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Northern Spicebush

Lindera benzoin (L.) Meisn.

Associations

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Foodplant / sap sucker
Stephanitis takeyai sucks sap of Lindera benzoin

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Comments

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The flowers of Lindera benzoin have an unusually sweet fragrance.

Among the Cherokee, Creek, Iroquois, and Rappahannock tribes, Lindera benzoin was used for various medicinal purposes (D. E. Moerman 1986).

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Description

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Shrubs or small trees , to 5 m. Young twigs glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Leaves horizontal to ascending, strongly aromatic (spicy) throughout growing season; petiole ca. 10 mm, glabrous or pubescent. Leaf blade obovate, smaller blades generally elliptic, (4-)6-15 × 2-6 cm, membranous, base cuneate, margins ciliate, apex rounded to acuminate on larger leaves; surfaces abaxially glabrous to densely pubescent, adaxially glabrous except for a few hairs along midrib. Drupe oblong, ca. 10 mm; fruiting pedicels of previous season not persistent on stem, slender, 3-5 mm, apex not conspicuously enlarged. 2 n = 24.
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Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Distribution

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Ont.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Miss., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va.
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Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flowering/Fruiting

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Flowering spring.
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Habitat

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Stream banks, low woods, margins of wetlands; uplands, especially with exposed limestone; 0-1200m.
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Synonym

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Laurus benzoin Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 370. 1753; Benzoin aestivale (Linnaeus) Nees; Lindera benzoin var. pubescens (Palmer & Steyermark) Rehder
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Feberbusk ( Danish )

provided by wikipedia DA

Feberbusk (Lindera benzoin) er en busk eller et lille træ med gule blomster og duftende løv. Bladene har været brugt som te eller i naturmedicin. Bladene dufter appelsinagtigt, når man knuser dem. Planten findes kun sjældent dyrket i Danmark.

Beskrivelse

Feberbusk er en løvfældende busk eller et lille træ med en rund, åben krone. Barken er først lysegrøn og glat eller svagt behåret. Senere bliver den gråbrun med tydelige korkporer. Gamle grene og stammer får efterhånden en gråbrun bark med fremspringende, vorteagtige korkporer. Bladknopperne er spredt stillede, brune og små. Blomsterknopperne er stilkede, men endeknoppen mangler.

Bladene er kortstilkede, omvendt ægformede til elliptiske med afrundet spids. Bladranden er hel og håret. Oversiden er glat og græsgrøn, mens undersiden er lysegrøn og mere eller mindre hårklædt. Høstfarven er gul til guldgul. Blomstringen foregår i marts-april, dvs. før løvspring. Blomsterne sidder i små stande fra bladhjørnerne, og de enkelte blomster er forholdsvis store og regelmæssige med gule kronblade. Frugterne er røde, blanke stenfrugter[1].

Rodsystemet består af mange, grove, dybtgående rødder.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 5 x 5 m (25 x 25 cm/år).

Hjemsted

Feberbusk hører hjemme i det meste af USA (med undtagelse af de vestlige stater) og i Ontario, Canada. Den er knyttet til lyse løvskove på fugtig bund, og den indgår i underskov og bryn i de blandede skove.

I vådområderne omkring byen Plainfield, New Hampshire, USA, vokser arten sammen med bl.a. rosmarinlyng, tranebær, amerikansk knapbusk, brunfrugtet surbær, canadisk hyld, Cornus amomum (en art af kornel), fernisgiftsumak, filtet spiræa, grønlandsk post, gråel, læderløv, mosepors, pilekornel, pillelyonia, Rhododendron canadense (en art af rododendron), storfrugtet blåbær, Viburnum cassinoides, Viburnum recognitum (to arter af kvalkved), storfrugtet tranebær, sumpazalea, sumprose og virginsk vinterbær[2]




Noter

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Feberbusk: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Feberbusk (Lindera benzoin) er en busk eller et lille træ med gule blomster og duftende løv. Bladene har været brugt som te eller i naturmedicin. Bladene dufter appelsinagtigt, når man knuser dem. Planten findes kun sjældent dyrket i Danmark.

