi:10.1007/s12526-021-01180-1. hdl:10754/665804. S2CID 255610805.
  9. ^ a b Last, P.R. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M. (2008). "Himantura leoparda sp. nov., a new whipray (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) from the Indo–Pacific". In Last, P.R.; W.T. White & J.J. Pogonoski (eds.). Descriptions of New Australian Chondrichthyans. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research. pp. 292–302. ISBN 978-0-1921424-1-2. (corrected) ISBN 1-921424-18-2 (invalid, listed in publication).
  10. ^ Last, P.R.; Naylor, G.J.; Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M. (2016). "A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights". Zootaxa. 4139 (3): 345–368. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2. PMID 27470808.
  11. ^ a b c d e Last, P.R. & J.D. Stevens (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia (second ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 449–440. ISBN 978-0-674-03411-2.
  12. ^ a b Smith, J.L.B.; Smith, M.M. & Heemstra, P. (2003). Smiths' Sea Fishes. Struik. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-1-86872-890-9.
  13. ^ Guide of Mediterranean Skates and Rays. Oct. 2022. Mendez L., Bacquet A. and F. Briand.http://www.ciesm.org/Guide/skatesandrays/
  14. ^ Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Himantura uarnak). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco.https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Himantura_uarnak.pdf
  15. ^ a b Vaudo, J.J. & M.R. Heithaus (2009). "Spatiotemporal variability in a sandflat elasmobranch fauna in Shark Bay, Australia". Marine Biology. 156 (12): 2579–2590. doi:10.1007/s00227-009-1282-2. S2CID 84230010.
  16. ^ a b Ferrari, A. & A. Ferrari (2002). Sharks. Firefly Books. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-55209-629-1.
  17. ^ Compagno, L.J.V. & T.R. Roberts (1982). "Freshwater stingrays (Dasyatidae) of Southeast Asia and New Guinea, with description of a new species of Himantura and reports of unidentified species". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 7 (4): 321–339. doi:10.1007/BF00005567. S2CID 19692108.
  18. ^ Last, P.R. & Compagno, L.J.V. (1999). "Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae". In Carpenter, K.E. & Niem, V.H. (eds.). FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. pp. 1479–1505. ISBN 978-92-5-104302-8.
  19. ^ Semeniuk, C.A.D. & L.M. Dill (2006). "Anti-Predator Benefits of Mixed-Species Groups of Cowtail Stingrays (Pastinachus sephen) and Whiprays (Himantura uarnak) at Rest". Ethology. 112: 33–43. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01108.x. S2CID 17529132.
  20. ^ a b Michael, S.W. (1993). Reef Sharks & Rays of the World. Sea Challengers. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-930118-18-1.
  21. ^ Randall, J.E. & J.P. Hoover (1995). Coastal fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8248-1808-1.
  22. ^ Salini, J.P.; S.J.M. Blaber & D.T. Brewer (Oct 1990). "Diets of piscivorous fishes in a tropical Australian estuary, with special reference to predation on penaeid prawns". Marine Biology. 105 (3): 363–374. doi:10.1007/BF01316307. S2CID 84232604.
  23. ^ Vijayalakshmi, C. & S. Sarada (June 1993). "Studies on the new species Anthrobothrium loculatum parasite from Dasyatis (Himantura) uarnak (Forskal)". Boletín Chileno de Parasitología. 48 (1–2): 12–16. PMID 8110367.
  24. ^ Chisholm, L.A.; I.D. Whittington & G.C. Kearn (2001). "Dendromonocotyle colorni sp. n. (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the skin of Himantura uarnak (Dasyatididae) from Israel and a new host record for D. octodiscus from the Bahamas". Folia Parasitologica. 48 (1): 15–20. doi:10.14411/fp.2001.004. PMID 11266131.
  25. ^ Beveridge, I. & R.A. Campbell (June 1992). "Redescription of Halysiorhynchus macrocephalus (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha), a genus newly recorded from the Australasian region". Systematic Parasitology. 22 (2): 151–157. doi:10.1007/BF00009607. S2CID 34400718.
  26. ^ Measures, L.N.; M. Beverley-Burton & A. Williams (October 1990). "Three new species of Monocotyle (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from the stingray, Himantura uarnak (Rajiformes: Dasyatidae) from the Great Barrier Reef: phylogenetic reconstruction, systematics and emended diagnoses". International Journal for Parasitology. 20 (6): 755–767. doi:10.1016/0020-7519(90)90009-C. PMID 2242960.
  27. ^ Beverley-Burton, M. & A. Williams (1989). "Merizocotyle icopae, Sp-Nov, and Thaumatocotyle australensis, Sp-Nov, (Monogenea, Monocotylidae) From the Nasal Cavities of Rajiform Elasmobranchs of the Great-Barrier-Reef". Australian Journal of Zoology. 37 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1071/ZO9890025.
  28. ^ Vijayalakshmi, C. & S. Sarada (July–December 1995). "Studies on the new species Tylocephalum chiralensis, parasite from Dasyatis (Himantura) uarnak (Förskal) from Chirala coast, Andhra Pradesh, India". Boletín Chileno de Parasitología. 50 (3–4): 73–75. PMID 8762670.
  29. ^ a b Heemstra, E. (2004). Coastal fishes of Southern Africa. NISC and SAIAB. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-920033-01-9.
  30. ^ (2014): Elasmobranch Enthusiasts (Part 1): Modern Husbandry – Space | saltwatersmarts.com. [1]. In: Saltwater Smarts. [2]
  31. ^ : Online Learning Center | Reticulate Whipray - Aquarium of the Pacific [3]. In: Aquarium of the Pacific [4]
  32. ^ : Reef Lagoon Field Guide | California Academy of Sciences [5]. In: California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, CA [6]