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Lindera benzoin ( German )

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 src=
Blätter
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Blütenstände
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Früchte

Lindera benzoin oder der Gewürzbusch, Fieberbusch, das Gewürzholz, der (Wohlriechende) Fieberstrauch sowie Benzoelorbeer und Falscher Benzoëbaum (auch für Terminalia bentzoe), ist ein Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Lorbeergewächse aus den südlichen und östlichen USA und dem südöstlichen Kanada.

Beschreibung

Lindera benzoin wächst als laubabwerfender, reich verzweigter, aromatischer Strauch bis etwa 3–4,5 Meter hoch. Die relativ glatte Borke ist bräunlich bis gräulich mit einigen Lentizellen.

Die wechselständigen, einfachen Laubblätter sind kurz gestielt. Der kurze und kahle bis leicht behaarte Blattstiel ist bis etwa 1,2 Zentimeter lang. Die dünnen, leicht ledrigen, kahlen, bespitzten bis spitzen, etwa 6,5–14,5 Zentimeter langen Blätter sind ganzrandig und eiförmig bis verkehrt-eiförmig oder elliptisch. Sie sind oberseits fast kahl und unterseits hell- bis fahlgrün sowie leicht behaart bis kahl. Die Herbstfärbung ist gelb. Die zerriebenen Blätter sind stark aromatisch.

Lindera benzoin ist zweihäusig diözisch. Die Blüten erscheinen in kleinen, dichten und achselständigen, wenigblütigen Büscheln, Knäueln vor den Blättern. Es sind jeweils einige bootförmige Tragblätter vorhanden. Die sehr kleinen, gelb-grünen, funktionell eingeschlechtlichen und dreizähligen Blüten mit einfacher Blütenhülle, die Kronblätter fehlen, sind kurz gestielt. Es sind 6 kleine, petaloide und längliche Kelchblätter in zwei Kreisen vorhanden. Die leicht größeren männlichen Blüten besitzen 9 Staubblätter in drei Kreisen, die inneren 3 besitzen Nektardrüsen an der Basis, und einen Pistillode. Aus den sich klappig öffnenden Antheren hängen jeweils oben die Pollensäcke heraus. Die weiblichen Blüten besitzen einen oberständigen Fruchtknoten mit relativ kurzem Griffel mit kopfiger Narbe und 6–9 oder mehr nektarproduzierende Staminodien (Staminodialnektarien).

Es werden kleine, rote, etwa 0,6–1,1 Zentimeter lange und eiförmige bis verkehrt-eiförmige oder ellipsoide, glatte, glänzende, einsamige, dünnfleischige Beeren gebildet. Die ellipsoiden Samen sind bis 6–9 Millimeter lang.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.

Die Pflanzen sind sehr frosthart.

Taxonomie

Das Basionym Laurus benzoin wurde 1753 von Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum, Tomus I, S. 370 erstbeschrieben. Die Art wurde von Carl Ludwig Blume in Museum botanicum Lugdunu-Batavum ..., Band 1, S. 324, 1851 als Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume in die Gattung Lindera gestellt. Synonyme sind z. B. Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees, Benzoin benzoin Coult. und Lindera benzoin var. pubescens (E.J.Palmer & Steyerm.) Rehder.

Verwendung

Die getrockneten Früchte können als Ersatz für Piment verwendet werden. Auch die Blätter können als Gewürz genutzt werden. Aus den jungen Blättern, Zweigen und Früchten kann ein aromatischer Tee bereitet werden.

Die junge Rinde kann zur Munderfrischung gekaut werden.

Die Rinde, Zweige und Früchte bzw. auch Fruchtöl werden medizinisch genutzt.

Aus den Zweigen und der Rinde wird ein nach Wintergrün riechendes Öl gewonnen. Auch aus den Früchten kann ein aromatisches Öl gewonnen werden.

Literatur

  • Robert H. Mohlenbrock: The Illustrated Flora of Illinois. Flowering Plants: magnolias to pitcher plants. SIU Press, 1981, ISBN 0-8093-0920-3, S. 27–30.
  • Leopold Dippel: Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. Parey, 1893, S. 93 f.

Weblinks

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Lindera benzoin: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Blätter  src= Blütenstände  src= Früchte

Lindera benzoin oder der Gewürzbusch, Fieberbusch, das Gewürzholz, der (Wohlriechende) Fieberstrauch sowie Benzoelorbeer und Falscher Benzoëbaum (auch für Terminalia bentzoe), ist ein Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Lorbeergewächse aus den südlichen und östlichen USA und dem südöstlichen Kanada.

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Lindera benzoin

provided by wikipedia EN

Lindera benzoin (commonly called spicebush,[1] common spicebush,[2] northern spicebush,[3] wild allspice,[4] or Benjamin bush[1]) is a shrub in the laurel family. It is native to eastern North America, ranging from Maine and New York to Ontario in the north, and to Kansas, Texas, and northern Florida in the center and south. Within its native range it is a relatively common plant where it grows in the understory in moist, rich woods, especially those with exposed limestone.[1]

Description

L. benzoin showing drupes and leaves

Spicebush is a deciduous shrub growing to 6–12 feet (1.8–3.7 m) tall.[5] It has a colonial nature and often reproduces by root sprouting, forming clumps or thickets.[6] The leaves are alternately arranged on the stem, simple, 6–15 cm (2–6 in) long and 2–6 cm (1–2 in) broad, oval or broadest beyond the middle of the leaf. They have a smooth edge with no teeth[7] and are dark green above and paler below.[5] The leaves, along with the stems are very aromatic when crushed with a spicy, citrusy smell,[8][9] hence the common names and the specific epithet benzoin. In the fall the leaves turn a very bright and showy yellow color.[5][9]

The yellow flowers grow in showy clusters which appear in early spring, before the leaves begin to grow. The flowers have 6 sepals and a very sweet odor.[1] The ripe fruit is a red, ellipsoidal, berrylike drupe, rich in lipids, about 1 cm (12 in) long and is eaten by several bird species.[10] It has a "turpentine-like" taste and aromatic scent, and contains a large seed. Spicebush is dioecious (plants are either male or female), so that both sexes are needed in a garden if one wants drupes with viable seeds.[1]

Like other dioecious plants, the female plants have a greater cost of reproduction compared to the male plants.[11] In the wild, the population tends to have more males than females possibly due to the heavier reproductive costs on females.[12]

The stem of L. benzoin has a slightly rough, but flat, bark which is covered in small, circular lenticels which give it a rough texture.

Related or potentially confused species

Other species in the genus Lindera also have common names containing the word "spicebush" and may appear similar. An example is Lindera melissaefolia which grows in swamps in southern US; it is differentiated by its hairy stems.[7] Calycanthus (sweetshrub, spicebush) is in a different family within the Laurales and also has aromatic leaves.[10]

Cultivation

Spicebush is often cultivated in gardens or edges of gardens. The brightly colored fruits and early flowers along with the spherical growth form make the plant desirable in gardens. It is hardy in USDA zones 4-9 and tolerates shade excellently but will also grow in full sun.[5] When grown in sun the plant tends to grow denser and have more berries and flowers compared to growing in shade or partial shade.[5][8] It is best to grow the plant from seed as its extensive rootsystem does not handle transplanting well.[5] At least three cultivars have been developed although they are rarely available:[9]

  • 'Rubra' has brick red male flowers, the winter buds are also a darker red brown color. Since it is male it produces no fruit.[5][13]
  • 'Xanthocarpa,' which has yellow-orange fruits, was discovered in Arnold Arboretum in 1967 by Alfred Fordham.[5][9]
  • 'Green gold' a male, non-fruiting cultivar with larger ornamental flowers.[9]

Although several butterflies and moths used spicebush as a host, they are not considered serious pests.

Uses

Male spicebush flowers

Due to its habit of growing in rich woods, early land surveyors used spicebush as an indicator of good agricultural land.[6][7] The leaves, buds, and new growth twigs can be made into a tea.[14] The fruits can be dried, ground, and used as an allspice substitute.[15]

Native Americans, including the Cherokee, Creek, and Iroquois used the plant for treatments in multiple ailments.[16]

Ecology

Many animals feed on the leaves, twigs, and berries of spicebush. Some mammals include whitetail deer, Eastern cottontail rabbit, opossums.[6][7] Over 20 species of birds including both gamebirds and song birds such as ring-necked pheasant, bobwhite, ruffed grouse and others have been known to feed on spicebush.[6][7] The berries are a favorite food of wood thrushes.[6]