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Reticulate whipray: Brief Summary ( englanti )

tarjonnut wikipedia EN

The reticulate whipray or honeycomb stingray (Himantura uarnak) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae. It inhabits coastal waters in the western Indian Ocean including the Red Sea, Natal and the Arabian Sea; also a Lessepsian transmigrant in the eastern Mediterranean. A large species reaching 2 m (6.6 ft) in width, the reticulate whipray has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc and an extremely long tail without fin folds. Both its common and scientific names refer to its ornate dorsal color pattern of many small, close-set dark spots or reticulations on a lighter background. However, the reticulate whipray is only one of several large spotted stingrays in the Indo-Pacific which, coupled with the variability of its coloration with age and locality, has resulted in a great deal of taxonomic confusion.

Often encountered resting on the bottom during daytime, the reticulate whipray is a predator of bottom-dwelling invertebrates and bony fishes. Like other stingrays, it is aplacental viviparous, with the developing embryos nourished at first by yolk and later by histotroph ("uterine milk"). Females bear litters of up to five pups in summer, following a gestation period of a year. The reticulate whipray is fished in parts of the Indian Ocean for meat, skin, cartilage, and other purposes. It is highly susceptible to population depletion because of its large size, inshore habits, and low reproductive rate, and is additionally threatened by extensive habitat degradation. Consequently, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed this species as Endangered.

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Himantura uarnak ( kastilia )

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La pastinaca látigo reticulada o chupare oval (Himantura uarnak) es una especie de raya de la familia Dasyatidae.[1]

Descripción

  • Puede llegar a tener 200 cm de longitud máxima[2]​ (normalmente, tiene 45)[3]​ y 120 kg de peso.[4]
  • Disco de color marrón claro con tonos oscuros, los cuales son espaciados en los ejemplares juveniles pero numerosas, hasta el punto de formar un patrón reticulado, en los adultos. No tiene espinas pero presenta dentículos a lo largo de la espalda en los ejemplares adultos.
  • Zona ventral de color blanco.
  • Cola larga con franjas blancas y negras, de casi tres veces la longitud del cuerpo y con un aguijón de medida media.
  • Hocico puntiagudo.[5][6]

Hábitat

Es un pez de agua marina y salobre; asociado a los arrecifes; anfidromia y de clima subtropical (23 ° C-26 ° C; 38 ° N-32 ° S) que vive entre 20 y 50 m de profundidad.

Distribución

Se encuentra desde el Mar Rojo (y el Mediterráneo oriental a través del Canal de Suez por la Migración lessepsiana) hasta el África Austral, la Polinesia, Taiwán y Australia, incluyendo el mar de Arafura y el estuario del río Ganges.[7]

Referencias

  1. Cousteau, Fabien. (2006). Océano. DK.
  2. Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Dasyatidae. P. 135-142. A: M.M. Smith i P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín.
  3. Bouhlel, M., 1988. Poissons de Djibouti. Placerville (California, en Estados Unidos): RDA International, Inc. 416 p.
  4. Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Dasyatidae. P. 135-142.
  5. FishBase (en inglés)
  6. Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert i M.J. Smale, 1989. Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., Londres. 158 p.
  7. Herre, A.W.C.T. i A.F. Umali, 1948. English and local common names of Philippine fishes. U. S. Dept. of Interior and Fish and Wildl. Serv. Circular Núm. 14, U. S. Gov't Printing Office, Washington. 128 p.
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Himantura uarnak: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

tarjonnut wikipedia ES

La pastinaca látigo reticulada o chupare oval (Himantura uarnak) es una especie de raya de la familia Dasyatidae.​

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Himantura uarnak ( baski )

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Himantura uarnak Himantura generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Dasyatidae familian sailkatzen da.

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Himantura uarnak FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

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Himantura uarnak: Brief Summary ( baski )

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Himantura uarnak Himantura generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Dasyatidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Himantura uarnak ( ranska )

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Himantura uarnak, communément nommé raie alvéolée ou raie pastenague léopard, est une espèce de poisson cartilagineux appartenant à la famille des Dasyatidae.

Elle fut mentionnée pour la première fois en 1775 par le naturaliste suédois Pehr Forsskål lors d'une expédition en mer Rouge[4],[5]. Outre la mer Rouge, cette espèce est présente dans l'ouest de l'océan Indien ainsi qu'en Méditerranée orientale[6]. Le genre Himantura, dont H. uarnak est l'espèce-type, comprend aussi la raie alvéolée australienne H. australis, la raie léopard H. leoparda (dont H. uarnak est l'espèce sœur[6]), la raie léopard à petites ocelles H. tutul, la raie ondulée H. undulata, ainsi qu'une ou deux autres espèces qui restent à décrire de façon formelle.

Description

La raie pastenague léopard peut avoir jusqu'à 1,5 m de diamètre. Sa face dorsale est beige, maculée de nombreuses taches brun sombre dont le nombre et la forme varient avec l'âge. Sa face ventrale est blanche et grise[4],[6].

Elle se nourrit de petits poissons et d’invertébrés de fond comme des crabes, des mollusques, des pieuvres…, parfois même de méduses[7].

Notes et références

  1. a b c d e f g h et i BioLib, consulté le 17 juillet 2018
  2. a b c d e f g et h World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 17 juillet 2018
  3. a b c et d UICN, consulté le 17 juillet 2018
  4. a et b Pehr Forsskål, Descriptiones animalium, avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål (post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr). Adjuncta est materia medica kahirina atque tabula maris Rubri geographica, Copenhague, Möller, 1775, xxxiv+164 p.
  5. Ronald Fricke, « Authorship, availability and validity of fish names described by Peter (Pehr) Simon Forsskål and Johann Christian Fabricius in the ‘Descriptiones animalium’ by Carsten Niebuhr in 1775 (Pisces) », Stuttgarter Beiträge für Naturkunde A, Neue Serie, vol. 1,‎ 2008, p. 1-76
  6. a b et c Philippe Borsa, Collin T. Williams, Ashlie J. McIvor, Thierry B. Hoareau et Michael L. Berumen, « Neotype designation and re-description of Forsskål’s reticulate whipray Himantura uarnak », Marine Biodiversity, vol. 51,‎ 2021, p. 28 (lire en ligne)
  7. Aquarium La Rochelle, « Raie pastenague léopard », sur aquarium-larochelle.com (consulté le 18 avril 2021)

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Himantura uarnak: Brief Summary ( ranska )

tarjonnut wikipedia FR

Himantura uarnak, communément nommé raie alvéolée ou raie pastenague léopard, est une espèce de poisson cartilagineux appartenant à la famille des Dasyatidae.

Elle fut mentionnée pour la première fois en 1775 par le naturaliste suédois Pehr Forsskål lors d'une expédition en mer Rouge,. Outre la mer Rouge, cette espèce est présente dans l'ouest de l'océan Indien ainsi qu'en Méditerranée orientale. Le genre Himantura, dont H. uarnak est l'espèce-type, comprend aussi la raie alvéolée australienne H. australis, la raie léopard H. leoparda (dont H. uarnak est l'espèce sœur), la raie léopard à petites ocelles H. tutul, la raie ondulée H. undulata, ainsi qu'une ou deux autres espèces qui restent à décrire de façon formelle.

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Himantura uarnak ( Italia )

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La pastinaca reticolata (Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789)) è un pesce cartilagineo della famiglia dei Dasiatidi.[2]

Descrizione

Himantura uarnak csiro-nfc.jpg

Ha un corpo di forma romboidale, largo sino a 125 cm, con apice delle pinne pettorali arrotondato e una lunga coda a forma di frusta, 2,5-3,5 volte più lunga del corpo, dotata di un aculeo seghettato in prossimità della base. La superficie superiore del corpo è per lo più liscia, con una fila di piccoli tubercoli appiattiti che va dagli occhi alla base della coda.[3]
Il colore della livrea è variabile in rapporto all'età e alla localizzazione geografica. Gli adulti hanno un pattern dorsale con un reticolo di macchie marrone scuro su uno sfondo che va dal beige al giallo-marrone, con bande più chiare sui lati. La parte ventrale è chiara. I giovani sono giallastri con piccole macchie scure.[4]

Biologia

È una specie demersale che trascorre gran parte del tempo sui fondali, ricoperto dalla sabbia o dal fango.

Alimentazione

Si nutre di pesci, crostacei e molluschi.[3]

 src=
Due esemplari che cacciano un gruppo di pesci presso Darwin, in Australia

Riproduzione

È una specie ovovivipara, che raggiunge la maturità sessuale verso i 4 anni di età. La gestazione dura circa un anno, al termine dei quali la femmina partorisce 3-5 piccoli di circa 20 cm di diametro.[3]

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è ampiamente distribuita in tutto l'Indo-Pacifico, dal Sudafrica al mar Rosso ad ovest, spingendosi a est attraverso il subcontinente indiano e il sud-est asiatico, sino a Taiwan e alle isole Ryukyu a nord, e alla Nuova Guinea e all'Australia settentrionale a sud[1]. In epoca recente ha anche colonizzato, attraversando il canale di Suez, il Mediterraneo orientale (migrazione lessepsiana)[3].

È una specie eurialina che spesso penetra negli estuari dei fiumi.[3]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Manjaji, B.M. & White, W.T. 2009, Himantura uarnak, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 12 gennaio 2016.
  2. ^ (EN) Bailly, N. 2015, Himantura uarnak, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 12 gennaio 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e (EN) Himantura uarnak, su Atlas of Exotic Species in the Mediterranean, CIESM - Mediterranean Science Commission. URL consultato il 12 gennaio 2016.
  4. ^ (EN) Last P.R. and J.D. Stevens, Sharks and Rays of Australia, Harvard University Press, 2009, pp. 449-440, ISBN 0-674-03411-2.

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Himantura uarnak: Brief Summary ( Italia )

tarjonnut wikipedia IT

La pastinaca reticolata (Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789)) è un pesce cartilagineo della famiglia dei Dasiatidi.

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Himantura uarnak ( flaami )

tarjonnut wikipedia NL

Himantura uarnak is een vissensoort uit de familie van de pijlstaartroggen (Dasyatidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1789 door Gmelin.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Himantura uarnak. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 02 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
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Кольчатый хвостокол ( venäjä )

tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Кольчатые хвостоколы предпочитают песчаный грунт.

Дорсальная поверхность диска плотно покрыта крошечными сердцевидными чешуйками, которые располагаются широкой полосой от области между глазами до хвоста. Эта полоса хорошо развивается к тому моменту, когда ширина диска достигает 50 см. С возрастом плотность покрытия возрастает, в центре диска появляется пара крупных колючек, напоминающих жемчуг. Позади шипа хвостовой стебель покрыт шипиками. Боковая линия хорошо развита на дорсальной и вентральной сторонах диска. Окраска дорсальной поверхности диска варьируется в зависимости от географического места обитания и возраста. В целом диск взрослых покрыт многочисленными тёмными пятнами, разбросанными по бежевому или жёлто-коричневому фону, который становится темнее позади шипа. Вентральная поверхность диска бледная без отметин. Окраска молодых особей светлее, пятна мельче и расположены плотнее, на линии между брызгальцами расположено 7 пятен, кроме того, перед шипом имеется 3 ряда отметинок[10]. Максимальная зарегистрированная ширина диска 2 м, общая длина 6 м, а вес 120 кг[2][15].

Биология

Днём кольчатые хвостоколы чаще всего неподвижно лежат на дне, иногда зарывшись в песок[12]. В заливе Шарк этих скатов можно встретить во время прилива по одиночке или группами на мелководье. У них боковая линия продлена до кончика длинного хвоста, что позволяет им заблаговременно почувствовать приближение хищников, например, индийских афалин или молотоголовых акул, чем иногда пользуются скаты вида Pastinachus sephen, которые иногда держатся рядом с кольчатыми хвостоколами. В таком случае скаты могут образовывать межвидовые группы, располагаясь радиально в виде «розетки» и выставив наружу хвосты, как чувствительные «антенны»[16].

Эти скаты охотятся на донные и неретические организмы, включая крабов, креветок, брюхоногих, двустворчатых, червей, медуз и мелких костистых рыб[2][17]. В западной части Индийского океана 2/3 их рацион составляют рыбы, такие как сребробрюшковыеruen и анчоусы. Креветки и прочие ракообразные служат там вторичным источником пищи[18]. В австралийских водах кольчатые хвостоколы почти не охотятся на рыб и питаются в основном креветками семейства Penaeidae[19].

 src=
Два кольчатых хвостокола и стая рыб кормятся на мелководье. Дарвин, Австралия.

Подобно прочим хвостоколообразным кольчатые хвостоколы относится к яйцеживородящим рыбам. Эмбрионы развиваются в утробе матери, питаясь желтком и гистотрофом[3]. В помёте до 4 новорождённых. Беременность длится около 1 года[17]. У берегов ЮАР ширина диска скатов при рождении составляет 28—30 см, а половая зрелость наступает при ширине диска около 1 м, что соответствует возрасту 4—5 лет[20]. В водах Австралии размер новорожденных 21—28 см, а половая зрелость наступает при ширине диска 82—84 см[10]. Молодь H. leoparda и H. undulata отличается от молоди кольчатого хвостокола по размеру, форме диска, развитию чешуйчатого покрова и количеству пятен. Эти различия более очевидны, чем у взрослых особей[8]. Вероятно, залив Шарк служит кольчатым хвостоколам природным питомником. На этих скатах паразитируют Anthrobothrium loculatum[21], Dendromonocotyle colorni,[22].

 src=
Кольчатый хвостокол в аквариуме выставочного центра «Порт-Доре», Париж.

Взаимодействие с человеком

Чрезвычайно ядовитый шип делает этих скатов потенциально опасными для человека[9]. Кольчатые хвостоколы являются объектом как кустарного, так и промышленного рыболовства. В Юго-восточной Азии и некоторых частях Индийского океана их добывают донными тралами, жаберными сетями, ставными неводами и ярусами. Особенно большое количество скатов попадается в качестве прилова при промысле индонезийскими судами гитарных скатов в Арафурском море[3]. Используют мясо, кожу и хрящи. Вкусовые качества мяса ценятся невысоко. Кроме того, эти скаты ценятся в китайской медицине и среди рыболовов-любителей, которые, как правило, выпускают их живыми[2].

Крупные размеры, медленный цикл воспроизводства и прибрежный ареал делают вид чувствительным к перелову. Численность улова скатов в Сиамском заливе, Арафурском море и у берегов Пакистана в целом снизилась. Вид страдает от ухудшения условий среды обитания, обусловленного антропогенными факторами. С 1980 годов площадь мангровых зарослей в Индонезии и Малайзии сократилась на 30 %. Применение австралийскими рыболовными судами устройств, препятствующих отлову морских черепахruen снизило урон за счёт прилова. Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду статус сохранности «Уязвимый»[3].

Примечания

  1. Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 48. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Кольчатый хвостокол (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Himantura uarnak (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  4. Forsskål, P.S. Niebuhr, C, ed. Descriptiones animalium – avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium: quæ in itinere orientali observavit. ex officina Mölleri. — 1775. — P. 17—18.
  5. Eschmeyer, W.N. ed. Raja uarnak (неопр.). Catalog of Fishes electronic version (2015). Проверено 18 апреля 2015.
  6. Fricke, R. Authorship, availability and validity of fish names described by Peter (Pehr) Simon Forsskål and Johann Christian Fabricius in the 'Descriptiones animalium' by Carsten Niebuhr in 1775 (Pisces) // Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie. — 2008. — Vol. 1. — P. 1—76.
  7. Jordan, D.S. and B.W. Evermann. "The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama (Part I) // Bulletin of the United States National Museum. — Government Printing Office, 1896. — Vol. 47. — P. 1—1240.
  8. 1 2 3 Last, P.R. and B.M. Manjaji-Matsumoto. Himantura leoparda sp. nov., a new whipray (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) from the Indo–Pacific = In Last, P.R., W.T. White and J.J. Pogonoski. Descriptions of New Australian Chondrichthyans. — CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research., 2008. — P. 292—302. — ISBN 0-1921424-1-0.
  9. 1 2 3 Schwartz, F.J. A survey of tail spine characteristics of stingrays frequenting African, Arabian to Chagos-Maldive Archipelago waters // Smithiana Bulletin. — 2008. — Vol. 8. — P. 41—52.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens. Sharks and Rays of Australia. — 3-е. — Harvard University Press, 1993. — P. 449—450. — ISBN 0674034112.
  11. Vaudo, J.J. and M.R. Heithaus. Spatiotemporal variability in a sandflat elasmobranch fauna in Shark Bay, Australia // Marine Biology. — 2009. — Vol. 156. — P. 2579—2590. — DOI:10.1007/s00227-009-1282-2.
  12. 1 2 Ferrari, A. и A. Ferrari. Sharks. — Firefly Books, 2002. — P. 220. — ISBN 1-55209-629-7.
  13. Compagno, L.J.V. and T.R. Roberts. Freshwater stingrays (Dasyatidae) of Southeast Asia and New Guinea, with description of a new species of Himantura and reports of unidentified species // Environmental Biology of Fishes. — 1982. — Vol. 7, № (4). — P. 321—339. — DOI:10.1007/BF00005567.
  14. Last, P.R. and Compagno, L.J.V. Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae = In Carpenter, K.E. and Niem, V.H. FAO identification guide for fishery purposes // The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. — Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 1999. — P. 1479—1505. — ISBN 92-5-104302-7.
  15. 1 2 Smith, M.M.; Heemstra, P.C., eds. Smiths' Sea Fishes. — Struik, 2003. — P. 139—140. — ISBN 1-86872-890-0.
  16. Semeniuk, C.A.D. and L.M. Dill. Anti-Predator Benefits of Mixed-Species Groups of Cowtail Stingrays (Pastinachus sephen) and Whiprays (Himantura uarnak) at Rest // Ethology. — 2006. — Vol. 112. — P. 33—43. — DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01108.x.
  17. 1 2 Michael, S.W. Reef Sharks & Rays of the World. — Sea Challengers, 1993. — P. 87. — ISBN 0-930118-18-9.
  18. Randall, J.E. and J.P. Hoover. Coastal Fishes of Oman. — University of Hawaii Press, 1995. — P. 46. — ISBN 0—8248—1808—3.
  19. Salini, J.P., S.J.M. Blaber and D.T. Brewer. Diets of piscivorous fishes in a tropical Australian estuary, with special reference to predation on penaeid prawns // Marine Biology. — 1990. — Vol. 105, № (3). — P. 363—374. — DOI:10.1007/BF01316307.
  20. Heemstra, E. Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. — NISC (PTY) LTD, 2004. — P. 83. — ISBN 1-920033-01-7.
  21. Vijayalakshmi, C. and S. Sarada. Studies on the new species Anthrobothrium loculatum parasite from Dasyatis (Himantura) uarnak (Forskal). — 1993. — Vol. 48, № (1—2). — P. 12—16.
  22. Campbell, R.A. and I. Beveridge. Oncomegas Aetobatidis Sp. Nov. (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha), A Re-Description of O. Australiensis Toth, Campbell & Schmidt, 1992 and New Records of Trypanorhynch Cestodes from Australian Elasmobranch Fishes // Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. — 2009. — Vol. 133, № (1). — P. 18—29.
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Кольчатый хвостокол: Brief Summary ( venäjä )

tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Кольчатые хвостоколы предпочитают песчаный грунт.

Дорсальная поверхность диска плотно покрыта крошечными сердцевидными чешуйками, которые располагаются широкой полосой от области между глазами до хвоста. Эта полоса хорошо развивается к тому моменту, когда ширина диска достигает 50 см. С возрастом плотность покрытия возрастает, в центре диска появляется пара крупных колючек, напоминающих жемчуг. Позади шипа хвостовой стебель покрыт шипиками. Боковая линия хорошо развита на дорсальной и вентральной сторонах диска. Окраска дорсальной поверхности диска варьируется в зависимости от географического места обитания и возраста. В целом диск взрослых покрыт многочисленными тёмными пятнами, разбросанными по бежевому или жёлто-коричневому фону, который становится темнее позади шипа. Вентральная поверхность диска бледная без отметин. Окраска молодых особей светлее, пятна мельче и расположены плотнее, на линии между брызгальцами расположено 7 пятен, кроме того, перед шипом имеется 3 ряда отметинок. Максимальная зарегистрированная ширина диска 2 м, общая длина 6 м, а вес 120 кг.

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花点魟 ( kiina )

tarjonnut wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Dasyatis uarnak
(Forskal, 1775)[1]

花点魟学名Dasyatis uarnak)为魟科魟屬鱼类。分布于红海印度洋南洋群岛印度尼西亚以及南海和东海南部等。该物种的模式产地在阿拉伯。[1]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 花点魟. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:花点魟 小作品圖示这是一篇關於魚類小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
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花点魟: Brief Summary ( kiina )

tarjonnut wikipedia 中文维基百科

花点魟(学名:Dasyatis uarnak)为魟科魟屬鱼类。分布于红海印度洋南洋群岛印度尼西亚以及南海和东海南部等。该物种的模式产地在阿拉伯。

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ヒョウモンオトメエイ ( Japani )

tarjonnut wikipedia 日本語
Question book-4.svg
この記事は検証可能参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。
出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。2012年4月
ヒョウモンオトメエイ Himantura undulata lisbon.jpg
ヒョウモンオトメエイ Himantura uarnak
保全状況評価[1] VULNERABLE
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 VU.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 軟骨魚綱 Chondrichthyes 亜綱 : 板鰓亜綱 Elasmobranchii : トビエイ目 Myliobatiformes : アカエイ科 Dasyatidae : オトメエイ属 Himantura : ヒョウモンオトメエイ H. uarnak 学名 Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789)[1][2] 和名 ヒョウモンオトメエイ 英名 Honeycomb stingray[1][2]
Leopard stingray[1][2]
Marbled stingray[1][2]
Reticulate whipray[1][2]

ヒョウモンオトメエイ(豹紋乙女鱏、豹紋乙女鱝、学名:Himantura uarnak)は、トビエイ目アカエイ科オトメエイ属に属するエイ太平洋西部とインド洋熱帯亜熱帯海域に広く分布している。

形態[編集]

体盤幅は1.8m、尾を含めた全長は3mに達することがある。尾は長く、体盤幅の2倍近くに達することもある。

体には、ヒョウによく似た、輪状の斑紋が多数あり、和名の「ヒョウモン(豹紋)」や英名の「Honeycomb(蜂の巣)」はこの模様に由来している。

尾棘には毒があり、刺されると激痛に襲われる。

これまでヒョウモンオトメエイと呼ばれてきた魚は、実際には数種が混同されている可能性があり、今後、数種に分けられる可能性がある。

分布[編集]

太平洋西部とインド洋の熱帯・亜熱帯海域に広く分布。 フランス領ポリネシアからオーストラリア北部、東南アジア台湾インド紅海南アフリカまでの海域で記録がある。

日本では沖縄近海で生息が確認されている。

生態[編集]

沿岸の砂泥底域やサンゴ礁周辺の砂底に生息。時には河口から汽水域にも侵入する。  

人間との関係[編集]

食用とされることもあり、乾燥させたり塩漬けにした後に利用される[1]。一部の地域では骨も利用されたり、皮が財布・帯・靴などに利用されることもある[1]

本種を対象とした漁業、および混獲などにより生息数が減少し、特に東南アジアで漁獲圧が高いとされる[1]。沿岸域を好むため、マングローブ林のエビ養殖場設置・都市開発などのための伐採、塩田開発、汚染などの影響が懸念されている[1]

日本国内では2014年末時点で、美ら海水族館海遊館須磨海浜水族園京都水族館などで飼育されている。

出典[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Manjaji Matsumoto, B.M., White, W.T. & Gutteridge, A.N. 2016. Himantura uarnak. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T161692A68629130. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T161692A68629130.en. Downloaded on 01 February 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2017. Himantura uarnak. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. http://www.fishbase.org, version (10/2017).
 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ヒョウモンオトメエイに関連するカテゴリがあります。
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ヒョウモンオトメエイ: Brief Summary ( Japani )

tarjonnut wikipedia 日本語

ヒョウモンオトメエイ(豹紋乙女鱏、豹紋乙女鱝、学名:Himantura uarnak)は、トビエイ目アカエイ科オトメエイ属に属するエイ太平洋西部とインド洋熱帯亜熱帯海域に広く分布している。

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Description ( englanti )

tarjonnut World Register of Marine Species
Common off sandy beaches and in shallow estuaries and lagoons. Feeds on small fishes, bivalves, crabs, shrimps and worms (Ref. 3263). Ovoviviparous. Size at birth about 28 cm WD (Ref. 6871).

Viite

Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).

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Edward Vanden Berghe [email]
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