Lepidopteran host plant

Male spicebush swallowtail nectaring on a thistle

Spicebush is a favorite food plant of two lepidopterous insects: the spicebush swallowtail (Papilio troilus) and the promethea silkmoth (Callosamia promethea).[17] It also supports the caterpillars of the cynthia moth, eastern tiger swallowtail, imperial moth, and the tulip tree beauty.[18]

The larvae of the spicebush swallowtail are easily found inside leaves that have been folded over by the application of silk; small larvae are brown, resembling bird droppings, and mature larvae are green. The anterior of a larva has two large eyespots and resembles the head of a snake. Since one or more broods (generations) of spicebush swallowtails typically occur each year, spicebush is a useful plant for the butterfly garden, since the egg-laying females are strongly attracted to it. Promethea moth cocoons, if present, are obvious during the cold season after leaf drop, and resemble dead leaves still hanging from twigs. Neither of these insects is ever-present in sufficient quantities to defoliate a medium through large spicebush, although very small specimens may suffer even from a single caterpillar.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Flora of North America: Lindera benzoin
  2. ^ Peterson, Lee Allen (1977). Edible Wild Plants. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 208.
  3. ^ Lindera benzoin at USDA PLANTS
  4. ^ "Lindera benzoin". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Dirr, Michael A (1990). Manual of woody landscape plants (4. ed., rev. ed.). Champaign, Illinois: Stipes Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87563-344-7.
  6. ^ a b c d e "SPICEBUSH PLANT GUIDE" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d e Peterson, George A. Petrides; illustrations by George A. Petrides, Roger Tory (1986). A field guide to trees and shrubs : northeastern and north-central United States and southeastern and south-central Canada (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-13651-2.
  8. ^ a b "Great Design Plant: Lindera Benzoin Offers 3-Season Interest". Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d e Brand, Mark. "Plant Database". hort.uconn.edu. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  10. ^ a b Rhoads, Ann; Block, Timothy (5 September 2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania (2 ed.). Philadelphia Pa: University of Pennsylvania press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4003-0.
  11. ^ Martin, Cipollini; Whigham, Dennis (1994). "Sexual dimorphism and cost of reproduction in the dioecious shrub Lindera benzoin (Lauraceae)". American Journal of Botany. 81 (1): 65–75. doi:10.2307/2445564. JSTOR 2445564.
  12. ^ Cipollini, Martin L.; Wallace-Senft, Dorothy A.; Whigham, Dennis F. (September 1994). "A Model of Patch Dynamics, Seed Dispersal, and Sex Ratio in the Dioecious Shrub Lindera Benzoin (Lauraceae)". The Journal of Ecology. 82 (3): 621. doi:10.2307/2261269. JSTOR 2261269.
  13. ^ "Lindera benzoin 'Rubra' - Red Flowered Common Spicebush - Broken Arrow Nursery". www.brokenarrownursery.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  14. ^ Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 585. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
  15. ^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  16. ^ "BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database". naeb.brit.org. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  17. ^ "Butterflies in Your Backyard NC State University". content.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  18. ^ The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press.

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Lindera benzoin: Brief Summary

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Lindera benzoin (commonly called spicebush, common spicebush, northern spicebush, wild allspice, or Benjamin bush) is a shrub in the laurel family. It is native to eastern North America, ranging from Maine and New York to Ontario in the north, and to Kansas, Texas, and northern Florida in the center and south. Within its native range it is a relatively common plant where it grows in the understory in moist, rich woods, especially those with exposed limestone.

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Lindera benzoin ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Lindera benzoin,[1][2][3][4]​ es una planta perteneciente a la familia Lauraceae, nativa del este de Norteamérica , desde Maine y Ontario, en el norte, a Kansas, Texas, y el norte de Florida.

 src=
Detalle de la planta
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Detalle de las hojas

Descripción

Es un arbusto de tamaño mediano de hoja caduca que crece hasta los 5 m de altura, por lo general sólo se encuentran en el sotobosque de matorrales húmedos. Las hojas son alternas, simples, de 6-15 cm de largo y 2-6 cm de ancho, oval o obovada y más amplia más allá de mitad de la hoja. Son muy aromáticas, aplastadas, por lo que se le da el específico epíteto de "benjuí" . Las flores crecen en llamativos racimos amarillos que aparecen a principios de primavera, antes de que las hojas comienzan a crecer. El fruto es una drupa de color rojo, rica en lípidos, de alrededor de 1 cm de largo que es muy apreciada por los pájaros. Tiene un sabor "parecido a la trementina" y olor aromático, y contiene una gran semilla . Es dioica (plantas son masculinas o femeninas), por lo que se necesitan los dos sexos en el jardín si se quieren bayas con semillas viables. Con las hojas y ramitas nuevas también se puede hacer un té.

Ecología

Lindera benzoin es una planta de alimento favorito de los dos insectos lepidópteros: Papilio troilus, y Callosamia promethea. Las larvas de P.troilus se encuentran fácilmente dentro de las hojas que han sido dobladas por la aplicación de la seda; las pequeñas larvas son de color marrón, se asemeja a los excrementos de pájaros, las larvas maduras son de color verde, con manchas oculares parecido a la cabeza de una serpiente. Dado que normalmente hay varias nidadas (generaciones) de P.troilus cada año, Lindera benzoin es una planta útil para el jardín de mariposas, ya que las puestas de las hembras son fuertemente atraídos por ella. Los capullos de la polilla promethea, si está presente, se pueden encontrar en el invierno, se asemejan a las hojas muertas todavía colgando de las ramas. Ninguno de estos insectos está siempre presente en cantidades suficientes para defoliar una planta de tamaño medio a grande, aunque los pequeños especímenes pueden sufrir incluso de una sola oruga.

Taxonomía

Lindera benzoin fue descrita por L. Blume y publicado en Museum Botanicum 1: 324. 1851.[5]

Sinonimia
  • Benzoin aestivale var. pubescens E.J.Palmer & Steyerm.
  • Laurus benzoin L.
  • Lindera benzoin var. pubescens (E.J. Palmer & Steyerm.) Rehder[6]

Referencias

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Lindera benzoin: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Lindera benzoin,​​​​ es una planta perteneciente a la familia Lauraceae, nativa del este de Norteamérica , desde Maine y Ontario, en el norte, a Kansas, Texas, y el norte de Florida.

 src= Detalle de la planta  src= Detalle de las hojas
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Lindera benzoin ( French )

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Lindera benzoin est un arbuste de la famille des Lauracées originaire d'Amérique du Nord.

Description

C'est un arbuste large et robuste, pouvant atteindre 5 m de haut, qui se couvre de fleurs vert-jaune au début du printemps, avant l'apparition des feuilles.

Les feuilles sont alternes, simples, ovales ou obovales, de 6 à 15 cm de long et de 2 à 6 de large.

L'espèce est dioïque.

Les groupes de jeunes boutons floraux sont couverts de quatre bractées. Les fleurs portent 9 étamines dont les trois qui composent la couronne extérieure n'ont pas de glandes nectarifères.

Le fruit est une drupe, ovale, rouge à maturité, d'environ 1 cm de long, et qui contient une graine unique.

Trois variétés et deux formes sont répertoriées :

  • Lindera benzoin var. aestivalis (L.) Meisn. in DC.
  • Lindera benzoin var. pubescens (E.J.Palmer & Steyerm.) Rehder
  • Lindera benzoin var. verna Meisn. in DC.
  • Lindera benzoin f. rubra Champlin
  • Lindera benzoin f. xanthocarpa (G.S.Torr.) Rehder

Utilisation

La plante est très aromatique : trois essences odorantes peuvent en être extraites. La première de l'écorce ressemble au « wintergreen » (des Ericacées, du genre Gaultheria, ou aussi Betula). La deuxième peut être extraite des noyaux des fruits et ressemble au camphre (genre Cinnamomum). La troisième, provenant des feuilles, ressemble à la lavande.

Références

H. de Witt - Les plantes du monde - Paris : Hachette - 1966 - Tome I - p. 95

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Lindera benzoin: Brief Summary ( French )

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Lindera benzoin est un arbuste de la famille des Lauracées originaire d'Amérique du Nord.

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Lindera benzoin ( Vietnamese )

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Lindera benzoin là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Nguyệt quế. Loài này được (L.) Blume miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1851.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Lindera benzoin. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 6 năm 2013.

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Lindera benzoin: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Lindera benzoin là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Nguyệt quế. Loài này được (L.) Blume miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1851.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI