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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 23.2 years (captivity)
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Behavior

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The calls of Indian blue peafowl are extremely loud and are often described as unpleasant, harsh shrieking. These calls are extremely varied, with up to six alarm calls issued by both sexes and seven additional calls that males emit during territorial disputes. Three of the calls the males produce are only associated with reproduction, and are typically only used during breeding season. These calls are only created by sexually-mature males, and can affect mating success. The calls mostly differ in pitch and the number of notes. These calls could be more important than the actual visual display of the males trains in which even the most elaborate can have varying rates of mating success. Vocal calls with more than five notes are generally more successful and it is believed that these types of calls are sexually selected by the females. Also, when predators, humans, or any other type of disturbance agitates a peafowl, they can issue an alarm call. The type of alarm call emitted depends on the threat. However, no matter how great the level of alarm, peafowls of any age and gender call back to increase awareness among the group. If the call indicates great danger, the peafowls will relocate to a safer position.

The elaborate ornamentation of male plumage is an important visual cue that communicates fitness to potential mates. Indian blue peafowl perceive their environment through visual, auditory, tactile, and chemical stimuli.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Fowler, E. 2011. "Pavo cristatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pavo_cristatus.html
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Erin Fowler, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Rachelle Sterling, Special Projects
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Conservation Status

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Because this species is so thoroughly woven into many cultures, they face little threat of becoming endangered. However, because the human population is growing so quickly, peafowl face the loss of natural habitat and access to water sources. National parks are working to protect the habitats in India and nearby countries considered native to peafowl. Because Indian blue peafowl are so adaptable, it has been introduced to different countries to extend its range. There are also a large number of aviculturalists who raise and breed this species as pets.

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Fowler, E. 2011. "Pavo cristatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pavo_cristatus.html
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Erin Fowler, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Rachelle Sterling, Special Projects
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Benefits

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In areas where Indian blue peafowl have been introduced and allowed to roam free, it has the potential to disrupt the ecosystem if it feeds on endangered lizards, for example. This could result in irreversible and expensive damage. A high density of peafowl can easily cause destruction to farmers’ crops or flowerbeds. In some residential communities, this species can be a nuisance because of its frequent screeching.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Fowler, E. 2011. "Pavo cristatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pavo_cristatus.html
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Erin Fowler, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Rachelle Sterling, Special Projects
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Benefits

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Pavo cristatus feather extract in the form of water or ash can be used to treat the poisonous bites of Russell vipers Vipera russelii, common cobras Naja naja, and Malabar pit vipers Trimeresurus malabaricus. The extract is high in iron, protein, and steroids, and acts as an inhibitor to harmful enzymes in the venom that cause tissue damage. This is a traditional treatment in India for those who live far away from hospitals and doctors.

Not only can the feathers be used for medical purposes, but can be used for decoration. Feathers were used to embellish helmets and hats during the Middle Ages, and more recently are used in flower arrangements. The feathers were used to fletch arrows and were woven into clothes. Over one hundred feathers can be collected from a single peacock when it molts, a collection method that does not harm the birds.

Their eggs are a profitable source of income in areas where they are not revered and protected through religion. Because of their extravagant trains, peacocks have been depicted in art and literature throughout the ages. In Hindu and Buddhist religions, Pavo cristatus is considered a vehicle for the gods. Religion is not the only reason Indian blue peafowl are respected and loved. They also kill deadly snakes such as cobras, and consumes a large number of insects reducing the amount of pesticides used on crops.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food ; body parts are source of valuable material; source of medicine or drug ; controls pest population

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Fowler, E. 2011. "Pavo cristatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pavo_cristatus.html
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Erin Fowler, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Rachelle Sterling, Special Projects
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Associations

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Indian blue peafowl help regulate the numbers of venomous snakes, abundant lizards, and insects to maintain a stable ecosystem. Peafowl are a carrier of lice and microorganisms. In one study, Pavo cristatus was found to be a host for two louse species, Goniodes pavonis and Amyrisdea minuta. Because males and females only come together to mate and there is no parental care by the father, louse distribution is largely continued from the mother to the offspring. The father can still pass on the lice secondarily by infecting the mother, who then passes the lice to the peachicks. Females avoid this situation by picking the favored males because those mates most likely have the best parasite resistance and are less likely to pass on any parasites during copulation. In another study of captive peafowl at three different zoos, scientists tested the birds for the presence of harmful microorganisms. All three zoos had peafowl that carried Bordetella avium, Mycoplasma synoviae, Clostridium perfringens, and Escherichia coli. Bordetella avium and Mycoplasma synoviae are contagious and can be passed on to other species, but do not result in high mortality rates. Clostridium perfringens is a helpful bacteria for the digestive system of birds and is opportunistic, only becoming harmful under certain circumstances (like if the immune system is compromised by some other illness).

Mutualist Species:

  • Intestinal bacteria Clostridium perfringens

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Intestinal bacteria Clostridium perfringens
  • Intestinal bacteria Escherichia coli
  • Louse Amyrisdea minuta
  • Louse Goniodes pavonis
  • Respiratory bacteria Bordetella avium
  • Respiratory bacteria Mycoplasma synoviae
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Fowler, E. 2011. "Pavo cristatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pavo_cristatus.html
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Erin Fowler, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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Indian blue peafowl are omnivorous. They consume insects, worms, lizards, frogs, and snakes. Termites are their food of choice. This species name in Sanskirt means “killer of snakes” because they eat young cobras (Ophiophagus Hannah), making them invaluable and often revered. They also feed on tree and flower buds, petals, grain, and grass and bamboo shoots. In order to help with the breakdown of their food, peafowl will ingest pebbles which are stored in their gizzard and help grind up grains. It is also reliant on an abundance of water for survival.

Animal Foods: amphibians; reptiles; insects; terrestrial worms

Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; seeds, grains, and nuts; flowers

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Fowler, E. 2011. "Pavo cristatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pavo_cristatus.html
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Erin Fowler, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Rachelle Sterling, Special Projects
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Distribution

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Indian blue peafowl, Pavo cristatus, (also known as peacocks) are native to Sri Lanka and India, but can also be found naturally in Pakistan, Kashmir, Nepal, Assam, Nagaland, Burma, Java, Ceylon, Malaya, and the Congo. Peafowl are prized possessions and therefore can be found in any country in captivity through trade. The Arakan hills prevented this species from moving naturally to the east, while the mountains of the Himalayas and Karakoram further prevented their travel north.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Introduced ); palearctic (Introduced ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Introduced ); neotropical (Introduced ); australian (Introduced )

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Fowler, E. 2011. "Pavo cristatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pavo_cristatus.html
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Erin Fowler, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Rachelle Sterling, Special Projects
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Habitat

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Indian blue peafowl do not migrate or travel widely. They are most common in deciduous, open forest habitats. In one study in Dak Lak, Vietnam, green peafowl preferred dry deciduous forest over mixed and evergreen forest. Areas that had sufficient water sources and were relatively distant from any human presence were also preferred if given the choice. Their basic requirements include a suitable roost tree, a small territory, and sufficient food. In their native range, peafowl are only found from 900 to 1200 m above sea level in areas with appropriate forest habitat to support them. Peafowl are able to adapt to much colder climates than their native range. In captivity, they can survive winters in southern Britain with only a simple shelter. However, in areas that are both damp and cold, peafowl do not fare as well. They are often kept in urban gardens and zoos.

Range elevation: 900 to 1200 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; rainforest ; mountains

Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban

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Fowler, E. 2011. "Pavo cristatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pavo_cristatus.html
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Erin Fowler, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Rachelle Sterling, Special Projects
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Life Expectancy

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Pavo cristatus can live up to 25 years in the wild, but the average is around 20 years due to predation, diseases, electrocution from flying into power lines, pesticide poisoning, and destruction of their natural habitat. In captivity, the maximum life span is 23.2 years, with an average around 16 years. These differences in lifespan between captivity and the wild can be due to the diet. In the wild, peafowl have an entirely different lifestyle because they are always searching for food and must eat whatever they can find. In captivity, peafowl eat the feed that is given to them and do not have to search constantly for food. Because they are not burning off excessive protein and calcium, gout and kidney failure can shorten the lifespan of these captive birds. Those who decide to have Pavo cristatus as pets need to worm the peafowl twice a year to get rid of any parasites and prevent disease.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
10 to 25 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
18 years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
10 to 23.2 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
15 years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
10 to 20 years.

Typical lifespan
Status: captivity:
10 to 18 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
15 years.

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Fowler, E. 2011. "Pavo cristatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pavo_cristatus.html
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Erin Fowler, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Rachelle Sterling, Special Projects
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Morphology

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Indian blue peafowl are known best for their exquisite train and plumage. If the length of the tail and wing span is included, the peafowl is considered one of the largest flying birds. They weigh in between 2.7-6 kg and have a wingspan of 1.4-1.6 m. They vary widely in length from 0.86-2.12 m. This species has long, strong, grayish-brown legs equipped for running away into brush for safety. Both sexes are equipped with spurs that are around 2.5 cm long; males will use them during the breeding season to ward off other competing males. Females are brown, grey, and cream-colored. Chicks are usually a light yellow to brown color. The males have a long train, about 1.2 m in length on average, from June to December. The train is discarded in January, but is grown again at a rapid pace when breeding season approaches. Their necks and breasts are a bright blue, golden feathers line their sides and backs, and their trains are an iridescent arrangement of multiple colors featuring ocelli (eye-spots). When displayed, the male’s train spreads out in a wide fan, showing off gold, brown, green, and black feathers. Around 30 to 40 of the ocelli around the outer edges of the fan are not round but v-shaped. This complicated pattern is thought to be an advantage in mating, and even though it might seem like this bright pattern would make peafowl stand out, they can very easily disappear into foliage, making it extremely hard to spot.

There are three variations in the Indian blue peafowl. The white feathered peafowl has completely white feathers from the top of its head to the end of its train, with the ocelli barely visible. These are not albinos because they are true breeders (when bred with another white feathered peafowl, all their offspring will be white feathered peafowl as well) and have brown eyes. In another version known as pied, random white feathers appear in the plumage. This results from an incomplete dominant gene. Due to a different mutation, another variation results in dark feathers with blue and green tips, called the black-winged peafowl. In addition, Pavo cristatus can hybridize with the green peafowl, Pavo muticus. For the past two decades, a new mutation in the plumage has been discovered almost every year.

Range mass: 2.7 to 6 kg.

Average mass: 4 kg.

Range length: 0.86 to 2.12 m.

Average length: 1.50 m.

Range wingspan: 1.4 to 1.6 m.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry ; polymorphic

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful; ornamentation

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Fowler, E. 2011. "Pavo cristatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pavo_cristatus.html
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Erin Fowler, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Rachelle Sterling, Special Projects
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Associations

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The natural enemies of Indian blue peafowl are large cats like civets (Civettictis civetta), tigers (Panthera tigris), and leopards (Panthera pardus). Wild dogs like dholes (Cuon alpines) and jackals (Canis aureus) are also considered to be main predators. Because peafowl are so effective at running away and disappearing into shrubbery, predators usually take the birds down in a surprise attack.

The male train can contribute to a higher predation rate on this species. When they are drinking or displaying, the train obstructs their view of potential predators stalking them from behind. Predators can also snatch a male's train if they are roosting too low. For example, tigers can stretch up to three meters and male peacocks can have trains over a meter long therefore it’s crucial for the peacock to be up at least five meters from the ground in order to be secure. Peafowl can use the spurs on their legs to defend themselves, but do not easily deter predators. However, humans have done the most damage to peacock populations and are considered to be the greatest enemy. Humans have been destroying their natural range, reducing their habitat, hunting them for sport, and eating them and their eggs.

Known Predators:

  • Civet Civettictis civetta
  • Tiger Panthera tigris
  • Leopard Panthera pardus
  • Dhole Cuon alpinus
  • Jackal Canis aureus
  • Human Homo sapiens

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Fowler, E. 2011. "Pavo cristatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pavo_cristatus.html
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Erin Fowler, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Rachelle Sterling, Special Projects
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Reproduction

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There is a significant positive correlation between a peafowl’s train and its mating success. This correlation is due to female’s preference for more elaborate trains on their mates. Males spend a great deal of energy to produce and maintain good tail conditions, resulting in a trade-off between a longer train and avoiding predators or searching for food. Mating success is usually more successful for the males with the highest number of eyespots (also called ocelli) on their train. If eyespots were experimentally removed from a male’s train below the the range of other individuals eyespot numbers, mating success decreased significantly. There is also a positive correlation between the number of eyespots, the amount of time a male displays to a female during the breeding season, and the overall health of the individual. A peacock that displays less often and has less eyespots has more heterophils circulating in its body, indicating the peacock is spending more energy to fight off an infection than a male that displays more often with more eyespots. Peahens choose the peacocks with the most eyespots because her chicks will hopefully inherit the male’s superior immune system and have a greater chance at survival.

However, females rely on more than one trait when picking a male. Feather ornaments, such as length and number of eyespots during breeding season, is a fixed characteristic based on genetics and can reflect their past condition such as attacks or illnesses. Behavioral displays are flexible characteristics that can change day to day, mate to mate, and improve with experience. For example, peacocks use the sun at different angles when performing visual displays such as “train-rattling” or “wing-shaking”. Visual genetic traits and behavior of the male allow the peahen to determine the health of a mate and the benefits it would confer to their offspring.

Peahens are also very aggressive when it comes to finding a suitable partner. The bigger and stronger females will fight away other females and try to monopolize the male by repeatedly mating with him. Favored males tend to mate with more females and the same female more than once, increasing their fitness significantly. On average, males usually mate with up to six different peahens every breeding season. Because the male only contributes its sperm, females must pick the best possible choice and try to limit the access of other females to increase their own offspring’s survival rates.

Mating System: polygynous

This species becomes sexually mature at three years, though some males can breed at age 2. Females will lay 3-5 brownish oval eggs, but in some cases have laid up to 12. The eggs are laid one at a time every other day. Their glossy shells have deep, small pores that let in water to keep it moist. The incubation period lasts up to 28 days.

The nest is made up of dry sticks and leaves, and is located on the ground, under shrubs. Naturally, a peahen will only lay one clutch per breeding season. If raised in captivity and a clutch is taken away from the female, she will mate again and can lay up to three clutches in a breeding season. The clutches removed from the mother can be given to a foster parent such as a turkey hen.

Chicks are mobile and fully feathered at hatching, can fly in about one week, and rely on their mother for only an additional few weeks. Although the chicks are fairly resilient, they do need relatively warm temperatures to survive and can die in colder climates. Some aviculturists have avoided this problem by raising eggs in incubators. Peachicks must be taught to eat and drink through imitation. Males and females look alike until the males develop their train and bright feathers. It takes up to three years for males to develop a full train. It is almost impossible to tell the difference until a couple of months after hatching in which the males have longer legs. Also, the males will have light gray outer primary feathers and their female counterparts will be brown.

Breeding interval: Indian blue peafowl breed once per year, and more often if clutch is lost.

Breeding season: Indian blue peafowl breed from April to September.

Range eggs per season: 3 to 12.

Average eggs per season: 5.

Range time to hatching: 27 to 29 days.

Range fledging age: 1 to 2 weeks.

Average fledging age: 1 weeks.

Range time to independence: 7 to 10 weeks.

Average time to independence: 8 weeks.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 to 3 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 to 3 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Only the females are involved in the incubating of the eggs and the rearing of the chicks. Chicks are mobile and fully feathered at hatching, can fly in about one week, and rely on their mother for only an additional few weeks. If the female mates with a favored male, they usually have larger eggs with a higher amount of testosterone deposited in the yolk. Chicks of males who have the largest or most eye-spots tend to grow faster and have a better survival rate.

Parental Investment: precocial ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Fowler, E. 2011. "Pavo cristatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pavo_cristatus.html
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Erin Fowler, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Rachelle Sterling, Special Projects
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Male vs. Female & Peacock's Population

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Male vs. Female

The term "peacock" is commonly used to refer to birds of both sexes. Technically, only males are peacocks. Females are peahens, and together, they are called peafowl.

Suitable males may gather harems of several females, each of which will lay three to five eggs. In fact, wild peafowl often roost in forest trees and gather in groups called parties.

Population

Peacocks are ground-feeders that eat insects, plants, and small creatures. There are two familiar peacock species. The blue peacock lives in India and Sri Lanka, while the green peacock is found in Java and Myanmar (Burma). A more distinct and little-known species, the Congo peacock, inhabits African rain forests.

Peafowl such as the blue peacock have been admired by humans and kept as pets for thousands of years. Selective breeding has created some unusual color combinations, but wild birds are themselves bursting with vibrant hues. They can be testy and do not mix well with other domestic birds.

Reference

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/group/peacocks/

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Makpou ( Afrikaans )

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Die Makpou (Pavo cristatus) is 'n voël wat wild geword het en word grotendeels op Robbeneiland gevind en ook in sommige voorstedelike gebiede. Die voël is 90 – 120 cm groot (220 cm insluitende sleep) en weeg 2.8 - 6 kg. In Engels staan die voël bekend as die Common peafowl.

Fotogalery

Sien ook

Wikispecies
Wikispecies het meer inligting oor: Pavo cristatus

Bron

Verwysings

  1. BirdLife International (2009) Pavo cristatus In: IUBN 2009. IUBN Rooi Lys van Bedreigde Spesies. Weergawe 2009.2. www.iucnredlist.org Verkry op 2010-02-15.
Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
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Makpou: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die Makpou (Pavo cristatus) is 'n voël wat wild geword het en word grotendeels op Robbeneiland gevind en ook in sommige voorstedelike gebiede. Die voël is 90 – 120 cm groot (220 cm insluitende sleep) en weeg 2.8 - 6 kg. In Engels staan die voël bekend as die Common peafowl.

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Adi tovuz quşu ( Azerbaijani )

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Adi tovuz quşu (lat. Pavo cristatus) — qırqovullar fəsiləsinin tovuz quşu cinsinə aid quş növü.

Monotipik növdür, yəni yarımnövlərə ayrılmır. İnsanlar tərəfindən əhliləşdirilib.

Ümumi xarakteristikası

Bədəninin uzunluğu 100—125 sm, quyruğunun uzunluğu 40—50 sm-ə, kütləsi 4—4,25 kq-a çatır.

Baş, boyun və döşün bir hissəsi göy, bədənin aşağı hissəsi qara rəngdədir. Dişiləri bir qədər kiçik olur və onlarda quyruqüstlüyündəki lələklər olmur.

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Adi tovuz quşu: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Adi tovuz quşu (lat. Pavo cristatus) — qırqovullar fəsiləsinin tovuz quşu cinsinə aid quş növü.

Monotipik növdür, yəni yarımnövlərə ayrılmır. İnsanlar tərəfindən əhliləşdirilib.

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Paun glas ( Breton )

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Ar paun glas (liester : pauned glas)[1] a zo ur spesad evned, Pavo cristatus an anv skiantel anezhañ.

Doareoù pennañ

 src=
Ur paun glas, luc'hskeudennet e Pune (Maharashtra, India).
 src=
Pavo cristatus

Boued

Hollzebrer eo ar spesad.

Annez

Kavout a reer ar spesad e koadegi ha strouezh reter Pakistan, India ha Sri Lanka[2].

Liammoù diavaez


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Paun glas: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Ar paun glas (liester : pauned glas) a zo ur spesad evned, Pavo cristatus an anv skiantel anezhañ.

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Paó blau ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Pavo cristatus - MHNT

El paó blau (Pavo cristatus) és un ocell de la família dels fasiànids, ordre dels gal·liformes.

Particularitats

Provinent d'Àsia, és un ocell àgil i de bec dur, d'hàbits terrestres i alimentació omnívora. Les seves plomes són de colors vius, i es caracteritza per la cresta de plomes rígides i per la cua dels mascles, que és llarga i extensiva en forma de ventall de colors.

La seva llargària és d'1,80 a 2,30 m, i el seu pes de 4 a 5 kg.

Entre maig i juny, la femella pon de 5 a 8 ous que són incubats durant 28 dies.

Hi ha una altra espècie de paó, el Pavo muticus, també conegut com a paó verd, més petit. Contràriament al paó blau aquest ocell ha vist la seva distribució molt reduïda a causa de la desaparició massiva de les zones forestals durant les darreres dècades i la caça excessiva.[1]

Tradicions

Segons la mitologia grega, els « ulls » visibles a la cua del paó foren posats per Hera en memòria del seu lleial guardià Argos, que tenia cent ulls.[2]

La llegenda diu que Hera va enviar a Argos a espiar el seu marit, Zeus, qu'ella sospitava d'adulteri. Quan aquest es va rendre compte va fer matar Argos. Hera llavors va fer-li un homenatge al protector dels seus interessos posant els seus ulls a la cua del paó, el seu ocell favorit.

El paó blau és un dels símbols nacionals de l'Índia i de Myanmar (Birmània). La seva imatge es troba sovint a l'art del subcontinent. En la iconografia de l'hinduisme és l'animal acompanyant Sarasvati, la deessa de les arts i les ciències.

En els dos poemes épics de Kalidasa (Meghaduta i Kumarasambhava), la bellesa del paó ha estat utilitzada en imatges literàries florides de caràcter simbòlic.

La divinitat principal dels yazidites kurds és Tawisí Melek, "l'Àngel Paó".

Vegeu també

Referències

En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
Commons
Commons (Galeria)
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Commons (Categoria) Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
Viccionari
Viccionari
Viquiespècies
Viquiespècies
  1. BirdLife International 2006. Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. Cambridge, UK. p. 1052–1087 Pavo muticus [1]
  2. Ovidi I, 625
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Paó blau: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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 src= Pavo cristatus - MHNT

El paó blau (Pavo cristatus) és un ocell de la família dels fasiànids, ordre dels gal·liformes.

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Paun, peunes ( Welsh )

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Pavo cristatus

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Paun, peunes (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: peunod) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Pavo cristatus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Common peafowl. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Ffesantod (Lladin: Phasianidae) sydd yn urdd y Galliformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. cristatus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]

Teulu

Mae'r paun, peunes yn perthyn i deulu'r Ffesantod (Lladin: Phasianidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Ceiliog coedwig coch Gallus gallus Ceiliog coedwig gwyrdd Gallus varius
Stavenn Gallus varius 0.jpg
Ceiliog coedwig llwyd Gallus sonneratii
Gallus sonneratii (Bandipur).jpg
Ffesant Amherst Chrysolophus amherstiae
Chrysolophus amherstiae 18092009.jpg
Ffesant euraid Chrysolophus pictus
Golden Pheasant, Tangjiahe Nature Reserve, Sichuan.jpg
Ffesant Sclater Lophophorus sclateri
Lophophorus sclateri.jpg
Gallus lafayetii Gallus lafayetii
Flickr - Rainbirder - Ceylon Junglefowl (Gallus lafayetii) Male.jpg
Petrisen Barbari Alectoris barbara
Alectoris barbara Tenerife.jpg
Petrisen fynydd Rickett Arborophila gingica
Arborophila-gingica.jpg
Petrisen goed dorwinau Arborophila javanica
Chestnut-bellied Partridge RWD2.jpg
Petrisen goed frongoch Arborophila hyperythra
BambusicolaErythrophrysKeulemans.jpg
Petrisen goesgoch Arabia Alectoris melanocephala
Alectoris melanocephala 2.jpg
Petrisen graig Alectoris graeca
Steinhuhn Alectoris graeca.jpg
Petrisen graig Philby Alectoris philbyi
Philby-Steinhuhn.jpg
Petrisen siwcar Alectoris chukar
A Chukar - near South Pullu, Ladakh, Jammu Kashmir India.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Paun, peunes: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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 src= Pavo cristatus

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Paun, peunes (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: peunod) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Pavo cristatus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Common peafowl. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Ffesantod (Lladin: Phasianidae) sydd yn urdd y Galliformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. cristatus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.

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Páv korunkatý ( Czech )

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Pavo cristatus

Páv korunkatý (Pavo cristatus L., 1758) je také někdy nazýván jako páv modrý. Spolu s pávem zeleným patří do čeledi bažantovitých. Jeho původní domovinou je Indie a Srí Lanka, kde se nejčastěji zdržují v listnatých lesích, křovinách, ale i v travnatých porostech.

Pávi bývají volně chováni v zámeckých parcích a zoologických zahradách. Páv je národním ptákem Indie.

Popis

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Samec páva korunkatého má hlavu a krk pokryty modrým peřím

Samec páva korunkatého má hlavu, krk a břicho modře zbarvené. Peří na zádech je zelenohnědé a křídla jsou hnědá a černě pruhovaná. „Ocas“ pávů ve skutečnosti není pravý ocas, ale jsou to velmi prodloužené vrchní krovky ocasní, které tvoří tzv. „vlečku“. Na konci každého pera vlečky se nachází „paví oko“. Samci mohou měřit i s vlečkou přes 2 metry.

Samice jsou zbarveny převážně hnědošedě. Mimo období páření ji lze od samce poznat podle zeleně vybarveného krku a také bývají menší. Samci i samice mají na hlavě několika centimetrovou korunku. I pávice mohou v případě ohrožení roztáhnout své ocasní krovky, ty jsou ovšem mnohem menší než u kohouta.

Způsob života

Pávi korunkatí jsou polygamní. Zpravidla žijí ve skupinách s jedním kohoutem a několika slepicemi. Jsou to všežravci, živí se semeny, rostlinami, hmyzem a jinými bezobratlými, ale také obojživelníky a plazy. Pávi na noc hřadují v korunách stromů, ale samice hnízdí na zemi nejčastěji v křovinách.

Tok samce je velmi nápadný a často doprovázen hlasitým charakteristickým voláním. Samice snášejí 4–8 světlehnědých vajec. Mláďata se líhnou po 28 dnech. Samice se o svá kuřata stará sama.

Chov

Námluvy samce a samice

Pávi jsou chováni již tisíce let. Lze je držet ve velmi prostorných voliérách, parcích a zahradách. Většinou se chová jeden samec s několika samicemi, ale na velkých plochách může být pohromadě i více samců. Pávi si většinou najdou v zahradách dostatek potravy. Lze je také přikrmovat zrním nebo krmnou směsí pro krůty.

Pávi snáší české klima bez problémů po celý rok, ale kuřata jsou obzvláště první dva měsíce choulostivější, proto je lepší je za chladnějšího počasí přemístit i s matkou na chráněné místo. Pávi se mohou dožít věku až patnácti let. Kromě základního zbarvení byla vyšlechtěna také bílá a strakatá forma páva korunkatého.

Užití páva jako symbolu

Podoba páva symbolizuje Krista, nesmrtelnost, ráj, ale také pýchu nebo přepych.[2]. Páv byl posvátný rovněž pro bohyni Héru (Juno). Avšak můžeme se s ní setkat také na symbolech států, měst a obcí. Symbolu páva používá např. statutární město Opava ve svém moderním logu inspirovaném legendou o dvou kupcích, kteří se handrkovali „o páva“.

Páv se rovněž v přísloví: Pyšný jako ten nejpyšnější z pyšných pyšnivců, tedy jako hrabavý, bažantovitý pták, jehož jméno vyřknu hned. Jmenuje se nikoli holub, nikoli koroptev, nýbrž jediný, jedinečný, barvou překypující... páv.

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. RULÍŠEK, Hynek. Postavy, atributy, symboly: slovník křesťanské ikonografie. Hluboká nad Vltavou: Alšova jihočeská galerie, 2005. 500 s. ISBN 80-85857-48-0.

Externí odkazy

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Páv korunkatý: Brief Summary ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ
 src= Pavo cristatus

Páv korunkatý (Pavo cristatus L., 1758) je také někdy nazýván jako páv modrý. Spolu s pávem zeleným patří do čeledi bažantovitých. Jeho původní domovinou je Indie a Srí Lanka, kde se nejčastěji zdržují v listnatých lesích, křovinách, ale i v travnatých porostech.

Pávi bývají volně chováni v zámeckých parcích a zoologických zahradách. Páv je národním ptákem Indie.

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Påfugl ( Danish )

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Påfugl
Påfuglens kald

Er der problemer med lyden? Se da eventuelt Hjælp:Ogg Vorbis eller "Media help" (engelsk)

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Pavo cristatus

Påfuglen (Pavo cristatus) er en fasanfugl. Fuglen yngler i Indien og på Sri Lanka, men er indført og udsat mange steder i verden. I Danmark fik et par fritgående påfugle på Sejerø deres første kuld kyllinger i foråret 1982, og der er nu en fast bestand på øen.[1]

Den lever i skove, hvor den bygger reder på jorden. Hunnen lægger 4-8 æg. Påfuglen lever hovedsageligt af frø, men også af og til insekter og frugt.

Arten er mest kendt for hannens storslåede hale, et resultat af seksuel udvælgelse.

Påfuglen er Indiens og Pakistans nationalfugl.

Slægt

Påfugle bruges også om hele fugleslægten Pavo. En anden påfugleart er grøn påfugl.

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Påfuglehunnen er mindre prangende i farverne end hannen.

Se også

Ekstern henvisning

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  1. ^ Er påfuglen en dansk fugl? Kent Olsen 9. februar 2013 på videnskab.dk
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Påfugl: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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 src= Pavo cristatus

Påfuglen (Pavo cristatus) er en fasanfugl. Fuglen yngler i Indien og på Sri Lanka, men er indført og udsat mange steder i verden. I Danmark fik et par fritgående påfugle på Sejerø deres første kuld kyllinger i foråret 1982, og der er nu en fast bestand på øen.

Den lever i skove, hvor den bygger reder på jorden. Hunnen lægger 4-8 æg. Påfuglen lever hovedsageligt af frø, men også af og til insekter og frugt.

Arten er mest kendt for hannens storslåede hale, et resultat af seksuel udvælgelse.

Påfuglen er Indiens og Pakistans nationalfugl.

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Blauer Pfau ( German )

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Der Blaue Pfau (Pavo cristatus) ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Fasanenartigen (Phasianidae). Er gehört zur Ordnung der Hühnervögel und ist neben dem Fasan und dem Haushuhn einer der bekanntesten Vertreter dieser Vogelgruppe.

Aufgrund ihres auffälligen Aussehens gelten vor allem die Männchen als die ältesten Ziervögel. Bereits in den Sagen der griechischen Antike wurden sie erwähnt. Als standorttreue Vögel werden die ursprünglich in Indien und Sri Lanka beheimateten Tiere heute weltweit als Haustiere gehalten.

Aussehen

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Kopfschmuck des Pfauenhahns
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Pfauenhenne
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Balzender Pfauenhahn mit ausgebreiteter Federkrone
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Balzender Pfauenhahn von hinten

Der Hahn ist an Hals, Brust und Bauch leuchtend blau. Je nach Lichteinfall kann das Gefieder grünlich und golden schimmern. Ein von den Nasenlöchern bis zum Auge reichendes, schmales Band sowie eine breite, halbovale Fläche unter dem Auge ist weiß und nackt. Im Verhältnis zum Körper fällt der Kopf eher klein aus.

Die Schleppe der Männchen besteht aus sehr stark verlängerten, ein bis eineinhalb Meter langen Oberschwanzdeckfedern. Diese können zu einem fächerförmigen Rad aufgestellt werden. Die plastisch leuchtende Federzeichnung von großen, blau irisierendenAugen“ dient der Abschreckung von Fressfeinden, die diese als Augen von großen Säugetieren interpretieren sollen. Wenn dies nicht genügt, um einen Angreifer in die Flucht zu schlagen, setzt der Hahn die gefächerten Schwanzfedern in eine laut rasselnde Bewegung. Der eigentliche Schwanz ist mit etwa 40 bis 45 cm viel kürzer. Er ist braun und besteht aus mehrstufig angeordneten Steuerfedern.

Das Schimmern der Federstrahlen wird durch eine feine kristallähnliche Struktur erreicht, die gitterförmig aufgebaut ist. Diese umgibt die Federenden und ist so angeordnet, dass sie Licht, ähnlich schillernden Seifenblasen oder Ölflecken auf Wasserpfützen, in unterschiedlichen Winkeln reflektieren. Die Strukturen bestehen aus Melanin und Keratin. Das prächtige Gefieder des Hahns mit den auffälligen Deckfedern wird in der Verhaltensbiologie als visuelles Ornament bezeichnet und ist quasi ein Indikator für seine genetische Fitness. Zwar ist die lange Schleppe im Allgemeinen eher hinderlich und bewirkt eine Verminderung des Flugvermögens, nach dem sogenannten Handicap-Prinzip ist aber gerade dieser Umstand für die Weibchen bei der Paarung ein Indiz für gesunden, lebensfähigen Nachwuchs.

Beide Geschlechter tragen eine kleine Federkrone auf dem Scheitel. Die Hähne sind mit Schwanzschleppe etwa zwei Meter lang und wiegen vier bis sechs Kilogramm. Die Hennen sind im Vergleich zum Hahn kleiner und wesentlich unauffälliger gezeichnet, ihre Körperlänge liegt bei nur etwa einem Meter. Sie wiegen zwischen 2,7 und 4 Kilogramm. Ihr Gefieder ist überwiegend grünlich-grau. Die Weibchen sind schleppenlos.

Sinne

Der Blaue Pfau hat einen stark entwickelten Geruchs- und Gehörsinn. Außerdem ist er sehr wachsam und warnt mit seinen lauten, durchdringenden Schreien auch andere Tiere frühzeitig vor Gefahren. In Indien werden die Töne mit minh-ao gedeutet, was so viel heißt wie: „Regen kommt!“ Und in der Tat ertönt sein charakteristischer Schrei oft vor Unwettern.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

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Der indische Subkontinent auf der Weltkarte

Der Blaue Pfau stammt ursprünglich vom indischen Subkontinent. Dort lebte er bevorzugt in hügeligem Gelände im Dschungel, besonders in Wassernähe.

Zur Nahrungssuche kommen manche Blaue Pfauen in den Morgen- und Abendstunden in Familiengruppen auf die Felder. Da Blaue Pfauen junge Schlangen fressen, sind sie in Teilen Indiens beliebt und werden in den Ortschaften geduldet. Dort können sie sehr zutraulich werden.

Laut der IUCN nahm der Bestand des Blauen Pfaus in der letzten Zeit ab, allerdings gilt die Art in Teilen ihres Verbreitungsgebietes noch immer als „häufig“, so dass der Blaue Pfau als „nicht gefährdet“ eingestuft wird.

Schon vor 4.000 Jahren wurden die ersten Pfauen in den Mittelmeerraum gebracht. Auch ihr Fleisch war bei den Ägyptern, den Römern sowie im Europa des Mittelalters, wo es gerne stark gewürzt serviert wurde, sehr beliebt. Da der Pfau standorttreu ist, wird er in vielen Parkanlagen frei gehalten.

In der Domestikation entstandene Formen sind der Schwarzflügelpfau und der Weiße Pfau.

Fressfeinde

Neben Tigern und Leoparden, die seine natürlichen Feinde sind, war der Pfau in seiner Ursprungsheimat Indien auch als Fleischlieferant ein beliebter Hausgenosse.

Flugfähigkeit

Trotz ihrer Größe und des langen Schwanzes können auch männliche Pfauen fliegen, jedoch weder weit noch hoch. Bei Gefahr erheben sie sich in die Luft, flüchten ins Gebüsch oder suchen auf einem Baum Schutz. Auf Bäumen verbringen sie auch die Nacht, um vor Raubtieren geschützt zu sein.

Fortpflanzung

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Küken und Eier unter der Mutter
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Ei, Sammlung Museum Wiesbaden

Pfauen sind polygame Vögel. Die Hähne machen sich durch wiederholte, halbsekündige, schrille Rufe, die einer Amplitude gleichen, bemerkbar und rufen so nach den Weibchen. Bei Pfauen im Allgemeinen gilt das Prinzip der größten Behinderung. Die Pfauenmännchen mit den größten Federn sind am meisten in ihren Flugeigenschaften beeinträchtigt und somit die stärksten Exemplare, was sie für Weibchen attraktiv macht. Sie leben nach der Findung in kleineren Familienverbänden, die aus einem Hahn und mehreren Hennen mitsamt den sie begleitenden Jungvögeln bestehen. Die Fortpflanzungszeit ist regions- und wetterbedingt April bis August. In dieser Zeit schart jeder Hahn drei bis fünf Hennen um sich. Der Pfauenhahn wählt dann ein Territorium aus, das er besetzt und gegen andere Hähne verteidigt, wobei er passierende Hähne zwar beobachtet, aber nicht angreift, da diese in der Regel sein Revier nur morgens und abends durchstreifen und seinen Revierstand akzeptiert haben und nur von und zu ihren Übernachtungsbäumen unterwegs sind. Während der ausgiebigen Balz richtet der Pfauenhahn seine Augenfedern zu einem Rad auf und präsentiert seinen prächtigen Federfächer. Dabei lässt er wiederholt seine Federn erzittern, die ein lautes Raschelgeräusch erzeugen. Er kehrt der Henne mehrmals den Rücken zu, sobald sie sich ihm nähert, wie es bei fast allen Fasanenartigen − darunter bei allen Tragopanen – üblich ist. Dieses Verhalten wiederholt sich solange, bis sich die Henne vor dem Hahn niederlegt und er sie in Hühnermanier begattet oder fachsprachlich „tritt“ (s. Tretakt).

Unmittelbar nach der Paarung gehen die Hennen ihrem Brutgeschäft nach und suchen einen geeigneten Platz, um ihre Eier abzulegen. Sie bauen ihr Nest am Waldrand in dichtem Unterholz. Ein Gelege besteht gewöhnlich aus 4–6, maximal 8 Eiern. Die Eier des Pfaus sind hellweiß bis zartgelblich. Die Hennen bebrüten die Eier für eine Dauer von ca. 28–30 Tagen. Dies richtet sich nach der Temperatur des Nistplatzes und der Bodenfeuchtigkeit. Das Gelege wird nur zur Nahrungsaufnahme und zum Trinken verlassen. Die geschlüpften Küken wachsen langsam und halten sich vorzugsweise unter dem Schwanz der Mutter auf. Die jungen Küken haben ein helles, isabellbraunes Nest- oder Daunenkleid. Auf der Oberseite ist ihr Gefieder etwas dunkler. Ein Geschlechtsdimorphismus ist anfangs nicht zu erkennen. Nach einem Monat bekommen die Küken ihre Krone in Form von fächerförmig angerichteten Federn auf dem Kopf. Als Jungvögel sind die männlichen Pfauen ähnlich wie die Pfauenweibchen gefärbt. Im Alter von drei Jahren bekommen die Männchen ihr leuchtendes Federkleid und die prächtige Schleppe, deren volle Länge erst im Alter von sechs Jahren erreicht wird. Nach 2–3 Jahren erreichen sie ihre Geschlechtsreife, haben jedoch mehr Fächerfedern als Augenfedern. Die Augenfedern werden ausgeprägter und wesentlich länger, wenn sie älter werden. Die Federn können nach sechs Jahren eine Länge von über zwei Metern erreichen und werden nach der Balz jedes Jahr mit der Mauser abgeworfen.

Balzender Pfau

Verwandte Arten

Eine zweite Art der Gattung, der Ährenträgerpfau (Pavo muticus), kommt in Südostasien vor. Die beiden Arten sind miteinander kreuzbar. Verwandtschaftlich ferner steht der Kongopfau (Afropavo congensis) aus Zentralafrika.

Farbvarianten und Hybride

Der Schwarzflügelpfau (Pavo cristatus mut. nigripennis) ist eine durch Mutation entstandene Variante des Blauen Pfaus (Pavo cristatus). Er lässt sich mit dem Grünen oder Ährenträgerpfau (Pavo muticus) kreuzen. Es entsteht der sogenannte Spaulding oder Spalding. Der ursprüngliche „Spalding“ war eine Kreuzung zwischen einem weiblichen Schwarzflügelpfau und einem männlichen Exemplar eines Ährenträgerpfaues. Pfauen sind in der westlichen Welt vorrangig in vielen Zoologischen Gärten, Parkanlagen und sonstigen weitläufigen Grünanlagen ein gern gesehener Blickfang. Zunehmend entdecken auch Privatpersonen und Tierliebhaber den Vogel als Haustier, da er ohne Meldebestätigung gehalten werden kann (in NRW beitragsfrei meldepflichtig). Er benötigt aber viel Freilauf. Auch für Vogelzüchter besteht ein Anreiz, künstliche Mutationen zu züchten. Dies ist vor allem in den USA beliebt. Es gibt eine Reihe verschiedener Mutationen, wie beispielsweise

  • Weißer Pfau (Pavo cristatus mut. alba)
  • Bronze-Pfau (Pavo cristatus mut. bronze)
  • Schwarzflügelpfau (Pavo cristatus mut. nigripennis)
  • Midnight-Pfau (Pavo cristatus mut. nigripennis & mut. midnight)
  • Schwarzflügelpfau gescheckt (Pavo cristatus mut. nigripennis & mut. pied)
  • Hafer-Pfau (Pavo cristatus mut. oaten)
  • Opal-Pfau (Pavo cristatus mut. opal)
  • Blau Gescheckter Pfau (Pavo cristatus mut. pied)

Der weiße Pfau wird oft für einen Albino gehalten, es handelt sich hierbei jedoch nicht um Albinismus, sondern um Leuzismus, weshalb seine Iris dunkel und nicht rot ist.

Pfauen in Religion und Mythologie

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Der Pfau als Symbol der Unsterblichkeit der Seele auf dem gebrochenen Lebensbaum

Der Pfau als Symbol von Schönheit, Reichtum, Königlichkeit, Stolz, Liebe und Leidenschaft, aber auch von Unsterblichkeit, Arroganz und Eitelkeit, nimmt seit jeher eine besondere Stellung im Tierreich ein. Um ihn ranken sich Mythen und Legenden verschiedener Kulturen und Epochen. In Indien ist er neben seiner Stellung als heiliges Tier gleichzeitig der Nationalvogel. Die Mayuri vina ist ein nordindisches Streichinstrument mit einem Korpus in Pfauenform. Im kurdischen Jesidentum stellt das Tier den für die Jesiden heiligen „Engel Pfau“ dar, welcher Tausi Melek genannt wird und der von Gott zum obersten Engel und zum Beschützer und Verwalter der Erde ernannt wurde. In der sufistischen Geschichte Die Konferenz der Vögel von Fariduddin Attar nimmt der Pfau (als „Gabriel“ unter den Vögeln, der im Garten Eden Freundschaft mit der Schlange geschlossen hatte) ebenfalls eine herausragende Rolle ein.[1] In der griechischen Mythologie erschuf die Göttin Hera das „hundertäugige“ Federkleid des Pfaus aus dem vieläugigen Riesen Argos, der mit seinen Argusaugen Io bewachte und schließlich von Hermes getötet wurde.

Für persische Dichter symbolisiert der Pfau Schönheit und Stolz, aber auch deren Unvollkommenheit, wie sie sich in den unschönen Füßen und der nur bedingten Flugfähigkeit des schönen und stolzen Tieres zeigt.[2] Im Islam gelten diese Tiere als äußerst sauber und rein. Der Dichter Saadi hielt im 13. Jahrhundert in seinem Werk Golestan („Rosengarten“) einzig die Pfauenfeder für würdig, als Lesezeichen im Koran zu liegen.[3] Goethe übernahm im West-Östlichen Divan dieses Motiv und sprach der Pfauenfeder ein göttliches Wesen zu[4].

Symbolische Darstellungen des Pfaus

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Pfauenfeder-Detail mit „Pfauenauge“

Die einstige britische Kolonialflagge von Burma (heute Myanmar) zierte der Vogel 1939–1941 und 1945–1948, sowie die aktuelle Präsidentenflagge. Der Vogel findet auch als Unternehmenslogo Verwendung, beispielsweise bei der National Broadcasting Company und der SriLankan Airlines.

Der Pfau in Stadt- und Gemeindewappen

Der Pfau in Wappen der Stadt Neuwied und einigen Ortsgemeinden des Landkreises Neuwied deutet auf die ehemalige Wiedsche Landeshoheit hin.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Karl Schlamminger, Peter Lamborn Wilson: Weaver of Tales. Persian Picture Rugs / Persische Bildteppiche. Geknüpfte Mythen. Callwey, München 1980, ISBN 3-7667-0532-6, S, 144 f. (Der Pfau).
  2. Karl Schlamminger, Peter Lamborn Wilson (1980), S. 145.
  3. Philipp Wolff (Übers.): Sadi’s Rosengarten. Stuttgart 1841, S. 175.
  4. Goethe: West-östlicher Divan. In: Werke. Band 5, Stuttgart 1828, S. 227 (bei Google Books).
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Blauer Pfau: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Blaue Pfau (Pavo cristatus) ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Fasanenartigen (Phasianidae). Er gehört zur Ordnung der Hühnervögel und ist neben dem Fasan und dem Haushuhn einer der bekanntesten Vertreter dieser Vogelgruppe.

Aufgrund ihres auffälligen Aussehens gelten vor allem die Männchen als die ältesten Ziervögel. Bereits in den Sagen der griechischen Antike wurden sie erwähnt. Als standorttreue Vögel werden die ursprünglich in Indien und Sri Lanka beheimateten Tiere heute weltweit als Haustiere gehalten.

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Caxtillān quetzaltōtōtl ( Nahuatl )

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Pavo cristatus

Quetzalhuehxōlōtl nozo Caxtillān quetzaltōtōtl[1] (pavo cristatus, caxtillāntlahtōlli: pavo real).

Tlahtōlcaquiliztilōni

  1. Caxtillān quetzaltōtōtl quihtōznequi pavo real īpan James Lockhart īamox The Nahuas after the conquest yeh ōquihcuilo Peacock Caxtillan quetzaltototl, "Castile quetzal bird".
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Caxtillān quetzaltōtōtl: Brief Summary ( Nahuatl )

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Quetzalhuehxōlōtl nozo Caxtillān quetzaltōtōtl (pavo cristatus, caxtillāntlahtōlli: pavo real).

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Merak Biru ( Sundanese )

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Pavo cristatus

Merak Biru atawa Merak India, anu dina ngaran ilmiahna Pavo cristatus nyaéta salah sahiji manuk ti tilu spésiés manuk merak. Merak Biru miboga bulu anu warna Biru gelap mengilap. Manuk jalu dewasa ukuranana badag, panjangna bisa ngahontal 230 cm, jeung panutup buntut anu pohara panjang boga warna héjo métalik. Populasi Merak Biru sumebar di leuweung kabuka kalayan padang jukut di India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal sarta Bhutan. Saméméhna spésiés ieu kapanggih ogé di Bangladésh, tapi ayeuna kamungkinan badag geus punah di ditu.[1]

Merak jalu nyaéta ngawayuh spésiés, miboga pasangan leuwih ti hiji. Dina usum berbiak, manuk jalu mamérkeun bulu buntutna di hareup manuk bikang. Bulu-bulu panutup buntut dibuka nyieun kipas kalayan bintik ngawangun panon boga warna biru. Manuk bikang biasana netaskeun tilu nepi ka genep endog.[2] Pakan manuk Merak Biru diwangun ti rupa-rupa biji-bijian, pucuk jukut sarta dangdaunnan, rupa-rupa gegeremet, sarta sagala rupa jenis sato leutik kawas cacing, lancah sarta kadal leutik.[2]

Merak nyaéta omnivora, dahar jukut, siki-sikian, oray, sarta kadal leutik ogé. Di India, manuk merak anu patali mitologi Yunani ieu ‘eyespots’ éta disebutkeun minangka panon ratus Argos buta. Sabot usum hujan datang, merak, nari dina hujan, memikat kabéh kalayan bulu anu élegan, nyieun tampilan anu spéktakulér.[3]

Rujukan

  1. (id)[1](diakses tanggal 3 november 2011)
  2. a b (id)[2](diakses tanggal 11 november 2011)
  3. (id)[3](diakses tanggal 11 november 2011)
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Merak Biru: Brief Summary ( Sundanese )

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 src= Pavo cristatus

Merak Biru atawa Merak India, anu dina ngaran ilmiahna Pavo cristatus nyaéta salah sahiji manuk ti tilu spésiés manuk merak. Merak Biru miboga bulu anu warna Biru gelap mengilap. Manuk jalu dewasa ukuranana badag, panjangna bisa ngahontal 230 cm, jeung panutup buntut anu pohara panjang boga warna héjo métalik. Populasi Merak Biru sumebar di leuweung kabuka kalayan padang jukut di India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal sarta Bhutan. Saméméhna spésiés ieu kapanggih ogé di Bangladésh, tapi ayeuna kamungkinan badag geus punah di ditu.

Merak jalu nyaéta ngawayuh spésiés, miboga pasangan leuwih ti hiji. Dina usum berbiak, manuk jalu mamérkeun bulu buntutna di hareup manuk bikang. Bulu-bulu panutup buntut dibuka nyieun kipas kalayan bintik ngawangun panon boga warna biru. Manuk bikang biasana netaskeun tilu nepi ka genep endog. Pakan manuk Merak Biru diwangun ti rupa-rupa biji-bijian, pucuk jukut sarta dangdaunnan, rupa-rupa gegeremet, sarta sagala rupa jenis sato leutik kawas cacing, lancah sarta kadal leutik.

Merak nyaéta omnivora, dahar jukut, siki-sikian, oray, sarta kadal leutik ogé. Di India, manuk merak anu patali mitologi Yunani ieu ‘eyespots’ éta disebutkeun minangka panon ratus Argos buta. Sabot usum hujan datang, merak, nari dina hujan, memikat kabéh kalayan bulu anu élegan, nyieun tampilan anu spéktakulér.

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Pahon ( Picard )

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Pavo cristatus

Pahon (Pavo cristatus)

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Pavo cristatus ( Tagalog )

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Pavo cristatus

Ang Indyanong paboreal (Pavo cristatus), isang malaki at maliwanag na kulay na ibon, ay isang species ng paboreal na katutubong sa South Asia, ngunit ipinakilala sa maraming iba pang mga bahagi ng mundo.


Usbong Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.

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Pavo cristatus ( Aragonese )

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Ista pachina fa referencia a lo pavo reyal. Ta otros emplegos, veyer Pago (desambigación), y ta pavo, veyer Pavo (desambigación).

Lo pavo reyal u pavón (scientificament Pavo cristatus, 'pavo con cresta'), ye una especie d'au galliforme d'o chenero Pavo d'a familia Phasianidae. Destaca por a extraordinaria coda policromada d'os masclos. Como otras gallinacias, puede fer vuelos curtos, especialment ta posar-se en as brancas d'os árbols a on se discansa y pasa la nueit.

Etimolochía

Segunt Corominas, tanto l'aragonés pago como lo castellán pavo vienen d'o latín pavus, 'pavo reyal'. Dica la Edat Meya, designaba exclusivament a lo pavo azul.[1]

En castellán, la forma pavo ye moderna y no se documenta dica Nebrija, en 1495.[2] La forma antiga yera pavón (u pagón en Gonzalo de Berceo), que viene d'a variant latina pavo, -onis. Se sustituyó, como animal de corral, por o Meleagris gallopavo, una au norteamericana trayita muito dimpués d'a colonización de 1492. Ta diferenciar-las, lo pavo azul pasó a clamar-se pavo real. Segunt Corominas, real significa 'verdadero'.[1] Pero otras autoras, en contrastar os nombres compuestos d'animals, interpretan reyal como 'important u relevant sobre o conchunto d'a suya especie u d'animals similars'.[3][4]

Textos

Segunt Corominas, a primer documentación se troba enta l'anyo 1300 en os Fueros d'Aragón:

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Jan Weenix, Bodegón de caza con pavo reyal, 1708
aquellas aves o bestias que crían en casa, assí como pagos o gallinas o palomas. [5]

Y apareixe tamién como pago en inventarios aragoneses de 1403 y 1469.[6]

Enta 1436, Pedro de la Cabra composa unas coplas contra la corrupción, an o pago ye eixemplo de regalo (present) ta corromper a los chueces.

Pagos, cabritos, gal[l]inas,

colachs, savogas, pageles,
fan los corazones muelles;
a'l dar de las disciplinas,
judgan malas por be(g)ninas,
ladrones por innocentes;
tales donos son turmentes

de las áni[m]as mezquinas.

Descripción

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Fembra de pavo
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Pavo reyal blanco.
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Uevo de pavo, Museum Wiesbaden (Wiesbaden, Alemanya)

O pavo reyal ye una especie con un fuerte dimorfismo sexual. Lo masclo pesa de 4 a 6 kg y tiene una longaria de 100 a 115 cm dende o pico dica la coda en estar zarrada, y de 195 a 225 cm quan a coda secundaria ye plenament desenvolicada. A fembra pesa de 2,75 a 4 kg y mesura unos 95 cm.

Mutacions

Bi ha variacions a causa de distintas mutacions cheneticas. S'esdevienen en raras ocasions en a naturaleza, pero a criazón selectiva ha orichinau variacions de color (blanco, bronze...) y de patrón (arlequín, ala negra...). A más, s'ha cruzau lo pavo con otras variedatz.

Alimentación

L'alimentación ye omnivora, composada prencipalment por simients, fruitos, bayas, hierbas, fuellas, pero tamién insectos y larvas, asinas como sargantanas, ranas, reptils y mamifers chiquetz.[7]

Comportamiento

Balle de festeyo d'un masclo debant d'a fembra.
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Imao Keinen (1845 - 1924), Parella de pavos en primavera, Chapón
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Pavo de bulto, Palacio d'a Ciudat, Udaipur, India.

Son aus territorials y poligamas; cada masclo ha d'haber quatro u cinco fembras. Istas ponen de 4 a 8 uegos.

A parada frontal arriba a la suya esplendor con o despliegue d'a coda que ye a conoixida como rueda de pavo. Asinas o masclo debanta en vertical y ubre as plumas ornamentals, refirmadas por as rectrices, en un gran abanico macau d'ocelos bien vistables. Alavetz, o masclo ofreix o espectaclo d'o suyo cuerpo brillant, radiant en o centro. Habitualment o masclo despliega la coda pero se chira a la contra de a dentrada de o scenario de a suya exhibición quan arriba la fembra. Mientras que ella dentra en o scenario, o masclo fa la rulet, metendo-se de culos enta ella, tot mostrando-le asinas o reverso menos coloreyau de as plumas, y batendo t'alto y t'abaixo as remeras primarias entreubiertas. O ritmo d'as sacudidas s'accelera a mesura que a fembra se le amana, fendo bater as alas cada vegada más fuerte.

Dimpués se chira de vez cara ta la fembra, como si creyase un efecto de sorpresa, deixa de bater as plumas y s'amana enta ella mientres abate firme l'abanico alto d'a fembra. Bellas vegadas ye la fembra la qui l'arrodeya pa meter-se-le de caras. O masclo se pavoneya alavetz a pasetz lentos, arredol d'ella, estira o cuello, estorrufa o lumo en amostrando as plumas oceladas. Si a fembra, indiferent en apariencia, continua con as suyas ocupacions, o masclo la sigue lentament, pero si se le concara, o masclo fa sacutir a-escape as plumas rectrices, lo que tiene por efecto fer un tremenido d'as barbas y un destello d'os ocelos en as plumas ornamentals. Ixas trembleras no duran si que bells segundos pero pueden repetir-se cada vegada que a fembra devante a cabeza, dimpués de lo qual o masclo puede chirar-se de nuevo y sacutir as remeras primarias. Alavetz, o masclo lanza un chiflo y s'arrulla contra la fembra, lo que de regular ocasiona que ella fuiga.

Iste dispositivo puede repetir-se qualques vegadas antes que ella s'acoche en o suelo adebant de o masclo, que será en ixe inte con una excitación cumbrera, y abaixará l'abanico, l'arrodeyará y l'agallará intercalando as sub-caudals.

Explotación

Son orichinarias d'a peninsula Indostanica,e importadas por diferents civilizacions antigas que apreciaban muito la carne y uegos d'istas aus. Se sabe que la flota d'o rei Salomón (~970-~931) se'n trayó qualques eixemplars. Asurbanipal, rei d'Asiria (~669-~627) criaba pavos en cletas. Darío I de Persia (~522-~486) teneba pavos en os suyos chardins. Y Aleixandre lo Gran (~356 a ~323) levó bells eixemplars ta la ciudat de Babilonia. Os romans las levoron ta Italia. L'orador Quinto Hortensio Hórtalo fui qui primero introdució entre los romans o gusto por a carne d'istas aus que fizo servir en una gran lifara que dio quan fue creyau augur. Marco Anfidio Luco fue o primero que discurrió fer-las caminar a manadas ta engordar-las.

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Mosaico d'un pavo (periodo bizantino), Caesarea, Israel

En tiempos d'a caballería, yera tamién muit apreciau lo pavo reyal, noble au y a suya carne yera l'alimento d'os valients y d'os amants y adorno d'as lifaras. [8]

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Raja Ravi Varma (1848-1906), Murugan (o dios hindú Murugan con as suyas mullers sobre o pavo Vahana).
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Pavo reyal con os dominios d'a Casa d'Habsburgo, 1555.

En a epoca contemporania, os prencipals zoolochicos tienen como un d'os prencipals atractivos ta o publico visitante una colección de pavos reyals.

Simbolismo

A simbolochía d'o pavo reyal ye asociada a la suya machestuosidat. En quasi todas culturas, ye un símbol solar relacionau con a beldat, a gloria, a immortalidat y a sabiduría y apareixe representau en os molimentos y pinturas antigos.

  • En l'antiga Grecia, la diosa HeraChuno en l'antiga Roma— fizo que los cient güellos d'o chigant Argos fuesen preservaus ta cutio en as codas d'os pavos reyals.[9] On trouve des représentations de paons sur les fresques de Pompéi.
  • En a relichión cristiana, ye considerau símbol de resurrección de Cristo porque, en tiempo de Pasqua, l'au cambea totalment de plumache. Se pueden veyer mosaicos d'o sieglo IV con ista figura en a ilesia de Santa Constancia, en Roma, asinas como en qualques catacumbas cristianas. En cheneral, as representacions de pavos reyals amuestran a l'au bebendo d'un cáliz u d'una fuent (fuent d'a vida) simbolizando un renaiximiento espiritual, asociau con o baptismo y con a eternidat de l'alma.
  • Ye l'au nacional d'India. Muitas d'as danzas folkloricas amuestran pasos inspiraus en o balle de festeyo d'o pavo reyal. En l'hinduismo, sirve de montura a dioses como Skanda u Murugan.
  • En o Islam, s'asocia con Iblís u Xaitán, chefe d'os demonios.

Referencias

  1. 1,0 1,1 J. Corominas, J. A. Pascual, Diccionario crítico etimológico e hispánico, vol. IV: 'Me-Re', Madit, Gredos, 1997; p. 441-442, s. v. 'pavo'.
  2. Vocabulario latino-español, [1] consulta 16/12/2015
  3. Érika Fernández Gil, Trabajar los compuestos a través del léxico de la fauna en la clase de ELE. Propuesta didáctica, Chirona, Universidat de Chirona, 2015; p. 30 [2] consulta 18/12/2015
  4. Cristina Buenafuentes de la Mata, Procesos de gramaticalización y lexicalización en la formación de compuestos en español, Bellaterra, Universidat de Barcelona, 2007; p. 217. [3] consulta 19/12/2015
  5. edición de G. Tilander, §282.3
  6. BRAE, volúmens IV y XX
  7. Hennache & Ottaviani 2006
  8. Diccionario enciclopédico popular ilustrado Salvat, 1906-1914
  9. Ovidio, As metamorfosis, I, 625.
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Pavo cristatus ( Occitan (post 1500) )

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Lo pavon blau (Pavo cristatus) es un ausèl gallifòrme de la familha dels Fasianidats.

Es un ausèl originari d'Asia (principalament d'Índia e d'Sri Lanka). Es conegut per sas colors brilhantas e sa coa magnifica que pòt desplegar en ròda. Seriá estat raportat d'Asia vèrs Grècia al sègle IV abans nòtra èra per Alexandre lo Grand e s'es lèu espandit dins tota Euròpa tant sa beutat suscitava l'admiracion.

Caracteristicas

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Cap de Pavo cristatus

Lo mascle mesura de 90 cm a 1,10 m sens sa coa, atenhent 3 m en tot. La femèla mesura 86 cm. Lo pavon es espandit coma ausèl domestic dins los parcs e jardins d'aglomeracion dins una granda partida del mond en rason de sas belaròias majestosas. Es aisidament reconeissible a son plumatge, sa tufa e sa traïna.

Colors del plumatge

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Detalh del plumatge

Existisson tres espècias principalas de pavons. La mai espandida es lo pavon blau (veire fòto), lo mascle a un cap e un còl blau brilhant e de bèlas plumas verdas e brunas dins sa traïna alara que lo còs entièr de la femèla es gris e blanc, amb un cap blanc. L'autra espècia principala es lo pavon blanc o pavon albin (qu’es en fach pas albin, mas puslèu leucistic) que son còs entièr es blanc. La traïna blanca supèrba del mascle revèrta la traïna d'una rauba de nòvia. Enfin, la tresena espècia es apelada pavon arlequin o mirgalhat ; es eissida del crosament d'un pavon blau e d'un blanc.

Abitat

A l'estat salvatge, viu dins los bòsques e las selvas. En Euròpa, es sustot espandit dins los parcs e los jardins grands.

Alimentacion

Manja de granas, cerealas, flors, baias, e insèctes.

Crit

Lo mascle a un crit fòrça reconeissible qu'es sovent associat, çò los francofòns, al pichon nom Léon.

Compòrtament

En defòra de la sason dels nis, los pavons vivon en gropes pichons d'un mascle per fins a 5 femèlas. Manjan lèu lo matin o al luscre e passan la jornada dins l'ombra. Pendent la sason dels nis, lo mascle parada. Fa plan de bruch e seguís de femèlas.

Fòtos

Vejatz tanben

Referéncia

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Pavo cristatus ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Pavo cristatus es un specie de Pavo.

Nota
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Pavo cristatus: Brief Summary ( Occitan (post 1500) )

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Lo pavon blau (Pavo cristatus) es un ausèl gallifòrme de la familha dels Fasianidats.

Es un ausèl originari d'Asia (principalament d'Índia e d'Sri Lanka). Es conegut per sas colors brilhantas e sa coa magnifica que pòt desplegar en ròda. Seriá estat raportat d'Asia vèrs Grècia al sègle IV abans nòtra èra per Alexandre lo Grand e s'es lèu espandit dins tota Euròpa tant sa beutat suscitava l'admiracion.

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Pavo cristatus: Brief Summary ( Aragonese )

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Ista pachina fa referencia a lo pavo reyal. Ta otros emplegos, veyer Pago (desambigación), y ta pavo, veyer Pavo (desambigación).

Lo pavo reyal u pavón (scientificament Pavo cristatus, 'pavo con cresta'), ye una especie d'au galliforme d'o chenero Pavo d'a familia Phasianidae. Destaca por a extraordinaria coda policromada d'os masclos. Como otras gallinacias, puede fer vuelos curtos, especialment ta posar-se en as brancas d'os árbols a on se discansa y pasa la nueit.

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Páfuglur ( Faroese )

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Pfau imponierend.jpg
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Pavo cristatus

Páfuglur (frøðiheiti, latín: Pavo cristatus) livir villur í India; og haðani er hann førdur um alt Evropa, tí hann er so sjaldsama vakur, bláur á bringuni, grønur og reyður á bakinum; vakrast er tó hitt avbara stóra velið, sum hevur nógvar litir.

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Pávoloddi ( Northern Sami )

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Pávoloddi
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Pavo cristatus

Pávoloddi (Pavo cristatus) lea loddešládja. Pávoloddi lea India nationálaloddi.

Varris pávoloddi sáhttá šaddat 2,3 m guhku ja deaddu láve leat 4-6 kg. Njiŋŋelas pávoloddi ii láve šaddat badjel mehtera guhku, ja dat deadda 2,75-4 kg.

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Teyrê tawiz ( Kurdish )

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Teyrê tawiz (mê)
 src=
Pavo cristatus

Teyrê tawiz[1], teyrê tawis, teyrê tawus (bi latînî: Pavo cristatus) teyr û balindeyek e. Teyrê tawiz, li Kurdistanê peyda dibe. Teyrê tawiz, bi baskên xwe re reng û reng re tê nasîn. Dema ku baskê xwe dive û dihilde, weke yekpareyekê ya. Her serê pirtikeka teyrê tawiz weke ku çavek bê ya. Bi vê jî, balê dikişne ser xwe. Li Kurdistanê û heta ku digihijê Hindistan û Çînê, li herêmên Asya ev teyrê tawiz tên dîtin.

Di nava kurdan de teyrê tawiz, taybetmendiyên wî ên cuda ên pîroz jî hene. Minak, teyrê tawiz, weke semboleka olî di ola kevnar ya êzîdîtîyê de ye. Teyrê tawiz, weke sembolek ji wan sembolên pêxember pêşî Melekê Tawis e jî. Ji ber vê pîroziya wê, di nava çanda kurdan de, gelek tefsîr û wateyên ku li pirên baskê teyrê tawiz jî hatine kirin. Teyrê tawiz, naqşên wê dihatin çêkirin û bi her malên kurdan de dihatine daleqandin.

Çavkanî

  1. Zana Farqîn (2011). Ferhenga kurdî-tirkî-kurdî. Enstîtuya Kurdî ya Stembolê.
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Teyrê tawiz: Brief Summary ( Kurdish )

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 src= Teyrê tawiz (mê)  src= Pavo cristatus

Teyrê tawiz, teyrê tawis, teyrê tawus (bi latînî: Pavo cristatus) teyr û balindeyek e. Teyrê tawiz, li Kurdistanê peyda dibe. Teyrê tawiz, bi baskên xwe re reng û reng re tê nasîn. Dema ku baskê xwe dive û dihilde, weke yekpareyekê ya. Her serê pirtikeka teyrê tawiz weke ku çavek bê ya. Bi vê jî, balê dikişne ser xwe. Li Kurdistanê û heta ku digihijê Hindistan û Çînê, li herêmên Asya ev teyrê tawiz tên dîtin.

Di nava kurdan de teyrê tawiz, taybetmendiyên wî ên cuda ên pîroz jî hene. Minak, teyrê tawiz, weke semboleka olî di ola kevnar ya êzîdîtîyê de ye. Teyrê tawiz, weke sembolek ji wan sembolên pêxember pêşî Melekê Tawis e jî. Ji ber vê pîroziya wê, di nava çanda kurdan de, gelek tefsîr û wateyên ku li pirên baskê teyrê tawiz jî hatine kirin. Teyrê tawiz, naqşên wê dihatin çêkirin û bi her malên kurdan de dihatine daleqandin.

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Ìn-tō͘ khóng-chhiok ( Nan )

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Pavo cristatus

Ìn-tō khóng-chhiok (ha̍k-miâ: Pavo cristatus) ia̍h Nâ-khóng-chhiok, sī khóng-chhiok ê 1 chéng.

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Дыщэджэд ( Kabardian Circassian )

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Pavo cristatus

Дыщэджэд (лат-бз. Pavo cristatus) — мэзджэд лъэпкъщ.

Теплъэр

Джэд хэкӀыгъуэ лӀэужьыгъуэ пӀащэщ. Щхьэр, пщэр, бгъащхьэр къащхъуэщ, тхыцӀэр удзыфэщ, пкъы щӀагъыр фӀыцӀэщ, адакъэм и кӀэц кӀыхьхэм щхъуэкӀэплъыкӀэ нэрынэхэр бэуэ хэс. Анэр нэхъ цӀыкӀущ, теплъэри апхуэдэу щӀэращӀэкъым, кӀагуэщ.

Здэпсэухэмрэ шэнымрэ

ЩӀылъэрыгъуалъхьэщ. Джэджьейхэм цы Ӏув ятету фампӀэхэм къопщ. Ӏэлу щопсэу Пакистэным, Индиэм, Шри Ланкэмрэ я мэзхэм, къуажэхэм я мыпэжыжэу. ЗэрыхуагъэфашэмкӀэ, Еуропэм къышащар е 5-нэ лӀэщӀыгъуэращ, а лъандэри пщӀантӀэ гъэдахэ хьисэпкӀэ къэрал куэдым унагъуэхэм щаӀыгъщ.

Тхылъхэр

  • Брат Хьэсин. Адыгэхэм я къуалэбзу щӀэныгъэр. Черкесск. 2007 гъ.
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Дыщэджэд: Brief Summary ( Kabardian Circassian )

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Дыщэджэд (лат-бз. Pavo cristatus) — мэзджэд лъэпкъщ.

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Индиски паун ( Macedonian )

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 src=
Индиски паун на црковен покрив во манастирот „Св. Наум“, Охрид
 src=
Јајце на индиски паун од збирката на Висбаденскиот музеј

Индиски паун, син паун или обичен паун (науч. Pavo cristatus) — вид голема шарена птица од родот паун (Pavo) на семејството фазани (Phasianidae) со потекло до Јужна Азија, но денес доведена во разни краишта на светот, вклучувајќи ја Македонија.

Мажјакот е претежно син, а на главата има цуцулка на тенки дршки. Најголема одлика му е долгата опашка со шарени „окца“. Ова се мошне цврсти пердуви кои птицата ги крева (отвора) како ладало за време на додворувањето. Женктие немаат ваква долга опашка, долниот дел од вратот им е зеленикав, а перјето им е со матна кафеава боја. Индискиот паун води претежно наземен живот во отворени шуми, или на обработено земјиште, каде јаде бобинки и жито, но воедно и змии, гуштери и мали глодари. Звучно е препознатлив по гласниот вик, кој во шумски услови служи за предупредување од грабливци како што е тигарот. Се хранат во мали групи, а од опасност бегаат со трчање и се кријат во ниската растителност. Не летаат, освен кога треба се сместат на високите гранки за да се оседлаат.

Намената на раскошната опашака на паунот веќе подолго време е предмет на научен спор меѓу стручњаците. Чарлс Дарвин кон крајот на XIX век ова го сметал за загадочна појава, која тешко се објаснува со начелата на природно избирање (селекција). Дарвин подоцна ја објаснил појавата по пат на плоово избирање, и истото е прифатено од многу, но не и сите биолози. Во XX век, израелскиот еволутивен биолог Амоц Захави го објаснил ова како хендикеп, каде мажјаците искрено ја сигнализираат нивната погодност за размножување сразмерно на раскошот на нивната опашка. Сепак, мислењето останува и понатаму поделено.

Паунот има значење во индиската и старогрчката митологија и претставува државно обележје на Индија. Меѓународниот сојуз за заштита на природата (МСЗП/IUCN) го води видот под статусот „најмала загриженост“ (LC).

Опис

Паунот е меѓу најголемите преставници на семејството на фазаните. Долги се 100-115 см без, а 195-225 см сосе опашката и тежат 4–6 кг. Женките се помали, со просечна должина од 95 см и тежина од 2,75–4 кг.

Огласување на индиски паун

Возрасната женка има лисесто-кафена глава со цуцулка како мажјакот, само што има костенлива боја, обрабена со целено. Горниот дел од телото е кафеникав, со бледи шари. Главните, споредните и опашните пардуви се темнокафеави. Долниот дел од вратот е метално зелен, а градните пердуви се темнокафеави, со зелена нијанса. Останатите долни делови се белузлави.[2] Младенчињата со меко перје се светлокафеави, со темнокафеав белег на тилот, кој продолжува кон очите.[3] Младите мажјаци изгледаат како женки, но со костенливи крилја.[3][4]

Најчесто огласување е гласното пијао или мејао. Огласувањето зачестува пред монсунската сезона, а служи за тревога кога птицата ќе се вознемири од некој гласен звук. Во шума, честопати ваквото огласување означува присуство на непријател.[2][4] Други огласувања се брзоповторувачките ка-аан..ка-аан и ко-ко.[4][5] Кога се вознемирени, честопати оддаваат и трубест извик.

Размножување

Пауните се многуженци, со целогодишна сезона на парење, која сепак зависи од дождовите. Достигнуваат полова зрелост на возраст од 2 до 3 години.[6]

Исхрана

Ова е сештојадна птица која се храни со семиња, инсекти, плодови, мали цицачи и мали влекачи. Јадат мали змиулки, но се држат настрана од поголемите змии.[7] Во шумата Гир во Гуџарат, голем дел од исхраната им се состои од паднати бобинки од сирка (Zizyphus).[8] Кога се присутни поблиску до луѓето, јадат најразлични земојделски култури: кикиритки, домати, ориз, лути пиперчиња, па дури и банани.[5]

Наводи

  1. BirdLife International (2012). Pavo cristatus. Црвен список на загрозени видови на МСЗП. Верзија 2013.2. Меѓународен сојуз за заштита на природата. конс. 26 November 2013. (англиски)
  2. 2,0 2,1 Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds (4 издание). Gurney and Jackson, London. стр. 401–410. ISBN 1-4067-4576-6. http://www.archive.org/stream/popularhandbooko033226mbp#page/n458/mode/1up/.
  3. 3,0 3,1 Baker, ECS (1928). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 5 (2 издание). Taylor and Francis, London. стр. 282–284. http://www.archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds5/BakerFBI5#page/n304/mode/1up/.
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 Ali, S and Ripley, S D (1980). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. 2 (2 издание). Oxford University Press. стр. 123–126. ISBN 0-19-562063-1.
  5. 5,0 5,1 Johnsingh, AJT; Murali, S. The ecology and behaviour of the Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) Linn. of Injar. „J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.“ том 75 (4): 1069–1079.
  6. „Common (Indian) Peafowl“. Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure. конс. 26 December 2012.
  7. Johnsingh, AJT. Peacocks and cobra. „J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.“ том 73 (1): 214.
  8. Trivedi,Pranav; Johnsingh, AJT. Diet of Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus Linn. in Gir Forest, Gujarat. „J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.“ том 92 (2): 262–263.

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Индиски паун: Brief Summary ( Macedonian )

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 src= Индиски паун на црковен покрив во манастирот „Св. Наум“, Охрид  src= Јајце на индиски паун од збирката на Висбаденскиот музеј

Индиски паун, син паун или обичен паун (науч. Pavo cristatus) — вид голема шарена птица од родот паун (Pavo) на семејството фазани (Phasianidae) со потекло до Јужна Азија, но денес доведена во разни краишта на светот, вклучувајќи ја Македонија.

Мажјакот е претежно син, а на главата има цуцулка на тенки дршки. Најголема одлика му е долгата опашка со шарени „окца“. Ова се мошне цврсти пердуви кои птицата ги крева (отвора) како ладало за време на додворувањето. Женктие немаат ваква долга опашка, долниот дел од вратот им е зеленикав, а перјето им е со матна кафеава боја. Индискиот паун води претежно наземен живот во отворени шуми, или на обработено земјиште, каде јаде бобинки и жито, но воедно и змии, гуштери и мали глодари. Звучно е препознатлив по гласниот вик, кој во шумски услови служи за предупредување од грабливци како што е тигарот. Се хранат во мали групи, а од опасност бегаат со трчање и се кријат во ниската растителност. Не летаат, освен кога треба се сместат на високите гранки за да се оседлаат.

Намената на раскошната опашака на паунот веќе подолго време е предмет на научен спор меѓу стручњаците. Чарлс Дарвин кон крајот на XIX век ова го сметал за загадочна појава, која тешко се објаснува со начелата на природно избирање (селекција). Дарвин подоцна ја објаснил појавата по пат на плоово избирање, и истото е прифатено од многу, но не и сите биолози. Во XX век, израелскиот еволутивен биолог Амоц Захави го објаснил ова како хендикеп, каде мажјаците искрено ја сигнализираат нивната погодност за размножување сразмерно на раскошот на нивната опашка. Сепак, мислењето останува и понатаму поделено.

Паунот има значење во индиската и старогрчката митологија и претставува државно обележје на Индија. Меѓународниот сојуз за заштита на природата (МСЗП/IUCN) го води видот под статусот „најмала загриженост“ (LC).

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ТӀаус ( Ingush )

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ТIаус (эрс: Павли́н, Павли́н обыкновенный, лат: Pavo cristatus) — таьрахах лаьрхIача эггара дуккхагIа йола кеп я «тIаусаш» яхача ваьра чура. ТIаусаш тайп-тайпара бессаш долаш хул.

ТIатовжамаш

  • ТIаусах лаьца (эрс)
  • Барахоева Н. М., Кодзоев Н. Д., Хайров Б. А. Ингушско-русский и русско-ингушский словарь терминов. — Назрань: Кеп, 2016.
  • Тариева Л. У. Ингушско-русский словарь. — Нальчик, 2009.
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ТӀаус: Brief Summary ( Ingush )

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ТIаус (эрс: Павли́н, Павли́н обыкновенный, лат: Pavo cristatus) — таьрахах лаьрхIача эггара дуккхагIа йола кеп я «тIаусаш» яхача ваьра чура. ТIаусаш тайп-тайпара бессаш долаш хул.

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भारतीय मोर ( Bihari languages )

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भारतीय मोर (वैज्ञानिक नाँव: Pavo cristatus) एगो पक्षी ह जेवन कि मुख्य रूप से दक्षिणी आ दक्षिण पूर्वी एशिया में पावल जाला। मोर अधिकतर खुले वन में वन्यपक्षी की तरह रहे ला।

भारतीय मोर भारतराष्ट्रीय पक्षी हवे।

वितरण आ आवास

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पूंछ फइलवले मोर

भारतीय मोर भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप क देसी निवासी हवे आ ई श्रीलंका में भी शुष्क तराई क्षेत्रन में पावल जाला।

 src=
Pavo cristatus

संदर्भ

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भारतीय मोर ( Hindi )

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भारतीय मोर या नीला मोर (पावो क्रिस्टेटस) दक्षिण एशिया के देशी तीतर परिवार का एक बड़ा और चमकीले रंग का पक्षी है, दुनिया के अन्य भागों में यह अर्द्ध-जंगली के रूप में परिचित है। नर, मोर, मुख्य रूप से नीले रंग के होते हैं साथ ही इनके पंख पर चपटे चम्मच की तरह नीले रंग की आकृति जिस पर रंगीन आंखों की तरह चित्ती बनी होती है, पूँछ की जगह पंख एक शिखा की तरह ऊपर की ओर उठी होती है और लंबी रेल की तरह एक पंख दूसरे पंख से जुड़े होने की वजह से यह अच्छी तरह से जाने जाते हैं। सख्त और लम्बे पंख ऊपर की ओर उठे हुए पंख प्रेमालाप के दौरान पंखे की तरह फैल जाते हैं। मादा में इस पूँछ की पंक्ति का अभाव होता है, इनकी गर्दन हरे रंग की और पक्षति हल्की भूरी होती है। यह मुख्य रूप से खुले जंगल या खेतों में पाए जाते हैं जहां उन्हें चारे के लिए बेरीज, अनाज मिल जाता है लेकिन यह सांपों, छिपकलियों और चूहे एवं गिलहरी वगैरह को भी खाते हैं। वन क्षेत्रों में अपनी तेज आवाज के कारण यह आसानी से पता लगा लिए जाते हैं और अक्सर एक शेर की तरह एक शिकारी को अपनी उपस्थिति का संकेत भी देते हैं। इन्हें चारा जमीन पर ही मिल जाता है, यह छोटे समूहों में चलते हैं और आमतौर पर जंगल पैर पर चलते है और उड़ान से बचने की कोशिश करते हैं। यह लंबे पेड़ों पर बसेरा बनाते हैं। हालांकि यह भारत का राष्ट्रीय पक्षी है।

वर्गीकरण और नामकरण

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भारतीय मोर का सामान्य पंख का सिरा। ये पंख प्रणय निवेदन के समय खड़े हो जाते हैं।

भारतीय मोर उन कई मूल प्रजातियों में से एक है जिसका वर्णन 18 वीं सदी में लिनिअस द्वारा किए गए काम सिस्टम नेचर में था और यह अभी तक अपने मूल नाम पावो क्रिस्टेटस से जाना जाता है।[2] लैटिन जीनस नाम पावो और ऐंगलो-सैक्शन पवे (जिसमें से "मयूर" शब्द व्युत्पन्न हुआ है) उनके मूल से ही इसके प्रतिध्वनित होने का विश्वास है और सामान्यतः पक्षी की आवाज के आधार पर होता है। प्रजाति का नाम क्रिस्टेटस इसकी शिखा को संदर्भित करता है।[3]

प्रारंभिक रूप से लिखित अंग्रेजी शब्द में इसका उपयोग 1300 प्रकार से हुआ है और इसकी वर्तनी में पेकोक, पेकोक, पेकोक्क, पाकोच्के, पोकोक्क, प्य्च्कोक्क, पौकोक्क, पोकॉक, पोकोक, पोकोक्के और पूकोक भिन्न प्रकार के शब्द शामिल हैं। वर्तमान वर्तनी 17 वीं सदी के अन्त में तय किया गया था। चौसर (1343-1400) शब्द का इस्तेमाल एक दंभी और आडंबरपूर्ण व्यक्ति की उपमा "प्राउड अ पेकोक" त्रोइलुस एंड क्रिसेय्डे (बुक I, लाइन 210)। [4]

मोर के लिए यूनानी शब्द था टओस और जो "तवूस" से संबंधित था (जैसे कि तख्त-ए-तावोस प्रसिद्ध मयूर मुकुट के लिए)। [5] हिब्रू शब्द तुकी (बहुवचन तुक्कियिम) तमिल शब्द तेख से आया है लेकिन कभी कभी मिस्र के शब्द तेख से भी संकेत हुए हैं।[6][7]

विवरण

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एक प्रमुख मोर

नर, एक मोर के नाम से जाना जाता है, एक बड़ा पक्षी जिसकी लंबाई चोंच से लेकर पूंछ तक 100 के 115 सेमी (40-46 इंच) होती है और अन्त में एक बड़ा पंख 195 से 225 सेमी (78 से 90 इंच) और वजन 4-6 किलो (8.8-13.2 एलबीएस) होता है। मादा या मयूरी, कुछ छोटे लंबाई में करीब 95 सेम (38 इंच) के आसपास और 2.75-4 किलोग्राम (6-8.8 एलबीएस) वजन के होते हैं। उनका आकार, रंग और शिखा का आकार उन्हें अपने देशी वितरण सीमा के भीतर अचूक पहचान देती है। नर का मुकुट धातु सदृश नीला और सिर के पंख घुंघराले एवं छोटे होते हैं। सिर पर पंखे के आकार का शिखर गहरे काले तीर की तरह और पंख पर लाल, हरे रंग का जाल बना होता है। आंख के ऊपर सफेद धारी और आँख के नीचे अर्धचन्द्राकार सफेद पैच पूरी तरह से सफेद चमड़ी से बना होता है। सिर के पक्षों पर इंद्रधनुषी नीले हरे पंख होते है। पीछे काले और तांबे के निशान के साथ शल्की पीतल -हरा पंख होता है। स्कंधास्थि और पंखों का रंग बादामी और काला, शुरू में भूरा और बाद में काला होता है। पूंछ गहरे भूरे रंग का और ऊपर लम्बी पूंछ का "रेल" (200 से अधिक पंख, वास्तविक पूंछ पंख केवल 20) होता है और लगभग सभी पंखों पर एक विस्तृत आंख होती है। बाहरी पंख पर कुछ कम आंखें और अंत में इसका रंग काला और आकार अर्द्धचन्द्राकार होता है। नीचे का भाग गहरा चमकदार और पूंछ के नीचे हरे रंग की लकीर खींची होती है। जांघें भूरे रंग की होती हैं। नर के पैर की अंगुली और पिछले भाग के ऊपर पैर गांठ होती है।[8][9]

वयस्क मोरनी के सिर पर मिश्रित-भूरे रंग का शिखर और नर का शिखर शाहबलूत हरे रंग के साथ होता है। ऊपरी भाग भूरा साथ में हल्का रंगबिरंगा होता है। प्राथमिक, माध्यमिक और पूंछ गहरे भूरे रंग के होते हैं। गर्दन धातु सदृश हरा और स्तन पंख गहरे भूरे रंग के साथ हरे रंग का होता है। निचले के बाकी हिस्से सफेद होते हैं।[8] युवा कोमल गहरे भूरे रंग का साथ ही गर्दन के पीछे का भाग पीला जिस पर आँखें बनी होती हैं।[10] युवा नर मादाओं की तरह की तरह लगते हैं लेकिन पंखों का रंग बादामी होता है।[10][11]

पक्षियों की आम पक्षियों आवाज बहुत तेज पिया-ओ या मिया-ओ होती है। मानसून के मौसम से पहले इनकी पुकारने की बारंबारता बढ़ जाती है और अधिक तेज शोर से परेशान होकर यह अलार्म की तरह आवाज निकालने लगते हैं। वन क्षेत्रों में, अपनी तेज आवाज के कारण यह अक्सर एक शेर की तरह एक शिकारी को अपनी उपस्थिति का संकेत भी देते हैं।[8][11] यह अन्य तरह की तेज आवाजें भी करते हैं जैसे कि कां-कां या बहुत तेज कॉक-कॉक .[11][12]

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एक लयूसिस्टिक सफेद मोर कि कई पार्क में चयनात्मक प्रजनन द्वारा जार्डिन देस प्लांटस, पेरिस में इस एक जैसे बनाए रखा है। इस उत्परिवर्तन आमतौर पर एक सूरजमुखी मनुष्य के लिए गलत है।
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एक मोर की "ओसल्लाते" पूंछ कोवेर्ट्स

भारतीय मोर में कई प्रकार के रंग परिवर्तन होते हैं। जंगलों में यह बहुत मुश्किल से ही होता है, लेकिन चयनात्मक प्रजनन की अधीनता में यह आम होता है। शुरू में काले कंधों या जापान्ड उत्परिवर्तन पी.सी. निग्रिपेंनिस{/{/0} एक उपप्रजाति थी और डारविन के समय के दौरान एक विषय था। इस उत्परिवर्तन में नर काले पंखों के साथ कालि रुजा होते हैं जबकि मादा पर काले और भूरे रंग की आकृति श्वेत कोशिकाओं के साथ होते हैं।[10] लेकिन यह केवल जनसंख्या के भीतर आनुवंशिक भिन्नता का मामला है। अन्य प्रकार में शामिल है विचित्र और सफेद प्रकार जो विशिष्ट लोसी के ऐलेलिक के परिवर्तन के कारण है।[13][14]

वितरण और आवास

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लम्बी पूंछ ऊपरी कोवेर्ट्स ऊपर मोर की "रेल" बना

भारतीय मोर भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप का प्रजनक निवासी है और यह श्रीलंका शुष्क तराई क्षेत्रों में पाया जाता है। दक्षिण एशिया में, यह 1800 मीटर की ऊंचाई के नीचे और कुछ दुर्लभ परिस्थिति में 2000 मीटर की ऊंचाई पर पाया जाता है।[15] यह नम और सूखी पर्णपाती जंगलों में पाया जाता है, लेकिन यह खेती क्षेत्रों में और मानव बस्तियों के आसपास रहने के अनुकूलित हैं और आमतौर पर वहां पाए जाते हैं जहां पानी उपलब्ध है। उत्तरी भारत के कई भागों में, जहां वे धार्मिक भावना द्वारा संरक्षित हैं और चारे के लिए गांवों और नगरों पर निर्भर करते हैं। कुछ लोगों ने सुझाव दिया है कि मोर, अलेक्जेंडर द ग्रेट द्वारा यूरोप में पेश किया गया था,[16] जबकि अन्य सुझाव है कि पक्षी 450 ईसा पूर्व एथेंस पहुँचे थे और इससे पहले से भी वहां हो सकते हैं।[17] बाद में यह दुनिया के कई अन्य भागों में परिचित किए गए है और कुछ क्षेत्रों में यह जंगली जीव हैं।[11]

व्यवहार और पारिस्थितिकी

मोर अपने नर के असाधारण पंख प्रदर्शन पंख के कारण सर्वश्रेष्ठ तरीके से जाने जाते हैं, जो वास्तव में उनके पीछे की तरफ बढ़ते हैं और जिसे पूंछ समझ लिया जाता है। अत्यधिक लम्बी पूंछ की "रेल" वास्तविकता में ऊपरी अप्रकट भाग है। पूंछ भूरे रंग की और मोरनी की पूंछ छोटी होती है। पंखों की सूक्ष्म संरचना के परिणामस्वरूप रंगों की अद्भुत घटना परिलक्षित होती है।[18] नर की लंबी रेल पंख (और टार्सल स्पर) जीवन के दूसरे वर्ष के बाद ही विकसित होती हैं। पूरी तरह से विकसित पंख चार साल से अधिक उम्र के पक्षियों में पाए जाते हैं। उत्तरी भारत में, प्रत्येक के लिए यह फ़रवरी महीने के शुरू में विकसित होता है और अगस्त के अंत में गिर जाता है।[19] उड़ान भरने वाले पंख साल भर में रहते हैं।[20]

माना जाता है कि अलंकृत पंखों का प्रदर्शन यह मादाओं से प्रेमालाप और यौन चयन के लिए अपने पंखों को उठा कर उन्हें आकर्षित करने के लिए करते हैं कई अध्ययनों से पता चला है कि पंखों की गुणवत्ता पर ही मादा नर की हालत का ईमानदार संकेत देखकर नर का चुनाव करती हैं। हाल के अध्ययनों से पता चला है कि मादा द्वारा नर के चुनाव में अन्य संकेत भी शामिल हो सकते हैं।[21][22]

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भारतीय होडल पर इम्मातुरेस साथ हरियाणा, भारत के फरीदाबाद जिले में मोरनी
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Pavo cristatus

छोटे समूहों में मादाएं चारा चुगती हैं, जिसे मस्टर के रूप में जाना जाता है, आम तौर पर इनमें एक नर और 3-5 मादाएं होती हैं। प्रजनन के मौसम के बाद, झुंड में केवल मादा और युवा ही रहते हैं। यह सुबह खुले में पाए जाते हैं और दिन की गर्मी के दौरान छायादार स्थान में रहते हैं। गोधूलि बेला में वे धूल से स्नान के शौकीन होते हैं, पूरी झुंड एक पंक्ति में एक पसंदीदा जलस्थल पर पानी पीने जाते हैं। आमतौर पर जब वे परेशान होते हैं, भागते हैं और बहुत कम उड़ान भरते हैं।[11]

मोर प्रजनन के मौसम में विशेष रूप से जोर से आवाज निकालते हैं। रात को जब वे पड़ोसी पक्षियों को आवाज निकालते हुए सुनते हैं तो चिंतित होकर उसी श्रृंखला में आवाज निकालने लगते हैं। मोर की सामान्यतः छह प्रकार के अलार्म की आवाज के अलावा करीब सात किस्म की आवाज अलग अलग लिंगों द्वारा निकाली गई आवाज को पहचाना जा चुका है।[23]

मोर ऊँचे पेड़ों पर अपने बसेरे से समूहों में बांग भरते हैं लेकिन कभी कभी चट्टानों, भवनों या खंभों का उपयोग करते हैं। गिर के जंगल में, यह नदी के किनारे किसी ऊंची पेड़ को चुनते हैं।[24][25] गोधूलि बेला में अक्सर पक्षी अपने पेड़ों पर बने बसेरे पर से आवाज निकालते हैं।[26] बसेरे पर एकत्रित बांग भरने के कारण, कई जनसंख्या इन स्थलों पर अध्ययन करते हैं। जनसंख्या की संरचना की जानकारी ठीक प्रकार से नहीं है, उत्तरी भारत (जोधपुर) के एक अध्ययन के अनुसार, नरों की संख्या 170-210 प्रति 100 मादा है लेकिन दक्षिणी भारत (इंजर) में बसेरा स्थल पर शाम की गिनती के अनुसार 47 नरों के अनुपात में 100 मादाएं पाई गईं। [12]

प्रजनन

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एक प्रदर्शित करने के पुरुष के पीछे देखने छोटी पूंछ पंख दिखा

मोर बहुविवाही होते हैं और प्रजनन के मौसम फैला हुआ होता है लेकिन वर्षा पर निर्भर करता है। कई नर झील के किनारे एकत्र होते हैं औरअक्सर निकट संबंधी होते हैं।[27] झील पर नर अपना एक छोटा सा साम्राज्य बनाते हैं और मादाओं को वहां भ्रमण करने देते हैं और हरम को सुरक्षित करने का प्रयास नहीं करते हैं। मादा किसी विशिष्ट नर के साथ नहीं दिखाई देती हैं।[28] नर अपने पंखों को उठाकर प्रेमालाप के लिए उन्हें आमंत्रित करते हैं। पंख आधे खुले होते हैं और अधोमुख अवस्था में ही जोर से हिलाकर समय समय पर ध्वनि उत्पन्न करते हैं। नर मादा के चेहरे के सामने अकड़ता और कूदता है एवं कभी कभी चारों ओर घूमता है उसके बाद अपने पंखों का प्रदर्शन करता है।[11] नर भोजन दिखाकर भी मादा को प्रेमालाप के लिए आमंत्रित करते हैं।[29] नर मादा के न होने पर भी यह प्रदर्शन कर सकते हैं। जब एक नर प्रदर्शन करता है, मादा कोई आकर्षण प्रकट नहीं करती और दाना चुगने का काम जारी रखती हैं।[12] दक्षिण भारत में अप्रैल-मई में, श्रीलंका में जनवरी-मार्च में और उत्तरी भारत में जून चरम मौसम है। घोंसले का आकार उथला और उसके निचले भाग में परिमार्जित पत्तियां, डालियां और अन्य मलबे होते हैं। घोंसले कभी कभी इमारतों पर भी होते हैं[30] और यह भी दर्ज किया गया है कि किसी त्यागे हुए प्लेटफार्मों और भारतीय सफेद गिद्ध द्वारा छोड़े गए घोंसलों का प्रयोग करते हैं घोंसलों में 4-8 हलके पीले रंग के अंडे होते हैं जिसकी देखभाल केवल मादा करती हैं। 28 दिनों के बाद अंडे से बच्चे बाहर आते हैं। चूजे अंडे सेने के बाद बाहर आते ही माँ के पीछे पीछे घूमने लगते हैं।[8] उनके युवा कभी कभी माताओं की पीठ पर चढ़ाई करते हैं और मादा उन्हें पेड़ पर सुरक्षित पहुंचा देती है।[31] कभी-कभी असामान्य सूचना भी दी गई है कि नर भी अंडे की देखभाल कर रहें हैं।[11][32]

आहार

मोर मांसभक्षी होते है और बीज, कीड़े, फल, छोटे स्तनपायी और सरीसृप खाते हैं। वे छोटे सांपों को खाते हैं लेकिन बड़े सांपों से दूर रहते हैं।[33] गुजरात के गिर वन में, उनके भोजन का बड़ा प्रतिशत पेड़ों पर से गिरा हुआ फल ज़िज़िफस होता है।[34] खेती के क्षेत्रों के आसपास, धान, मूंगफली, टमाटर मिर्च और केले जैसे फसलों का मोर व्यापक रूप से खाते हैं।[12] मानव बस्तियों के आसपास, यह फेकें गए भोजन और यहां तक कि मानव मलमूत्र पर निर्भर करते हैं।[11]

मृत्युदर कारक

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अपने 'जंगल में मोर' (1907) में थायेर सुझाव दिया है कि अलंकृत पूंछ छलावरण के लिए एक सहायता था

वयस्क मोर आमतौर पर शिकारियों से बचने के लिए उड़ कर पेड़ पर बैठ जाते हैं। तेंदुए उनपर घात लगाए रहते हैं और गिर के जंगल में मोर आसानी से उनके शिकार बन जाते हैं।[25] समूहों में चुगने के कारण यह अधिक सुरक्षित होते हैं क्योंकि शिकारियों पर कई आँखें टिकी होती हैं।[35] कभी कभी वे बड़े पक्षियों जैसे ईगल हॉक अस्थायी और रॉक ईगल द्वारा शिकार कर लिए जाते हैं।[36][37] य़ुवा के शिकार होने का खतरा कम रहता है। मानव बस्तियों के पास रहने वाले वयस्क मोरों का शिकार कभी कभी घरेलू कुत्ते द्वारा किया जाता है, (दक्षिणी तमिलनाडु) में कहावत है कि मोर के तेल लोक उपचार होता है।[12]

कैद में, पक्षियों की उम्र 23 साल है लेकिन यह अनुमान है कि वे जंगलों में 15 साल ही जीवित रहते हैं।[38]

संरक्षण और स्थिति

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मोर धूमधाम, गर्व और घमंड के साथ जुड़ा हुआ बन के रूप में दिखाया गया है में इस के "सर फलक मयूर" जे जे ग्रंद्विल्ले के काम पर आधारित कारटूनवाला

भारतीय मोर व्यापक रूप से दक्षिण एशिया के जंगलों में पाए जाते हैं और भारत के कई क्षेत्रों में सांस्कृतिक और कानून दोनों के द्वारा संरक्षित हैं। रूढ़िवादी अनुमान है कि इनकी जनसंख्या के 100000 से अधिक है।[39] मांस के लिए अवैध शिकार तथापि जारी है और भारत के कुछ भागों में गिरावट नोट किया गया है।[40]

नर ग्रीन मोर, पावो मुतीकुस और मोरनी की सन्तानें हाईब्रिड होती हैं, जिसे कैलिफोर्निया की श्रीमती कीथ स्पाल्डिंग के नाम पर स्पाल्डिंग पुकारा जाता है।[41] यहां एक समस्या हो सकती है अगर जंगलों में अज्ञात पक्षियों से वंशावली जारी रहे तो हाईब्रिडों की संख्या कम होने लगेगी (देखें हल्दाने'स रूल और आउट ब्रिडिंग डीप्रेशन

बीज कीटनाशक, मांस के कारण अवैध शिकार, पंख और आकस्मिक विषाक्तता के कारण मोर पक्षियों की जान को खतरा है।[42] इनके द्वारा गिराए पंखों की पहचान कर उसे संग्रह करने की अनुमति भारतीय कानून देता है।[43]

भारत के कुछ हिस्सों में यह पक्षी उपद्रव करते हैं, कई जगह ये फसलों और कृषि को क्षति पंहुचाते हैं।[11] बगीचों और घरों में भी इनके कारण समस्याएं आती है जहाँ वे पौधों, अपनी छवि को दर्पण में देखकर तोड़ देना, चोंच से कारों को खरोंच देना या उन पर गोबर छोड़ देते है। कई शहरों में, जंगली मोर प्रबंधन कार्यक्रम शुरू किया गया है। नागरिकों को शिक्षित किया जाना चाहिए कि पक्षियों के उपचार में शामिल हों और उन्हें नुकसान करने से कैसे रोकें.[44][45][46]

संस्कृति में

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मुरुगन या स्कंद की प्रतिमा तिरुवोत्तियुर पर मंदिर से

कई संस्कृतियों में मोर को प्रमुख रूप से निरूपित किया गया है, अनेक प्रतिष्ठिानों में इसे आईकन के रूप में प्रयोग किया गया है, 1963 में इसे भारत का राष्ट्रीय पक्षी घोषित किया गया।[11] मोर, को संस्कृत में मयूर कहते हैं, भारत में अक्सर इसे परंपराओं, मंदिर में चित्रित कला, पुराण, काव्य, लोक संगीत में जगह मिली है।[47] कई हिंदू देवता पक्षी के साथ जुड़े हैं, कृष्णा के सिर पर मोर का पंख बंधा रहता, जबकि यह शिव का सहयोगी पक्षी है जिसे गॉड ऑफ वॉर कार्तिकेय (स्कंद या मुरुगन के रूप में) भी जाने जाते हैं। बौद्ध दर्शन में, मोर ज्ञान का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है।[48] मोर पंख का प्रयोग कई रस्में और अलंकरण में किया जाता है। मोर रूपांकनों वस्त्रों, सिक्कों, पुराने और भारतीय मंदिर वास्तुकला और उपयोगी और कला के कई आधुनिक मदों में इसका प्रयोग व्यापक रूप से होता है।[17] ग्रीक पौराणिक कथाओं में मोर का जिक्र मूल अर्गुस और जूनो की कहानियों में है।[41] सामान्यतः कुर्द धर्म येज़ीदी के मेलेक टॉस के मुख्य आंकड़े में मोर को सबसे अधिक रूप से दिखाया गया है।[49][50] मोर रूपांकनों को अमेरिकी एनबीसी टेलीविजन नेटवर्क और श्रीलंका के एयरलाइंस में व्यापक रूप से इस्तेमाल किया गया है।

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जूनो और अर्गुस, रूबेंस द्वारा (1620 ग)

इन पक्षियों को पिंजरे में अक्सर और बड़े बगीचों और गहनों के रूप में रखा गया है। बाइबिल में एक संदर्भ में राजा सुलैमान (I किंग, चैप्टर X 22 और 23) के स्वामित्व में मोर का उल्लेख है। मध्यकालीन समय में, यूरोप में शूरवीर "मयूर की शपथ" लिया करते थे और अपने हेलमेट को इसके पंखों से सजाते थे। पंख को विजयी योद्धाओं के साथ दफन किया जाता था[51] और इस पक्षी के मांस से सांप के जहर और अन्य कई विकृतियों का इलाज किया जाता था।[51] आयुर्वेद में इसके कई उपयोग को प्रलेखित किया गया है। कहा जाता है कि मोर के रहने से क्षेत्र सांपों से मुक्त रहता है।[52]

मोर और मोरनी के रंग में अंतर की पहेली के विरोधाभास पर कई विचारक सोचने लगे थे। चार्ल्स डार्विन ने आसा ग्रे को लिखा है कि " जब भी मैं मोर के पंखों को टकटकी लगा कर देखता हूं, यह मुझे बीमार बनाता है !" वह असाधारण पूंछ के एक अनुकूली लाभ को देखने में असफल रहे थे जिसे वह केवल एक भार समझते थे। डार्विन को 'यौन चयन "का एक दूसरा सिद्धांत विकसित करने के लिए समस्या को सुलझाने की कोशिश की. 1907 में अमेरिकी कलाकार अब्बोत्त हन्देरसों थायेर ने कल्पना से अपने ही में छलावरण से पंखों पर बने आंखो के आकार को एक चित्र में दर्शाया.[53] 1970 में यह स्पष्ट विरोधाभास ज़हावी अमोत्ज़ के सिद्धांत बाधा और हल आधारित ईमानदार संकेतन इसके विकास पर लिखा गया, हालांकि यह हो सकता है कि सीधे वास्तविक तंत्र - हार्मोन के कारण शायद पंखों का विकास हुआ हो और जो प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली को दबाता हो.[54][55]

1850 के दशक में एंग्लो इंडियन समझते थे कि सुबह मोर देखने का मतलब है दिनभर सज्जनों और देवियों का दौरा चलता रहेगा. 1890 में, ऑस्ट्रेलिया में "पीकॉकिंग" का अर्थ था जमीन का सबसे अच्छा भाग ("पीकिंग द आईज़") खरीदा जाएगा.[56] अंग्रेजी शब्द में "मोर" का संबध ऐसे व्यक्ति से किया जाता था जो अपने कपड़ों की ओर ध्यान दिया करता था और बहुत दंभी था।[57]

सन्दर्भ

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  25. Parasharya,BM; Mukherjee, Aeshita (1999). "Roosting behaviour of Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96 (3): 471–472.सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)
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  29. Stokes, AW & H. Warrington Williams (1971). "Courtship Feeding in Gallinaceous Birds" (PDF). The Auk. 88 (3): 543–559.
  30. Vyas,R (1994). "Unusual breeding site of Indian Peafowl". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 34 (6): 139.
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  41. Jackson, CE (2006). Peacock. Reaktion Books, London. पपृ॰ 10–11. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 9781861892935.
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  54. Zahavi, Amotz; Avishag Zahavi, Amir Balaban, Melvin Patrick Ely (1999). The handicap principle: a missing piece of Darwin's puzzle. Oxford University Press. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0195129148.सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)
  55. Ros, Albert; Correia, Maria; Wingfield, John; Oliveira, Rui (2009). "Mounting an immune response correlates with decreased androgen levels in male peafowl, Pavo cristatus". Journal of Ethology. 27 (2): 209–214. डीओआइ:10.1007/s10164-008-0105-0.सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)
  56. Partridge, E & Paul Beale (2002). A dictionary of slang and unconventional English. Routledge. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0415291895.
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अन्य स्रोत

  • गलुषा, जे जी, हिल, एल एम (1996), संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका वाशिंगटन काउंटी, जेफरसन पर सुरक्षा द्वीप, क्रिस्टेटस एक अध्ययन के व्यवहार की भारतीय मोर पावो 34 पावो (1 और 2) :23-31.
  • गांगुली, यू (1965) एक छत पर एक मोरनी घोंसलों. बर्डवाचर के लिए न्यूज़लैटर. 5 (4) :4-6.
  • प्रकाश संभोग मोर पावो क्रिस्टेटस के) एम (1968. बर्डवाचर के लिए न्यूज़लैटर. 8 (6), 4-5.
  • राव, एमएस, जकी, एस, गणेश, एक मयूर में टी कोलिबसिल्लोसिस (1981)। वर्तमान विज्ञान 50 (12) :550-551.
  • शर्मा, इंद्रकुमार (1969) आवास एट कोम्पोर्त्मेंट डु पावों (पावो क्रिस्टेटस). 37 अलौदा (3) :219-223.
  • शर्मा, इंद्रकुमार (1970) का विश्लेषण एकोलोगिकुए देस परेड डु पों (क्रिस्टेटस पावो). 38 अलौदा (4) :290-294.
  • शर्मा, इंद्रकुमार (1972) तसवीर का ख़ाका डे ला एकोलोगिकुए प्रजनन डे ला पों (पावो क्रिस्टेटस). 40 Alauda (4) :378-384.
  • शर्मा इंद्रकुमार, (1973) क्रिस्टेटस) पावो (मोर पर्यावरण के अध्ययन के बायोमास की। 22 तोरी (93-94) :25-29.
  • शर्मा, इंद्रकुमार (1974) नोट एकोलोगिकुए सुर ले पों ब्लू, पावो क्रिस्टेटस . Les 34:41-45 जूलोगिए डे कारनेट.
  • शर्मा, इंद्रकुमार (1981) रूपांतरों और डेजर्ट थार पावो क्रिस्टेटस) में भारतीय (कोम्मेंसलिटी का मोर. इतिहास क्षेत्र शुष्क. 20 (2) :71-75.
  • श्रीवास्तव, अटल बिहारी, नायर, एन.आर.; अवधिया, आरपी; कटियार, ए (1992) क्रिस्टेटस) पावो अभिघातजन्य वेंत्रिचुलितिस में मयूर (. भारतीय डॉक्टर. 69 जे (8): 755.

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भारतीय मोर: Brief Summary ( Hindi )

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भारतीय मोर या नीला मोर (पावो क्रिस्टेटस) दक्षिण एशिया के देशी तीतर परिवार का एक बड़ा और चमकीले रंग का पक्षी है, दुनिया के अन्य भागों में यह अर्द्ध-जंगली के रूप में परिचित है। नर, मोर, मुख्य रूप से नीले रंग के होते हैं साथ ही इनके पंख पर चपटे चम्मच की तरह नीले रंग की आकृति जिस पर रंगीन आंखों की तरह चित्ती बनी होती है, पूँछ की जगह पंख एक शिखा की तरह ऊपर की ओर उठी होती है और लंबी रेल की तरह एक पंख दूसरे पंख से जुड़े होने की वजह से यह अच्छी तरह से जाने जाते हैं। सख्त और लम्बे पंख ऊपर की ओर उठे हुए पंख प्रेमालाप के दौरान पंखे की तरह फैल जाते हैं। मादा में इस पूँछ की पंक्ति का अभाव होता है, इनकी गर्दन हरे रंग की और पक्षति हल्की भूरी होती है। यह मुख्य रूप से खुले जंगल या खेतों में पाए जाते हैं जहां उन्हें चारे के लिए बेरीज, अनाज मिल जाता है लेकिन यह सांपों, छिपकलियों और चूहे एवं गिलहरी वगैरह को भी खाते हैं। वन क्षेत्रों में अपनी तेज आवाज के कारण यह आसानी से पता लगा लिए जाते हैं और अक्सर एक शेर की तरह एक शिकारी को अपनी उपस्थिति का संकेत भी देते हैं। इन्हें चारा जमीन पर ही मिल जाता है, यह छोटे समूहों में चलते हैं और आमतौर पर जंगल पैर पर चलते है और उड़ान से बचने की कोशिश करते हैं। यह लंबे पेड़ों पर बसेरा बनाते हैं। हालांकि यह भारत का राष्ट्रीय पक्षी है।

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मुजुर ( Nepali )

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Pavo cristatus

मुजुर वा भारतिय निलो मयूर (वैज्ञानिक नाम: Pavo cristatus)[२][३][४][५][६][७] नेपालमा पाइने एक प्रकारको चराको नाम हो । यसलाई अङ्ग्रेजीमा इण्डियन पिफौल (Indian Peafowl) भनिन्छ ।

तस्विर संग्रह

यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्

सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू

  1. BirdLife International (२००९), "Pavo cristatus", अन्तरराष्ट्रिय प्रकृति संरक्षण संघको रातो सूची संस्करण 2009.2, अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय प्रकृति संरक्षण संघ, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१०-०२-१५
  2. (1996) , database, NODC Taxonomic Code
  3. Gill, Frank, and Minturn Wright (2006) , Birds of the World: Recommended English Names
  4. Dickinson, Edward C., ed. (2003) , The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World, 3rd edition
  5. Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes (2003) , Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
  6. Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner (1987) Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada, Resource Publication, no. 166
  7. (2005) , website, Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource, 2005.05.23

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मुजुर: Brief Summary ( Nepali )

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 src= Pavo cristatus

मुजुर वा भारतिय निलो मयूर (वैज्ञानिक नाम: Pavo cristatus) नेपालमा पाइने एक प्रकारको चराको नाम हो । यसलाई अङ्ग्रेजीमा इण्डियन पिफौल (Indian Peafowl) भनिन्छ ।

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ମୟୂର ( Oriya )

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Pavo cristatus

ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭାଷାକୋଷ ଅନୁସାରେ ମୟୁର କର୍ଷକ ବର୍ଗର ଏକ ପକ୍ଷୀ ବିଶେଷ । ମୟୂର ପ୍ରଜାତିର ପୁରୁଷପକ୍ଷୀକୁ ମୟୂର ଓ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ପକ୍ଷୀକୁ ମୟୂରୀ କୁହାଯାଏ । ମୟୂରର ଲାଞ୍ଜ ଖୁବ ବଡ଼ ହେଇଥିବାରୁ ତାହାକୁ ଲୋକୋକ୍ତିରେ ଲଞ୍ଜା ମୟୁର ଏବଂ ମୟୂରୀର ଲାଞ୍ଜ ଛୋଟ ହେଇଥିବାରୁ ତାହାକୁ ଲାଣ୍ଡୀ ମୟୂର ବୋଲି ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ । ମୟୂରର ଲାଞ୍ଜର ବଡ଼ ପକ୍ଷ ଓ କଣ୍ଠର କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର ପର ନାନା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣରେ ରଞ୍ଜିତ । ମୟୂରୀର ପରର ରଙ୍ଗ ମୟୁର ତୁଳନାରେ ଅପେକ୍ଷା କୃତ ମ୍ଲାନ ହେଲେହେଁ ମୟୂର ପରି ମୟୂରୀ ମଧ୍ୟ ସମମାତ୍ରାରେ ଆକର୍ଷଣୀୟ । ଏଣୁ ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀ ପ୍ରଜାତି କାଳେ କାଳେ ବିଶ୍ୱର ବିହଙ୍ଗ ବିବିଧତା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରମୁଖତା ପାଇଆସିଛି। । ଏହା ସଂସ୍କୃତ ମି ଧାତୁରୁ ଉର୍ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟଦ୍ୱାରା ନିଷ୍ପନ୍ନ । ମିର ଅର୍ଥ କ୍ଷେପଣକରିବା ବୋଲି ଭାଷାକୋଷ ଲେଖିଥିଲେହେଁ ଏହାର ପ୍ରକୃତ ଅର୍ଥ ମାରିପକାଇବା । ମୟୂରର ଏକ ବିଶେଷତ୍ୱ ହେଉଛି, ପ୍ରାଣନାଶକାରୀ ବିଷଧର ସର୍ପକୁ ସେ ମାରିପକାଏ ।[୨] ସେଥିପାଇଁ ହିଁ ମି ଧାତୁର ଉର୍ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଯୋଗରେ ମୟୁର ଶବ୍ଦର ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଇଛି । ଭାଷାକୋଷ ଅନୁସାରେ ମୟୂରର ଅନ୍ୟନାମ କେକୀ, ଶିଖି, ଶିଖଣ୍ଡୀ ।

ମୟୁର ଭାରତର ଜାତୀୟ ପକ୍ଷୀ । ୧୯୬୨ରେ ଜାପାନର ରାଜଧାନୀ ଟୋକିଓରେ ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ପକ୍ଷୀ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣର ଯେଉଁ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ହେଇଥିଲା ସେଥିରେ ସବୁ ଦେଶକୁ ନିଜ ନିଜର ଜାତୀୟ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଚୟନ ପରାମର୍ଶ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା । ଏହାର ମୂଲ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଅବଶ୍ୟ ଥିଲା ପକ୍ଷୀ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ପାଇଁ ସଚେତନତା ସୃଷ୍ଟି । ମାତ୍ର ଏହା ଫଳରେ ମୟୂର ପାଇଲା ଭାରତର ପକ୍ଷୀର ମାନ୍ୟତା।ଫଳ ସ୍ୱରୂପ ୧୯୬୩ରୁ ମୟୂର ଭାରତର ଜାତୀୟ ପକ୍ଷୀ ରୂପେ ବିବେଚିତ ହେଲା ।[୩]

ବିବିଧ ଭାଷାରେ ନାମ

ମୟୂର ଦେଶ ବିଦେଶରେ ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ ନାମରେ ପରିଚିତ। ଓଡ଼ିଆରେ ମୟୂର କୁହାଯାଏ । ହିନ୍ଦୀ, ଉର୍ଦ୍ଦୁ , ଗୁଜରାଟୀମରାଠିରେ ଏହାକୁ ମୋର୍ କୁହାଯାଉଥିବା ବେଳେ କନ୍ନଡ଼ରେ ନଭିଲା ଓ ତେଲୁଗୁରେନେମିଲା କୁହାଯାଏ । ସେହିପରି ସିଂହଳରେ ଏହା ମନାର,ଫରାସୀରେ ପାଓନ୍ ଓ ପର୍ସିଆରେ ତାଉସ୍ ନାମରେ ପରିଚିତ । [୪] କିନ୍ତୁ ବିଶ୍ୱର ପ୍ରାଣୀ ବିଜ୍ଞାନୀମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଏହାର ଗୋଟିଏ ନାମ ପାଭୋ କ୍ରିଷ୍ଟାଟସ୍ ।

କଳା ଓ ସାହିତ୍ୟ

ବହୁ ପ୍ରାଚୀନ କାଳରୁ ମୟୂର ଦେଶ ବିଦେଶର କଳା,ସାହିତ୍ୟ,ସଂସ୍କୃତିରେ ପ୍ରମୂଖ ସ୍ଥାନ ପାଇଆସିଛି । ସିନ୍ଧୁ ସଭ୍ୟତା ସମୟରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ମୟୁର ବେଶ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ଥିଲା।ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ସଭ୍ୟତା ମହେଞ୍ଜୋଦାରୋ, ହରପ୍ପାର ପ୍ରତ୍ନତାତ୍ୱିକ ଖନାରୁ ମିଳିଥିବା ମୃତପାତ୍ରରେ ମୟୁରର ଚିତ୍ର ରହିଛି । ଆଜିଠୁ ପ୍ରାୟ ତିନିହଜାର ବର୍ଷ ପୂର୍ବ ଫୋନେସୀୟମାନେ ଭାରତରୁ ମୟୁର ନେଇ ଇଜିପ୍ଟର ଫାରୋ ସୋଲୋମନଙ୍କୁ ଉପହାର ଦେଇଥିବାର ପ୍ରମାଣ ମିଳେ ।

ଗବେଷକଙ୍କ ମତରେ

  1. ପକ୍ଷୀ ବିଜ୍ଞାନୀମାନଙ୍କ ଅନୁସାରେ ମୟୂରର ପରରେ ଥିବା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣାଳିର ଗୋପନସୂତ୍ର ଭିନ୍ନ।ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଗବେଷଣା ପତ୍ରିକା ପ୍ରୋସିଡିଂସ୍ ଅଫ୍ ଦ ନ୍ୟାସନାଲ ଏକାଡେମୀ ଅଫ୍ ସାଇନ୍ସ ଅନୁସାରେ କେରାଟିନ୍ ଓ ମେଲାନିନ୍ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସମନ୍ୱୟର କିଂଚିତ ବିଚ୍ୟୁତିରୁ ଏହି ବର୍ଣ୍ଣାଳିସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଇଛି । କେରାଟିନ୍ ହେଉଛି ସେହି ରାସାୟନିକ ଉପାଦାନ ଯାହା ଆମ ହାତ ଆଙ୍ଗୁଠିର ନଖରେ ଥାଏ ।
  2. ତ୍ରୟୋଦଶ ଶତଦ୍ଦୀର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ପ୍ରକୃତିତତ୍ତ୍ୱବିତ ହଂସଦେବ ବଣ୍ୟ ପଶୁପକ୍ଷୀମାନଙ୍କ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ମୃଗପକ୍ଷୀ ଶାସ୍ତ୍ରମ୍ ନାମକ ଏକ ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ ରଚନା କରିଛନ୍ତି । ସେଥିରେ ସେ ବର୍ଗ, ବସତି ଓ ବ୍ୟବହାର ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀକୁ ଛଅ ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରିଛନ୍ତି, ସେହି ବିଭାଗ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଉଛି :- ମୟୂର, ବର୍ହିନ୍, ନୀଳକଣ୍ଠନ୍, ଭୁଜଙ୍ଗଭୁକ୍, ଶିଖାବଳ ଓ କେକୀନ୍ ।
  3. କ୍ରିଷ୍ଣା ଲାଲ୍ ନାମକ ଜଣେ ଗବେଷକ ମୟୂର ବିଷୟକ ତାଙ୍କର ଏକ ଇଂରାଜୀ ପୁସ୍ତକରେ ମୟୁରର ଅନ୍ୟ କେତେକ ସଂସ୍କୃତ ନାମ ଦେଇଛନ୍ତି । ମୟୂରର କଣ୍ଠର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ନୀଳ-ତେଣୁ ସେ ନୀଳକଣ୍ଠ, ତାହାର ଏକ ଶିଖା ଅଛି-ତେଣୁ ସେ ଶିଖି, ମୟୂରର ପର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣାଳୀରେ ଭରା-ତେଣୁ ସେ ଚିତ୍ରପିଚକ, ତାର ପର ବୃତ୍ତାକାରରେ ସଜ୍ଜିତ-ତେଣୁ ସେ କଳପୀ, ମୟୂରର ପରର ଶୋଭା ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସୁନ୍ଦର-ତେଣୁ ସେ ଶିଖଣ୍ଡୀ, ମୟୂର ସାପ ଖାଏ-ତେଣୁ ସେ ଭୁଜଙ୍ଗଭୁକ୍, ମୟୂର ମେଘ ଦେଖି ନାଚେ-ତେଣୁ ସେ ମେଘାନନ୍ଦ, ମୟୂରର ଆଖିର ପ୍ରାନ୍ତ ବା ଅପାଙ୍ଗ ଶ୍ୱେତବର୍ଣ୍ଣର-ତେଣୁ ସେ ସିତାପାଙ୍ଗ ।

ଜୀବନ ଓ ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ବିଜ୍ଞାନ

ପ୍ରଜନନ

ମୟୂରମାନେ ବହୁସଂସର୍ଗୀ । ପ୍ରଜନନ ଋତୁ ଲମ୍ବା ହେଲେ ହେଁ ବର୍ଷା ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭର କରେ । ୨-୩ ବର୍ଷ ବୟସରେ ସେମାନେ ପ୍ରଜନନକ୍ଷମ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ।[୫] ପ୍ରଜନନ ଋତୁ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଅନେକ ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ଏକତ୍ର ହୋ‍ଇ ମୟୂରୀ ମାନଙ୍କୁ ଆକର୍ଷିତ କରିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରନ୍ତି । ଏଥିରେ ମୟୂର ପ୍ରଥମେ ନିଜ ପୁଚ୍ଛକୁ ଟେକି ପଙ୍ଖା ଆକାରରେ ସଜାଇ ରଖେ । ଡେଣାଦ୍ୱୟକୁ ଅଧା ଖୋଲା ରଖି ମଝିରେ ମଝିରେ ନିଜ ପୁଚ୍ଛକୁ ହଲାଇ ଏକ ଶବ୍ଦ କରେ । ମୟୂରୀ ଆସିଲେ ମୟୂର ଛାତି ଟେକି ଚାଲେ ଆଉ ନାଚେ ଏବଂ ମଝିରେ ମଝିରେ ବୁଲି ନିଜର ସୁନ୍ଦର ପୁଚ୍ଛ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତ କରେ ।[୬] ସମୟେ ସମୟେ କୌଣସି ମୟୂରୀ ନଥେଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ମୟୂର ତା ନାଚ କରିଥାଏ । ମୟୂରୀ ଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ କେବେ ମୟୂରର ନାଚକୁ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦିଏନାହିଁ ବରଂ ନିଜର ଭୋଜନ ସନ୍ଧାନରେ ଲାଗିଥାଏ ।[୭] ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ମୟୂରର ନିଜ ନିଜ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଥାଏ ଯେଉଁଠି ସଙ୍ଗମ ପାଇଁ ମୟୂରୀ ଆସେ, କିନ୍ତୁ ନିଜ ସଙ୍ଗିନୀ ମାନଙ୍କୁ ଜଗିବାକୁ ଅଣ୍ଡିରା କୌଣସି ଉଦ୍ୟମ କରେନାହିଁ । ପ୍ରଜନନ ଋତୁ ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ଶ୍ରୀଲଙ୍କାରେ ଜାନୁଆରୀରୁ ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ, ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଭାରତରେ ଏପ୍ରିଲରୁ ମେ ଓ ଉତ୍ତର ଭାରତରେ ଜୁନ ।

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ମେଘକୁ ଦେଖି ମୟୂରର ପୁଚ୍ଛ ଟେକି ନାଚର ଉପକ୍ରମ

ଅଣ୍ଡା ଦବା ଲାଗି ମାଟିରେ ଅଳ୍ପ ଖୋଳି ସେଥିରେ ଡାଳ, ପତ୍ର, କୁଟା ଆଦି ବିଛାଇ ବସା ତିଆରି ହୁଏ । ମାନବ ବସତି ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ବସା କୋଠା ଉପରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ହୋ‍ଇପାରେ ।[୮] ମାଈ ଥରକରେ ୪-୮ଟି ଅଣ୍ଡା ଦିଏ ଓ ତାକୁ ନିଜେ ହିଁ ଉଷୁମାଏ । ଅଣ୍ଡା ଈଷତ୍ ହଳଦୀ ମିଶା ଧଳା ଓ ପ୍ରାୟ ୨୮ ଦିନରେ ଫୁଟେ । ଛୁଆ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଜନ୍ମର ଅନତି ପରେ ମୟୂରୀ ସହ ଦାନା ସନ୍ଧାନରେ ଯାଇପାରନ୍ତି ।[୯] ଛୁଆଟି ଅତି ଦୁର୍ବଳିଆ ହୋ‍ଇଥିଲେ ମୟୂରୀ ତାକୁ ନିଜ ଉପରେ ବସାଇ ଗଛ ଡାଳରେ ଛାଡ଼ିଆସେ ।[୧୦]

ଭୋଜନ

ଇତିହାସ

ଆଲେକଜାଣ୍ଡାର

ବିଶ୍ୱର ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ଐତିହାସିକ ବୃତ୍ତାନ୍ତମାନଙ୍କରୁ ମିଳୁଥିବା ପ୍ରମାଣ ଅନୁସାରେ ଗ୍ରୀକ ବୀର ଆଲେକଜାଣ୍ଡାର ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟପୂର୍ବ ୩୨୬ରେ ଭାରତ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିବା ପରେ ଭାରତରୁ ୨୦୦ଟି ମୟୁର ଗ୍ରୀକକୁ ନେଇଯାଇଥିଲେ।ରୋମରେ ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟପୂର୍ବ ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଶତାଦ୍ଦୀରେ ମୟୁର ଥିବାର ପ୍ରମାଣ ମିଳେ ଆରିଷ୍ଟୋଟଲଙ୍କ ରଚନାରୁ । ପେରିକ୍ଲିସଙ୍କ ସମୟରେ (ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟପୂର୍ବ ୫୯୦ରୁ ୪୨୯) ଏହି ବିରଳ ପକ୍ଷୀକୁ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ଦୂରଦୂରାନ୍ତରରୁ ଲୋକ ଆସୁଥିବାର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା ମଧ୍ୟ ରହିଛି ।[୨] ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟପୂର୍ବ ତୃତୀୟ ଶତକରେ ମୟୁର ଥିଲା ମୌର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟର ସନ୍ତକ।ବିହାର ବୁଲନ୍ଦିବାଗର କୁମାରହାର ପ୍ରତ୍ନତାତ୍ତ୍ୱିକ ଖନନରୁ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଗୁପ୍ତ ମୌର୍ଯ୍ୟଙ୍କ ପ୍ରାସାଦର ଭିତ୍ତିରେ ମୟୁରର ଚିତ୍ର ଖୋଦିତ ହୋଇଥିବାର ନିଦର୍ଶନ ମିଳିଛି।

ଓଡ଼ିଶା

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ଗୋଟିଏ ପୁରୁଷ ମୟୂରର ଉପରଭାଗ

ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ଗଡଜାତ ରାଜ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରାଚୀନତମ ଓ ପ୍ରଧାନ ମୟୁରଭଞ୍ଜ ମଧ୍ୟ ମୟୁର ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ନେଇ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଇଥିବାର ଜଣାଯାଏ । ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭାଷାକୋଷ ଅନୁସାରେ, ଆଜିଠୁଁ ପ୍ରାୟ ୨୦୦୦ ବର୍ଷତଳେ ରାଜପୁତନାର ଜୟପୁର ରାଜବଂଶର ଜଣେ ରାଜପୁରୁଷ ଏହି ରାଜ୍ୟ ସ୍ଥାପନ କରି ସେଠାରେ ରାଜତ୍ୱ କରୁଥିଲେ । ପ୍ରଥମେ ଏହାର ନାମଥିଲା ହରିହରପୁର । ମୟୁର ଥିଲା ରାଜବଂଶର ସଙ୍କେତ ଏବଂ ରାଜାମାନେ ଥିଲେ ଭଞ୍ଜବଂଶୀ।ତେଣୁ ତାହା ପରେ ମୟୁରଭଞ୍ଜ ନାମରେ ପରିଚିତ ହେଲା । ଗଜପତି ରାଜାଙ୍କ ରାଜତ୍ୱରେ ନୀଳଗିରି, ସିଂହଭୂମି, ବରାହଭୂମି, ପଥରାଇ, ନରସିଂହପୁର, ସାରଣ୍ଡା, କେନ୍ଦୁଝର ଆଦି ଏବଂ ସିଂହଭୂମି, ମାନଭୂମି ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ମାନ ଏହିରାଜ୍ୟର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଗତ ଥିଲା । କାଳକ୍ରମେ ସେହି ସବୁ ରାଜ୍ୟ ମୟୁରଭଞ୍ଜରୁ ବିଚ୍ଛିନ୍ନ ହୋଇଯାଇଛି ।

ଭାଷାକୋଷରେ ମୟୁରଭଞ୍ଜର ନାମ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ଆଉ ଏକ ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗ ମଧ୍ୟ ମିଳେ । ମୟୁରଭଞ୍ଜର ଏକ ପୂର୍ବତନ ରାଜବଂଶର ଉପାଧି ଥିଲା ମୟୁରଧ୍ୱଜ'। ସେହି 'ମୟୁରଧ୍ୱଜ ରାଜବଂଶର ଗର୍ବଭଞ୍ଜନ କରି ସିଂହାସନ ଅଧିକାର କରିଥିବାରୁ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ରାଜବଂଶର ନାମ ମୟୁରଭଞ୍ଜ ହେଇଥିଲା ।

ମୟୁର ସିଂହାସନ

ମୟୁର ସହିତ ରାଜବଂଶ ବା ରାଜସନ୍ତକର ସମ୍ପର୍କ କଥା ଆସିଲେ, ପ୍ରଥମେ ମନକୁ ଆସେ ମୟୂର ସିଂହାସନ।ଏ ହେଉଛି ସେହି ରାଜ ଆସନ ଯାହାକୁ ନେଇ ମୋଗଲକାଳୀନ ଭାରତରେ ସଂଘଟିତ ହେଇଛି ବହୁ ଦ୍ୱନ୍ଦ,ସଂଘର୍ଷ ଓ ରକ୍ତପାତର ନାଟକ।ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ମୟୂର ସିଂହାସନର ଅସ୍ତିତ୍ୱ ନଥିଲେ ହେଁ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ କାଳରେ ଏହି ନାମଟି ଗର୍ବ ଓ ଗାରିମାର ଏକ ପ୍ରତୀକ ହୋଇରହି ଆସିଛି, ୧୮୧୨ରେ ତୁର୍କୀର ସୁଲତାନ ଫତେ ଅଲି ଶାହା କାଜାରଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ନିର୍ମିତ ସିଂହାସନକୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ମୟୂର ସିଂହାସନ କୁହାଯାଉଥିଲା ।

ଅଶୋକ

ମୟୂରର ସୁନ୍ଦର ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରିକା ତାକୁ ଯେତିକି ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ଦେଇଛି,ସେପରି ମଧ୍ୟ ତାହାର ମୃତ୍ୟୁର କାରଣ ହେଇ ଆସିଛି।ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଏହି ସୁନ୍ଦର ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରିକା ପାଇଁ ଶିକାରୀମାନେ ମୟୂରକୁ ଶିକାର କରିଥାନ୍ତି।ଅନେକ ସ୍ଥଳରେ ସ୍ୱାଦିଷ୍ଠ ମାଂସ ପାଇଁ ମଧ୍ୟ ମୟୂର ଶିକାର କରାଯାଇଥାଏ।ସମ୍ରାଟ ଅଶୋକଙ୍କର ଗୀର୍ଣ୍ଣାର ଶିଳାଲେଖରୁ ଏହା ଏକ ପ୍ରମାଣ ମିଳେ।ଅଶୋକ ଥିଲେ ମୟୂରମାଂସ ପ୍ରିୟ।ତେଣୁ ରାଜମଣୋହି ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ବହୁ ମୟୂରଙ୍କୁ ହତ୍ୟା କରାଯାଉଥିଲା।ପରେ ଅଶୋକ ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ମାତ୍ର ୨ଟି ମୟୂର ଓ ଗୋଟିଏ ମୃଗରେ ସୀମିତ ରଖିବାକୁ ସେହି ଶିଳାଲେଖରେ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶ ଦେଇଥିଲେ।[୧୧]

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Peacock displaying feathers during dancing

ପୁରାଣ

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A White Peacock

କାର୍ତ୍ତିକେୟ

ମୟୁର କାଳେକାଳେ କଳା,ସାହିତ୍ୟ,ଇତିହାସ ଓ ପୁରାଣ ଆଦିରେ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସ୍ଥାନ ପାଇଆସିଛି । ଆମ ପୁରାଣର ଶୌର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଓ ସୌନ୍ଦର୍ଯୟର ଦେବତା କାର୍ତ୍ତିକେୟଙ୍କର ବାହାନ ହେଉଛି ମୟୂର।ତାରକାସୁରର ବିନାଶ ପାଇଁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଯେତେବେଳେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଦେବଦେବୀ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଆୟୁଧ ଓ ଭୂଷଣ ଦାନ କରୁଥିଲେ,ସେତିକି ବେଳେ ଗରୁଡ଼ ନିଜର ପୁତ୍ର ମୟୁରଙ୍କୁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଦାନ କରିଥିଲେ । ସେହି ଗରୁଡ଼ ପୁତ୍ର ମୟୂର ହେଲେ କାର୍ତ୍ତିକେୟଙ୍କ ବାହାନ ।[୨]

ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ପୌରାଣିକ ଉପାଖ୍ୟାନ ଅନୁସାରେ, ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଭାରତର ମୟୁରପୁର ପର୍ବତଠାରେ କାର୍ତ୍ତିକେୟ ତାରକାସୁରକୁ ବିନାଶ କରିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ତାରକାସୁର ଏକ ମୟୂର ରୂପରେ ପୁନର୍ଜନ୍ମ ନେଇଥିଲା । ସ୍କନ୍ଦପୁରାଣର ବୀରମହେନ୍ଦ୍ର କାଣ୍ଡ ଅନୁସାରେ,ମୟୁର ଏକ ଅସୁର।ସେ ସ୍କନ୍ଦ ବା ସୁବ୍ରହ୍ମଣ୍ୟ ବା କାର୍ତ୍ତିକେୟଙ୍କ ସହ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କରିଥିଲା । ମହାଭାରତ ଆଦିପର୍ବର ୬୫ ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ ଅନୁସାରେ,ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ପରେ ମୟୂର ବିଶ୍ୱ ନାମକ ଏକ ରାଜା ରୂପେ ପୁନର୍ଜନ୍ମ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲା।

ଅଶ୍ୱମେଧ ଯଜ୍ଞ

ଋକବେଦରେ ଇନ୍ଦ୍ରଙ୍କର ପ୍ରିୟପକ୍ଷୀ ରୂପେ ମୟୂରର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା ଅଛି । ଶୁକ୍ଳ ଯଜୁର୍ବେଦ ଅନୁସାରେ ଅଶ୍ୱମେଧ ଯଜ୍ଞରେ ଅଶ୍ୱିନୀ କୁମାରଙ୍କୁ ମୟୁର ଆହୁତି ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା । ଏହି ଆହୁତିଦ୍ୱାରା ଅଶ୍ୱମେଧର ଅଶ୍ୱ ସହଜରେ ସ୍ୱର୍ଗାରୋହଣ କରିଥାଏ ବୋଲି ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ ଅଛି ।

ଇନ୍ଦ୍ରଦେବ

ଆଉ ଏକ ଉପାଖ୍ୟାନ ଅନୁସାରେ, ରାବଣ ଥରେ ସ୍ୱର୍ଗରାଜ୍ୟ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରି ଦେବତା ମାନକୁ ପରାସ୍ତ କଲା।ଇନ୍ଦ୍ର ପରାସ୍ତ ହେଇ ପଳାୟନ କଲେ ଏବଂ ଯାଇ ଗୋଟିଏ ମୟୂରର ପରଭିତରେ ଲୁଛି ରହିଲେ।ସେଥିପାଇଁ ସଂକଟ ଟଳିଯିବା ପରେ ସେ ମୟୂରକୁ ବରଦେଇ - ମୋର ସହସ୍ରାକ୍ଷି ପରି ଆଜିଠୁ ତୋର ପର ସହସ୍ରାକ୍ଷି ହେବ ବୋଲି କହିଥିଲେ । ସେହି ଦିନଠୁ ମୟୂର ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରିକାଯୁକ୍ତ ପରରେ ଶୋଭା ପାଇଲା ଓ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ହେଲା । ଋକବେଦ ସଂହିତା ଅନୁସାରେ ଇନ୍ଦ୍ରଙ୍କ ଅଶ୍ୱର ଅନ୍ୟନାମ ମୟୂରାରୋମ । କାରଣ ତାହାର ଲୋମର ରଙ୍ଗ ମୟୂରର ରଙ୍ଗ ପରି ଏବଂ ପୁଚ୍ଛ ମଧ୍ୟ ମୟୂରର ପୁଚ୍ଛ ପରି । ଅଥର୍ବବେଦ ଅନୁସାରେ ମୟୂର ସର୍ପବିଷ ନିବାରକ । [୨]

ଗ୍ରୀକ୍ ପୁରାଣ

ଗ୍ରୀକ୍ ପୁରାଣ୍ ଅନୁସାରେ ଜୁପିଟରଙ୍କ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଜୁନୋ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଖଳ ପ୍ରକୃତିର ଥିଲେ । ସେ ଆର୍ଗସ ନାମକ ଏକ ରାକ୍ଷସର ଶହେଟି ଆଖିକୁ ଉପାଡ଼ି ନେଇ ମୟୂରର ଲାଞ୍ଜରେ ଖଞ୍ଜି ଦେଇଥିଲେ।ସେହି ପରି ଗ୍ରୀକ୍ ପୁରାଣର ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ଉପାଖ୍ୟାନ ଅନୁସାରେ ହେରା ତାଙ୍କର ବିଶ୍ୱସ୍ତ ପ୍ରହରୀ ହେବାପାଇଁ ମୟୂରର ପରରେ ବହୁ ଆଖି ଖଞ୍ଜି ଦେଇଥିଲେ, ତାହା ହିଁ ହେଉଛି ମୟୂର ପରର ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରିକା ।

ଧର୍ମ

ବୌଦ୍ଧ ଜାତକ କଥା ମହାମୟୂର ଜାତକ ଅନୁସାରେ ଭଗବାନ ବୁଦ୍ଧ ଏକଦା ଏକ ସୁନାମୟୂର ରୂପେ ଜନ୍ମଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ । ପୁଣି ବୌଦ୍ଧ ଧର୍ମରେ ମହାମୟୂରୀ ନାମରେ ଜଣେ ଦେବୀ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅଛନ୍ତି ।[୧୨]

ଆଧାର

  1. BirdLife International (2009). "Pavo cristatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  2. ୨.୦ ୨.୧ ୨.୨ ୨.୩ Krishna Lal (1 January 2007). Peacock In Indian Art, Thought And Literature. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-429-5. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  3. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-16/open-space/27830704_1_national-bird-peacock-common-man
  4. http://www.archive.org/stream/booksword00unkngoog#page/n197/mode/1up
  5. "Common (Indian) Peafowl". Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
  6. Ali, S; Ripley, S D (1980). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. 2 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 123–126. ISBN 0-19-562063-1.
  7. Johnsingh, AJT; Murali, S (1978). "The ecology and behaviour of the Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) Linn. of Injar". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75 (4): 1069–1079.
  8. Vyas, R (1994). "Unusual breeding site of Indian Peafowl". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 34 (6): 139.
  9. Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds (4th ed.). Gurney and Jackson, London. pp. 401–410. ISBN 1-4067-4576-6.
  10. Singh, H (1964). "Peahens flying up with young". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 4 (1): 14.
  11. http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/king_asoka.pdf
  12. http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BH/bh117490.htm

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இந்திய மயில் ( Tamil )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

மயில் எனப் பொதுவாக அழைக்கப்படுகின்ற, இந்திய மயில் (Indian peafowl, [Pavo cristatus]) அல்லது நீல மயில் இந்தியத் துணைக்கண்டத்தைப் பூர்வீகமாகக் கொண்ட பறவைகளில் ஒன்றாகும். இது பசியானிடே குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த பறவையான மயிலின் இரு பேரினங்களுள் ஒன்றான, பேவோ (Pavo) பேரினத்தினுள் அடங்கும், cristatus என்ற இனத்தைச் சேர்ந்த ஒரு பறவையாகும். இவற்றின் பூர்வீகம் இந்தியத் துணைக்கண்டமாக இருப்பினும், இவை உலகின் பல பாகங்களில் மனிதர்களால் கொண்டு செல்லப்பட்டதால் அங்கும் பரவி காணப்படுகின்றன. பேவோ பேரினத்தினுள் வரும் மற்றொரு இனமான muticus பச்சை மயில் என அழைக்கப்படும்.[2][3] இவை இரண்டும் தென்னாசியாவிற்குரிய பெரிய வண்ணமயமான கோழி இனவகைப் பறவைகளாகும்.

இந்தியாவின் தேசியப் பறவை மயில் ஆகும்.[4]

ஆண் மயிலின் கழுத்து, மார்பு, வயிறு பளபளக்கும் கருநீல நிறத்திலும், இறக்கைகளில் வெள்ளையும், பழுப்புமாக இறகுகள் போன்ற பட்டைகளும் இருக்கும். நீண்ட தோகை பச்சை நிறத்திலும், பளபளக்கும் கருநீல வட்டங்களையும் கொண்டிருக்கும். தோகையில் உள்ள சில சிறகுகளின் முனை பிற வடிவத்தில் இருக்கும். ஆண் மயில் உருவில் பெரியவை. மயிலின் அலகின் முனையில் இருந்து வால் சிறகு வரை சுமார் 100-115 செ. மீ. நீளமும், நன்கு வளர்ந்த முதிர்ந்த பறவைகளில் முழுவதுமாக வளர்ந்த தோகையின் கடைசி முனை வரை கணக்கிட்டால் சுமார் 195-225 செ.மீ. நீளமும் கொண்டிருக்கும். இதன் எடை சுமார் 4-6 கிலோ இருக்கும். தோகையில் சுமார் 200க்கும் மேற்பட்ட சிறகுகள் இருக்கும். எனினும் வால் சிறகுகள் 20 மட்டுமே.

பெண் மயிலுக்கு நீண்ட தோகை கிடையாது. இவற்றின் கழுத்து, பளபளக்கும் பச்சை, வெள்ளை, கருப்பு ஆகிய வண்ணங்களைக் கொண்ட செதில் வடிவ இறகுகளைக் கொண்டும், வயிற்றுப்பகுதி வெள்ளையாகவும், இருக்கும். இவை ஆண் மயில்களை விட உருவில் சிறியவை. சுமார் 95 செ.மீ. நீளமும், 2.75-4 கிலோ எடையும் உடையவை. கோழி வகைப் பறவைகளிலேயே மயில்கள்தான் உருவில் பெரிதாகவும், எடைமிக்கதாகவும் விளங்குகின்றன[5],[6].

மயிலின் ஆண், பெண் இரண்டிற்குமே தலையில் கொண்டை இருக்கும். ஆண் மயிலின் முகத்தில் கண்ணின் மேலும், கீழும் வெள்ளை நிறத்தில் பிறை வடிவில் அடர்ந்த சிறகுகள் இல்லாத பட்டைகள் போன்ற இறகுகள் இருக்கும். பெண் மயிலில் முகத்தில் கண்களுக்கு மேல் வெள்ளை நிறப் பட்டையும், முகத்தின் பக்கவாட்டிலும், கழுத்து ஆரம்பிக்கும் பகுதியிலும் வெள்ளையாக இருக்கும்[7].

படத்தொகுப்பு

குறிப்புக்கள்

  1. "Pavo cristatus". பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கத்தின் செம்பட்டியல் பதிப்பு 2009.2. பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கம் (2009). பார்த்த நாள் 2010-02-15.
  2. "Green Peafowl (Description)". Encyclopedia Of Life. பார்த்த நாள் 30 சனவரி 2018.
  3. "The Difference in Peafowls & Peacocks". பார்த்த நாள் 30 சனவரி 2018.
  4. "National Symbols". india.gov.in, National Portal of India. india.gov.in. பார்த்த நாள் 30 சனவரி 2018.
  5. Blanford, WT (1898). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. 4. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 681–70.
  6. Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds (4th ed.). Gurney and Jackson, London. pp. 401–410. {{ISBN|1-4067-4576-6}}.
  7. Ali, S; Ripley, S D (1980). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. 2 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 123–126. ISBN 0-19-562063-1

வெளியிணைப்புக்கள்

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இந்திய மயில்: Brief Summary ( Tamil )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

மயில் எனப் பொதுவாக அழைக்கப்படுகின்ற, இந்திய மயில் (Indian peafowl, [Pavo cristatus]) அல்லது நீல மயில் இந்தியத் துணைக்கண்டத்தைப் பூர்வீகமாகக் கொண்ட பறவைகளில் ஒன்றாகும். இது பசியானிடே குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த பறவையான மயிலின் இரு பேரினங்களுள் ஒன்றான, பேவோ (Pavo) பேரினத்தினுள் அடங்கும், cristatus என்ற இனத்தைச் சேர்ந்த ஒரு பறவையாகும். இவற்றின் பூர்வீகம் இந்தியத் துணைக்கண்டமாக இருப்பினும், இவை உலகின் பல பாகங்களில் மனிதர்களால் கொண்டு செல்லப்பட்டதால் அங்கும் பரவி காணப்படுகின்றன. பேவோ பேரினத்தினுள் வரும் மற்றொரு இனமான muticus பச்சை மயில் என அழைக்கப்படும். இவை இரண்டும் தென்னாசியாவிற்குரிய பெரிய வண்ணமயமான கோழி இனவகைப் பறவைகளாகும்.

இந்தியாவின் தேசியப் பறவை மயில் ஆகும்.

ஆண் மயிலின் கழுத்து, மார்பு, வயிறு பளபளக்கும் கருநீல நிறத்திலும், இறக்கைகளில் வெள்ளையும், பழுப்புமாக இறகுகள் போன்ற பட்டைகளும் இருக்கும். நீண்ட தோகை பச்சை நிறத்திலும், பளபளக்கும் கருநீல வட்டங்களையும் கொண்டிருக்கும். தோகையில் உள்ள சில சிறகுகளின் முனை பிற வடிவத்தில் இருக்கும். ஆண் மயில் உருவில் பெரியவை. மயிலின் அலகின் முனையில் இருந்து வால் சிறகு வரை சுமார் 100-115 செ. மீ. நீளமும், நன்கு வளர்ந்த முதிர்ந்த பறவைகளில் முழுவதுமாக வளர்ந்த தோகையின் கடைசி முனை வரை கணக்கிட்டால் சுமார் 195-225 செ.மீ. நீளமும் கொண்டிருக்கும். இதன் எடை சுமார் 4-6 கிலோ இருக்கும். தோகையில் சுமார் 200க்கும் மேற்பட்ட சிறகுகள் இருக்கும். எனினும் வால் சிறகுகள் 20 மட்டுமே.

பெண் மயிலுக்கு நீண்ட தோகை கிடையாது. இவற்றின் கழுத்து, பளபளக்கும் பச்சை, வெள்ளை, கருப்பு ஆகிய வண்ணங்களைக் கொண்ட செதில் வடிவ இறகுகளைக் கொண்டும், வயிற்றுப்பகுதி வெள்ளையாகவும், இருக்கும். இவை ஆண் மயில்களை விட உருவில் சிறியவை. சுமார் 95 செ.மீ. நீளமும், 2.75-4 கிலோ எடையும் உடையவை. கோழி வகைப் பறவைகளிலேயே மயில்கள்தான் உருவில் பெரிதாகவும், எடைமிக்கதாகவும் விளங்குகின்றன,.

மயிலின் ஆண், பெண் இரண்டிற்குமே தலையில் கொண்டை இருக்கும். ஆண் மயிலின் முகத்தில் கண்ணின் மேலும், கீழும் வெள்ளை நிறத்தில் பிறை வடிவில் அடர்ந்த சிறகுகள் இல்லாத பட்டைகள் போன்ற இறகுகள் இருக்கும். பெண் மயிலில் முகத்தில் கண்களுக்கு மேல் வெள்ளை நிறப் பட்டையும், முகத்தின் பக்கவாட்டிலும், கழுத்து ஆரம்பிக்கும் பகுதியிலும் வெள்ளையாக இருக்கும்.

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

ඉන්දියානු මොනරා ( Sinhalese )

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Pavo cristatus

ඉන්දියානු මොනරා හෙවත් නිල් මොනරා (Pavo cristatus) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ දකුණු ආසියාවට ස්වදේශීය වූ විශාල සහ දීප්තිමත් වර්ණ සහිත මොනර විශේෂයකි. නමුත් පසුකාලීනව ලෝකයේ බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවලට හඳුන්වා දී ඇත.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

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විකිපීඩියා කතුවරුන් සහ කතුවරුන්

အိန္ဒိယဒေါင်း ( Burmese )

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Pavo cristatus

အိန္ဒိယဒေါင်း

ကိုးကား

  1. Pavo cristatusIUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2။ International Union for Conservation of Nature (2009)။
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ဝီကီပီးဒီးယားစာရေးသူများနှင့်အယ်ဒီတာများ

အိန္ဒိယဒေါင်း: Brief Summary ( Burmese )

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အိန္ဒိယဒေါင်း

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ဝီကီပီးဒီးယားစာရေးသူများနှင့်အယ်ဒီတာများ

Paone ( Sardinian )

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Pavo cristatus

Su Paone (Pavo cristatus), de sa Familia Fasanidi. Est originariu de s'India. Sas pumas sunu de colore biaittu. Connottu dae s'antighidade dae sos Gregos e dae sos Romanos, chi lu mandigaiana. Ispantosa sa coa de su masciu, cun pinnas longas fintzas unu metro, de su colore 'e su brunzu; in d'ogni pinna ada "un oju" de colore'irde, e de ateros colores. Sos paones faghene un'ispecie de "danza" adenanti de sas feminas ( sa paonissas); e faghene sa roda, cun sas pinnas a ventagliu. In logos meda s'agatana paones in su zoo. Sunu animales chi vivene a longu.

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ಮೈರೆ ( Tcy )

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ಮೈರೆ
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Pavo cristatus

ಉಂದು ಒಂಜಿ ಜಾತಿದ ಪಕ್ಕಿ.[೧] ಕನ್ನಡೊಡ್ ನವಿಲ್, ಗ್ರೀಕ್ ಮೂಲೊ ಪದೊಟು ಪಿಕೋಕ್ ಪಂದ್ಲಾ ಪನ್ಪೆರ್. ಉಂದೆತ ವೈಜ್ನಾನಿಕ ಪುದರ್ ಪಾರೊ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ಟೇಟಸ್(Paro Cristatus) ಈ ಪಕ್ಕಿಡ್ ಆಣ್, ಪೊಣ್ಣ್ ಪನ್ಪಿನ ರಡ್ಡ್ ಜಾತಿ ಉಂಡ್. ಆಣ್ ಮೈರೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ತನ್ನ ರೆಕ್ಕೆನ್ ಬುಡ್ಪಾವುಂಡ್, ಉಂದು ರೆಕ್ಕೆ ಬುಡ್ಪಾವನಗ ಸುಯಿಕುಲು ತೂಯರೆ ಬಾರಿ ಪೊರ್ಲು. ಈ ಪೊರ್ಲುಡೇ ಪೊಣ್ಣ್ ಮೈರೆನ್ ಒಲಿತೊಂಬುಂಡು. ಉಂದೆಕ್ಲೆನ ಆಹಾರೋ ಮಿಶ್ರಾಹಾರ. ಸಸ್ಯಾಹಾರೊನ್ಲಾ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ವಿಶಕಾರಿ ಪರಪುನೆಕ್ಲೆನ್ಲಾ ಬೋಂಟೆ ಮಲ್ತ್ ದ್ ತಿನ್ಪೊ. ಮೈರೆಲು ಒಂಟಿ ಆದ್ಲಾ ಉಪ್ಪುವಾ, ಗುಂಪುಡ್ಲಾ ಬದುಕುವ. ಮೈರೆ ನಮ್ಮ ಭಾರತದ ರಾಸ್ಟ್ರಾಪಕ್ಶಿಲಾ ಅಂದ್.[೨]

ಉಲ್ಲೇಕೊ

  1. http://kanaja.in/archives/4496
  2. http://hakkipukka.com/indian-peafowl/
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Indian peafowl

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The Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus), also known as the common peafowl, and blue peafowl, is a peafowl species native to the Indian subcontinent. It has been introduced to many other countries. Male peafowl are referred to as peacocks, and female peafowl are referred to as peahens, although both sexes are often referred to colloquially as a "peacock".[2]

Indian peafowl display a marked form of sexual dimorphism. The peacock is brightly coloured, with a predominantly blue fan-like crest of spatula-tipped wire-like feathers and is best known for the long train made up of elongated upper-tail covert feathers which bear colourful eyespots. These stiff feathers are raised into a fan and quivered in a display during courtship. Despite the length and size of these covert feathers, peacocks are still capable of flight. Peahens lack the train, have a white face and iridescent green lower neck, and dull brown plumage. The Indian peafowl lives mainly on the ground in open forest or on land under cultivation where they forage for berries, grains but also prey on snakes, lizards, and small rodents. Their loud calls make them easy to detect, and in forest areas often indicate the presence of a predator such as a tiger. They forage on the ground in small groups and usually try to escape on foot through undergrowth and avoid flying, though they fly into tall trees to roost.

The function of the peacock's elaborate train has been debated for over a century. In the 19th century, Charles Darwin found it a puzzle, hard to explain through ordinary natural selection. His later explanation, sexual selection, is widely but not universally accepted. In the 20th century, Amotz Zahavi argued that the train was a handicap, and that males were honestly signalling their fitness in proportion to the splendour of their trains. Despite extensive study, opinions remain divided on the mechanisms involved.

The bird is celebrated in Hindu and Greek mythology, and is the national bird of India. The Indian peafowl is listed as of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.

Taxonomy and naming

Carl Linnaeus in his work Systema Naturae in 1758 assigned to the Indian peafowl the technical name of Pavo cristatus (means "crested peafowl" in classical Latin).

The earliest usage of the word in written English is from around 1300 and spelling variants include pecok, pekok, pecokk, peacocke, peacock, pyckock, poucock, pocok, pokok, pokokke, and poocok among others. The current spelling was established in the late 17th century. Chaucer (1343–1400) used the word to refer to a proud and ostentatious person in his simile "proud a pekok" in Troilus and Criseyde (Book I, line 210).[3]

The Sanskrit, later Pali, and modern Hindi term for the animal is maur. It is debated that the nomenclature of the Maurya Empire, whose first emperor Chandragupta Maurya was raised and influenced by peacock farmers,[4] was named after the terminology.

The Greek word for peacock was taos and was related to the Persian "tavus" (as in Takht-i-Tâvus for the famed Peacock Throne[5]). The Ancient Hebrew word tuki (plural tukkiyim) has been said to have been derived from the Tamil tokei but sometimes traced to the Egyptian tekh.[6][7] In modern Hebrew the word for peacock is "tavas". In Sanskrit, the peacock is known as Mayura and is associated with the killing of snakes.

Description

Male neck detail

Peacocks are a larger sized bird with a length from bill to tail of 100 to 115 cm (39 to 45 in) and to the end of a fully grown train as much as 195 to 225 cm (77 to 89 in) and weigh 4–6 kg (8.8–13.2 lb). The females, or peahens, are smaller at around 95 cm (37 in) in length and weigh 2.75–4 kg (6.1–8.8 lb). Indian peafowl are among the largest and heaviest representatives of the Phasianidae. So far as is known, only the wild turkey grows notably heavier. The green peafowl is slightly lighter in body mass despite the male having a longer train on average than the male of the Indian species. Their size, colour and shape of crest make them unmistakable within their native distribution range. The male is metallic blue on the crown, the feathers of the head being short and curled. The fan-shaped crest on the head is made of feathers with bare black shafts and tipped with bluish-green webbing. A white stripe above the eye and a crescent shaped white patch below the eye are formed by bare white skin. The sides of the head have iridescent greenish blue feathers. The back has scaly bronze-green feathers with black and copper markings. The scapular and the wings are buff and barred in black, the primaries are chestnut and the secondaries are black. The tail is dark brown and the "train" is made up of elongated upper tail coverts (more than 200 feathers, the actual tail has only 20 feathers) and nearly all of these feathers end with an elaborate eye-spot. A few of the outer feathers lack the spot and end in a crescent shaped black tip. The underside is dark glossy green shading into blackish under the tail. The thighs are buff coloured. The male has a spur on the leg above the hind toe.[8][9]

Call of Pavo cristatus

The adult peahen has a rufous-brown head with a crest as in the male but the tips are chestnut edged with green. The upper body is brownish with pale mottling. The primaries, secondaries and tail are dark brown. The lower neck is metallic green and the breast feathers are dark brown glossed with green. The remaining underparts are whitish.[8] Downy young are pale buff with a dark brown mark on the nape that connects with the eyes.[10] Young males look like the females but the wings are chestnut coloured.[10][11]

The most common calls are a loud pia-ow or may-awe. The frequency of calling increases before the Monsoon season and may be delivered in alarm or when disturbed by loud noises. In forests, their calls often indicate the presence of a predators such as the tiger.[8][11] They also make many other calls such as a rapid series of ka-aan..ka-aan or a rapid kok-kok.[11][12] They often emit an explosive low-pitched honk! when agitated.

Mutations and hybrids

A white peafowl that is maintained by selective breeding in many parks such as this one at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. This leucistic mutation is commonly mistaken for an albino.

There are several colour mutations of Indian peafowl. These very rarely occur in the wild, but selective breeding has made them common in captivity. The black-shouldered or Japanned mutation was initially considered as a subspecies of the Indian peafowl (P. c. nigripennis) (or even a separate species (P. nigripennis))[13] and was a topic of some interest during Darwin's time. It is, however, only a case of genetic variation within the population. In this mutation, the adult male is melanistic with black wings.[10][14] Young birds with the nigripennis mutation are creamy white with fulvous-tipped wings. The gene produces melanism in the male and in the peahen it produces a dilution of colour with creamy white and brown markings. Other forms include the pied and white mutations, all of which are the result of allelic variation at specific loci.[15][16]

Crosses between a male green peafowl (Pavo muticus) and a female Indian peafowl (P. cristatus) produce a stable hybrid called a "Spalding", named after Mrs. Keith Spalding, a bird fancier in California.[17] There can be problems if birds of unknown pedigree are released into the wild, as the viability of such hybrids and their offspring is often reduced (see Haldane's rule and outbreeding depression).[18][19]

Distribution and habitat

Peacock dancing at Yala National Park, Sri Lanka
female with chick in Sri Lanka

The Indian peafowl is a resident breeder across the Indian subcontinent and inhabits the drier lowland areas of Sri Lanka. In the Indian subcontinent, it is found mainly below an elevation of 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and in rare cases seen at about 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[20] It is found in moist and dry-deciduous forests, but can adapt to live in cultivated regions and around human habitations and is usually found where water is available. In many parts of northern India, they are protected by religious practices and will forage around villages and towns for scraps. Some have suggested that the peacock was introduced into Europe by Alexander the Great,[21] while others say the bird had reached Athens by 450 BCE and may have been introduced even earlier.[22] It has since been introduced in many other parts of the world and has become feral in some areas.[11]

The Indian peafowl has been introduced to the United States, the United Kingdom,[23] Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, South Africa, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Italy, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, Croatia and the island of Lokrum.[24]

Genome sequencing

The first whole-genome sequencing of Indian peafowl identified a total of 15,970 protein-coding sequences, along with 213 tRNAs, 236 snoRNAs, and 540 miRNAs. The peacock genome was found to have less repetitive DNA (8.62%) than that of the chicken genome (9.45%). PSMC analysis suggested that the peacock suffered at least two bottlenecks (around four million years ago and again 450,000 years ago), which resulted in a severe reduction in its effective population size.[25]

Behaviour and ecology

Peafowl are best known for the male's extravagant display feathers which, despite actually growing from their back, are thought of as a tail. The "train" is in reality made up of the enormously elongated upper tail coverts. The tail itself is brown and short as in the peahen. The colours result not from any green or blue pigments but from the micro-structure of the feathers and the resulting optical phenomena.[26] The long train feathers (and tarsal spurs) of the male develop only after the second year of life. Fully developed trains are found in birds older than four years. In northern India, these begin to develop each February and are moulted at the end of August.[27] The moult of the flight feathers may be spread out across the year.[28]

Peafowl forage on the ground in small groups, known as musters, that usually have a cock and 3 to 5 hens. After the breeding season, the flocks tend to be made up only of females and young. They are found in the open early in the mornings and tend to stay in cover during the heat of the day. They are fond of dust-bathing and at dusk, groups walk in single file to a favourite waterhole to drink. When disturbed, they usually escape by running and rarely take to flight.[11]

Peafowl produce loud calls especially in the breeding season. They may call at night when alarmed and neighbouring birds may call in a relay like series. Nearly seven different call variants have been identified in the peacocks apart from six alarm calls that are commonly produced by both sexes.[29]

Peafowl roost in groups during the night on tall trees but may sometimes make use of rocks, buildings or pylons. In the Gir forest, they chose tall trees in steep river banks.[30][31] Birds arrive at dusk and call frequently before taking their position on the roost trees.[32] Due to this habit of congregating at the roost, many population studies are made at these sites. The population structure is not well understood. In a study in northern India (Jodhpur), the number of males was 170–210 for 100 females but a study involving evening counts at the roost site in southern India (Injar) suggested a ratio of 47 males for 100 females.[12]

Sexual selection

Thayer in his "Peacock in the Woods" (1907) suggested that the function of the ornate tail was camouflage

The colours of the peacock and the contrast with the much duller peahen were a puzzle to early thinkers. Charles Darwin wrote to Asa Gray that the "sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick!" as he failed to see an adaptive advantage for the extravagant tail which seemed only to be an encumbrance. Darwin developed a second principle of sexual selection to resolve the problem, though in the prevailing intellectual trends of Victorian Britain, the theory failed to gain widespread attention.[33]

The American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer tried to show, from his own imagination, the value of the eyespots as disruptive camouflage in a 1907 painting.[34] He used the painting in his 1909 book Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom, denying the possibility of sexual selection and arguing that essentially all forms of animal colouration had evolved as camouflage.[35] He was roundly criticised in a lengthy paper by Theodore Roosevelt, who wrote that Thayer had only managed to paint the peacock's plumage as camouflage by sleight of hand, "with the blue sky showing through the leaves in just sufficient quantity here and there to warrant the author-artists explaining that the wonderful blue hues of the peacock's neck are obliterative because they make it fade into the sky."[36]

In the 1970s a possible resolution to the apparent contradiction between natural selection and sexual selection was proposed. Amotz Zahavi argued that peacocks honestly signalled the handicap of having a large and costly train. However, the mechanism may be less straightforward than it seems – the cost could arise from depression of the immune system by the hormones that enhance feather development.[37][38]

Male courting female

The ornate train is believed to be the result of sexual selection by the females. Males use their ornate trains in a courtship display: they raise the feathers into a fan and quiver them. However, recent studies have failed to find a relation between the number of displayed eyespots and mating success.[39] Marion Petrie tested whether or not these displays signaled a male's genetic quality by studying a feral population of peafowl in Whipsnade Wildlife Park in southern England. She showed that the number of eyespots in the train predicted a male's mating success, and this success could be manipulated by cutting the eyespots off some of the male's ornate feathers.[40]

Although the removal of eyespots makes males less successful in mating,[40] eyespot removal substantially changes the appearance of male peafowls. It is likely that females mistake these males for sub-adults, or perceive that the males are physically damaged. Moreover, in a feral peafowl population, there is little variation in the number of eyespots in adult males. It is rare for adult males to lose a significant number of eyespots. Therefore, females' selection might depend on other sexual traits of males' trains. The quality of train is an honest signal of the condition of males; peahens do select males on the basis of their plumage. A recent study on a natural population of Indian peafowls in the Shivalik area of India has proposed a "high maintenance handicap" theory. It states that only the fittest males can afford the time and energy to maintain a long tail. Therefore, the long train is an indicator of good body condition, which results in greater mating success.[41] While train length seems to correlate positively with MHC diversity in males, females do not appear to use train length to choose males.[42] A study in Japan also suggests that peahens do not choose peacocks based on their ornamental plumage, including train length, number of eyespots and train symmetry.[43] Another study in France brings up two possible explanations for the conflicting results that exist. The first explanation is that there might be a genetic variation of the trait of interest under different geographical areas due to a founder effect and/or a genetic drift. The second explanation suggests that "the cost of trait expression may vary with environmental conditions," so that a trait that is indicative of a particular quality may not work in another environment.[40]

Fisher's runaway model proposes positive feedback between female preference for elaborate trains and the elaborate train itself. This model assumes that the male train is a relatively recent evolutionary adaptation. However, a molecular phylogeny study on peacock-pheasants shows the opposite; the most recently evolved species is actually the least ornamented one.[44] This finding suggests a chase-away sexual selection, in which "females evolve resistance to male ploys".[45] A study in Japan goes on to conclude that the "peacocks' train is an obsolete signal for which female preference has already been lost or weakened".[43]

However, some disagreement has arisen in recent years concerning whether or not female peafowl do indeed select males with more ornamented trains. In contrast to Petrie's findings, a seven-year Japanese study of free-ranging peafowl came to the conclusion that female peafowl do not select mates solely on the basis of their trains. Mariko Takahashi found no evidence that peahens expressed any preference for peacocks with more elaborate trains (such as trains having more ocelli), a more symmetrical arrangement, or a greater length.[43] Takahashi determined that the peacock's train was not the universal target of female mate choice, showed little variance across male populations, and, based on physiological data collected from this group of peafowl, do not correlate to male physical conditions. Adeline Loyau and her colleagues responded to Takahashi's study by voicing concern that alternative explanations for these results had been overlooked, and that these might be essential for the understanding of the complexity of mate choice.[40] They concluded that female choice might indeed vary in different ecological conditions.

A 2013 study that tracked the eye movements of peahens responding to male displays found that they looked in the direction of the upper train of feathers only when at long distances and that they looked only at the lower feathers when males displayed close to them. The rattling of the tail and the shaking of the wings helped in keeping the attention of females.[46]

Breeding

Egg, collection Museum Wiesbaden
Peahen with three chicks near Hodal in Faridabad District of Haryana, India

Peacocks are polygamous, and the breeding season is spread out but appears to be dependent on the rains. Peafowls usually reach sexual maturity at the age of 2 to 3 years old.[47] Several males may congregate at a lek site and these males are often closely related.[48] Males at leks appear to maintain small territories next to each other and they allow females to visit them and make no attempt to guard harems. Females do not appear to favour specific males.[49] The males display in courtship by raising the upper-tail coverts into an arched fan. The wings are held half open and drooped and it periodically vibrates the long feathers, producing a ruffling sound. The cock faces the hen initially and struts and prances around and sometimes turns around to display the tail.[11] Males may also freeze over food to invite a female in a form of courtship feeding.[50] Males may display even in the absence of females. When a male is displaying, females do not appear to show any interest and usually continue their foraging.[12]

The peak season in southern India is April to May, January to March in Sri Lanka and June in northern India. The nest is a shallow scrape in the ground lined with leaves, sticks and other debris. Nests are sometimes placed on buildings[51] and, in earlier times, have been recorded using the disused nest platforms of the white-rumped vultures. The clutch consists of 4–8 fawn to buff white eggs which are incubated only by the female. The eggs take about 28 days to hatch. The chicks are nidifugous and follow the mother around after hatching.[8] Downy young may sometimes climb on their mothers' back and the female may carry them in flight to a safe tree branch.[52] An unusual instance of a male incubating a clutch of eggs has been reported.[11][53]

Feeding

Peafowl are omnivorous and eat seeds, insects (including termites), worms,[54] fruits, small mammals, frogs,[55] and reptiles (such as lizards).[56] They feed on small snakes but keep their distance from larger ones.[57] In the Gir forest of Gujarat, a large percentage of their food is made up of the fallen berries of Zizyphus.[58] They also feed on tree and flower buds, petals, grain, and grass and bamboo shoots.[59] Around cultivated areas, peafowl feed on a wide range of crops such as groundnut, tomato, paddy, chili and even bananas.[12] Around human habitations, they feed on a variety of food scraps and even human excreta.[11] In the countryside, it is particularly partial to crops and garden plants.

Mortality factors

Large animals such as leopards, dholes, golden jackals, and tigers can ambush adult peafowls.[31][60] However, only leopards regularly prey upon peafowls as adult peafowls are difficult to catch since they can usually escape ground predators by flying into trees. [61][62][63] They are also sometimes hunted by large birds of prey such as the changeable hawk-eagle and rock eagle-owl.[64][65] Chicks are somewhat more prone to predation than adult birds. Adults living near human habitations are sometimes hunted by domestic dogs or by humans in some areas (southern Tamil Nadu) for folk remedies involving the use of "peacock oil".[12]

Foraging in groups provides some safety as there are more eyes to look out for predators.[66] They also roost on high tree tops to avoid terrestrial predators, especially leopards.[31]

In captivity, birds have been known to live for 23 years but it is estimated that they live for only about 15 years in the wild.[67]

Conservation and status

Indian peafowl are widely distributed in the wild across South Asia and protected both culturally in many areas and by law in India. Conservative estimates of the population put them at more than 100,000.[68] Illegal poaching for meat, however, continues and declines have been noted in parts of India.[69] Peafowl breed readily in captivity and as free-ranging ornamental fowl. Zoos, parks, bird-fanciers and dealers across the world maintain breeding populations that do not need to be augmented by the capture of wild birds.

Poaching of peacocks for their meat and feathers and accidental poisoning by feeding on pesticide treated seeds are known threats to wild birds.[70] Methods to identify if feathers have been plucked or have been shed naturally have been developed, as Indian law allows only the collection of feathers that have been shed.[71]

In parts of India, the birds can be a nuisance to agriculture as they damage crops.[11] Its adverse effects on crops, however, seem to be offset by the beneficial role it plays by consuming prodigious quantities of pests such as grasshoppers. They can also be a problem in gardens and homes where they damage plants, attack their reflections (thereby breaking glass and mirrors), perch and scratch cars or leave their droppings. Many cities where they have been introduced and gone feral have peafowl management programmes. These include educating citizens on how to prevent the birds from causing damage while treating the birds humanely.[72][73][74]

In culture

Kartikeya with his consorts riding a peacock, painting by Raja Ravi Varma

Prominent in many cultures, the peacock has been used in numerous iconic representations, including being designated the national bird of India in 1963.[11] The peacock, known as mayura in Sanskrit, has enjoyed a fabled place in India since and is frequently depicted in temple art, mythology, poetry, folk music and traditions.[75] A Sanskrit derivation of mayura is from the root mi for kill and said to mean "killer of snakes".[5] It is also likely that the Sanskrit term is a borrowing from Proto-Dravidian *mayVr (whence the Tamil word for peacock மயில் (mayil)) or a regional Wanderwort.[76][77] Many Hindu deities are associated with the bird, Krishna is often depicted with a feather in his headband, while worshippers of Shiva associate the bird as the steed of the God of war, Kartikeya (also known as Skanda or Murugan). A story in the Uttara Ramayana describes the head of the Devas, Indra, who unable to defeat Ravana, sheltered under the wing of peacock and later blessed it with a "thousand eyes" and fearlessness from serpents.[5] Another story has Indra who after being cursed with a thousand ulcers was transformed into a peacock with a thousand eyes and this curse was removed by Vishnu.[78]

In Buddhist philosophy, the peacock represents wisdom.[79] Peacock feathers are used in many rituals and ornamentation. Peacock motifs are widespread in Indian temple architecture, old coinage, textiles and continue to be used in many modern items of art and utility.[22] A folk belief found in many parts of India is that the peacock does not copulate with the peahen but that she is impregnated by other means. The stories vary and include the idea that the peacock looks at its ugly feet and cries whereupon the tears are fed on by the peahen causing it to be orally impregnated while other variants incorporate sperm transfer from beak to beak.[80] Similar ideas have also been ascribed to Indian crow species.[81] In Greek mythology the origin of the peacock's plumage is explained in the tale of Hera and Argus.[17] The main figure of the Yazidi religion Yezidism, Melek Taus, is most commonly depicted as a peacock.[82][83] Peacock motifs are widely used even today such as in the logos of the US NBC and the PTV television networks and the Sri Lankan Airlines.

A peacock or in his pride, on a field azure, on the arms of Saint-Paul, Savoie

These birds were often kept in menageries and as ornaments in large gardens and estates. In medieval times, knights in Europe took a "Vow of the Peacock" and decorated their helmets with its plumes. In several Robin Hood stories, the titular archer uses arrows fletched with peacock feathers. Feathers were buried with Viking warriors[84] and the flesh of the bird was said to cure snake venom and many other maladies. Numerous uses in Ayurveda have been documented. Peafowl were said to keep an area free of snakes.[85] In 1526, the legal issue as to whether peacocks were wild or domestic fowl was thought sufficiently important for Cardinal Wolsey to summon all the English judges to give their opinion, which was that they are domestic fowl.[86]

In Anglo-Indian usage of the 1850s, to peacock meant making visits to ladies and gentlemen in the morning. In the 1890s, the term "peacocking" in Australia referred to the practice of buying up the best pieces of land ("picking the eyes") so as to render the surrounding lands valueless.[87] The English word "peacock" has come to be used to describe a man who is very proud or gives a lot of attention to his clothing.[88]

A golden peacock (in Yiddish, Di Goldene Pave) is considered by some as a symbol of Ashkenazi Jewish culture, and is the subject of several folktales and songs in Yiddish.[89][90] Peacocks are frequently used in European heraldry. Heraldic peacocks are most often depicted as facing the viewer and with their tails displayed. In this pose, the peacock is referred to as being "in his pride". Peacock tails, in isolation from the rest of the bird, are rare in British heraldry, but see frequent use in German systems.[91]

The American television network NBC uses a stylized peacock as a legacy of its early introduction of color television, alluding to the brilliant color of a peacock, and continues to promote the bird as a trademark of its broadcasting and streaming services.

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  89. ^ "A Peacock's Dream: Introducing In geveb". In geveb. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  90. ^ "The Golden Peacock | Jewish Folk Songs". www.jewishfolksongs.com. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  91. ^ Arthur Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry, T.C. and E.C. Jack, London, 1909, 246-247, https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft.
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Indian peafowl: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus), also known as the common peafowl, and blue peafowl, is a peafowl species native to the Indian subcontinent. It has been introduced to many other countries. Male peafowl are referred to as peacocks, and female peafowl are referred to as peahens, although both sexes are often referred to colloquially as a "peacock".

Indian peafowl display a marked form of sexual dimorphism. The peacock is brightly coloured, with a predominantly blue fan-like crest of spatula-tipped wire-like feathers and is best known for the long train made up of elongated upper-tail covert feathers which bear colourful eyespots. These stiff feathers are raised into a fan and quivered in a display during courtship. Despite the length and size of these covert feathers, peacocks are still capable of flight. Peahens lack the train, have a white face and iridescent green lower neck, and dull brown plumage. The Indian peafowl lives mainly on the ground in open forest or on land under cultivation where they forage for berries, grains but also prey on snakes, lizards, and small rodents. Their loud calls make them easy to detect, and in forest areas often indicate the presence of a predator such as a tiger. They forage on the ground in small groups and usually try to escape on foot through undergrowth and avoid flying, though they fly into tall trees to roost.

The function of the peacock's elaborate train has been debated for over a century. In the 19th century, Charles Darwin found it a puzzle, hard to explain through ordinary natural selection. His later explanation, sexual selection, is widely but not universally accepted. In the 20th century, Amotz Zahavi argued that the train was a handicap, and that males were honestly signalling their fitness in proportion to the splendour of their trains. Despite extensive study, opinions remain divided on the mechanisms involved.

The bird is celebrated in Hindu and Greek mythology, and is the national bird of India. The Indian peafowl is listed as of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.

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Barata pavo ( Esperanto )

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La Barata pavo (Pavo cristatus), ankaŭ nomata Hindia pavo, Hinduja pavo, Hinda pavo, Ordinara pavoBlua pavo, estas specio de birdo apartenanta al la genro Pavo de la familio de Fazanedoj. Ĝi originas de la hinda subkontinento kaj estas la nacia birdo de Barato.

Ĝi estas granda kaj brilkolora birdo indiĝena de Suda Azio, sed enmetita kaj duonsovaĝigita en multaj aliaj partoj de la mondo. La masklo estas ĉefe blua kun ventumilforna kresto de kulerpintaj plumoj kaj estas konata pro la longa “vosto” formata de longaj supravostaj kovrilplumoj kiuj montras kolorajn okulmakulojn. Tiuj rigidaj kaj longaj plumoj estas levataj kiel ventumilo kaj agitataj dum memmontra ceremonio por pariĝado. La ino ne havas tiun voston, havas verdecan kolon kaj pli senkoloran brunecan plumaron.

Taksonomio kaj nomigo

La Barata pavo estis unu el la multaj specioj origine priskribitaj de Linnaeus en sia verko de la 18a jarcento nome Systema Naturae, kaj ĝi ankoraŭ portas sian originan nomon de Pavo cristatus.[1] La latina genra nomo Pavo kaj similaj nacilingvaj nomoj ŝajne estas origine onomatopeoj de la kutima alvoko de la birdo. La specinomo cristatus aludas al la kresto.[2]

Simile la nomo uzeblas en multaj lingvoj por aludi personojn kiuj fanfaronas tiel kiel la pavo per montrado de ŝajna “vosto”. Chaucer (1343–1400) uzis la vorton por aludi al fiera kaj fanfarona persono en sia komparo "proud a pekok" (fiera kiel pavo) en Troilus and Criseyde (Libro I, linio 210).[3]

La greka vorto por pavo estas taos kaj ŝajne rilatas al la persa "tavus" (kiel ĉe Takht-i-Tâvus por la fama Pavotrono[4]). La hebrea vorto tuki (plurale tukkijim) ŝajne devenas el tamila tokei sed foje estis rilatita al la egipta tekh.[5][6]

Aspekto

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Plumo de virseksa Pavo cristatus.
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Kapo de pavo
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Dorso de pavo

Virseksaj barataj pavoj estas grandaj birdoj mezaveraĝe longaj 107 cm (el beko al vosto el 100 al 115 cm) aŭ 2,2 m (195 al 225 cm), se kalkulante la voston, kaj pezas ĉ. 5 kg (4–6 kg). Inseksaj barataj pavoj estas pli malgrandaj mezaveraĝe longaj 86 al 95 cm kaj pezas mezaveraĝe ĉ. 3,4 kg (2.75–4 kg). Ties grando, koloro kaj krestoformo faras ilin nekonfuzeblaj ene de sia indiĝena distribua teritorio.

La plumaro de la virseksuloj estas irize blu-verda, kun la superaj kvazaŭvostaj plumoj ĉ. 1 m pli longaj ol la aliaj. Tiuj plumoj havas flavajn okulformajn makulojn kaj malfermiĝas ventumilforme por logi inseksulojn al kopulacio.

Pli precize la masklo estas metalecblua en krono, kun kapoplumoj mallongaj kaj buklaj. La ventumilforma kresto en kapo estas farata el plumoj kun nudaj nigraj stangoj kaj pinte per ruĝecverda reteco. Blanka strio superokula kaj kreskalunforma blanka makulo subokula estas formata de nuda blanka haŭtaĵo. La kapoflankoj havas irizecajn verdecbluajn plumojn. La dorso havas skvamecajn bronzverdecajn plumojn kun nigraj kaj kuprokoloraj markoj. Ŝultroj kaj flugiloj estas sablokoloraj kun nigra strieco, la unuarangaj estas brunaj kaj la duarangaj estas nigraj. La vosto estas malhelbruna kaj la montrebla falsa "vosto" estas komponata de longaj supraj vostokovriloj (pli da 200 plumoj, dum la vera vosto havas nur 20 plumojn) kaj preskaŭ ĉiuj el tiuj plumoj finas per prilaborita okulforma makulo. Kelkaj el la eksteraj plumoj ne havas la okulmakulon kaj finas per kreskalunforma nigra pinto. La suba vosto estas brile malhelverda nuance al nigreca subvoste. La femuroj estas sablokoloraj. La masklo havas spronon super la malantaŭa fringo.[7][8]

La inoj havas plumaron pale verdetan, grizan kaj irize bluan, regantan la du unuaj. Dum la kopulacia epoko pavinoj facile distingiĝas el la virpavoj pro la mallongo de siaj supraj plumoj. Ekster la reprodukta sezono ili distingiĝas ankaŭ pro la koloro de la kola plumaro, kiu estas verda, dum tiu de la virpavoj estas blua.

Pli precize la plenkreska pavino havas ruĝecbrunan kapon kun kresto kiel ĉe la masklo, sed la brunaj pintoj bordas verde. La supra korpo estas bruneca kun pli pala makuleteco. La unuarangaj, duarangaj kaj vosto estas malhelbrunaj. La suba kolo estas metalecverda kaj la brustoplumoj estas malhelbrunaj brile al verda. La resto de la subaj partoj estas blankeca.[7] Lanugaj junuloj estas pale sablokoloraj kun malhelbruna marko en nuko konekte kun la okuloj.[9] Junaj maskloj ŝajnas kiel inoj sed ties flugiloj estas brunaj.[9][10]

La supraj plumoj de la virpavoj uzataj por logi pavinojn estas ekzemplo de seksa duformismo. Kvankam ordinare oni nomas ilin vosto, ili fakte estas nur superaj korpaj plumoj. La virpava vosto mem estas tia, kia la pavina, kaŝtankolora kaj mallonga.

La plej komunaj alvokoj de la birdoj estis laŭtaj krioj priskribitaj kiel pia-oŭmej-aŭ. La ofteco de la alvokoj pliiĝas antaŭ la epoko de la Musono sed ili povas ankaŭ esti elsenditaj pro alarmo aŭ kiam ili estas ĝenataj de laŭtaj bruoj. En arbaroj ties alvokoj ofte indikas la eston de predanto kia tigro.[7][10] Ili faras ankaŭ multajn aliajn alvokojn kiaj rapida serio de ka-aan..ka-aan aŭ rapida kok-kok.[10][11]

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Blanka pavo leŭkista produktata per selekta bredado en multaj parkoj kiaj tiu de la Jardin des Plantes, Parizo. Tiu mutacio estas komune miskonsiderata kiel albino.
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La okulmakulaj vostokovriloj de pavo

Estas kelkaj kolormutacioj de la Barata pavo. Tiuj tre rare okazas en naturo, sed selekta bredado faris ilin komunaj en kaptiveco. La Nigraŝultra aŭ Japana mutacio estis dekomence konsiderata kiel subspecio P. c. nigripennis, kaj estis interesa temo dum la epoko de Darvino. Ĉe tiu mutacio la masklo estas melanista kun nigraj flugiloj dum la ino estas ĉefe leŭkista kun okrecaj kaj nigraj markoj.[9] Ĝi estas tamen nur kazo de genetika variado ene de la populacio. Aliaj variaĵoj inkludas la punktecan kaj blankan formojn, ĉiuj el kiuj estas rezulto de alela variaĵo je specifaj lokoj.[12][13]

Disvastiĝo kaj vivejo

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La longaj supraj vostokovriloj formas la falsan "voston" de la pavo

La Barata pavo estas specio de loĝantaj birdoj en la Hinda subkontinento kaj krome troviĝas en la plej sekaj areoj de malaltaj teroj de Srilanko. En Suda Azio ĝi troviĝas ĉefe sub altitudo de 1800 m kaj en raraj kazoj ĉe 2000 m.[14] Ĝi troviĝas en humidaj kaj sekaj deciduaj arbaroj, sed povas adaptiĝi al vivo en kultivataj regionoj kaj ĉe homaj setlejoj kaj troviĝas kutime kie akvo estas disponebla. En multaj partoj de norda Barato ili estas protektitaj pro religia sento kaj manĝas restaĵojn ĉe vilaĝoj kaj urboj. Kelkaj sugestis, ke la pavo estis enmetita en Eŭropo fare de Aleksandro la Granda,[15] dum aliaj sugestis, ke la birdo atingis Atenon je 450 a.K. kaj povus esti enmetita eĉ antaŭe.[16] De tiam tiu orientalisa birdo estis enmetita en multaj aliaj partoj de la mondo kaj iĝis sovaĝigita en kelkaj areoj.[10]

Kutimaro

Pavoj estas konataj pro la masklaj spektaklaj ceremoniaj plumoj kiuj, spite esti veraj dorsoplumoj, estas konsiderataj kiel vosto. Tiu "vosto" estas fakte formata de enorme longaj supraj vostokovriloj. La propra vosto estas bruna kaj mallonga kiel ĉe la pavino. La koloroj rezultas el la mikrostrukturo de la plumoj kaj de la rezulta optika fenomeno.[17] La longaj vostokovriloj (kaj tarsaj spronoj) de la masklo disvolviĝas nur post la dua vivojaro. Komplete disvolviĝaj vostokovriloj troviĝas ĉe birdoj pli maljunaj ol kvar jaroj. En norda Barato tiuj ekdisvolviĝas ĉiun februaron kaj plumoŝanĝo okazas fine de aŭgusto.[18] La ŝanĝo de flugoplumoj povas iam ajn okazi dum la jaro.[19]

Oni supozas, ke la ornamaj vostokovriloj estas rezulto de la seksa selekto fare de inoj ĉar maskloj levas la vostokovrilojn kiel ventumilo kaj agitas ilin kiel parto de la memmontra ceremonio. Multaj studoj sugestis, ke la kvalito de la “vosto” estas malavantaĝa principo de la sankondiĉoj de maskloj kaj ke pavinoj selektas masklojn surbaze de ties plumaro. Pli ĵusaj studoj tamen sugestas, ke aliaj ŝlosiloj povus implici en partnera selektado fare de pavinoj.[20][21]

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Barata pavino kun nematuruloj ĉe Hodal en Faridabado, Harjano, Barato

Ili troviĝas ĉefe surgrunde en malferma arbaro aŭ kultivejo kie ili manĝas en malgrandaj grupoj (1 pavo kun po 3 al 5 inoj) berojn, grenon sed ankaŭ predas serpentojn, lacertojn kaj malgrandajn rodulojn. Ties laŭtaj kaj kriecaj alvokoj helpas ties detektadon, kaj en arbaraj areoj, ofte indikas la ekziston de predanto kia tigro. Ili manĝas surgrunde, moviĝante en malgrandaj grupoj kaj kutime klopodas fuĝi kure perpiede inter subkreskaĵaro kaj eviti flugadon. Tamen ili flugas alte al arboj por ripozi.[10]

Post la reprodukta sezono la grupoj tendencas formiĝi nur de inoj kaj junuloj. Ili troviĝas malferme matene kaj tendencas resti ŝirme dum la taga varmo. Ili emas polvobanadon kaj krepuske la grupo piediras linie al preferata akvejo por trinki.

Pavoj elsendas laŭtajn alvokojn ĉefe dum la reprodukta sezono. Ili povas alvoki nokte pro alarmo kaj najbaraj birdoj povas alvoki per responda serio. Oni identigis preskaŭ sep diferencajn alvokajn variantojn ĉe pavoj krom ses alarmalvokoj kiuj estas komune produktitaj de ambaŭ seksoj.[22]

Pavoj ripozas en grupoj nokte en altaj arboj sed povas foje uzi rokojn, konstruaĵojn aŭ elektrajn turojn. Ĉe Gir-Arbaro, ili elektas altajn arbojn ĉe deklivaj riverbordoj.[23][24] Birdoj alvenas krepuske kaj alvokas ofte antaŭ supreniri ĉe ripozejo.[25] Pro tiu kongregokutimo ripozeje, multaj populacistudioj estis farataj je tiuj lokoj. La populacistrukturo ne estas bone komprenata: en studo de norda Barato (Jodhpur) la nombro de maskloj estis 170-210 por 100 inoj sed studo pri krepuskaj kalkuladoj ĉe ripozejoj en suda Barato (Injar) sugestis proporcion de po 47 maskloj por 100 inoj.[11]

Reproduktado

La virpavoj ne helpas en la zorgo pri la ovoj kaj havas eĉ ses pavinojn porfoje.

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Malantaŭa vidaĵo de ceremonia masklo montranta la mallongajn vostoplumojn
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Pavo cristatus - MHNT

Pavoj estas poligamiuloj, kaj la reprodukta sezono estas etenda sed ŝajne dependas el pluvoj. Kelkaj maskloj povas kuniĝi ĉe masklarejoj kaj tiuj maskloj estas ofte proksime rilataj.[26] Maskloj ĉe masklejoj ŝajne pluhavas malgrandajn teritoriojn proksime unu de alia kaj ili permesas inojn viziti ilin kaj ne klopodas pluteni inaron. Inoj ŝajne ne favoras specifajn masklojn.[27]

Maskloj ceremonie memmontriĝas per levado de la supraj vostokovriloj kiel arkeca ventumilo. La flugiloj estas tenataj duonfermaj kaj suben kaj ili de tempo al tempo agitas tremble la longajn plumojn produktante aspran sonon. La virpavo fruntas la inon dekomence kaj pavofieras kaj saltetas kaj foje turniĝas por montri la voston.[10] Maskloj povas ankaŭ senmoviĝi super manĝo por inviti inon kiel formo de ceremonia manĝo.[28] Maskloj povas foje ceremonii eĉ dum foresto de inoj. Kiam masklo estas memmontrante, inoj ŝajne ne montras intereson kaj kutime plumanĝas.[11]

La centra reprodukta sezono en suda Barato estas aprilo al majo, januaro al marto en Srilanko kaj junio en norda Barato. La nesto estas neprofunda skrapaĵo engrunda kovrita per folioj, bastonetoj kaj aliaj restaĵoj. Nestoj estas foje situaj ĉe konstruaĵoj[29] kaj iam oni konstatis ke ili uzis neuzatajn nestoplatformojn de la Bengala grifo. La pavinoj demetas 4 ĝis 8 sablokolorajn al blankecajn ovojn, kiuj estas kovataj dum 28 tagoj fare nur de la ino. La pavaj ovoj estas hele kaŝtankoloraj kaj estas demetataj po unu ovo en tago, ofte vespere. La idoj estas nidifugaj kaj sekvas la patrinon post eloviĝo.[7] Lanugaj junuloj povas foje grimpi sur la patrinaj dorsoj kaj la ino povas alporti ilin fluge al sekura arbobranĉo.[30] Oni konstatis iam malkutiman ekzemplon de masklo kovanta ovaron.[10][31]

Manĝo

Gnome-speakernotes.svg
Pava alvoko

Ĉu problemoj aŭdigi ĉi tiun dosieron? Vidu helpon.

Pavoj estas ĉiomanĝantaj kaj manĝas semojn, berojn, insektojn, fruktojn, malgrandajn mamulojn kaj reptiliojn. Ili manĝas malgrandajn serpentojn sed restas distance el la pli grandaj.[32] En la arbaroj Gir de Gujarato granda procentaĵo de ties manĝo estas falitaj beroj de Zizyphus.[33] Ĉe kultivataj areoj, pavoj manĝas ampleksan gamon de produktoj kia arakidoj, tomatoj, rizo, kaj eĉ bananoj.[11] Ĉe homaj setlejoj ili manĝas varion de restaĵoj eĉ homajn fekaĵojn.[10]

Mortotialoj

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Thayer en sia "Peacock in the Woods" (Pavoj en naturo, 1907) sugestis, ke la ornama “vosto” estas helpo por kamuflado

Plenkreskaj pavoj povas eviti kutime grundopredantojn per flugo al arboj. Leopardoj kapablas kapti ilin tamen kaj en kelkaj areoj kiaj la arbaroj Gir pavoj estas komunaj predoj.[24] Grupa manĝado havigas iom da sekureco ĉar estas multaj rigardantaj okuloj kontraŭ predantoj.[34] Ili estas foje ĉasataj de grandaj rabobirdoj kiaj la Ŝanĝebla spizaeto kaj la Bengala gufo.[35][36] Idoj estas facilaj predoj. Plenkreskuloj loĝantaj ĉe homaj setlejoj estas foje ĉasataj de hejmaj hundoj aŭ de homoj en kelkaj areoj (suda Tamil Nadu) por popolaj kuraciloj rilate "pava oleo".[11]

Ĉe kaptiveco oni scias ke tiuj birdoj vivis ĝis 23 jaroj, sed oni ĉirkaŭkalkulas, ke ili vivas nur ĉirkaŭ 15 jaroj en naturo.[37]

Konservado kaj statuso

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La pavo asocias kun bombasto, fiero kaj vanto kiel montrite ĉe tiu karikaturo de "Sir Vane Peacock" baze sur la verko de J J Grandville

La Barata pavo estas amplekse distribuata en naturo ĉe Suda Azio kaj protektata kaj de kulturo en multaj areoj kaj de leĝo en Barato. Konservo kalkuloj de la populacio supozas ke estas iom pli da 100,000.[38] Kontraŭleĝa kaptado por viando tamen pluas kaj malpliiĝo okazas ŝajne nur en partoj de Barato.[39]

Kruciĝo inter masklo de Verda pavo, Pavo muticus kaj pavino produktas stabilan hibridon nome "spalding", laŭ Mrs. Keith Spalding, birdoŝatanto de Kalifornio.[40] Povas esti problemo se oni liberigas en naturo birdojn de nekonata pedigro, ĉar la vivebloj de tiaj hibridoj kaj ties idaro estas ofte malpligranda.

Ŝtelĉasado de pavoj por viando, plumoj kaj akcidenta venenigo per manĝo de pesticidtraktitaj semoj estas konataj minacoj por naturaj birdoj.[41] Oni disvolvigis metodojn por identigi ĉu la plumoj estis plukitaj aŭ estis nature ŝanĝitaj, ĉar la barata leĝaro permesas la kolektadon de plumoj se ili estis ŝanĝitaj.[42]

En partoj de Barato la birdoj povus esti ĝenado por agrikulturo ĉar ili damaĝas la rikoltojn.[10] Ili povas ankaŭ iĝi problemo en ĝardenoj kaj hejmoj kie ili damaĝas plantojn, atakas siajn reflektojn rompante vitrojn kaj spegulojn, ripozas kaj skrapas aŭtojn aŭ lasas siajn fekaĵojn. Multaj urboj kie ili estis enmetitaj kaj iĝis sovaĝaj havas pavokontrolajn programojn. Tiuj inkludas eduki civitanojn kiel eviti ke la birdoj kaŭzu damaĝon per humana tratado de la birdoj.[43][44][45]

En kulturo

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Statuo de Murugan aŭ Skanda el la templo ĉe Tiruvottiyur.

Elstare en multaj kulturoj, la pavo estis uzata en nombraj bildaj reprezentaĵoj, inklude elekton por nacia birdo de Barato en 1963.[10] La pavo ĝuis fabelan lokon en Barato ĉar ĝi estis ofte reprezentata en templa arto, mitologio, poezio, folklora muziko kaj tradicioj.[46] Multaj Hinduaj deaĵoj asocias kun la birdo, Kriŝno estas ofte bildita kun plumo en sia kapo, dum adorantoj de Ŝivo asocias la birdon kiel ĉevalo de la Dio de milito, Karthikeja (konata ankaŭ kiel Skanda aŭ Murugan). En Budhisma filozofio, la pavo reprezentas saĝon.[47] Pavoplumoj estas uzataj en multaj ceremonioj kaj ornamaĵoj. Pavaj bildoj estas disvastigataj en barata templa arkitekturo, malnova moneraro, tolaĵoj kaj plu estas uzata en multaj modernaj artaĵoj kaj ilaĵoj.[16]

En greka mitologio la origino de la pava plumaro estas eksplikata laŭ la rakonto de Juno kaj Arguso.[40] La ĉefa figuro de la Kurda religio de la Jezidoj, Melek-Taŭso, estas plej komune reprezentata kiel pavo.[48][49] Pava bildoj estas amplekse uzataj eĉ hodiaŭ kiel logo de la usona televidkanalo NBC kaj de la Sri Lankan Airlines.

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Juno kaj Arguso, de Rubens (ĉ. 1620)

Tiuj birdoj estis ofte tenitaj en bestaroj kaj kiel ornamo en grandaj ĝardenoj kaj bienoj. Referenco en la Biblio mencias pavon apartenantan al reĝo Salomono (I Reĝoj, ĉap X 22 kaj 23). En mezepoko, ĉevaliroj en Eŭropo prenis "pavovoton" kaj ornamis siajn helmojn per ties plumoj. Plumoj estis enterigitaj kun vikingaj militistoj[50] kaj oni diris, ke la viando de tiu birdo kuracas serpentan venenon kaj multajn aliajn malsanojn. Oni dokumentis nombrajn uzojn en Ajurvedo. Oni diras, ke pavoj havas areon senserpentan.[51]

La koloroj de la pavo kaj la kontrasto kun la multe pli senkolora pavino estis pensigilo por fruaj pensantoj. Charles Darwin skribis al Asa Gray ke "sight of a feather in a peacock’s tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick!" (vido de plumo de pava vosto, kiam mi rigardas ĝin, malsanigas min) ĉar li malsukcesis vidi adaptan avantaĝon por la rimarkinda vosto kiu ŝajnas nur balasto. Darwin klopodis disvolvigi duan principon de "seksa selekto" por solvi la problemon. La usona artisto Abbott Handerson Thayer klopodis montri el sia propra imago la valoro de la okulmakuloj en kamuflado en pentraĵo de 1907.[52] Nur en la 1970-aj jaroj tiu ŝajna kontraŭdiro estis solvita baze sur evoluo de la malavantaĝa principo de Amotz Zahavi, kvankam la vera mekanismo povus esti malpli simpla ol ĝi ŝajnas – la kosto pliiĝas eble pro la fakto ke la hormonoj kiuj plibonigas la plumodisvolvon malpliiĝas la imunan sistemon.[53][54]

En Anglo-Hinda uzado de la 1850-aj jaroj, “pavi” signifis fari viziton al sinjorinoj kaj sinjoroj matene. En la 1890-aj jaroj, la termino "peacocking" (virpavi) en Aŭstralio aludis al la praktiko de aĉetado de la plej bonkvalitaj terenoj ("picking the eyes", pluki okulojn) dum la ĉirkaŭa tereno estas senvalora.[55] La angla vorto "peacock" (virpavo) uziĝas por priskribi viron kiu ege fieras aŭ atentas al sia vesto.[56] Simile okazas en aliaj lingvoj.

Bildaro

Referencoj

  1. latine Linnaeus, Carl. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii)..
  2. Johnsgard, P.A.. (1999) The Pheasants of the World: Biology and Natural History. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-839-8.
  3. Weekley, E. (1921) An etymological dictionary of modern English. John Murray, London.
  4. Lal, Krishna. (2007) Peacock in Indian art, thought and literature. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 8170174295.
  5. Burton, R F. (1884) The book of the sword. Chatto and Windus, London.
  6. Hehn, Victor; James P. Mallory. (1976) Cultivated plants and domesticated animals in their migration from Asia to Europe: historico-linguistic studies Volume 7 of Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science. Series I, Amsterdam classics in linguistics,1800-1925. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 9027208719.
  7. 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 Whistler, Hugh. (1949) Popular handbook of Indian birds, 4‑a eldono, Gurney and Jackson, London, p. 401–410. ISBN 1406745766.
  8. Blanford, WT. (1898) Fauna of British India. Birds 4. Taylor and Francis, London, p. 681–70.
  9. 9,0 9,1 9,2 Baker, ECS. (1928) Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 5, 2‑a eldono, Taylor and Francis, London, p. 282–284.
  10. 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 10,5 10,6 10,7 10,8 10,9 Ali, S & S D Ripley. (1980) Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan, 2‑a eldono 2, Oxford University Press, p. 123–126. ISBN 0195620631.
  11. 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 Johnsingh,AJT; Murali,S (1978). “The ecology and behaviour of the Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) Linn. of Injar”, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75 (4), p. 1069–1079.
  12. Somes, RG Jr. and R. E. Burger (1991). “Plumage Color Inheritance of the Indian Blue Peafowl (Pavo Cristatus): Blue, Black-Shouldered, Cameo, and Oaten”, Journal of Heredity 82, p. 64–68. doi:10.1093/jhered/82.1.64.
  13. Somes, RG Jr. and R. E. Burger . “Inheritance of the White and Pied Plumage Color Patterns in the Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus)”, J. Hered. 84, p. 57–62.
  14. Dodsworth, PTL (1912). “Occurrence of the Common Peafowl Pavo cristatus, Linnaeus in the neighbourhood of Simla, N.W. Himalayas”, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 21 (3), p. 1082–1083.
  15. Whitman, CH (1898). “The birds of Old English literature”, The journal of Germanic Philology 2 (2), p. 40.
  16. 16,0 16,1 Nair, P. Thankappan (1974). “The Peacock Cult in Asia”, Asian Folklore Studies 33 (2), p. 93–170. doi:10.2307/1177550.
  17. (2004) “Light as a Feather: Structural Elements Give Peacock Plumes Their Color”, Physics Today 57 (1), p. 18–20. doi:10.1063/1.1650059.
  18. Sharma, IK (1974). “Ecological Studies of the Plumes of the Peacock (Pavo cristatus')”, The Condor 76 (3), p. 344–346. doi:10.2307/1366352.
  19. Marien, Daniel (1951). “Notes on some pheasants from southwestern Asia, with remarks on molt”, American Museum novitates 1518, p. 1–25.
  20. (2005) “Multiple sexual advertisements honestly reflect health status in peacocks (Pavo cristatus)”, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 58 (6), p. 552–557. doi:10.1007/s00265-005-0958-y.
  21. (2008) “Peahens do not prefer peacocks with more elaborate trains”, Animal Behaviour 75 (4), p. 1209–1219. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.10.004.
  22. Takahashi M & T Hasegawa (2008). “Seasonal and diurnal use of eight different call types by Indian peafowl ( Pavo cristatus )”, Journal of Ethology 26 (3), p. 375–381. doi:10.1007/s10164-007-0078-4.
  23. Trivedi,Pranav; Johnsingh,AJT (1996). “Roost selection by Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) in Gir Forest, India”, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 93 (1), p. 25–29.
  24. 24,0 24,1 Parasharya,BM; Mukherjee, Aeshita (1999). “Roosting behaviour of Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus”, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96 (3), p. 471–472.
  25. Navaneethakannan,K (1984). “Activity patterns in a colony of Peafowls (Pavo cristatus) in nature”, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 81 (2), p. 387–393.
  26. Petrie M, Krupa A, Burke T. (1999). “Peacocks lek with relatives even in the absence of social and environmental cues”, Nature 401, p. 155–157. doi:10.1038/43651.
  27. (1984-08) “The social organization of feral peafowl”, Animal Behaviour 32 (3), p. 830–835. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80159-1.
  28. Stokes, AW & H. Warrington Williams (1971). “Courtship Feeding in Gallinaceous Birds”, The Auk 88 (3), p. 543–559.
  29. Vyas,R (1994). “Unusual breeding site of Indian Peafowl”, Newsletter for Birdwatchers 34 (6), p. 139..
  30. Singh, H (1964). “Peahens flying up with young”, Newsletter for Birdwatchers 4 (1), p. 14.
  31. Shivrajkumar,YS (1957). “An incubating Peacock (Pavo cristatus Linn.)”, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 54 (2), p. 464.
  32. Johnsingh,AJT (1976). “Peacocks and cobra”, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 73 (1), p. 214.
  33. Trivedi,Pranav; Johnsingh,AJT (1995). “Diet of Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus Linn. in Gir Forest, Gujarat”, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 92 (2), p. 262–263.
  34. Yasmin,Shahla; Yahya,HSA (2000). “Group size and vigilance in Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus (Linn.), Family: Phasianidae”, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 97 (3), p. 425–428.
  35. Dhanwatey, Amrut S (1986). “A Crested Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus cirrhatus (Gmelin) killing a Peafowl Pavo cristatus Linnaeus”, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83 (4), p. 202.
  36. Tehsin,Raza; Tehsin,Fatema (1990). “Indian Great Horned Owl Bubo bubo (Linn.) and Peafowl Pavo cristatus Linn”, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 87 (2), p. 300.
  37. Flower, M.S.S. (1938). “The duration of life in animals - IV. Birds: special notes by orders and families”, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, p. 195–235.
  38. Madge S & P McGowan. (2002) Pheasant, partridges and grouse, including buttonquails, sandgrouse and allies. Christopher Helm, London.
  39. Ramesh, K. & P. McGowan (2009). “On the current status of Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus (Aves: Galliformes: Phasianidae): keeping the common species common”, Journal of Threatened Taxa 1 (2), p. 106–108.
  40. 40,0 40,1 Jackson, CE. (2006) Peacock. Reaktion Books, London, p. 10–11. ISBN 9781861892935.
  41. Alexander JP (1983). “Probable diazinon poisoning in peafowl: a clinical description”, Vet Rec. 113 (20), p. 470.
  42. Sahajpal, V., Goyal, S.P. (2008). “Identification of shed or plucked origin of Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) tail feathers: Preliminary findings”, Science and Justice 48 (2), p. 76–78. doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2007.08.002.
  43. La Canada, California, City Council, Peafowl Management Plan Update.
  44. East Northamptonshire plan.
  45. Living with peafowl. City of Dunedin, Florida.
  46. Fitzpatrick J (1923). “Folklore of birds and beasts of India”, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28 (2), p. 562–565.
  47. Choskyi, Ven. Jampa (1988). “Symbolism of Animals in Buddhism”, Buddhist Hiamalaya 1 (1).
  48. Empson, RHW. (1928) The cult of the peacock angel. HF & G Witherby, London.
  49. Springett, BH. (1922) Secret sects of Syria and the Lebanon. George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London.
  50. Tyrberg T (2002). “The archaeological record of domesticated and tamed birds in Sweden”, Acta zoologica cracoviensia 45, p. 215–231.
  51. Letter from the Desk of David Challinor, November 2001. Smithsonian Institution.
  52. Boynton, Mary Fuertes (1952). “Abbott Thayer and Natural History”, Osiris 10, p. 542–555. doi:10.1086/368563.
  53. Zahavi, Amotz; Avishag Zahavi, Amir Balaban, Melvin Patrick Ely. (1999) The handicap principle: a missing piece of Darwin's puzzle. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195129148.
  54. Ros, Albert; Correia, Maria; Wingfield, John; Oliveira, Rui (2009). “Mounting an immune response correlates with decreased androgen levels in male peafowl, Pavo cristatus”, Journal of Ethology 27 (2), p. 209–214. doi:10.1007/s10164-008-0105-0.
  55. Partridge, E & Paul Beale. (2002) A dictionary of slang and unconventional English. Routledge. ISBN 0415291895.
  56. Advanced Learners Dictionary. Cambridge University Press.

Literaturo

  • Galusha,JG; Hill,LM (1996) A study of the behaviour of Indian Peacocks Pavo cristatus on Protection Island, Jefferson County, Washington, USA. Pavo 34(1&2):23-31.
  • Ganguli,U (1965) A Peahen nests on a roof. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 5(4):4-6.
  • Prakash,M (1968) Mating of Peacocks Pavo cristatus. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 8(6), 4-5.
  • Rao,MS; Zaki,S; Ganesh,T (1981) Colibacillosis in a Peacock. Current Science 50(12):550-551.
  • Sharma,IK (1969) Habitat et comportment du Pavon (Pavo cristatus). Alauda 37(3):219-223.
  • Sharma,IK (1970) Analyse ecologique des parades du paon (Pavo cristatus). Alauda 38(4):290-294.
  • Sharma,IK (1972) Etude ecologique de la reproduction de la paon (Pavo cristatus). Alauda 40(4):378-384.
  • Sharma,IK (1973) Ecological studies of biomass of the Peafowl (Pavo cristatus). Tori 22(93-94):25-29.
  • Sharma,IK (1974) Notes ecologique sur le paon bleu, Pavo cristatus. Les Carnets de Zoologie 34:41-45.
  • Sharma,IK (1981) Adaptations and commensality of the Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) in the Indian Thar Desert. Annals Arid Zone. 20(2):71-75.
  • Shrivastava,AB; Nair,NR; Awadhiya,RP; Katiyar,AK (1992) Traumatic ventriculitis in Peacock (Pavo cristatus). Indian Vet. J. 69(8):755.

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Barata pavo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Barata pavo (Pavo cristatus), ankaŭ nomata Hindia pavo, Hinduja pavo, Hinda pavo, Ordinara pavo aŭ Blua pavo, estas specio de birdo apartenanta al la genro Pavo de la familio de Fazanedoj. Ĝi originas de la hinda subkontinento kaj estas la nacia birdo de Barato.

Ĝi estas granda kaj brilkolora birdo indiĝena de Suda Azio, sed enmetita kaj duonsovaĝigita en multaj aliaj partoj de la mondo. La masklo estas ĉefe blua kun ventumilforna kresto de kulerpintaj plumoj kaj estas konata pro la longa “vosto” formata de longaj supravostaj kovrilplumoj kiuj montras kolorajn okulmakulojn. Tiuj rigidaj kaj longaj plumoj estas levataj kiel ventumilo kaj agitataj dum memmontra ceremonio por pariĝado. La ino ne havas tiun voston, havas verdecan kolon kaj pli senkoloran brunecan plumaron.

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Pavo cristatus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El pavo real común[2]​ (Pavo cristatus), también conocido como pavo real de la India o pavo real de pecho azul, es una especie de ave galliforme de la familia Phasianidae,[3]​ una de las dos especies del género Pavo, que desde tiempos antiguos destacó entre los animales admirados por el hombre a causa del extraordinario abanico policromado que constituye la cola de los machos.

Distribución y hábitat

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Macho con la cola recogida

El pavo real es originario del sur de Asia y se encuentra por todo el subcontinente indio y en zonas secas de Sri Lanka, principalmente en altitudes inferiores a los 1800 metros. En raras ocasiones, habita en regiones cercanas a los 2000 m.[4]​ Vive en bosques caducifolios tanto húmedos como secos, pero se adapta a la vida en regiones de cultivos y alrededor de poblaciones humanas, frecuentemente donde hay agua disponible.

Algunos autores sugieren que Alejandro Magno introdujo esta especie en Europa,[5]​ mientras que otros creen que se encontraba ya en la Antigua Grecia por el año 450 a. C., y que quizá se introdujo incluso antes.[6]​ Desde entonces, se ha venido introduciendo en muchas otras partes del mundo, y en algunas zonas ha llegado a ser silvestre.

Descripción

El pavo real es una especie con un fuerte dimorfismo sexual. El macho de esta especie tiene una longitud de entre 100-115 cm del pico a la cola, alcanzando los 195-225 cm hasta el extremo de las largas plumas especializadas que conforman el abanico —cola secundaria— cuando están plenamente desarrolladas. Su peso es de 4-6 kg. La hembra es más pequeña, con una longitud de unos 95 cm y un peso de 2,75-4 kg.[7]

Macho

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Macho mostrando su cola

El plumaje de la parte anterior del animal es azul cobalto iridiscente, con reflejos verdes a ambos lados de la cabeza. En esta se inserta un pico de color gris y está coronada por un copete de plumas con el eje desnudo blanco y las puntas azul verdosas. Sobre el ojo y debajo de este existen dos líneas blancas de piel sin plumas.[8][7][9]

La región de la espalda está formada por plumas de aspecto escamado de colores verdes y negros con reflejos bronces y cobres. Las alas y su inserción escapular son negras barradas con blanco, pero con las plumas primarias, visibles únicamente durante el vuelo, de color canela. La verdadera cola es marrón oscura, mientras que las supracobertoras que forman la cola secundaria son de color verde-dorado con tonos iridiscentes de bronce y azul, tachonadas de ocelos con franjas azules, marrones y verdes. Algunas de estas plumas especializadas carecen de ocelos y terminan en su extremo en una semiluna negra.

Hembra y crías

 src=
Hembras de pavo real.
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Huevo de Pavo cristatus - MHNT

La hembra tiene el cuello de color verdoso con la cara blanca y un copete similar al del macho de color verde, siendo las puntas de color castaño con bordes verdes. El cuello es verde metálico y las plumas del pecho son de color marrón oscuro con reflejos verdes. La parte superior del cuerpo es de color marrón pardo con manchas pálidas. La cola y las primarias y secundarias de las alas son marrones oscuras. No poseen las plumas que forman el vistoso abanico del macho. La región inferior es blanquecina.[8]

Las crías son de color pardo-amarillento con un moteado más oscuro durante las etapas más tempranas. La nuca presenta una mancha marrón oscura que se conecta con los ojos.[10]​ El plumaje de los machos jóvenes es parecido al de las hembras, pero con las alas castañas y un copete poco desarrollado. Estos carecen de la cola secundaria, comenzando a desarrollar las supracoberteras que la conforman durante el segundo año de vida.[10][11]

Mutaciones

Existen diferentes variaciones del fenotipo del plumaje del Pavo cristatus debido a distintas mutaciones genéticas. Estas ocurren en muy raras ocasiones en la naturaleza, pero la crianza selectiva en cautiverio ha fijado las diferentes variedades, haciendo comunes algunas de ellas y dejando el término "pavo real azul" para la estirpe salvaje. Estas mutaciones dan lugar a dos tipos de variaciones de color y de patrón. Las variaciones del color producen diferentes tonalidades en todo el plumaje, mientras que las del patrón afectan a regiones o a la distribución del pigmento, necesitando tener de base el color de la estirpe salvaje o una de las variedades. Un color se puede combinar con uno o varios patrones, produciendo distintos pavos reales, como, por ejemplo, un pavo real opal arlequín plateado.[12][13]

Variedades de color

 src=
Pavo real blanco.
  • Blanco: una de las más llamativas variedades. Conseguida gracias al cruce selectivo de pavos que presentaban manchas blancas en su patrón. La mutación que poseen les produce leucismo total, lo que impide que la melanina se deposite en las células plumíferas, dejando el plumaje de machos y hembras completamente blanco. Las crías al nacer son de color amarillo claro.[11]
  • Bronce: el plumaje en la cabeza, el cuello y los ocelos de las supracoberteras son de color marrón intenso, con reflejos verdes metálicos que se acentúan alrededor de la cabeza, oscureciéndose su color en las regiones proximales al cuerpo.[14]
  • Cameo: antes de la temporada de cortejo, el plumaje es marrón oscuro, pero este se va decolorando conforme los días son más largos, pasando a ser de color "café con leche", siendo las alas algo más claras que las supracoberteras. La cabeza y el cuello permanecen de marrón oscuro, mientras los ocelos ofrecen diferentes tonalidades de marrón. El plumaje de la hembra es de color crema. Esta variedad no posee iridiscencias.[15]
  • Charcoal: las regiones que en la estirpe salvaje son azules iridiscentes, son negras mate, sin iridiscencias, en esta variedad. Las supracoberteras son negras grisáceas, con ocelos de tonos oscuros. Las hembras son más oscuras que las pavas azules y sin las iridiscencias verdes del cuello.[15]
  • Jade: la parte anterior del ave es del verde intenso del jade. Las supracoberteras marrones poseen destellos oliváceos con ocelos verdosos.[14]
  • Midnight: similar al color de la estirpe salvaje pero con un melanismo total que le oscurece todo el cuerpo.[14]
  • Opal: la parte anterior del macho es gris oscura, siendo el resto del cuerpo de un gris más claro. La iridiscencia del pecho es violeta y las supracoberteras tienen una tonalidad olivácea con reflejos verdes, azules y púrpuras. Las hembras y sus pollitos son completamente grises.[11][14]
  • Peach: con la cabeza y sus proximidades, incluido el copete, de un marrón sólido, el resto del cuerpo se va aclarando hacia un tono marrón-anaranjado similar al de los melocotones, llegando a casi blanco. El marrón de las hembras es más claro.[14]
  • Púrpura: el azul del cuello es más intenso, ofreciendo reflejos morados. La banda más próxima al centro oscuro del ocelo es de color púrpura. El cuello de las hembras también poseen reflejos morados.[14]
  • Taupe: parecido a la variedad opal, pero el color del macho es gris claro uniforme, con diferentes tonalidades de marrones claros.[11][14]

Variedades del patrón

  • Ala negra: inicialmente fue considerada una subespecie del fenotipo salvaje (P. c. nigripennis), pero realmente es una variación genética que produce melanismo en los machos. La diferencia se da en las plumas terciarias y secundarias de las alas que, en lugar del patrón a rayas, ofrece una coloración completamente negra o con pequeñas motas blancas. El melanismo también afecta al azul del pecho y cuello, siendo más oscuros en el ala negra. El plumaje de la hembra también se ve afectado, siendo todo su cuerpo de color crema con tiras oscuras repartidas de manera aleatoria.[11]
  • Arlequín: posee un leucismo parcial en extensas regiones de su cuerpo, por lo que se observan grandes manchas blancas repartidas de manera aleatoria por el plumaje de ambos sexos, mientras que las existen otras zonas pigmentadas con el color de base.[11]
  • White eye: el ocelo policromado es de color blanco en diferentes proporciones. Las plumas primarias de las alas también son blancas. El resto del plumaje puede ser de cualquier variedad de color.[11]
  • Arlequín plateado: se denomina así a la suma de las dos variaciones de patrones anteriores, produciendo un pavo real arlequín con ocelos blancos. La mayoría de su plumaje es de color blanco con pequeñas regiones de color plateado y azul. Actualmente se intenta combinar con las distintas variaciones de color.[12]

Híbridos

Se conoce como "pavo real Spalding" a las crías híbridas viables resultantes del cruce entre un ejemplar de Pavo cristatus de cualquier variedad y uno de la especie afín Pavo muticus —pavo real cuelliverde—. Se denomina así en honor a Keith Spalding de California, la primera criadora de estas aves. El plumaje de este híbrido es una combinación de las dos especies, siendo verde con algunos reflejos dorados en el cuello y pecho. El copete es medianamente compacto y alargado. En la cara se observa una zona blanca desnuda formada por la piel orbital que se extiende alrededor de los ojos y los oídos. Tiene una mayor longitud y envergadura que el pavo real común, pero siendo el cuerpo algo más esbelto.[14][11]

Comportamiento

La alimentación es fundamentalmente omnívora, compuesta principalmente por semillas, frutos, bayas, plantas, verduras, insectos, ranas y pequeños reptiles.

"Los pavos reales son sinuosos como culebras, huidizos como los gatos y cautelosos como los búfalos viejos cuando vigilan los movimientos de sus enemigos"
Edward Charles Stuart Baker[16]
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Detalle de las plumas coberteras del penacho, mostrando los ocelos policromados.

El pavo real se alimenta y nidifica en tierra, en un hueco de poca profundidad que suele tapar con ramas u hojas. A pesar de su tamaño y largas plumas puede efectuar vuelos cortos, que realiza especialmente para posarse en las ramas de los árboles donde descansa y pasa la noche.

Son aves territoriales y polígamas; cada macho debe tener cuatro o cinco hembras que no pueden estar muy juntas.

La época de celo y reproducción es en primavera, donde el macho se aparea hasta con seis hembras. La puesta es de cuatro a ocho huevos de color castaño claro, que son incubados exclusivamente por la hembra durante veintiocho días, al término de los cuales nacen los polluelos dotados de unas pocas plumas parduzcas a modo de pequeño penacho.

Sonidos

Los sonidos que produce el animal no son tan atractivos como su imagen: por lo general consisten en graznidos que pueden relacionarse con el maullido de un gato, y trompeteos asombrosamente graves. En ocasiones emite chillidos que parecen los de un niño pidiendo socorro.[17]

Enfermedades

Son muy sensibles a la humedad excesiva y a las bajas temperaturas, pueden contraer enfermedades respiratorias, tuberculosis e infecciones intestinales.

En temperaturas bajas, dos grados centígrados, pueden llegar a entumecerse de las patas, provocando que pierdan movilidad.[cita requerida]

Depredadores

Sus depredadores son el tigre, el leopardo, serpientes, aves de presa y zorros.

Historia

 src=
Perfil de la cabeza de un pavo real.

Esta ave es originaria de la India. Cuando Alejandro Magno conquistó el occidente de la India antigua conoció estas aves y llevó varios ejemplares hasta la ciudad de Babilonia. Desde aquí estas aves se propagaron hasta Persia, Media y luego de estos reinos fue de donde los romanos las llevaron a Italia.

Los antiguos tenían mucho aprecio a la carne y huevos de estas aves. El orador Quinto Hortensio Hórtalo fue el primero que introdujo entre los romanos el gusto por la carne de estas aves que hizo servir en un gran convite que dio cuando fue creado augur. Marco Anfidio Luco fue el primero que discurrió hacerlas andar a manadas para engordarlas.

El pavo real es muy común en los monumentos antiguos. Se ve a Juno acompañada del pavo por estarle particularmente consagrado. Se observa también en las medallas de Samos, célebre por el culto que tributaban a esta diosa y en las medallas romanas en las cuales se ve a Juno regina. En algunas se ve al pavo a los pies de Isis y de la Providencia e indica particularmente la consagración de las emperatrices. Un pavo con la cola desplegada puede considerarse como el símbolo de la vanidad.

En tiempo de la caballería era también muy apreciado el pavo real que se calificaba de noble ave. Su carne era el alimento de los valientes y de los amantes y el ornato de los banquetes. Una figura de pavo servía de blanco a los caballeros que se adiestraban en el ejercicio de las armas y cuando había de pronunciarse algún juramento o solemne voto, se llevaba a la mesa con grande aparato por las damas o damiselas un pavo asado en una gran fuente de oro o plata. Después de haber pronunciado sobre él un voto cada uno de los comensales se distribuía entre todos los asistentes.[18]

Simbolismo, mitología y cultura popular

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Ilustración de un pavo real macho junto a una hembra.

La simbología del pavo real es larga, ya que su majestuosidad llamó la atención del hombre ya en épocas pasadas. Aunque se le asocie con el concepto de vanidad, el pavo real es, en casi todas las culturas, un símbolo solar relacionado con la belleza, la gloria, la inmortalidad y la sabiduría. Es originario de la India y fue Alejandro Magno quien lo llevó a Occidente junto a su significado simbólico a través de Babilonia, Persia y Asia Menor, alcanzando Grecia en el Período Clásico. Su simbolismo solar está, sin duda, relacionado con su larga cola de colores y sus dibujos en forma de ojos que, debido a su forma circular y a su brillo, conectan también con el ciclo vital y eterno de la naturaleza.

El pavo real es el ave nacional de India. En el hinduismo, el pavo real sirve de montura a Skanda, el dios de la guerra. Numerosas tradiciones, especialmente en el sur de la India y Sri Lanka lo relacionan también con deidades locales, representando por ejemplo al poder del trueno. Muchas de las danzas folclóricas de la India muestran pasos inspirados en el baile de cortejo del pavo real. Una creencia popular de países hindús sostiene que cuando el pavo real despliega su cola es señal de lluvia. En la antigua Grecia, fue el ave simbólica de Hera, la diosa griega más importante del Olimpo, esposa legítima de Zeus y diosa de las mujeres y el matrimonio. Según cuentan, Hera encargó a Argos, un gigante con mil ojos, que vigilase a una de las amantes de su infiel esposo pero fue asesinado por Hermes. Cuando la diosa se enteró de la muerte de Argos, tomó sus cien ojos y los puso en la cola del pavo real, dándole el aspecto que tiene actualmente.

En Roma, las princesas y emperatrices tomaron el pavo real como su símbolo personal. De este modo, el pavo real pasó al simbolismo cristiano fuertemente relacionado con la Gran Diosa por lo que no es difícil comprender su conexión positiva con la Virgen María y las delicias del Paraíso. En la religión cristiana, es considerado símbolo de resurrección de Cristo porque en primavera, tiempo de Pascua, el ave cambia totalmente de plumaje. No se le suele representar con su cola desplegada ya que es una imagen que sugiere vanidad, un concepto contrario a la caridad y la humildad del mensaje del cristianismo. Se pueden ver mosaicos del siglo IV con esta figura en la iglesia de Santa Constancia, en Roma, así como en algunas catacumbas cristianas. En general, las representaciones de pavos reales muestran al ave bebiendo de un cáliz o de una fuente (Fuente de la Vida) simbolizando un renacimiento espiritual, asociado con el bautismo y con la eternidad del alma.

  • La majestuosidad del pavo real llamó la atención del hombre desde épocas antiguas, incorporándolo a la cultura popular y a la religión de diferentes períodos históricos, partiendo de las regiones geográficas que constituyen su hábitat original.
  • En el hinduismo, el pavo real sirve de montura a Kārttikeya o Skanda, el dios de la guerra. Numerosas tradiciones, especialmente en el sur de la India y Sri Lanka lo relacionan así mismo con deidades locales, representando por ejemplo al poder del trueno. Muchas de las danzas folclóricas de la India incluyendo el Bharatha Natyam muestran pasos inspirados en el baile de cortejo del pavo real.
  • Una creencia popular de estos países sostiene que cuando el pavo real despliega su imponente penacho es señal inminente de lluvia.[19]
  • En la antigua Grecia fue el ave simbólica de Hera.
  • Cuando en el Antiguo Testamento se describen las riquezas del rey Salomón, se incluye al pavo real en posición preponderante:
"Porque el rey Salomón tenía en el mar una flota de naves de Tarsis, con la flota de Hiram. Una vez cada tres años venía la flota de Tarsis, y traía oro, plata, marfil, monos y pavos reales"
Primer libro de Reyes, 10:22, Reina-Valera, 1960
  • En el Islam se asocia a Iblís, jefe supremo de los demonios, con el pavo real.
  • En la religión yazidi el pavo real se asocia a su dios Melek Taus.
  • El pavo real es el ave nacional de India.
  • Era un manjar muy apreciado en los festines de la antigua Roma donde el pavo real era un plato casi obligatorio.
  • En la época contemporánea, los principales zoológicos de todo el mundo tienen una colección de pavos reales como uno de los principales atractivos para el público visitante.
  • En su texto Tratado sobre el sentido común, el filósofo libertino francés François de La Mothe Le Vayer menciona y alaba al pavo real. Afirmaba desear una pluma como la de este animal, «ocelada, moteada, adornada, con todos los colores y la capacidad de presentarse de distinta manera cada vez que se despliega».[20]

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Pavo cristatus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 25 de junio de 2016.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (1994). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Segunda parte: Falconiformes y Galliformes)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 41 (2): 183-191. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 6 de abril de 2012.
  3. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan & C. L. Wood (2015). «The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2015». Disponible para descarga. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
  4. Dodsworth, PTL (1912). «Occurrence of the Common Peafowl Pavo cristatus, Linnaeus in the neighbourhood of Simla, N.W. Himalayas». J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 21 (3): 1082-1083.
  5. Whitman, CH (1898). «The birds of Old English literature». The journal of Germanic Philology 2 (2): 40.
  6. Nair, P. Thankappan (1974). «The Peacock Cult in Asia». Asian Folklore Studies 33 (2): 93-170. JSTOR 1177550. doi:10.2307/1177550. Archivado desde el original el 5 de febrero de 2009.
  7. a b Blanford, WT (1898). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds 4. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 681-70.
  8. a b Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds (4 edición). Gurney and Jackson, London. pp. 401-410. ISBN 1-4067-4576-6.
  9. Gómez de Silva, H., A. Oliveras de Ita y R. A. Medellín (2005). «Pavo cristatus. Vertebrados superiores exóticos en México: diversidad, distribución y efectos potenciales». Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  10. a b Baker, ECS (1928). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 5 (2 edición). Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 282-284.
  11. a b c d e f g h Dima Balan. «Melée Island». Consultado el 28 de marzo de 2013.
  12. a b Joao Carita (2008). «Pavo real arlequín plateado». Aviornis Internacional (97): 10-16. Archivado desde el original el 21 de septiembre de 2013. Consultado el 28 de marzo de 2013.
  13. Joao Carita. «La cria de los pavos reales- La reproducción». Arte Avícola: 22. Archivado desde el original el 21 de septiembre de 2013. Consultado el 28 de marzo de 2013.
  14. a b c d e f g h United Peafowl Associations (UPA). «UPA gallery» (en inglés). Archivado desde el original el 7 de abril de 2013. Consultado el 28 de marzo de 2013.
  15. a b Amy Miller. «The Peafowl Varieties Database» (en inglés). Archivado desde el original el 16 de marzo de 2018. Consultado el 28 de marzo de 2013.
  16. Edward Charles Stuart Baker, "The nidification of birds of the Indian empire", Ed.Taylor and Francis, 1932
  17. Jack Denton Scott, 1965. "Maravillas y misterios del mundo animal". Ed. Reader's Digest, México
  18. Diccionario enciclopédico popular ilustrado Salvat (1906-1914)
  19. Ave nacional de la India. (en inglés)
  20. Onfray, Michel (2009). «La Mothe Le Vayer y el "goce de uno mismo"». Los libertinos barrocos: Contrahistoria de la filosofía, III. Barcelona: Anagrama. p. 107. ISBN 978-84-339-6284-3.

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Pavo cristatus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El pavo real común​ (Pavo cristatus), también conocido como pavo real de la India o pavo real de pecho azul, es una especie de ave galliforme de la familia Phasianidae,​ una de las dos especies del género Pavo, que desde tiempos antiguos destacó entre los animales admirados por el hombre a causa del extraordinario abanico policromado que constituye la cola de los machos.

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Sini-paabulind ( Estonian )

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Sini-paabulinnu muna

Sini-paabulind ehk india paabulind ehk sinipaabu ehk vau (Pavo cristatus) on suur linnuliik kanaliste seltsis faasanlaste sugukonnas.

Sini-paabulinnu looduslik levila on India ja Sri Lanka.

Viited

  1. Bird, J., Butchart, S. (2009). Pavo cristatus. IUCNi punase nimistu ohustatud liigid. IUCN 2012.

Välislingid

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Sini-paabulind: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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 src= Sini-paabulinnu muna

Sini-paabulind ehk india paabulind ehk sinipaabu ehk vau (Pavo cristatus) on suur linnuliik kanaliste seltsis faasanlaste sugukonnas.

Sini-paabulinnu looduslik levila on India ja Sri Lanka.

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Pauma ( Basque )

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Pauma edo hegazterrena (Pavo cristatus) faisaien familiako hegazti handi eta kolore bizikoa da, jatorriz Asia Hegoaldekoa baina ia mundu osoan erdi-etxekotua. Pavo generoko bi espezietako bat da, pauma berdearekin batera. (Pavo muticus).

Pauma arra urdina da oro har eta luma fineko gandorra du. Ezaguna da, batez ere, isats itxurako estal-luma luze eta ikusgarriengatik. Lumok begi itxurako koloreak dituzte puntatik gertu eta haizemaileen antzera irekitzen eta tentetzen dira emeak limurtzean. Emeak ez ditu isats itxurako luma ikusgarri hauek, lepoa berdexka eta txikiago du, eta gorputzeko lumajea arrekara da.

Indiako hegazti nazionala da.

Ezaugarriak

Pauma sexu dimorfismo handiko espeziea da. 15 urte inguru bizi daiteke, nahiz eta 20 urte arte guztiz etxekotuak bizi izan direnak ere ezagutzen diren.

Orojalea da: haziak, fruituak, intsektuak, sugeak, igelak, saguak eta harrak.

Arra

Moko sendo batez hornitua, burua luma urdinez estalia du eta lumazko motots edo gandor ikusgarria du. Begi inguruan, marra zuri bat du. 2,2 metro luze izatera eta 5 kg pisatzera irits daiteke. Lumajea urdin irisatua du, distira berdekoa, lurraldea babesteko erabiltzen duena. Baina batez ere, emea erakartzeko erabiltzen du estaltze garaian. 2 luze izan daitezkeen estal-lumak ditu, hedatu eta tentetzean haizemaile itxura ikusgarria hartzen dutenak. Lumok begien antzeko itxurak dituzte muturretan, kolore urdin, berde eta urrekarak.

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Arraren goialdea.

"Haizemaile" hau ez da isatsa ez eta hegalak, baizik eta bizkarreko estal-luma bereziak. Isatsa oharkabean dago luma hauen azpian. Arrak hiru urtetik aurrera hedatu ditzake lumok eta urtero berritzen ditu. Horregatik, udazkenean apaingarri eder hau gabe geratzen dira.

Emea

Emea 1 m luze eta 3 kg besterik ez izatera irits daiteke. Lumak arreak eta errauskarak ditu, lepoa zuria eta distira berdekarak bularrean. Lumazko mototsa txikia da, kafe kolorekoa.

 src=
Emea.
 src=
Pavo cristatus

Estaltze garaiaren ondoren, uztail inguruan, emeak arrautza bat, bi edo hiru erruten ditu, urteko emankortasunaren arabera. Habia, lur hondartsuan eginiko zuloa da, landarez estali gabea. Txitatzeak 28 egun irauten ditu, emea ia bertatik mugitzen ez den garaia.

Mitologia

Greziar mitologian, hegazterrena Hera jainkosaren animalia gogokoa zen.

Erreferentziak


(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Pauma: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Pauma edo hegazterrena (Pavo cristatus) faisaien familiako hegazti handi eta kolore bizikoa da, jatorriz Asia Hegoaldekoa baina ia mundu osoan erdi-etxekotua. Pavo generoko bi espezietako bat da, pauma berdearekin batera. (Pavo muticus).

Pauma arra urdina da oro har eta luma fineko gandorra du. Ezaguna da, batez ere, isats itxurako estal-luma luze eta ikusgarriengatik. Lumok begi itxurako koloreak dituzte puntatik gertu eta haizemaileen antzera irekitzen eta tentetzen dira emeak limurtzean. Emeak ez ditu isats itxurako luma ikusgarri hauek, lepoa berdexka eta txikiago du, eta gorputzeko lumajea arrekara da.

Indiako hegazti nazionala da.

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Riikinkukko ( Finnish )

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Tämä artikkeli käsittelee lintua. Samannimisestä tähdistöstä kertoo Riikinkukko (tähdistö)

Riikinkukko eli intianriikinkukko (Pavo cristatus) on luonnonvaraisena Etelä-Aasiassa tavattava suurikokoinen kanalintu. Laji on domestikoitunut ja sitä pidetään eläintarhoissa ja puutarhoissa ympäri maailmaa. Riikinkukko on Intian kansallislintu.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Riikinkukkokoiraat voivat kasvaa 2,3 metriä pitkiksi ja pidentyneiden pyrstösulkien pituus on yli puolet linnun kokonaispituudesta. Koiraan pyrstö voi kasvaa noin 1,5 metrin mittaiseksi. Täysikasvuinen koiras painaa 4–6 kg. Naaras kasvaa harvoin yli metrin mittaiseksi ja painaa 2,75–4 kg. Koiraan pyrstön pidentyneet sulat ovat väriltään vihreät ja niissä on pronssinväriset ja siniset silmäkuviot. Koiraan pitkä kaula on väriltään kiiltävän sininen ja päälaella on sininen töyhtö. Ulkonäöltään riikinkukkokoiras muistuttaa viherriikinkukkokoirasta (Pavo muticus), joka eroaa siitä esimerkiksi vihreän kaulan ja erilaisen töyhdön perusteella. Koiraasta tunnetaan erilaisia mutaatioita, esimerkiksi valkoisia tai tummasiipisiä yksilöitä. Naaras on väriltään selästään ruskea ja vatsastaan valkoinen. Niskan höyhenet ja päälaen töyhtö ovat naaraalla vihreät.[2][3][4][5][6]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Luonnonvaraisena riikinkukkoa tavataan Intiasta, Pakistanista, Nepalista, Bhutanista, Bangladeshista ja Sri Lankasta. Linnun elinympäristöä ovat kosteiden metsien pohjakerrokset erityisesti jokien läheisyydessä. Lajia tavataan myös kylistä ja kaupunkien puistoista.[1][5][2][3]

Foinikialaiset toivat riikinkukkoja Syyriaan noin 1000 eaa. ja Aleksanteri Suuri toi lintuja matkoiltaan hallitsemilleen Välimeren alueille. Riikinkukkoja pidettiin myös arvossa Rooman valtakunnan aikana ja keskiajalla, jolloin niitä siirrettiin muuallekin Eurooppaan.[5]

Elintavat

Riikinkukot ovat kaikkiruokaisia ja syövät siemeniä, hedelmiä, hyönteisiä ja pieniä matelijoita sekä nisäkkäitä. Ravintonsa lintu etsii aamuvarhaisella ja hieman ennen auringonlaskua.[5][6]

Riikinkukot eivät ole kovin hyviä lentämään ja pakenevat saalistajia mieluummin juoksemalla kuin lentämällä. Ne kuitenkin lentävät yöpymään korkealle puihin ja ylittävät jokia lentämällä.[6][3]

Riikinkukot elävät pienissä ryhmissä, joissa on yksi koiras ja kolmesta viiteen naarasta. Pesimäaikana linnut kokoontuvat yhteen ja koiraat esiintyvät naaraille levittelemällä pyrstöjään. Jokaisella koiraalla on oma reviirinsä ja reviirit sijaitsevat hyvin lähellä toisiaan. Naaraat kulkevat reviiriltä toiselle ja valitsevat sopivan koiraan. Yksi koiras pariutuu yleensä kahden naaraan kanssa. Riikinkukon pesä sijaitsee maassa tai jopa rakennuksessa. Naaras munii kolmesta kuuteen munaa, joiden haudonta kestää noin kuukauden ajan. Poikaset kykenevät seuraamaan emoaan noin kahden tunnin kuluttua kuoriutumisestaan.[5][6][2]

Riikinkukko mytologiassa

Riikinkukko esiintyy useassa intialaisessa kansantarussa. Hindut pitävät lintua pyhänä, koska Shivan poika Kartikeya ratsastaa sillä. Riikinkukon uskotaan myös kykenevän lumoamaan käärmeitä ja estävän niiden lisääntymisen.[5]

Kreikkalaisessa tarustossa Heralla oli kaunis papitar Io, jota Zeus ihaili. Zeus muutti Ion hiehoksi suojellakseen häntä Heran mustasukkaisuudelta. Hera onnistui suostuttelemaan Zeuksen antamaan hiehon hänelle lahjaksi ja asetti monisilmäisen Argoksen hiehon vartijaksi. Zeus lähetti Hermeen tappamaan Argoksen ja vapauttamaan Ion. Argoksen palveluksesta kiitollisena Hera asetti kuolleen jättiläisen silmät riikinkukon pyrstöön.[5]

Lähteet

  1. a b BirdLife Ihttps://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riikinkukkonternational: Pavo cristatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 28.3.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c Bird: The Definitive Visual Guide, s. 117. Dorling Kindersley, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4053-4585-9. (englanniksi)
  3. a b c Bikram Grewal, Bill Harvey, Otto Pfister: A photographic guide to the birds of India, s. 57. Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-691-11496-5. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 26.10.2010). (englanniksi)
  4. Robert Burton: International Wildlife Encyclopedia, s. 1898. Marshall Cavendish, 2002. ISBN 978-0761472667. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 26.10.2010). (englanniksi)
  5. a b c d e f g Indian Peafowl Smithsonian National Zoo. Viitattu 26.10.2010. (englanniksi)
  6. a b c d Indian Peafowl Rosamond Gifford Zoo. Viitattu 26.10.2010. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

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Riikinkukko: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Tämä artikkeli käsittelee lintua. Samannimisestä tähdistöstä kertoo Riikinkukko (tähdistö)

Riikinkukko eli intianriikinkukko (Pavo cristatus) on luonnonvaraisena Etelä-Aasiassa tavattava suurikokoinen kanalintu. Laji on domestikoitunut ja sitä pidetään eläintarhoissa ja puutarhoissa ympäri maailmaa. Riikinkukko on Intian kansallislintu.

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Paon bleu ( French )

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Pavo cristatus

Le paon bleu (Pavo cristatus) est une espèce d'oiseaux galliformes de la famille des Phasianidés.

Son cri strident et la longue queue au plumage ocellé qui permet au mâle de « faire la roue », de même que les nuances métalliques - bleu paon - arborées par celui-ci, expliquent la notoriété de cet oiseau de grande taille. L'espèce est originaire des forêts d'Asie, plus principalement d'Inde, du Pakistan et du Sri Lanka, mais on l'élève un peu partout dans le monde comme animal domestique depuis l'Antiquité. Comme la plupart des Phasianidés, le dimorphisme sexuel est important et par ailleurs plusieurs variétés colorées ont été obtenues en plus du bleu d'origine : blanc, nigripenne et arlequin. Le paon bleu est traditionnellement utilisé comme ornement des grands parcs ou comme volaille comestible, et ses plumes ornent les chapeaux ou les bouquets. Dans la culture populaire c'est un symbole religieux et un thème récurrent des beaux arts.

Dénomination

Linné (1758) l’avait nommé Pavo cristatus. Le nom spécifique cristatus provient aussi du latin et veut dire « crêté, qui porte une crête » et fait référence à la huppe que le mâle et la femelle portent sur la tête, disposée en éventail.

Caractéristiques

Le mâle est facilement reconnaissable à son plumage, sa huppe et sa traîne. Il mesure 90 à 110 cm sans sa queue, atteignant 195 à 225 cm de longueur totale avec sa queue. La femelle est plus petite et mesure autour de 86 cm. Elle n'a pas de traîne et son plumage est moins éclatant.

La tête, le cou et la poitrine du plumage du mâle sont bleu-vert et violet avec des reflets métalliques. Autour des yeux se trouve une tache dénudée, et une crête de plumes, munies de barbes uniquement à leur extrémité, orne la couronne. Le bec, d'assez grande taille, est brun clair comme l'iris. Les plumes du dos sont vert doré avec des bordures couleur bronze, les couvertures alaires tertiaires blanches avec de fines rayures noires, les couvertures alaires primaires et secondaires d'un bleu-vert métallique et les rémiges et rectrices brunes. Les plumes sus-caudales au nombre de 100 à 150 en moyenne sont beaucoup plus longues que les rectrices et forment la traîne du paon. Ces plumes dites en « terminaison en queue de poisson » peuvent atteindre jusqu'à 1,5 mètre de longueur - elles grandissent jusqu'à la sixième année - mais en principe ne dépassent pas un mètre. Elles possèdent de longues barbes vert métallique avec des reflets bleus et de couleur bronze, formant, près de leur extrémité, une tache évoquant un œil et connue sous le nom d'ocelle (ocelles disposés à l'intersection de deux familles de spirales), dont le centre d'un bleu vif est entouré d'anneaux concentriques brun, jaune d'or et violet.

En ce qui concerne les reflets métalliques bleus et verts, il s'agit d'un effet d'optique dû à la diffusion de la lumière. Les plumes sont constituées d'un réseau de barbules, lui-même organisé en lamelles. Ce réseau de microstructures diffracte la lumière (la dévient en fonction de la longueur d’onde). La répétition du motif entraîne des interférences au niveau des ondes lumineuses ce qui, ajouté à la pigmentation par la kératine, produit les couleurs observées. La diffraction et les interférences résultant des microstructures périodiques sont à l'origine des variations de couleurs selon l’angle d’observation. Les couleurs disparaissent lorsqu'on observe les plumes à l'envers et par transparence[1].

Répartition et habitat

Le Paon bleu vit au Pakistan à l’est du fleuve Indus, en Inde, au Sri Lanka et au Bangladesh d’où il a peut-être maintenant disparu. De petites populations introduites existent aux États-Unis (sud-est de la Californie), aux îles Hawaï (Maui, Niihau, Oahu, Hawaï), aux Bahamas (Little Exuma), en Afrique du Sud (Robben Island), en Nouvelle-Zélande (île du Nord) et en Australie (îles du détroit de Bass).

Dans son milieu naturel, de manière générale, le paon bleu est inféodé aux forêts caduques ouvertes, sèches ou humides et à proximité des cours d’eau.

Alimentation

L’ensemble des données montre que le régime alimentaire est omnivore. Il se compose de grains (sauvages et cultivés), de graines d’herbes, de particules d’herbes tendres, de feuilles, de pétales de fleurs avec une préférence pour les baies et les drupes de Carissa, Lantana, Zizyphus et les figues sauvages (Ficus). Les champs cultivés, en jachère ou en friche sont aussi visités. La nourriture animale comporte toutes sortes d’insectes et de leurs larves, des petits lézards, des grenouilles, des micro-mammifères et même des serpents[2].

Comportement

Comportement non social

Comme la majorité des Phasianidés et malgré sa taille imposante, le paon peut voler, mais c'est de préférence un animal terrestre qui marche, grimpe et court plutôt que de prendre son vol[3]. Les femelles et les jeunes sont prompts à l’envol, parcourant la forêt d’un bout à l’autre, alors que les mâles volent beaucoup moins.

Le paon bleu est le plus actif entre 9 h et 11 h et entre 17 h et 18 h quand la lumière est suffisante, et la chaleur pas trop forte. Le paon est un animal diurne. Il est vulnérable à l'éclairage artificiel nocturne, comme l'a montrée une étude de 2015[4]. En situation de pollution lumineuse, la vigilance nocturne des paonnes est significativement augmentée et ces oiseaux passent alors moins de temps à dormir, probablement au détriment de leur santé, mais quand on leur donne le choix, ils choisissent néanmoins de se percher à l'ombre plutôt qu'à la lumière[4].

Comportement social

La plupart des auteurs ont décrit le mâle comme vivant en polygamie avec un harem de plusieurs femelles. Pourtant Sharma (1972) ne fait pas mention de cette organisation sociale et l'observation de paons en liberté montre que chaque mâle défend de petits territoires que visitent les femelles qui elles vivent en petits groupes. Rands et al. (1984) ont signalé ce même comportement chez des paons en semi-liberté en Grande-Bretagne.

Fait exceptionnel chez les oiseaux, les mâles et parfois les femelles présentent un comportement assimilable à un jeu en se poursuivant autour d'un buisson ou autres objets apparemment sans but spécifique et hors des périodes de reproduction.[réf. nécessaire]

La roue

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Un paon faisant la roue.

Pour séduire les femelles, les plumes très longues du dos forment une traîne que le mâle déploie en éventail lors de la parade nuptiale.

Pour des prétendants dont la roue présente 140 à 170 ocelles, le succès de la parade ne dépend pas de ce nombre d'ocelles ni de la longueur des plumes, leur séduction diminuant lorsqu'ils en ont moins de 140 : application de la loi de Weber ou bien les femelles sont-elles sensibles à une combinaison de couleurs et de motifs[5]?

Selon l'ornithologue israélien Amotz Zahavi, il s'agit d'une illustration de la théorie du handicap, en gros, les mâles qui ont les meilleures capacités biologiques signalent cet état de fait de façon ostentatoire en affichant qu'ils peuvent même se permettre un encombrement et un surpoids au vol et à la course, alors que cela semble a priori réduire les chances de survie de l'individu[6].

De son côté, Ronald Aylmer Fisher, fait de la traîne du mâle un exemple classique d'emballement fisherien, parce que son développement ne donne aucun avantage à part celui d'attirer les paonnes.

Les mâles sont souvent observés aussi faisant la roue alors qu'ils sont seuls, sans femelle, ni rival à proximité. La paonne a des plumes plus ternes que le mâle, comme c'est le cas pour de nombreuses espèces d'oiseaux. Il arrive cependant qu'elle fasse également la roue, en période de reproduction ou d'excitation émotionnelle par exemple, ou en période d'élevage en cas de danger.[réf. souhaitée]

Cri

Son répertoire vocal comprend une série d’appels criards, sonores et claironnants dont le « léon » qu’il serait plus juste de transcrire par une sorte de « héhan » que les Anglais reproduisent d’ailleurs par « may-awe » ou « mee-ow ». Les indiens traduisent ce cri par « minh-ao » qui annoncerait la pluie car, disent-ils, il lance son cri particulièrement avant l’orage. Les deux sexes ont des cris similaires mais le mâle, plus vocal, les répète plus souvent[2].

On dit qu'il braille, criaille ou paonne[7].

Reproduction

Parade nuptiale

La parade frontale prend toute son ampleur avec le déploiement de la traîne qui constitue la fameuse « roue du paon ». Ainsi, le mâle relève à la verticale et ouvre largement ses longues plumes ornementales, soutenues par les rectrices, en un immense éventail parsemé d’ocelles chatoyants. Il offre alors le spectacle de son corps bleu brillant, rayonnant au centre. Habituellement le mâle déploie sa traîne mais se tourne dans le sens opposé à l’entrée de l’arène quand s’approche une femelle. Lorsqu’elle entre dans l’arène, il fait la roue, en gardant le dos tourné, montrant ainsi l’envers de ses plumes bien moins coloré, et en agitant de haut en bas ses rémiges primaires entrouvertes. Le rythme des saccades s’accélère à mesure que la femelle se rapproche, produisant un bruissement d’ailes de plus en plus fort. Puis il se tourne subitement vers sa partenaire, comme pour créer un effet de surprise, cesse d’agiter ses rémiges primaires et se penche fortement vers elle tout en rabattant son éventail en avant. Parfois c’est la femelle qui le contourne pour se positionner en face de lui. Il se pavane alors à pas lents autour d’elle, dresse le cou, bombe le torse tout en exhibant ses plumes ocellées. Si la femelle, apparemment indifférente, continue à vaquer à ses occupations, il la suit lentement mais si elle lui fait face, il imprime des tremblements rapides à ses rectrices ce qui a pour effet de produire un frémissement des barbes et un chatoiement des ocelles sur les plumes ornementales. Ces tremblements ne durent que quelques secondes mais peuvent être répétés à chaque fois que la femelle relève la tête. Après quoi, il peut tourner à nouveau le dos et agiter ses rémiges primaires. Puis il lance un sifflement et se précipite vers la femelle, ce qui occasionne généralement sa fuite. Ce manège peut être répété plusieurs fois avant qu’elle se couche au sol devant le mâle, alors au comble de l’excitation, qui rabaisse aussitôt son éventail, se rue sur elle en criant et la couvre en étalant ses sus-caudales[2].

Nidification

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Œuf de Pavo cristatus au MHNT.

La période de nidification varie à travers son aire mais elle est liée, de façon générale, à la saison des pluies. Sharma (1972) a mené une étude de terrain dans la région de Jodhpur (Rajasthan, nord-ouest de l’Inde) et a précisé qu’il faut attendre 10 jours après les premières fortes averses de fin-juin pour trouver les premières pontes avec un pic pendant la seconde quinzaine de juillet et en août. Les pontes ne prennent un rythme régulier que lorsque les pluies ont atteint 30 mm et que la pousse des herbes commence à cacher les nids. Après 5 années d’observation, l’auteur conclut que « le retard et l’irrégularité des premières pluies réduisent la ponte ; au contraire une mousson précoce et importante l’augmente ».

Au moment de la couvaison, les mâles ne s'éloignent jamais beaucoup du nid et montent la garde en donnant l'alerte par un cri sonore au moindre changement de l'environnement. Les œufs ont une durée d'incubation de 28 à 30 jours[8].

Prédation

Selon Sharma (1972), la destruction de pontes est due surtout aux chiens errants (75 % en zone sub-urbaine), à l’homme (dérangement par les enfants, ramassage par des chasseurs, collecte pour la fabrication d’aphrodisiaques).

Statut, conservation

L’espèce est considérée comme « globalement non menacée » ou LC "Least concern" (Birdlife International et IUCN Redlist[9] 2022) mais, en raison de son abondance en Inde, sauf dans le nord-est de l’Inde où elle est rare, voire absente, elle n’a fait l’objet que de peu d’études précises d’autant que son statut d’oiseau national lui confère une protection à travers tout le pays. Au Sri Lanka, elle est localement très commune dans les parcs naturels de Yala, Bundala et Wilpattu. Dans de nombreuses localités, elle est également protégée pour des motifs religieux (Yézidi, bouddhiste et hindouiste) ce qui explique qu’elle vit à proximité immédiate de l’homme, près des habitations, des temples ou aux abords des villages. Elle est largement répartie et souvent très commune à travers son aire, notamment dans les zones protégées. Au Pakistan, il reste seulement deux populations mais elles sont nombreuses, l’une dans l’extrême nord-est du Pendjab, l’autre dans l’extrême sud-est du Sind. Au Népal, l’espèce est localement commune, au Bhoutan, elle est répartie très localement dans les plaines du sud alors qu’au Bangladesh, elle est peut-être éteinte (Madge & McGowan 2002).

Seuls le paon blanc, le paon nigripenne et le paon panaché sont considérés comme domestiques en droit français.

Le paon et les humains

Historique

« Le paon est la gloire de Dieu » disait déjà un ancien texte sanscrit. De tout temps, artistes, écrivains et poètes ont chanté et célébré sa beauté légendaire. Les Hindous le vénèrent encore comme le symbole du dieu Krishna. Il est l’oiseau national de l’Inde et bénéficie, de ce fait, d’un statut de protection gouvernementale mais il est également protégé pour des raisons religieuses et philosophiques. Ses cris puissants évoquent aussi, pour les Indiens, la voix de la déesse de la connaissance. Mais le paon est également vénéré dans les pays voisins. Ainsi, à Bhaktapur (près de Katmandou au Népal), on peut admirer, sur la façade d’un monastère brahmanique construit en 1763, la célèbre « fenêtre du paon », une sculpture en bois représentant un paon dont la queue forme une rosace de bois très finement ouvragée. La petite ville de Thimi (à l’ouest de Bhaktapur) est renommée dans toute la vallée pour le talent de ses potiers. Des hommes et des petits garçons façonnent, avec de l'argile locale, toutes sortes de récipients et de figurines. Ils créent notamment des éléphants et des paons miniatures sur le dos desquels ils plantent des fleurs ou des bâtonnets d’encens. Au Bhoutan, les danseurs de « la danse des chapeaux noirs » arborent, au sommet de leur chapeau, de petites plumes de paon ocellées. Les « chapeaux noirs » proclament la victoire du bouddhisme sur les mauvais esprits.

L'histoire veut que l’introduction du paon bleu en Europe incombe à Alexandre le Grand (356-323 av. J. C.) mais le décryptage de hiéroglyphes, la lecture d’anciens documents grecs et la datation de bas-reliefs suggèrent une importation beaucoup plus ancienne. On sait, par exemple, que la flotte du roi Salomon (970-931 av. J. C.) ramena plusieurs spécimens, qu'Assourbanipal, roi d’Assyrie (669-627 av. J. C.) élevait déjà des paons dans des enclos et que Darius Ier, roi des Perses (522-486 av. J. C.) détenait aussi des paons dans ses jardins. La Mésopotamie entretenait, déjà vers 520 av. J. C. des échanges commerciaux avec l'Inde donc près de deux siècles avant les conquêtes d'Alexandre le Grand. Mentionné dans la Bible comme animal domestique, le paon fut élevé dans l'Antiquité en Égypte, en Palestine et en Macédoine vers 440 av. J. C. Il fut introduit chez les anciens Grecs qui le consacrèrent à Héra, déesse grecque du mariage. Mais après les nombreuses luttes fratricides que se livrèrent les différentes cités grecques, il disparut d'Asie Mineure et Alexandre le Grand ne fit que le réintroduire en Macédoine vers 330 av. J. C.

On trouve des représentations de paons sur les fresques de Pompéi. Il était, pour les Romains, tout à la fois, un oiseau de table et d'agrément.

Captivité

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Paon blanc dans un parc anglais (château de Leeds).
 src=
Paon se promenant dans le parc floral de Paris.

Le Paon bleu est répandu comme oiseau domestique dans une grande partie du monde en raison de ses parures majestueuses. Ils errent en liberté sur les parcours et accompagnent les visiteurs, habitués à leur donner à manger, dans les parcs et jardins d'agglomération et parfois les parcs zoologiques.

Génétique

Le paon est souvent donné en exemple pour illustrer le concept de sélection sexuelle (processus selon lequel la compétition entre les individus en vue de l'accouplement est un facteur de l'évolution de certains traits héréditaires) notamment en raison de phénomènes d'apparence contraire aux nécessités de survie ; on parle aussi de théorie du handicap (sa queue majestueuse le fait préférer des femelles mais le handicape pour fuir devant l'ennemi).

Mutations colorées

La couleur blanche ou noire du paon s'explique par la concentration de mélanine dans le plumage. L'absence de mélanine donnera un animal blanc aux yeux rouges (albinos), la plume blanche reflète l'intégralité du spectre lumineux, d'où l'absence de couleurs. La non migration totale ou partielle dans les plumes de ce pigment donnera un animal plus ou moins blanc aux yeux et aux pattes colorées (leucistique) comme dans le cas de la mutation alba du paon bleu (paon blanc) ou dans la mutation panachée. Au contraire, une concentration excessive en mélanine donnera un animal au plumage plus sombre (mélanistique) comme dans le cas de la mutation nigripennis du paon bleu (paon nigripenne)[10].

  • Le paon bleu, la plus répandue, proche du type sauvage. Le mâle possède une tête et un cou bleu brillant, des ailes brunes et des plumes à ocelles bleues et vertes dans sa traîne tandis que le corps entier de la femelle est gris, avec une tête blanchâtre ;
  • Le paon blanc est la plus couramment rencontrée des deux mutations colorées (mutation alba), autres que le type sauvage. Ses plumes sont blanches sur le corps entier. Contrairement à l'idée très répandue, il n'est pas albinos, mais leucistique. Le paon blanc est issu d'une mutation récessive du paon bleu.
  • Le paon nigripenne est la seconde mutation colorée (mutation nigripennis), peu courante. Le mâle a le dos fortement taché de noir, les ailes noires et quelques plumes grises dans la queue. La femelle est très claire, pratiquement blanche, tachée de gris foncé ou marron foncé.
  • Le paon arlequin ou paon panaché (ou pie) est une mutation montrant une coloration partielle. Le gène arlequin doit être associé au gène blanc pour être visible. L'accouplement de deux arlequins donne 25 % de paons ressemblant au paon bleu.

Notes et références

  1. « CNRS : la couleur des animaux »
  2. a b et c Hennache & Ottaviani 2006
  3. Paon bleu sur le site oiseaux-birds.com, consulté en avril 2012.
  4. a et b Yorzinski JL, Chisholm S, Byerley SD, Coy JR, Aziz A, Wolf JA, Gnerlich AC. (2015), Artificial light pollution increases nocturnal vigilance in peahens ; PeerJ. 2015 Aug 13;3:e1174. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1174. eCollection 2015. PMID 26339552
  5. (en) Roslyn Dakin et Robert Montgomerie, « Peahens prefer peacocks displaying more eyespots, but rarely », Animal Behaviour, vol. 82, no 1,‎ juillet 2011, p. 21-28 (DOI )
  6. Philippe Vandel, Pourquoi le paon fait-il la roue ?, publié le 20/09/2014 sur le site de France info, consulté le 6 mars 2018
  7. Cri du paon
  8. Paon bleu sur le site Oiseaux.net, consulté le 20 mars 2015.
  9. (en) « IUCN Redlist Paon Bleu (Pavo cristatus) », sur IUCN Redlist (consulté le 10 janvier 2022)
  10. professeur Pomarède, « Apport scientifique de l'étude des oiseaux d'élevage », sur ProNaturA-France (consulté le 20 février 2011)

Voir aussi

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Paon bleu: Brief Summary ( French )

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Pavo cristatus

Le paon bleu (Pavo cristatus) est une espèce d'oiseaux galliformes de la famille des Phasianidés.

Son cri strident et la longue queue au plumage ocellé qui permet au mâle de « faire la roue », de même que les nuances métalliques - bleu paon - arborées par celui-ci, expliquent la notoriété de cet oiseau de grande taille. L'espèce est originaire des forêts d'Asie, plus principalement d'Inde, du Pakistan et du Sri Lanka, mais on l'élève un peu partout dans le monde comme animal domestique depuis l'Antiquité. Comme la plupart des Phasianidés, le dimorphisme sexuel est important et par ailleurs plusieurs variétés colorées ont été obtenues en plus du bleu d'origine : blanc, nigripenne et arlequin. Le paon bleu est traditionnellement utilisé comme ornement des grands parcs ou comme volaille comestible, et ses plumes ornent les chapeaux ou les bouquets. Dans la culture populaire c'est un symbole religieux et un thème récurrent des beaux arts.

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Pavón ( Galician )

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O pavón[2] (Pavo cristatus) é unha das dúas especies de aves pertencentes ao xénero Pavo, que dende tempos antigos destacou entre os animais admirados polo ser humano por mor do extraordinario abano policromado que constitúe a cola dos machos.

Trátase dunha especie cun dimorfismo sexual moi acentuado que vive arredor dos 15 anos, aínda que se coñecen casos de exemplares que viviron en catividade máis de 20 anos. Trátase dun animal omnívoro, cuxa alimentación está composta principalmente por sementes, froitas, bagas, plantas, verduras, insectos, ras e pequenos réptiles.

Galería de imaxes

Notas

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Pavón: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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O pavón (Pavo cristatus) é unha das dúas especies de aves pertencentes ao xénero Pavo, que dende tempos antigos destacou entre os animais admirados polo ser humano por mor do extraordinario abano policromado que constitúe a cola dos machos.

Trátase dunha especie cun dimorfismo sexual moi acentuado que vive arredor dos 15 anos, aínda que se coñecen casos de exemplares que viviron en catividade máis de 20 anos. Trátase dun animal omnívoro, cuxa alimentación está composta principalmente por sementes, froitas, bagas, plantas, verduras, insectos, ras e pequenos réptiles.

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Merak biru ( Indonesian )

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Merak biru atau Merak india, yang dalam nama ilmiahnya Pavo cristatus adalah salah satu burung dari tiga spesies burung merak. Merak biru mempunyai bulu berwarna biru gelap mengilap. Burung jantan dewasa berukuran besar, panjangnya dapat mencapai 230 cm, dengan penutup ekor yang sangat panjang berwarna hijau metalik. Di atas kepalanya terdapat jambul tegak biru membentuk kipas. Burung betina berukuran lebih kecil dari burung jantan. Bulu-bulunya tidak mengilap, berwarna coklat kehijauan dengan garis-garis hitam dan tanpa dihiasi bulu penutup ekor. Burung muda seperti betina.

Populasi Merak biru tersebar di hutan terbuka dengan padang rumput di India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal dan Bhutan. Sebelumnya spesies ini ditemukan juga di Bangladesh, tetapi sekarang kemungkinan besar telah punah di sana.

Merak jantan adalah poligami spesies, mempunyai pasangan lebih dari satu. Pada musim berbiak, burung jantan memamerkan bulu ekornya di depan burung betina. Bulu-bulu penutup ekor dibuka membentuk kipas dengan bintik berbentuk mata berwarna biru. Burung betina biasanya menetaskan tiga sampai enam butir telur.

Pakan burung Merak biru terdiri dari aneka biji-bijian, pucuk rumput dan dedaunan, aneka serangga, serta berbagai jenis hewan kecil seperti cacing, laba-laba dan kadal kecil.

Merak biru adalah burung nasional negara India. Spesies ini juga memegang peranan penting dalam mitologi Buddha, Hindu dan kebudayaan-kebudayaan lainnya.

Burung Merak biru dievaluasikan sebagai berisiko rendah di dalam IUCN Red List.

Galeri

Pranala luar

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Merak biru: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Merak biru atau Merak india, yang dalam nama ilmiahnya Pavo cristatus adalah salah satu burung dari tiga spesies burung merak. Merak biru mempunyai bulu berwarna biru gelap mengilap. Burung jantan dewasa berukuran besar, panjangnya dapat mencapai 230 cm, dengan penutup ekor yang sangat panjang berwarna hijau metalik. Di atas kepalanya terdapat jambul tegak biru membentuk kipas. Burung betina berukuran lebih kecil dari burung jantan. Bulu-bulunya tidak mengilap, berwarna coklat kehijauan dengan garis-garis hitam dan tanpa dihiasi bulu penutup ekor. Burung muda seperti betina.

Populasi Merak biru tersebar di hutan terbuka dengan padang rumput di India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal dan Bhutan. Sebelumnya spesies ini ditemukan juga di Bangladesh, tetapi sekarang kemungkinan besar telah punah di sana.

Merak jantan adalah poligami spesies, mempunyai pasangan lebih dari satu. Pada musim berbiak, burung jantan memamerkan bulu ekornya di depan burung betina. Bulu-bulu penutup ekor dibuka membentuk kipas dengan bintik berbentuk mata berwarna biru. Burung betina biasanya menetaskan tiga sampai enam butir telur.

Pakan burung Merak biru terdiri dari aneka biji-bijian, pucuk rumput dan dedaunan, aneka serangga, serta berbagai jenis hewan kecil seperti cacing, laba-laba dan kadal kecil.

Merak biru adalah burung nasional negara India. Spesies ini juga memegang peranan penting dalam mitologi Buddha, Hindu dan kebudayaan-kebudayaan lainnya.

Burung Merak biru dievaluasikan sebagai berisiko rendah di dalam IUCN Red List.

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Pavo cristatus ( Italian )

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Il pavone reale o pavone blu, anche noto come pavone indiano (Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758), è un uccello appartenente alla famiglia dei Fasianidi.[2]

Originario delle foreste dell'India, era già noto all'antica Grecia. I Romani lo allevavano sia per la sua bellezza che per la prelibatezza di carni e uova.

Descrizione

 src=
Esemplare maschio
 src=
Esemplare femmina
Verso del pavone
 src=
Uovo di Pavo cristatus
Pavone blu
primo piano di un pavone
 src=
Pavone bianco
 src=
Dettagli della ruota del pavone maschio.

La livrea di questi uccelli è uno dei casi più rappresentativi di dimorfismo sessuale: la testa e il collo del maschio sono ricoperte di piume blu elettrico dai riflessi metallici. La zona intorno all'occhio è nuda, con pelle bianca interrotta da una striscia nera. Sulla nuca compaiono alcune penne nude a formare un elegante ciuffo. Il petto e il dorso sono coperti da grandi piume blu-verdi metallizzate; le ali sono bianche marezzate di nero mentre i fianchi sono giallo-arancione. La caratteristica più evidente del pavone maschio consiste tuttavia nelle copritrici del groppone, abnormemente sviluppate in lunghezza (fino a 200 cm). In ognuna di queste penne, spesso a torto ritenute penne della coda (timoniere), lo sviluppo delle barbe non è costante per tutta la lunghezza; al contrario, all'estremità si allargano a formare una "paletta" con la tipica, vistosa macchia a forma di occhio. Tali penne, molto leggere a dispetto delle dimensioni, non sono affatto erettili: il loro sollevamento nella parata nuziale, durante la quale il maschio effettua una mostra ostentativa ("ruota") è dovuto in realtà all'erezione delle timoniere, che costituiscono la vera coda, molto simile alla breve coda quadrata delle femmine. Questa coda, solitamente nascosta sotto le penne ornamentali, diventa facilmente visibile durante il dispiegamento, osservando il pavone da dietro.

La femmina ha la testa bianca e bruna decorata dal ciuffo di penne sulla nuca. Il collo e il petto sono verde metallico e bruno. I fianchi e il ventre sono biancastri, macchiati di bruno. Anche le ali sono brune e marezzate di nero, così come la coda.

Biologia

In natura, il pavone ha un comportamento simile al gallo cedrone, con accoppiamenti poligami in cui ogni maschio ha un harem di 4-5 femmine. Le femmine, in primavera, depongono dalle 4 alle 9 uova; la cova ha una durata media di 4 settimane e i pulcini nascono già abili e in grado di seguire la madre in cerca di cibo. La capacità di volare di quest'uccello è limitata per lo più a brevi decolli come metodo di fuga ma, nonostante questo, è in grado di raggiungere facilmente il tetto di una casa di tre piani. Per il resto del tempo il pavone è un uccello camminatore, pari al fagiano. L'allevamento del pavone è facile da condurre, poiché se tenuto in cattività rivela un comportamento simile alla gallina, tuttavia si rende necessario fornirlo di una voliera molto grande (sono infatti uccelli di grande taglia e ingombro) e chiusa da rete robusta anche superiormente, data la facilità con cui riesce a superare gli ostacoli anche più alti. L'allevamento di questi uccelli è inoltre facilitato dalla loro dieta, ricca di granaglie e sostanzialmente identica alla dieta dei polli domestici.

Il pavone in cattività vive mediamente fino a 23 anni, ma la sua sopravvivenza in habitat selvatico è stimata intorno ai 15 anni.[3][4]

Tassonomia

Specie simili

Nell'area dell'arcipelago malese e in Indocina si riscontra l'endemico Pavo muticus, noto anche come pavone verde.

Ibridi

Il pavone può dar luogo a ibridi con la gallina faraona (Numida meleagris × Pavo cristatus)[5][6].

Razze

Nel corso degli anni sono state selezionate numerose razze d'allevamento:[7][8]

  • Pavone dalle ali nere (Pavo cristatus var. nigripennis): mutazione del pavone comune selezionata in Inghilterra intorno alla metà dell'Ottocento. Il maschio ha collo e petto di un colore blu più intenso; le ali sono nere con sfumature blu. Le femmine hanno un piumaggio biancastro con spruzzi verdi sul collo e sulla parte superiore del corpo.
  • Pavone bianco: mantello completamente bianco, in cui la coda del maschio somiglia a uno splendido pizzo. Punto debole di questa varietà è l'eccessiva consanguineità, che la rende sensibile alle malattie e al clima instabile.[9]
  • Pavone pezzato (o Pavone arlecchino): questa razza è stata ottenuta incrociando il pavone dalle ali nere con il pavone bianco. La livrea è simile a quella del pavone comune ma intervallata da chiazze bianche di varie dimensioni su tutto il corpo

Simbologia

Età antica

Nella mitologia greca e in quella romana, il pavone era simbolo della dea Giunone/Era, a causa del mito di Argo: il piumaggio della coda del pavone maschio deriverebbe dal gigante Argo Panoptes, un essere dotato di cento occhi. Alla sua morte per mano di Ermes, Era avrebbe posto i suoi occhi sulla coda del suo animale sacro per omaggiarne il sacrificio. Scrive Ovidio nelle Metamorfosi: Argo, tu giaci disteso; e la luce, che dentro tant'occhi / ti scintillava una volta s'è spenta del tutto! La notte, / unica notte perenne ricopre i tuoi occhi infiniti! / Ma li raccoglie Giunone e li colloca sovra le penne / del suo pavone, a cui empie la coda di gemme stellanti / [...] Gli dei del mare acconsentirono. E Giunone risalì nel cielo / limpido sull'agile carro trainato da pavoni screziati, / screziati solo di recente, da quando era morto Argo, / come di recente tu, che prima eri candido, corvo loquace, / ti sei visto tutt'a un tratto mutare le ali in nere // più superba del pavone che si gonfia, più furiosa del fuoco.

Medioevo

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Mosaico del V secolo conservato al Chazen Museum of Art
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Bassorilievo nella chiesa di Sant'Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna
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Plutei all'interno del Duomo di Ancona

Nella tradizione cristiana, a seconda dei contesti, ha vari significati. In generale, comunque, si può dire che il pavone ha senz'altro un notevolissimo potenziale simbolico di vita eterna e che fu uno dei segni più ricorrenti e fortunati dell'arte romanica[10].

Cielo stellato

Secondo la tradizione più antica, che arrivò in Europa dall'India, il pavone, con gli occhi e il colore della sua splendida coda, evoca il cielo stellato e quindi il luogo che accoglie il defunto nella sua apoteosi[10].

Immortalità

Collegato al significato di cielo stellato, il pavone può anche essere simbolo di immortalità e di Cristo stesso, in quanto si credeva che le carni dell'animale, dopo la morte, non si deteriorassero. Anche Agostino di Ippona riferisce che alla carne di pavone "fu concesso di non putrefarsi"[11] Per questo motivo le sue raffigurazioni sono state ritrovate numerose nelle catacombe di Roma[12]). Quando poi si trovano due pavoni affrontati con al centro un cantharos o una croce, essi simboleggiano anche più chiaramente le anime dei defunti[10], che non abbandonano mai la fonte sacra della vita. Sui sigilli mistici del Medioevo, dove si vedono due pavoni che piluccano i frutti dell'Albero della vita, il pavone assume lo stesso significato. I due pavoni affrontati sono presenti anche nella cultura irano-sasanide, egiziana, persiana e indiana; l'origine è forse proprio indiana[13].

Resurrezione

In base alla credenza secondo la quale il pavone perde ogni anno in autunno le penne che rinascono in primavera, l'animale può essere anche simbolo della rinascita spirituale e quindi della resurrezione. Inoltre i suoi mille occhi sono stati considerati emblema dell'onniscienza di Dio[14]. Anche sant'Antonio di Padova parla del pavone in questo senso: C'è da osservare che il pavone perde le penne quando il primo albero perde le foglie. Successivamente gli rispuntano le piume quando gli alberi cominciano a mettere le foglie. [...] Poi nella resurrezione finale, quando tutti gli alberi, cioè i santi, incominceranno a sbocciare e verdeggiare, allora colui che ha rifiutato le penne delle cose temporali, riceverà le piume dell'immortalità. Alcuni santi hanno nella loro iconografia un pavone: san Liborio, san Guntero.

Umiltà

Quando è raffigurato con la cosa abbassata e chiusa, il pavone, oltre a significati anzidetti, rappresenta anche l'umiltà, ricordando chi, non dando importanza all'esteriorità, vuole dedicare la propria vita a ciò che veramente ha un valore eterno[15]. Con un percorso logico affine, il pavone arriva a rappresentare la negazione della superbia[16] e della vanità. Spesso due pavoni con coda abbassata sono raffigurati in modo speculare e con una fontana o un vaso al centro, come nelle catacombe paleocristianee nei tessuti ecclesiastici. Anche in araldica, il pavone con coda abbassata e chiusa è simbolo di umiltà[17].

Vanità

Nel Physiologus, prototipo dei bestiari medievali, il pavone, ma raffigurato con la coda aperta, ha lo stesso significato che gli attribuisce il linguaggio comune oggi, ossia la vanità, la superbia, l'ipocrisia, la vanagloria; in questo antico testo si dice infatti che il pavone gironzola, prova piacere a guardarsi, si esibisce e si guarda attorno con superbia. quando però osserva le proprie zampe, non può che lanciare un grido di rabbia, perché esse non corrispondono affatto al suo aspetto[18]. Segue e sostanzia l'opinione espressa nel Physiolus anche Cecco d'Ascoli, che scrive: Gode di sua bellezza nella rota, / guardandosi a li piè prende tristezza / e allegreza da lui sta remota. / Voce maligna, capo di serpente, / le penne pare angelica bellezza, / li passi del ladrone e frodolente[19]

Nell'alchimia

Nell'alchimia, il pavone è simbolo di totalità perché nella sua coda sono riuniti tutti i colori. La cauda pavonis raffigura il gioco di colori che può sorgere subito dopo la nigredo. nel corso del magnum opus alchemico[20].

Nelle cerimonie cavalleresche

Seguendo l'etica cavalleresca i voti più solenni erano prestati sul pavone.[21][22]

Nella religione

Melek Ṭāʾūs, noto anche come "L'angelo pavone" (in arabo: ملك طاووس‎, Malik Ṭāʾūs) è la figura centrale per la religione degli Yazidi. Gli Yazidi affermano che il loro dio è "il demone primo" delle altre religioni e hanno il divieto di pronunciarne la parola per la convinzione che nominare Dio sia blasfemo. Secondo il linguista curdo Jamal Nebez, la parola "Ṭāʾūs" potrebbe derivare dal greco ed essere collegata a "Zeus" e "Theos", vale a dire "dio". Melek Ta'us diventerebbe "Angelo di Dio", e la cosa sembrerebbe confermata dal fatto che gli stessi Yazidi vedono Melek Ṭāʾūs o Ṭāʾūs-e Melek (کوردیپێدیا - هاوڕێ باخەوان pag. 21) come un'ipostasi divina.

Appare probabile il diretto collegamento etimologico del nome Ta'us con la parola greca ταως , che vuol dire pavone; tale proposta etimologica documenterebbe la formazione di questo culto in epoca pre islamica ed in un contesto di sincretismo cultuale tra comunità semitiche e comunità grecofone di origine ellenistica. Diverse confessioni cristiane, islamiche nonché altre religioni identificano Melek Ṭāʾūs con Lucifero o Shaytan (Satana).

Proverbi

  • Un detto lombardo recita: "I òmen e i pollon hinn i pussee cojon" (gli uomini e i pavoni sono i più stupidi), poiché imitandone insistentemente il canto d'amore per indurlo a esibire il piumaggio, lo si pone in costante eccitazione sessuale, in questo stato tende a digiunare fino a deperirsi, così come le persone vittime di lusinghe, tendono a non accorgersi della realtà e a fare cose stupide.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) BirdLife International 2012, Pavo cristatus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Phasianidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 5 maggio 2014.
  3. ^ (EN) The Life Span of Animals, su Dr. Bob's All Creatures Site.
  4. ^ (EN) M.S. Flower S., The duration of life in animals, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, IV. Birds: special notes by orders and families, 1938, pp. 195–235.
  5. ^ Serebrovsky A.S, Observations on interspecific hybrids of the fowl, in J. Genetics 1929.21: 327-340.
  6. ^ Ghigi A., Galline di faraone e tacchini, Milano, Ulrico Hoepli, 1936.
  7. ^ Pavoni (Pavo sp.), su www.agraria.org. URL consultato il 20 luglio 2012.
  8. ^ Pavoni, su "Il Pollaio del Re" sito di Avicoltura. URL consultato il 20 luglio 2012 (archiviato dall'url originale il 27 giugno 2012).
  9. ^ C.Fracanzani, Allevamento familiare degli animali da cortile, Bologna, EdAgricole, 1981.
  10. ^ a b c Fabrizio Bisconti, Lorenza De Maria Bisconti, Temi paleocristiani nei rilievi altomedievali altoadriatici: dagli animali simbolici all'immaginario zoomorfo, in Antichità altoadriatiche, 1988, Editreg, Trieste (pp. 447-449).
  11. ^ Agostino di Ippona, De civitate Dei, 21, 4 = PL 41, 712.
  12. ^ Silvio Paolucci, Giuseppina Signorini, L'Ora di Storia, ROSSA, Bologna, Zanichelli, 2004, p. 75.
  13. ^ Marco Miosi, Storia di un uccello immortale: il pavone e la "pavolatria", XXIIª parte
  14. ^ Dizionari dell'arte, La natura e i suoi simboli, ed. Electa, 2011, p. 309.
  15. ^ Ugo di San Vittore De bestiis et aliis rebus (I, 55)(1096-1141); Maria Grazia Blasio, Anna Morisi, Francesca Niutta, Atti del convegno di studi: Roma, 2-3-4 dicembre 2004, edito da Roma nel Rinascimento, 2006 (p. 314); Luigi Bevilacqua, Oltre il simbolo: il pavone e la fontana
  16. ^ Manlio Brusatin, Stile sobrio: Breve storia di un’utile virtù, Marsilio Editori, ISBN 9788831741033.
  17. ^ Luigi Bevilacqua, Oltre il simbolo: il pavone e la fontana
  18. ^ Pseudo Epifania, Physiologus, XII.
  19. ^ Acerba, III volume
  20. ^ Maria Daniela Basile, Il simbolismo del pavone: vanità, superbia e non solo.
  21. ^ Domenico V. Ripa Montesano, Vademecum di Loggia, Roma, Edizione Gran Loggia Phoenix, 2009, ISBN 978-88-905059-0-4.
  22. ^ Franco Cuomo, Gli Ordini Cavallereschi, Roma, Newton & Compton Editori, 2004, ISBN 88-8289-973-X.

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Pavo cristatus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il pavone reale o pavone blu, anche noto come pavone indiano (Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758), è un uccello appartenente alla famiglia dei Fasianidi.

Originario delle foreste dell'India, era già noto all'antica Grecia. I Romani lo allevavano sia per la sua bellezza che per la prelibatezza di carni e uova.

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Povas ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Pavo cristatus
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Pavo cristatus

Povas (lot. Pavo cristatus, angl. Peafowl, vok. Pfau) – fazaninių (Phasianidae) šeimos vištinis paukštis.


Vikiteka

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Povas: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Indijas pāvs ( Latvian )

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Indijas pāvs (Pavo cristatus) ir liela auguma fazānu dzimtas (Phasianidae) putns, kuru viegli atpazīt pēc tēviņa krāšņās, acotās astes un zilā kakla apspalvojuma. Tā dabīgais izplatības areāls aptver Indijas subkontinentu un Šrilankas salu Dienvidāzijā, bet, pateicoties putna dekoratīvajam izskatam, tas introducēts daudzās pasaules vietās, kā arī tas ir daudzu parku un putnu dārzu iemītnieks.[1] Arī Rīgas zooloģiskajā dārzā Indijas pāvi mājo kopš zoodārza dibināšanas 1912. gadā.[2] Dabīgajā izplatības areālā tas pamatā sastopams līdz 1800 metriem virs jūras līmeņa, bet retas reizes to var novērot arī līdz 2000 metriem virs jūras līmeņa.[3] Tas savvaļā mājo gan mitros, gan sausos lapu koku mežos, bet spēj piemēroties arī lauksaimniecības ainavai un apdzīvoto vietu tuvumam. Indijas pāvs vienmēr apmetas ūdenstilpnes tuvumā.

Kopš 1963. gada pāvs ir Indijas nacionālais simbols.[1] Daudzviet Indijas ziemeļos Indijas pāvu aizsargā reliģija un pāvs brīvi un netraucēti uzturas ciematos un pilsētās. Valda uzskats, ka Eiropā pāvu ir ievedis Aleksandrs Lielais,[4] bet daļa vēsturnieku uzskata, ka Indijas pāvs Eiropu ir sasniedzis daudz agrāk, nokļūstot Atēnās jau 450.gadā pirms mūsu ēras vai pat vēl agrāk.[5]

Izskats un īpašības

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Tēviņa galvu rotā zilizaļš kronis
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Virsastē aug vairāk kā 200 spalvas
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Zoodārzos populāra selektīvā variācija — baltais pāvs

Indijas pāvs ir viens no lielākajiem un smagākajiem fazānu dzimtas putniem un tāpat kā citām pāvu sugām tam piemīt dzimumu dimorfisms. Tēviņš ir liela auguma putns, kura ķermeņa garums, mērot no knābja gala līdz astes pamatnei, ir 100—15 cm, bet astes garums pieaugušam tēviņam ir 1,4—1,6 m, spārnu plētums apmēram 1,4 m. Tā svars 4—6 kg.[6] Mātīte atšķiras ne tikai ar apspalvojumu, bet tā ir arī mazāka augumā. Tās ķermeņa garums ir apmēram 96 cm, bet svars 2,75—4 kg.[6]

Tēviņam ir metāliski zils un zilizaļš galvas un kakla apspalvojums, kas uz pakauša aug vieglās cirtās. Galvu rotā dekoratīvs cekuls jeb kronis. Kroņa spalvas atgādina melnu otiņu ar zilizaļu vēdekļveida noslēgumu. Ap acīm tēviņam ir neapspalvots ādas laukums, kas gan virs acs, gan zem acs ir balts. Muguras apspalvojumam raksturīgs bronzas zaļš tonis ar melnu un vara krāsas raibumojumu. Spārni raibumoti pelēkmelni ar melnām un kastaņbrūnām lidspalvām. Visā pasaulē pāvu pazīst dēļ tā dekoratīvās astes, lai gan faktiski tēviņa aste ir vienādi gara ar mātītes asti. Tumši brūnās, stīvās, vidēji garās astes spalvas nosedz garās virsastes spalvas, kas nav astes spalvas, bet gan pie astes pamatnes augošās muguras spalvas (tās ir vairāk kā 200 spalvas, toties astes spalvas ir tikai 20). Katru virsastes spalvu, izņemot dažas malējās, rotā dekoratīvās un krāšņās astes acis. Tēviņam kājām virs aizmugurējā pirksta līdzīgi kā gailim aug piesis.

Mātītēm muguras un spārnu apspalvojums ir neuzkrītošā, pelēkbrūnā krāsā. Galva ir rudi brūna un to rotā kronis līdzīgi kā tēviņam, vienīgi kroņa spalvu vēdekļveida gali ir kastaņbrūni ar zaļu maliņu. Spārnu un astes lidspalvas ir tumši brūnas. Uz kakla pazodē aug krāšņāks, metāliski zaļš apspalvojums, bet krūtis ir tumši brūnas ar zaļu spīdumu. Pavēdere ir gaiša, gandrīz balta. Mazuļiem ir gaiši brūnas dūnas un tumši brūns pakausis. Jaunie tēviņi ārēji atgādina mātīti, bet to spārni ir kastaņbrūni.[1][7]

Mutācijas un hibrīdi

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Darvins nekādi nespēja saprast pāva tēviņa astes krāšņumu un ideju par dzīvnieku saplūšanu ar apkārtējo vidi
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Amerikas gleznotājs un naturālists Teiers atšķirībā no Darvina uzskatīja, ka pāva krāšņā aste tam palīdz noslēpties džungļu lapotnē, attēlā Indijas pāva tēviņš noslēpies koku zaros

Indijas pāvam ir vairākas krāsu mutācijas. Ļoti reti tās var novērot savvaļā, bet selektīvās audzēšanas ietekmē tās diezgan bieži novērojamas nebrīvē. Vienu no šīm krāsu mutācijām — melnplecu Indijas pāvu Darvina laika zinātnieki vēlējās izdalīt kā pasugu (P. c. nigripennis), pieļaujot iespēju, ka tā varētu būt pat atsevišķa suga,[8] tomēr mūsdienās ir pierādījies kā tā ir tikai Indijas pāva ģenētiska variācija. Šīs mutācijas tēviņiem ir melni spārni, toties jaunie putni un mātītes ir krēmīgi balti ar brūniem spalvu galiņiem.[7] Ir sastopamas arī raibas un baltas mutācijas.[9]

Zoodārzos ir populāri zaļā pāva (Pavo muticus) tēviņa un Indijas pāva mātītes hibrīdi, kurus sauc par Spaldinga pāviem (Kalifornijas putnu audzētāja K.Spaldinga vārdā nosaukti hibrīdi[10]). Hibrīdi var radīt kaitējumu, ja nokļūst savvaļā, jo sapārojoties ar savvaļas pāviem, tie novājina genofondu un to pēcnācējiem ir pazeminātas izdzīvošanas spējas, salīdzinot ar ģenētiski tīrajām sugām.[11]

Tēviņa aste

Astes garums aizņem vairāk kā 60% no kopēja putna ķermeņa garuma, sasniedzot 1,4—1,6 m.[12] Kad pāvs paceļ un izpleš savu asti kā vēdekli, tā zaigo visdažādākajās krāsās — zelta, vara, zilizaļā un melnā.[13] Krāšņās krāsas neveidojas, pateicoties atbilstošiem pigmentiem, bet gan pateicoties spalvu mikrostruktūrai un optiskajam fenomenam.[14] Garā virsaste tēviņam attīstās tikai otrajā gadā. Pilnībā aste ir attīstījusies, putnam sasniedzot 4 gadu vecumu. Astes krāšņās virsspalvas tiek mainītas katru gadu. Tās Indijas ziemeļos ataug februārī un tiek nomestas augusta beigās, toties lidspalvas var nomainīties visa gada garumā. Lai gan pāva aste ir gara un koša, tas spēj meistarīgi paslēpties meža biezoknī.[13] Savā laikā Darvins rakstīja savam kolēģim A.Grejam: "Ikreiz, kad es paskatos uz pāva asti, tā mani padara slimu." Krāšņā pāva aste nekādi neiederējās Darvina idejā par piemērošanos videi, lai izdzīvotu. Darvins bija pārliecināts, ka ar savu krāšņo asti, tas nodod noteikta rakstura informāciju pāvu mātītēm. Tā radās termins seksuālā selekcija.[12]

Balss

Indijas pāva tēviņam ir ļoti skaļa balss, tā saucieni, samērā spalgie kliedzieni dzirdami no liela attāluma. Pirms lietus sezonas kliedzienu frekvence pieaug. Riesta laikā tēviņi kļūst īpaši skaļi, piesakot savu teritoriju. Šajā laikā tēviņi var sakliegties viens ar otru visu nakti. Briesmu gadījumos kliedz abi dzimumi. Džungļos dzirdamie kliedzieni ļoti bieži norāda par tīģera klātbūtni un pēc tā, no kurienes atskan kliedzieni, var noteikt plēsēja pārvietošanās trajektoriju.[1][15] Kopumā izšķir 7 dažādus kliedzienu veidus, no kuriem 6 ir briesmu brīdinājumu kliedzieni.[16]

Uzvedība

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Indijas pāva mātīte ar jaunajiem putniem
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Lai būtu drošībā, pāvi uz nakts guļu iekārtojas augstu kokos

Indijas pāvi pamatā ir vientuļnieki un tiem raksturīgs izolēts dzīves veids.[13] Riesta laikā tēviņi nostiprina katrs savu teritoriju, bet mātītes tiem pievienojas, izveidojot nelielus barus — harēmus. Katram pieaugušam tēviņam ir līdz 6 mātītēm.[13] Kad beidzas vairošanās sezona, mātītes pamet tēviņu un vai nu kļūst par nosacītām vientuļniecēm (ar tām kopā paliek jaunie putni), vai uzturas nelielos baros, kuros ir 2—3 pieaugušas mātītes. Reizēm arī tēviņi veido nelielas grupas. Indijas pāvi ir ļoti uzmanīgi un aizdomīgi pret visu svešo. Putns nepārtraukti uzmana savu apkārtni, cenšoties laicīgi pamanīt ienaidniekus. Atšķirībā no citām pāvu sugām, Indijas pāvu mazāk ietekmē cilvēka tuvums, līdz ar to tas ir vieglāk audzējams arī nebrīvē.[13]

Indijas pāvs ir aktīvs dienas gaišajās stundās. Rīta agrumā to var novērot atklātās vietās, meklējot barību, bet dienas vidus karstumā tas slēpjas ēnā. Indijas pāvus dienas laikā var novērot arī smilšu vannās, tīrot savas spalvas. Vakaros, kad iestājas krēsla, tas dodas padzerties ūdeni. Briesmu gadījumā Indijas pāvs glābjas skrienot, ļoti reti lidojot.[1]

Nakts mieru tas meklē, uzlidojot koku galotnēs, turklāt Indijas pāvi nakšņo samērā lielās grupās. Vispirms tas lidojumā aizsniedz zemākos zarus, bet pēc tam pārlido uz arvien augstākiem un augstākiem zariem līdz sasniedz drošu augstumu.[13] Nakšņošanai Indijas pāvs var izvēlēties arī vertikālas klintis, augstākas ēkas un, piemēram, kolonnas. Īsi pirms iemigšanas pāvi savstarpēji sasaucas.[17] Izmantojot šo ieradumu pāviem savstarpēji sakliegties pirms iemigšanas, zinātnieki spēj atrast nakšņošanas vietas un veikt pētījumus. Nakšņojošo baru struktūra nav līdz galam izprasta. Reizēm vienā kokā var novērot baru, kurā ir 170—210 tēviņi un apmēram 100 mātītes, bet citreiz 47 tēviņi uz 100 mātītēm.[18]

Barība

Indijas pāvs ir visēdājs un barību meklē uz zemes. Tas barojas ar sēklām, augļiem, koku pumpuriem, ziediem, jauniem dzinumiem un asniem, kukaiņiem (termītiem), tārpiem, maziem zīdītājiem, abiniekiem (vardēm) un rāpuļiem (ķirzakām un čūskām). Indijas pāvs medī tikai mazas čūskas, bet no lielām izvairās.[19] Indijas pāvu mēdz saukt arī par čūsku slepkavu, jo tas medī mazas kobras.[13] Novērots, ka Indijas ziemeļos Gudžarātā pie iespējas pāvi galvenokārt barojas ar zemē nokritušām jujubes ogām.[20] Tie putni, kas uzturas lauksaimniecības zemēs, barojas arī ar zemesriekstiem, tomātiem, rīsiem, banāniem un pat čili pipariem.[18] Lielu apdzīvoto vietu tuvumā tie barojas arī ar pārtikas atkritumiem.[1]

Vairošanās

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Jo vairāk acu astē, jo spēcīgāks un veselīgāks tēviņš
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Par putnēniem rūpējas tikai mātīte
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Pāva ola

Riests

Pāvi ir poligāmi un vairošanās sezona savvaļā ir cieši saistīta ar lietus sezonu. Dzimumbriedumu pāvs sasniedz 2—3 gadu vecumā.[21] Katram tēviņam vairošanās sezonas laikā ir sava teritorija. Šaja laikā tēviņi kļūst agresīvi. Reizēm savstarpēji tuvu radniecīgi tēviņi ieņem teritorijas vienu otrai blakus. Tās ir salīdzinoši nelielas un mātītes brīvi pārvietojas starp teritorijām, turklāt šie tēviņi neapsargā harēmu.[22] Savu uzmanību mātītei tēviņš izrāda paceļot un izplešot kā vēdekli savu krāšņo asti un nolaižot daļēji izplestus spārnus. Tēviņš vibrē lidspalvas, radot īpašu skaņu, vienlaicīgi cenšoties vienmēr pagriezties tā, lai mātīte tam skatītos sejā un uz astes dekoratīvo pusi.[1] Reizēm tēviņš, kad atrod barību, sastingst pie tās, aicinot un gaidot mātīti.[23] Starp tēviņa asti un tā sekmēm piesaistīt mātītes uzmanību ir novērojama cieša saistība.[13] Mātītes priekšroku dod tiem tēviņiem, kas spēj asti pacelt pēc iespējas augstāk. Tēviņš patērē daudz enerģijas un spēka, lai izslietu un izvērstu asti visā krāšņumā. Turklāt, lai izdzīvotu mežā un izvairītos no ienaidniekiem, garastainajiem tēviņiem jāpielieto daudz vairāk gudrības, spēka un veiklības nekā tēviņiem ar īsākām astēm. Lielāki panākumi ir arī tiem tēviņiem, kuriem astē ir vairāk pēc skaita dekoratīvās acis. Ir noskaidrots, ka slimīgiem īpatņiem acis astē ir mazākā skaitā nekā veselīgiem putniem. Turklāt, jo astē ir vairāk un lielāka izmēra acis, jo mātītei olas ir lielākas un putnēni veselīgāki.[13]

Riesta laikā agresīvi ir ne tikai tēviņi, bet arī mātītes.[13] Lielākas un spēcīgākas mātītes no izvēlētā tēviņa teritorijas padzen mazākas un vājākas mātītes, turklāt mātīte cenšas pēc iespējas ātrāk sapāroties. Tā kā pārošanās notiek vairākas reizes, mātītes cenšas ierobežot to mātīšu skaitu, kas pārojas ar to izvēlēto tēviņu, tādējādi nodrošinot spermas kvalitāti.[13]

Ligzdošana

Ligzda ir uz zemes sekli izskrāpēta iedobe, kas izklāta ar sausām lapām un citām meža kritalām. Reizēm pāva ligzdu var atrast uz ēku dzegām.[24] Dējumā ir 3-5 gaiši brūnas vai krēmīgas olas, retos gadījumos var būt līdz 12 olām.[13] Čaumalai ir poraina virsma, kas ļauj olā iekļūt ūdenim.[13] Parasti ir tikai viens dējums sezonā, tomēr nebrīvē, ja pāvu mātītei atņem dējumu, tā uzreiz sapārojas atkārtoti un spēj dējumu atkārtot līdz 3 reizēm.[13] Perē tikai mātītes, lai gan ļoti retos gadījumos to dara arī tēviņš, izperējot papildus dējumu.[1] Inkubācijas periods ilgst 28 dienas. Pēc izšķilšanās mazuļi ir klāti ar gaiši brūnām dūnām un tie uzreiz spēj sekot savai mātei, kura vienīgā par tiem rūpējas. Lidot mazuļi sāk nedēļas vecumā.[13] Kad putnēni ir pavisam mazi, tie reizēm uzrāpjas uz mātes muguras un māte tos lidojumā nogādā drošībā koku zaros.[25] Mazuļi kopā ar māti paliek vairākas nedēļas.[13]

Dzīves ilgums

Indijas pāvs var nodzīvot līdz 25 gadu vecumam, bet vidējais vecums ir 20 gadi. Nebrīvē šīs sugas putni dzīvo īsāku mūžu (vidējais dzīves ilgums 16 gadi). Šo atšķirību skaidro ar barības dažādību un salīdzinošo kvalitāti savvaļā.[13] Galvenie Indijas pāva ienaidnieki ir tīģeris un leopards, kā arī sarkanie suņi un zeltainais šakālis. Tēviņiem plēsēji ir bīstamāki nekā mātītēm, jo tos var noķert aiz garās astes.[13]

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Indijas pāva tēviņš lidojumā

Atsauces

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 Ali, S and Ripley, S D (1980). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan 2 (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 123–126. ISBN 0-19-562063-1.
  2. Pāvi: Rīgas Zoo iemītnieki tieši simts gadus
  3. Dodsworth, PTL (1912). "Occurrence of the Common Peafowl Pavo cristatus, Linnaeus in the neighbourhood of Simla, N.W. Himalayas". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 21 (3): 1082–1083.
  4. Whitman, CH (1898). "The birds of Old English literature"
  5. Nair, P. Thankappan (1974). "The Peacock Cult in Asia". Asian Folklore Studies 33 (2): 93–170. doi:10.2307/1177550. JSTOR 1177550
  6. 6,0 6,1 «Denver Zoo: Indian Peafowl». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2015. gada 2. jūlijā. Skatīts: 2013. gada 29. novembrī.
  7. 7,0 7,1 Baker, ECS (1928). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 5
  8. Sclater PL (1860). "On the black-shouldered peafowl of Latham (Pavo nigripennis)"
  9. Inheritance of the White and Pied Plumage Color Patterns in the Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus)
  10. Jackson, CE (2006). Peacock. Reaktion Books, London. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-1-86189-293-5.
  11. Leimu, R.; Fischer, M. (2010). "Between-Population Outbreeding Affects Plant Defence". In Bruun, Hans Henrik. PLoS ONE 5 (9): e12614. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012614. PMC 2935481. PMID 20838662
  12. 12,0 12,1 «Science Facts of Peacocks». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2014. gada 23. aprīlī. Skatīts: 2013. gada 30. novembrī.
  13. 13,00 13,01 13,02 13,03 13,04 13,05 13,06 13,07 13,08 13,09 13,10 13,11 13,12 13,13 13,14 13,15 13,16 13,17 ADW: Pavo cristatus
  14. Blau, S.K. (2004). "Light as a Feather: Structural Elements Give Peacock Plumes Their Color". Physics Today 57 (1): 18–20. doi:10.1063/1.1650059
  15. Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds (4 ed.). Gurney and Jackson, London. pp. 401–410. ISBN 1-4067-4576-6.
  16. Takahashi M and Hasegawa, T (2008). "Seasonal and diurnal use of eight different call types by Indian peafowl ( Pavo cristatus )". Journal of Ethology 26 (3): 375–381. doi:10.1007/s10164-007-0078-4
  17. Navaneethakannan, K (1984). "Activity patterns in a colony of Peafowls (Pavo cristatus) in nature". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 81 (2): 387–393.
  18. 18,0 18,1 Johnsingh, AJT; Murali, S (1978). "The ecology and behaviour of the Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) Linn. of Injar". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75 (4): 1069–1079.
  19. Johnsingh, AJT (1976). "Peacocks and cobra". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 73 (1): 214.
  20. Trivedi,Pranav; Johnsingh, AJT (1995). "Diet of Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus Linn. in Gir Forest, Gujarat". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 92 (2): 262–263.
  21. «Rolling Hills: Common (Indian) Peafowl». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2015. gada 24. septembrī. Skatīts: 2012. gada 26. decembrī.
  22. Rands, M.R.M.; M.W. Ridley, A.D. Lelliott (1984-08). "The social organization of feral peafowl". Animal Behaviour 32 (3): 830–835. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80159-1
  23. Courtship Feeding in Gallinaceous Birds
  24. Unusual breeding site of Indian Peafowl
  25. Peahens flying up with young

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Indijas pāvs: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

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Indijas pāvs (Pavo cristatus) ir liela auguma fazānu dzimtas (Phasianidae) putns, kuru viegli atpazīt pēc tēviņa krāšņās, acotās astes un zilā kakla apspalvojuma. Tā dabīgais izplatības areāls aptver Indijas subkontinentu un Šrilankas salu Dienvidāzijā, bet, pateicoties putna dekoratīvajam izskatam, tas introducēts daudzās pasaules vietās, kā arī tas ir daudzu parku un putnu dārzu iemītnieks. Arī Rīgas zooloģiskajā dārzā Indijas pāvi mājo kopš zoodārza dibināšanas 1912. gadā. Dabīgajā izplatības areālā tas pamatā sastopams līdz 1800 metriem virs jūras līmeņa, bet retas reizes to var novērot arī līdz 2000 metriem virs jūras līmeņa. Tas savvaļā mājo gan mitros, gan sausos lapu koku mežos, bet spēj piemēroties arī lauksaimniecības ainavai un apdzīvoto vietu tuvumam. Indijas pāvs vienmēr apmetas ūdenstilpnes tuvumā.

Kopš 1963. gada pāvs ir Indijas nacionālais simbols. Daudzviet Indijas ziemeļos Indijas pāvu aizsargā reliģija un pāvs brīvi un netraucēti uzturas ciematos un pilsētās. Valda uzskats, ka Eiropā pāvu ir ievedis Aleksandrs Lielais, bet daļa vēsturnieku uzskata, ka Indijas pāvs Eiropu ir sasniedzis daudz agrāk, nokļūstot Atēnās jau 450.gadā pirms mūsu ēras vai pat vēl agrāk.

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Burung Merak Biru ( Malay )

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 src=
Pavo cristatus

Burung Merak Biru, nama saintifiknya (Pavo cristatus) adalah sejenis spesies burung merak yang berasal dari Asia Selatan, tetapi diperkenalkan di banyak bahagian di dunia. Burung Merak Biru merupakan burung kebangsaan India.

Rujukan

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2009) Pavo cristatus di: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. www.iucnredlist.org Diterima pada 2010-02-15.

Pautan luar

Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Burung Merak Biru. Wikispesies mempunyai maklumat berkaitan dengan Burung Merak Biru
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Burung Merak Biru: Brief Summary ( Malay )

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 src= Pavo cristatus

Burung Merak Biru, nama saintifiknya (Pavo cristatus) adalah sejenis spesies burung merak yang berasal dari Asia Selatan, tetapi diperkenalkan di banyak bahagian di dunia. Burung Merak Biru merupakan burung kebangsaan India.

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Blauwe pauw ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De blauwe pauw (Pavo cristatus) is een vogel uit de orde van de hoendervogels. Net als de andere pauwensoort, is de blauwe pauw een kleurrijke vogel.

Kenmerken

Het verschil tussen de geslachten is erg duidelijk: de mannelijke dieren hebben pronkveren (sleep), die ze uitzetten tijdens de balts. Daarnaast is hun voorlichaam felblauw van kleur. De vrouwtjes zijn bruinachtig.

Leefwijze

Het zijn alleseters die zich voeden met zowel insecten, slakken en wormen als bessen en zaden. Hoewel ze de grootste tijd op de grond doorbrengen, kunnen ze als het nodig is vliegen. Ze overnachten meestal op een boomtak of in een struik.

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Blauwe Pauw vrouwtje

Voortplanting

Pauwenmannetjes verzamelen doorgaans meerdere vrouwtjes om zich heen, die worden aangetrokken door hun baltsgedrag en roep. Nadat de vrouwtjes bevrucht zijn, gaan ze weer hun eigen weg. Het mannetje bemoeit zich verder niet met eieren of jongen. Het nest bevat ongeveer 5 eieren, die door het vrouwtje in circa 28 dagen worden uitgebroed. Volwassen mannelijke dieren kunnen, inclusief hun staart, ruim 2 meter lang worden. Vrouwtjes zijn kleiner dan 1 meter. De blauwe pauw behoort tot de familie van Phasanidae.

Verspreiding

De blauwe pauw komt van oorsprong voor in India en op Sri Lanka, maar wordt vrijwel over de hele wereld succesvol gehouden en gefokt.

Verwerking

Doorheen de geschiedenis waren vooral de hanen zeer gewild. Hun verenkleed werd als esthetisch zeer geapprecieerd. Tot de 19de eeuw waren deze dieren dan ook zeer populair bij de rijkere lieden. Om een paartje te houden, heb je al een grote tuin nodig, met bomen. Deze luxe konden vele armere werklieden zich niet permitteren.

  • In de culinaire finesse: de opgevulde haan werd gebraden en opgediend met zijn verenkleed. Dit gebeurde ook bij zwanen, fazanten en kalkoenen,die als pronkstuk dienen op een tafel met wild.
  • In de mode-industrie: De veren van pauwen werden gebruikt voor waaiers, hoeden en damesaccessoires. Hiervoor worden ook de slagpennen gebruikt, en niet enkel de staartveren. Ook witte pauwenveren worden verwerkt. Zie ook: Pauwenveer.
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Blauwe pauw: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De blauwe pauw (Pavo cristatus) is een vogel uit de orde van de hoendervogels. Net als de andere pauwensoort, is de blauwe pauw een kleurrijke vogel.

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Indiapåfugl ( Norwegian )

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Indiapåfugl (Pavo cristatus) er en storslagen art i slekten Pavo, som inngår i tribuset påfugler (Pavonini) i fasanfamilien (Phasianidae). Arten finnes naturlig på Det indiske subkontinent, men den har også blitt introdusert mange andre steder i verden. Hannen særpreges av den praktfulle fjærdrakten og den svært karakteristiske stjerten, som kan brettes ut til ei enorm vifte.

Inndeling

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Hannfugl
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Pavo cristatus

Inndelingen følger HBW Alive og er i henhold til McGowan & Bonan (2018).[1] Norske navn på arter og grupper følger Norsk navnekomité for fugl og er i henhold til Syvertsen et al. (2008, 2017).[2][3] Navn på arter og grupper i parentes er ikke offisielle, men kun midlertidige beskrivelser i påvente av en offisiell beskrivelse.

Treliste

Referanser

  1. ^ McGowan, P.J.K. & Bonan, A. (2018). Pheasants, Partridges, Turkeys, Grouse (Phasianidae). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/52221 on 25 February 2018).
  2. ^ Syvertsen, P. O., Ree, V., Hansen, O. B., Syvertsen, Ø., Bergan, M., Kvam, H., Viker, M. & Axelsen, T. 2008. Virksomheten til Norsk navnekomité for fugl (NNKF) 1990-2008. Norske navn på verdens fugler. Norsk Ornitologisk Forening. www.birdlife.no (publisert 22.5.2008). Besøkt 2016-04-10
  3. ^ Syvertsen, P.O., M. Bergan, O.B. Hansen, H. Kvam, V. Ree og Ø. Syvertsen 2017: Ny verdensliste med norske fuglenavn. Norsk Ornitologisk Forenings hjemmesider: http://www.birdlife.no/fuglekunnskap/navn/om.php

Eksterne lenker

ornitologistubbDenne ornitologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Indiapåfugl: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO

Indiapåfugl (Pavo cristatus) er en storslagen art i slekten Pavo, som inngår i tribuset påfugler (Pavonini) i fasanfamilien (Phasianidae). Arten finnes naturlig på Det indiske subkontinent, men den har også blitt introdusert mange andre steder i verden. Hannen særpreges av den praktfulle fjærdrakten og den svært karakteristiske stjerten, som kan brettes ut til ei enorm vifte.

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Paw indyjski ( Polish )

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 src=
Pavo cristatus

Paw indyjski, paw niebieski, paw zwyczajny[3] (Pavo cristatus) – gatunek dużego ptaka grzebiącego z rodziny kurowatych (Phasianidae). W naturze występuje na Półwyspie Indyjskim, został introdukowany również w inne miejsca na świecie. Jako ptak hodowlany często spotykany w kolekcjach na całym świecie. W Indiach jest świętym ptakiem[3]. Gatunek monotypowy[4].

Morfologia

U samca głowa i szyja oraz pierś i brzuch błękitne, z metalicznym połyskiem, na głowie czub z piór tworzący koronę, grzbiet zielony z metalicznym połyskiem, skrzydła brązowe z czarnymi prążkami. Właściwy ogon stosunkowo krótki, biało-brązowy. Pawi ogon to w rzeczywistości tren utworzony przez wydłużone pióra pokryw nadogonowych, nie sterówki[3]. Na końcówce brązowozielonych piór znajdują się „pawie oka”, na które składają się koncentryczne kręgi: czarny, niebieski, płowy i żółty. Samice mają wierzch ciała brązowawy, spód jasny. Nie posiadają trenu, mają natomiast koronę na głowie.

Wymiary
  • Długość ciała samca 180–230 cm, samicy 90–100 cm. U samca na ogon przypada 40–45 cm, na cały wachlarz przypada 140–160 cm[5][3]
  • Długość skrzydła: 44–50 cm u samca, 40–42 u samicy[3]
  • Masa ciała samca 4,1–5,4 kg, samicy – 2,7–3,8 kg[3]

Zasięg, ekologia i zachowanie

W naturze zamieszkują Pakistan na wschód od Indusu na wschód przez większość Indii (na południe od Himalajów), południowy Nepal i południowy Bhutan po Sri Lankę; możliwe, że występuje nadal w Bangladeszu. Introdukowany został do wielu miejsc na świecie, w tym na Andamany, Stany Zjednoczone, Hawaje, Karaiby, do RPA, Japonii, na Nową Kaledonię, Nową Zelandię i do Australii. Zwykle ptaki poza naturalnym zasięgiem pozostają w stanie półdzikim[5].

Ekologia i zachowanie

Środowiskiem życia tych ptaków są otwarte lasy z drzewami zrzucającymi liście[6]; w północnych Indiach najchętniej zamieszkują otwarte lasy z głożyną (Zizyphus) w podszycie[6]. Odnotowywane były na wysokości od 900 do 1200 m n.p.m.[6] Wszystkożerny, zjada zarówno nasiona jak i zwierzęta, zarówno bezkręgowce jak i drobne kręgowce, w tym jadowite węże[3]. Jedno badanie z Ghatów Zachodnich wykazało, że 91% diety badanych ptaków stanowiła materia roślinna[5].

Lęgi

W południowych Indiach i na Sri Lance okres lęgowy trwa od stycznia do kwietnia; w całym zasięgu występowania sezon lęgowy zmienny, zdaje się zależeć od występowania pory deszczowej[5]. Gniazdo stanowi wydrapany w ziemi dołek wyściełany mchem i korzonkami. W zniesieniu 5–6 jaj o skorupce barwy biało-oliwkowej. Jaja wysiadywane są przez 29–30 dni[3]. Młode po wykluciu są w pełni opierzone, po około 10 dniach życia uzyskują zdolność lotu. Pawie indyjskie na wolności mogą dożywać do 25 lat, przeważnie przeżywają jednak około 20[6].

Status

IUCN uznaje pawia indyjskiego za gatunek najmniejszej troski (LC, Least Concern) nieprzerwanie od 1988 (stan w 2017)[7].

Zobacz też

 src= Zobacz w Wikicytatach kolekcję cytatów o ptaku

Przypisy

  1. Pavo cristatus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Pavo cristatus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. a b c d e f g h Albin Łącki: Wśród zwierząt – ptaki. Poznań: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1988, s. 96. ISBN 83-09-01320-5.
  4. Frank Gill & David Donsker: Pheasants, partridges & francolins. IOC World Bird List (v7.2), 20 kwietnia 2017. [dostęp 25 lipca 2017].
  5. a b c d McGowan, P.J.K., Kirwan, G.M. & Boesman, P.: Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus). W: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive [on-line]. 2017. [dostęp 25 lipca 2017].
  6. a b c d Erin Fowler: Pavo cristatus Indian peafowl. W: Animal Diversity Web [on-line]. University of Michigan, 2011. [dostęp 25 lipca 2017].
  7. Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus. BirdLife International. [dostęp 25 lipca 2017].
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Paw indyjski: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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 src= Pavo cristatus

Paw indyjski, paw niebieski, paw zwyczajny (Pavo cristatus) – gatunek dużego ptaka grzebiącego z rodziny kurowatych (Phasianidae). W naturze występuje na Półwyspie Indyjskim, został introdukowany również w inne miejsca na świecie. Jako ptak hodowlany często spotykany w kolekcjach na całym świecie. W Indiach jest świętym ptakiem. Gatunek monotypowy.

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Pavão-indiano ( Portuguese )

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 src=
Pavão Ombros Negros

O pavão-indiano (Pavo cristatus), também conhecido por pavão-comum ou pavão-azul, é uma espécie pertencente ao género Pavo da família Phasianidae. Trata-se de uma ave nativa do subcontinente indiano, sendo a ave nacional da Índia.

 src=
Raro exemplar de um Pavão Indiano Albino

Pode ser encontrada em pradarias secas semi-desérticas, matagais e florestas perenifólias. Apesar de se alimentar e nidificar no solo, dormem no topo das árvores. A sua alimentação é constituída essencialmente por sementes intercaladas, ocasionalmente, por alguns insetos, frutos e répteis.

Características

 src=
Pena de pavão macho
 src=
Pavão macho

As fêmeas medem cerca de 86 cm de comprimento e pesam cerca de 3,4 kg, enquanto os machos medem em média 2,2 m quando incluída a sua plumagem de acasalamento (107 cm quando só o corpo) e pesam cerca de 5 kg.

Os machos possuem uma plumagem iridiscente azul-esverdeada. As penas superiores da sua cobertura são alongadas e ornamentadas com um padrão semelhante a um olho na parte final formando uma cauda, sendo estas as penas de demonstração utilizadas durante a corte. A plumagem das fêmeas é uma mistura de verde esbatido, cinzento e azul iridiscente, em que predominam as duas primeiras. Durante a época de acasalamento destacam-se facilmente dos machos pela ausência da longa cauda, enquanto que fora da época de acasalamento podem ser distinguidas pela cor verde do seu pescoço em oposição à cor azul dos machos.

A cauda dos pavões macho (utilizada na corte das fêmeas) é um exemplo de selecção sexual, e embora tenha o nome de cauda, esta é na realidade formada pelas penas superiores da sua cobertura. A cauda propriamente dita é castanha e curta como nas fêmeas.

A sua postura é de 4 a 8 ovos que levam 28 dias a chocar. Os ovos são castanho claros e são postos um por dia, geralmente de tarde. O macho não ajuda no cuidado dos ovos e é polígamo, podendo ter até seis fêmeas.

Alterações genéticas no pavão-azul originaram algumas variações conhecidas como pavão-branco, pavão-de-ombros-negros e pavão-arlequim (resultado do cruzamento do pavão-branco e pavão-de-ombros-negros). O pavão-branco não é albino[1], uma vez que o albinismo afeta o indivíduo todo, no caso do pavão branco seus olhos são azuis e não vermelhos como o esperado de animais albinos, ao invés o pavão-branco possui uma condição genética chamada de leucismo.[2]

 src=
Pavo cristatus - MHNT

Referências

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Pavão-indiano: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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 src= Pavão Ombros Negros

O pavão-indiano (Pavo cristatus), também conhecido por pavão-comum ou pavão-azul, é uma espécie pertencente ao género Pavo da família Phasianidae. Trata-se de uma ave nativa do subcontinente indiano, sendo a ave nacional da Índia.

 src= Raro exemplar de um Pavão Indiano Albino

Pode ser encontrada em pradarias secas semi-desérticas, matagais e florestas perenifólias. Apesar de se alimentar e nidificar no solo, dormem no topo das árvores. A sua alimentação é constituída essencialmente por sementes intercaladas, ocasionalmente, por alguns insetos, frutos e répteis.

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Păun asiatic ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Pavo cristatus - MHNT

Păunul asiatic (Pavo cristatus) este o specie de păun; pasăre din familia fazanilor (Phasianidae), ordinul Galliformes. Păunul asiatic sau păunul albastru poate fi considerat o pasăre decorativă, masculul are un aspect morfologic deosebit când coada este deschisă în formă de evantai. În prezent păsările trăiesc și sub fomă domestică răspândite pe tot globul.

Răspândire

In forma sălbatică păunul populează unele ținuturi din India, Pakistan și Sri Lanka, unde trăiește în cârduri mari, preferând regiunele deluroase și luminișurile în apropiere de apă din pădurea ecuatorială. Păunul poate fi văzut și în parcuri, deoarece este o pasăre sedentară care preferă să nu-și părăsească locul.

Hrana

Păsările pornesc în căutare de hrană dimineața devreme și seara în timpul amurgului, hrana lor fiind constituită din șerpi tineri, ele sunt foarte prețuite în India, deoarece consumă și cobrele tinere.

Aspect

Din punct de vedere al aspectului morfologic are penajul frumos colorat. Masculul este albăstrui-siniliu pe piept și gât, brun dechis pe aripi, penele din coadă sunt foarte lungi, având pe ele un desen multicolor, desen numit „ochi de păun”. Femele sunt mai puțin colorate, la ele predomină culoarea brun-deschis.

Împerecherea

In timpul împerecherii masculii își răsfiră penele cozii într-un evantai. Aceasta fiind un mijloc vizibil de marcare a teritoriului său în timpul perioadei de reproducție. De îngrijirea puilor se ocupă numai femela.

Altele

Păunul a fost adus ca pasăre decorativă deja cu 4000 de ani în urmă în bazinul mediteran. Păunul este pasăre mitologică, în Grecia, India și Sri Lanka. Păunul a fost servit ca delicatesă în Egiptul Antic, sau în Roma Antică.

Referințe

Legături externe

Commons
Wikimedia Commons conține materiale multimedia legate de Păun asiatic
Wikispecies
Wikispecies conține informații legate de Păun asiatic
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Păun asiatic: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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 src= Pavo cristatus - MHNT

Păunul asiatic (Pavo cristatus) este o specie de păun; pasăre din familia fazanilor (Phasianidae), ordinul Galliformes. Păunul asiatic sau păunul albastru poate fi considerat o pasăre decorativă, masculul are un aspect morfologic deosebit când coada este deschisă în formă de evantai. În prezent păsările trăiesc și sub fomă domestică răspândite pe tot globul.

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Páv korunkatý ( Slovak )

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Páv korunkatý (iné názvy: páv obyčajný, páv modrý[2]; lat. Pavo cristatus) je vták z čeľade bažantovité (Phasianidae). Jeho domovinou je India a Srí Lanka. Podľa Medzinárodnej únie na ochranu prírody a prírodných zdrojov páv korunkatý patrí medzi najmenej ohrozené druhy, celková populácia je stabilná, obýva aj pozmenené biotopy a nevyhýba sa ani blízkosti ľudských sídiel.[1]

Opis

Páv meria 180 – 230 cm (♂♂), 90 – 100 cm (♀♀). Rozpätie krídel je 130 – 160 cm (♂♂), 80 – 130 cm (♀♀). Váži 4 – 6 kg (♂♂), 2.75 – 4 kg.[3]

Hlas

Hlas

11 s, Slovensko, ráno z hospodárskeho dvora

Galéria

Referencie

  1. a b IUCN Red list 2018.2. Prístup 12. decembra 2018.
  2. KOVALIK, Peter, et al. Slovenské mená vtákov [online]. Bratislava : SOS/BirdLife Slovensko, 2010, rev. 2016-10-23, [cit. 2017-01-12]. Dostupné online.
  3. BRAZIL, Mark. Birds of East Asia. [s.l.] : Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009. 528 s. ISBN 978-1-4081-0874-1. S. 40. (po anglicky)

Iné projekty

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Páv korunkatý: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

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Páv korunkatý (iné názvy: páv obyčajný, páv modrý; lat. Pavo cristatus) je vták z čeľade bažantovité (Phasianidae). Jeho domovinou je India a Srí Lanka. Podľa Medzinárodnej únie na ochranu prírody a prírodných zdrojov páv korunkatý patrí medzi najmenej ohrozené druhy, celková populácia je stabilná, obýva aj pozmenené biotopy a nevyhýba sa ani blízkosti ľudských sídiel.

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Indijski pav ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Pav (znanstveno ime Pavo cristatus) je domača žival iz družine poljskih kur, ki so jo vzgojili v Indiji pred mnogimi stoletji. V Evropo so ga prinesli Grki v 5. stoletju pr. n. št. Od Grkov so ga prevzeli Rimljani okoli leta 100 pr. n. št., ki so ga redili in cenili kot okusno pečenko. Danes ga v Evropi gojijo predvsem zaradi lepega barvastega perja. Potrebuje veliko površino za sprehode in ima zelo glasne, prodorne krike.

Izreki o pavu

  • Glas resnice je tako prijeten kot pavji. (Ruski pregovor)

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Indijski pav: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Pav (znanstveno ime Pavo cristatus) je domača žival iz družine poljskih kur, ki so jo vzgojili v Indiji pred mnogimi stoletji. V Evropo so ga prinesli Grki v 5. stoletju pr. n. št. Od Grkov so ga prevzeli Rimljani okoli leta 100 pr. n. št., ki so ga redili in cenili kot okusno pečenko. Danes ga v Evropi gojijo predvsem zaradi lepega barvastega perja. Potrebuje veliko površino za sprehode in ima zelo glasne, prodorne krike.

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Påfågel ( Swedish )

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Påfågel (Pavo cristatus) är en fågel i familjen fasanfåglar.[2] Det är den mest spridda av de två arterna inom släktet påfåglar och den är en populär parkfågel runt om i världen då den utmärker sig genom sina vackra färger och spektakulära förlängda stjärttäckare.[3][4]

Utseende

 src=
Påfågelhona

Påfågeln hör till de största arter bland hönsfåglarna och den är kraftigt byggd. Till skillnad från hos grön påfågel, är hönorna och tupparna mycket olika varandra. Hanen blir mellan 1,1 och 1,25 meter lång och har utöver detta förlängda stjärttäckare som blir 1,2 till 1,3 meter långa. Honan är något mindre och blir cirka 95 cm lång och saknar förlängda stjärttäckare. Av världens alla fåglar är påfågelhanen den som har de längsta stjärttäckarna.[5]

Den har för sin storlek ett mycket litet huvud som saknar fjädrar på sidorna. Den har inte någon kam utan istället ett antal förlängda fjädrar som sticker upp från huvudet. Vingarna är korta och rundade, med sjätte handpennan längst. Stjärten är platt och består av 18 pennor. Hanen får sin adulta dräkt under det tredje levnadsåret.

Den adulta hanens huvud, hals och frambröst är purpurblå med guldgrön glans. Ryggen är guldgrön och metallglänsande, och bröstet samt magen är svartaktiga och skimrar i grönt. Hanens förlängda övre stjärttäckare, som är mycket längre än stjärtfjädrarna, är försedda med lysande, trefärgade fläckar som ser ut som ögon. Stjärten kan resas upp med starka muskler och bredas ut som en solfjäder. Den stora solfjädern fungerar som ett ornament, det vill säga ett fysiskt attribut som är en belastning men som signalerar för det andra könet om individens hälsa och kondition och därmed indirekt om dess genetiska kvalitet. Hanen har även sporre på sina klor.

Honan är till största delen brungrå. Skuldror och vingar är delvis spräckliga i svart och grått. Hals och bröst är gröna och det senare har vita fjäderspetsar. Stjärttäckarna saknar ögonfläckar.

Mutationer

 src=
En leucistisk vit påfågel som har vita fjädrar, men ögonen har mörk iris.

Eftersom påfågeln är en vanlig parkfågel förekommer det många olika utseendevarianter som beror på genetiska mutationer. Flera av dessa mutationer har getts namn som svartvingad, vit, vitögd, lila, opal, fläckig, Oaten och Midnight.

Den vita påfågeln kallas ofta albinistisk, men de är leucistiska, vilket är en recessiv mutation.

Den svartvingade påfågeln har tidigare kategoriserats som underarten P. c. nigripennis men idag vet man att det rör sig om en mutation. Första gången den beskrevs var i England under 1850-talet.[6] Dess skulderfjädrar och vingtäckare är svarta med blågrönt skimmer. Hönorna är å andra sidan ljusare, vissa exemplar nästan vita, med bruna eller gula schatteringar på ryggen och halsen. De yttre stjärtfjädrarna på båda könen är rostfärgade till mörka, ibland helt svarta.[6]

Utöver mutationer förekommer det även att påfågeln hybridiserar med grön påfågel.[3]

Utbredning

Sin ursprungliga utbredning hade påfågeln på västra indiska halvön och Sri Lanka.[3]

Ekologi

 src=
Påfågelns ögonliknande fläckar sitter på de förlängda stjärttäckarna.
 src=
Närbild av en påfågelstupp

I sin ursprungliga utbredning lever påfågeln i flockar med 30 till 50 individer i skog- och djungelbiotoper, helst i bergiga trakter. Den vistas mest på marken och kan springa mycket bra. Dess flykt är tung och bullrande. Natten tillbringar den i träd, där den också ofta tar sin tillflykt vid fara.

Påfågeln hämtar sin föda såväl ur djur- som växtriket, men föredrar mer än andra hönsfåglar insekter, maskar och kött. Den dödar till och med mindre ormar. Efter att tuppen ruggat påbörjas häckningsperioden, som i vissa trakter inleds redan i april, i andra först senare på sommaren. De 8 till 15 äggen läggs under en buske och ruvas 28 till 30 dagar. Påfågelns hannar har ett starkt skrik, vilket de ofta utstöter.

 src=
Pavo cristatus

Påfågeln och människan

Spridning i världen

 src=
Målning av Horace Vernet som föreställer påve Pius VIII som flankeras av två stora flabellum.

Det är inte känt när påfågeln först introducerades till Europa. Under femte århundradet f. Kr. var den ännu mycket sällsynt i Grekland där den kom att förknippas med gudinnan Hera.[7] Av grekiska författare vid denna tid omskrevs påfågeln ofta som "den persiska fågeln" vilket indikerar dess kunskap om fågelns ursprung.[8] Aristoteles omtalar däremot hundra år senare den blå påfågeln som en överallt vanlig och välbekant fågel samt beskriver den och dess skötsel noggrant.[9] I Rom uppföddes påfågeln i stor skala under den senare delen av den romerska republikens tid.[9] Här kom påfågeln också att hamna på matbordet. Den romerske talaren Quintus Hortensius Hortalus (114 – 50 f. Kr.) sägs ha varit den förste att servera påfågel. Påfågel kom att bli uppskattad som grillad rätt och Apicius (100 e. Kr.) menade att påfågelskött lämpade sig riktigt bra i pajer. Påfågelägg var också uppskattade. Heliogabalus ska ha låtit bjuda sina gäster stora fat med påfågelshjärnor och påfågelstungor, tillsammans med flamingo och struts, men det finns det enbart osäkra källor till.[10][11]

Under medeltiden spreds fågeln i södra Europa och upp till Tyskland.[12] Även här hamnade påfågeln på matbordet, bland annat i det franska köket.[13][14] Det äldsta fyndet av påfågel i Norden är från 800-talet och gäller Gokstadsskeppet. Vid medeltidens slut serverades ”påhöns med utslagen stjärt” vid biskop Hans Brasks bjudningar. Den var att betrakta som lyxmat, och slog på 1500-talet ut kalkonen.[9]

Det finns inga förvildade populationer av påfågel i Europa utan den hålls endast som husdjur.

I kulturen

I många delar av Indien är påfågeln fortfarande ett heligt djur och sedan 1963 är den landets nationalfågel.[8] Fågeln finns i närheten av många hinduiska tempel och deras vård räknas till prästernas skyldigheter.[15]

Inom många kulturer har påfågeln associerats med fruktbarhet, speciellt kopplat till regn och solsken.[8] Det senare härstammar från det faktum att påfåglar, i sitt ursprungliga utbredningsområde, häckade under monsunen. Under häckningen är de också mycket mer benägna att låta, varför deras typiska skrik påstås förutspå regn - en uppfattning som fortfarande är levande, runt om i världen.[8]

Inom tidig kristendom kopplades påfågeln till gryning och kristi uppståndelse. Det fanns också föreställningar om att påfågelns kött inte ruttnade, utan kunde bestå hur länge som helst, vilket än mer kopplade djuret till Kristus, odödlighet och uppståndelse.[8] Torkat påfågelkött är oerhört torrt och segt, närmst som läder.[8] Den romersk-kristna kopplingen till påfågeln resulterade i en långlivad tradition. Fram till mitten av 1900-talet var det brukligt att påven, vid viktigare framträdanden flankerades av två stora solfjädrar, så kallade flabellum, gjorda av strutsfjädrar och påfågelfjädrar. Strutsfjädrarna symboliserade i detta sammanhang rättvisa och påfågelfjädrarna Kristi odödlighet och därtill kyrkans allseende närvaro.[8]

Inom yazdanismen beskrivs ärkeängeln Melek Taus som en påfågel.[16]

Språkligt och kulturellt har påfågeln i västvärlden associerats med två vitt skilda företeelser. Det ena är stolthet och självrespekt, som i engelskans "proud as a peacock" ("Stolt som en påfågel").[8] Å andra sidan associeras den med prålighet, ytlighet och struttande snobbism.[8] Olika talesätt kring det senare finns bland annat på engelska, grekiska, italienska, serbiska, spanska och portugisiska.[8] Det finns också föreställningar i västvärlden om att "ögonen" på påfågelns stjärt skulle vara onda ögat vilket gjort att påfågelfjädrar på vissa platser anses bringa otur.[8]

Se även

Mera läsning

  • E. T. Reimbold, ”Der phau: Mytologie und Symbolik (1993)

Källor

  1. ^ BirdLife International 2012 Pavo cristatus Från: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 7 januari 2014.
  2. ^ Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed) (9 april 2014). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/11910005. Läst 26 maj 2014.
  3. ^ [a b c] Fowler, Erin (9 april 2010). Pavo cristatus. Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Pavo_cristatus/. Läst 29 oktober 2014.
  4. ^ Pavo cristatus. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/pages/1049264/overview. Läst 29 oktober 2014.
  5. ^ Terry Jennings (2010) Fåglar. ISBN 978-91-7166-220-0
  6. ^ [a b] Alfred Brehm (1930) Djurens liv, Band 12, 3:e fullst. omarbetade och utökade upplagan av Pechuel-Loesche, övers. Hialmar Rehndahl, Malmö, s. 352
  7. ^ Mytologiboken, Stockholm 1994, s.23, ISBN 91-502-1187-0
  8. ^ [a b c d e f g h i j k] Cocker, Mark; David Tipling (2013). Birds and people. London: HelmJonathan Cape. sid. 73-79. ISBN 9780224081740
  9. ^ [a b c] Påfåglar sidor=367. 1993. ISBN 91-7024-619-X
  10. ^ Joan Pilsbury Alcock (2006) (på engelska). Food in the Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-31-333003-2. http://books.google.se/books?id=5eZOITEqDkQC&pg=PA73&dq=Heliogabalus+peafowl&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=67VcVLufJYGuPf7_gLgI&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Heliogabalus%20peafowl&f=false. Läst 7 november 2014
  11. ^ William Somerville Orr, Richard Owen, Robert Gordon Latham, Edward Smith, William Sweetland Dallas (1860) (på engelska). Organic Nature, Volym 3. Richard Griffin and Company
  12. ^ Gokhale (2013) (på engelska). Bosses of the Wild. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1-25-905859-2. http://books.google.se/books?id=AdQwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT43&dq=peafowl+middle+age&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=oLhcVMXZMszBPNragPgJ&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=peafowl%20middle%20age&f=false. Läst 7 november 2014
  13. ^ Barbara Ketcham Wheaton (2011) (på engelska). Savoring the Past: The French Kitchen and Table from 1300 to 1789. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-43-914373-5. http://books.google.se/books?id=OTzZT_3DQTcC&pg=PA13&dq=peafowl+middle+age&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=oLhcVMXZMszBPNragPgJ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=peafowl%20middle%20age&f=false. Läst 7 november 2014
  14. ^ Adamson, Melitta Weiss (2002). Regional Cuisines of Medieval Europe: A Book of Essays. Routledge, New York. ISBN 0-415-92994-6
  15. ^ Christine E. Jackson (2006) (på engelska). Peacock. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86-189293-5. http://books.google.se/books?id=w9Krm_BikEAC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=peacock+temple+India&source=bl&ots=GbnS89Q5h9&sig=6iQk17UkHPIoi0atedXFnxlnTZ4&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=zABdVL_OOILlaNyAgcAK&ved=0CHQQ6AEwCw#v=onepage&q=peacock%20temple%20India&f=false. Läst 7 november 2014
  16. ^ Elsa Hellin (15 augusti 2007). ”Yazidier – en förföljd målgrupp”. sr.se. Sveriges Radio. http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=1539059. Läst 7 november 2014.

Externa länkar

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Påfågel: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Påfågel (Pavo cristatus) är en fågel i familjen fasanfåglar. Det är den mest spridda av de två arterna inom släktet påfåglar och den är en populär parkfågel runt om i världen då den utmärker sig genom sina vackra färger och spektakulära förlängda stjärttäckare.

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Hint tavuskuşu ( Turkish )

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Hint tavuskuşu ya da mavi tavuskuşu (Pavo cristatus), sülüngiller familyasında yer alan bir tavuskuşu türüdür.

Subkontinent Hindistan' da bulunan yerleşik bir kuş türü olmakla beraber, Hindistan'ın da ulusal kuşudur.

Tür, kurak ve yarı kurak alanlarda, çalılar, koruluklar ve yaprak döken ormanlarda bulunur. Besini ve yuvası yerdedir, ancak tünemesini ağaçların tepelerine yapar.

Genellikle tohumlarla beslense de bazen böcekler, meyveler ya da sürüngenlerle de beslenebilir.

Dış bağlantılar

Stub icon Tavuksular ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Hint tavuskuşu: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

provided by wikipedia TR

Hint tavuskuşu ya da mavi tavuskuşu (Pavo cristatus), sülüngiller familyasında yer alan bir tavuskuşu türüdür.

Subkontinent Hindistan' da bulunan yerleşik bir kuş türü olmakla beraber, Hindistan'ın da ulusal kuşudur.

Tür, kurak ve yarı kurak alanlarda, çalılar, koruluklar ve yaprak döken ormanlarda bulunur. Besini ve yuvası yerdedir, ancak tünemesini ağaçların tepelerine yapar.

Genellikle tohumlarla beslense de bazen böcekler, meyveler ya da sürüngenlerle de beslenebilir.

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Павич звичайний ( Ukrainian )

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 src=
яйце Pavo cristatus - Тулузький музей

Павич звичайний або індійський павич (Pavo cristatus) — вид павичів з родини Фазанові (Phasianidae) ряду Куроподібні (Galliformes).

Опис

Загальна довжина досягає 90—110 см (без хвоста) з хвостом — до 3 м. Спостерігається статевий диморфізм: самиці значно менші за самця та не мають такого розкішного хвоста. Цей птах міцної статури з досить довгою шиєю, маленькою головою, яка несе своєрідний чубок, з короткими крилами, високими ногами і середньої довжини хвостом. Для самця особливо характерні надзвичайно розвинені верхні криючі пера, які утворюють те, що в ужитку зветься «хвостом» павича. Цей розкішний «хвіст» і блискуче пір'я, в якому поєднуються сині, зелені та руді тони, створили павичеві славу найвродливішої птиці серед куриних.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє великі високі ліси з чагарниковими заростями, з присутністю води і трав'янистих схилів. Поселяється звичайний павич також на плантаціях, якщо на них є високі дерева, зручні для ночівлі. Він чудово бігає і, незважаючи на свій величезний «хвіст», з дивовижною спритністю і легкістю пробирається серед густих заростей чагарників. Дуже обережний і при найменшій тривозі швидко тікає або ж кидається з дерева в густі зарості чагарників. Харчується на землі. Годується зернами хлібних злаків, насінням, плодами і вегетативними частинами диких рослин, іноді комахами.

Це полігамний птах: у самця буває 3—5 самиць. Період розмноження у звичайного павича в різних частинах ареалу падає на різні пори року: на Шрі-Ланці він триває з січня по квітень, в Індії — з липня по жовтень. Гніздо влаштовує на землі у вигляді невеликого заглиблення в ґрунті, вистелене невеликою кількістю сухої трави і листя. У кладці буває звичайно 4—7 округлих сірувато-вохристих яєць з блідими червонувато-рудими плямами. Самиця насиджує яйця з більшою ретельністю близько 30 днів, після чого з'являються пташенята, вкриті густим пухом. Перший час самиця з молодими павичами тримається у добре захищених ділянках лісу, пізніше починає вибиратися з ними на більш відкриті місця. Молоді ростуть доволі швидко. У тритижневому віці вони вже розрізняються за статтю, але повної пишноти пір'я та здатності розмножуватися досягають лише на 3 році життя.

Звичайний павич є родоначальником найкрасивішою з наших домашніх птахів - домашнього павича. За дикими павичами місцеве населення полює заради смачного м'яса, особливо у молодих птахів.

Розповсюдження

Мешкає в Пакистані, Індії, Бангладеш, на о.Шрі-Ланка.

Джерела

  • Ernst Thomas Reimbold (1983): Der Pfau, Mythologie und Symbolik. — München: Callwey. ISBN 3-7667-0682-9
  • Domenico V. Ripa Montesano, Vademecum di Loggia, Edizione Gran Loggia Phoenix — Roma Italia 2009 ISBN 978-88-905059-0-4.
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Павич звичайний: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK
 src= яйце Pavo cristatus - Тулузький музей

Павич звичайний або індійський павич (Pavo cristatus) — вид павичів з родини Фазанові (Phasianidae) ряду Куроподібні (Galliformes).

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Công lam Ấn Độ ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Công Ấn Độ hay Công lam (danh pháp hai phần: Pavo cristatus), một loài chim lớn và màu sắc rực rỡ, là một loài chim công có nguồn gốc từ Nam Á, nhưng đã được du nhập đến nhiều nơi trên thế giới như Hoa Kỳ, Mexico, Honduras, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Nam Phi, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Indonesia, Papua New GuineaAustralia.[2] Loài này lần đầu tiên được đặt tên và được mô tả bởi Linnaeus vào năm 1758, và danh pháp Pavo cristatus được sử dụng đến ngày nay.

Công trống chủ yếu có màu xanh lam với chiếc mào cánh quạt gồm những sợi lông hình sợi cáp nối với phần chóp có hình cái bàn xẻng. Nổi bật bởi nhiều chuỗi dài những đốm hình mắt đầy màu sắc ghép vào mặt trên từng chiếc lông đuôi thon dài thướt. Những chiếc lông cứng được nâng lên thành hình cánh quạt và vỗ nhẹ trong các màn xòe đuôi tán tỉnh công mái. Công mái không có chuỗi đốm mắt rực rỡ, không có bộ đuôi dài, cổ xanh lục thấp và bộ lông màu nâu xỉn. Công lam Ấn Độ sống chủ yếu trên mặt đất tại vùng rừng xanh thông thoáng hoặc trên đất canh tác, nơi chúng tìm kiếm quả mọng, ngũ cốc, nhưng chim công cũng ăn con mồi như rắn, thằn lằngặm nhấm nhỏ. Tiếng kêu inh ỏi khiến chim công dễ bị phát hiện, trong cánh rừng đó thường báo hiệu sự hiện diện của động vật ăn thịt như loài hổ. Chim công kiếm ăn trên mặt đất theo đàn nhỏ, thường cố vượt qua bụi rậm bằng chân và tránh bay, mặc dù chim công cũng bay lên cây cao để đậu.

Chức năng của chuỗi đốm mắt lộng lẫy trên đuôi công đã được tranh luận trong hơn một thế kỷ. Vào thế kỷ XIX, Charles Darwin cho đó là một câu đố, khó để giải thích thông qua thuyết chọn lọc tự nhiên thông thường. Lời giải thích về sau của ông, chọn lọc giới tính, được công bố rộng rãi nhưng không được chấp nhận. Trong thế kỷ XX, Amotz Zahavi lập luận rằng chuỗi đốm mắt là một sự bất lợi, và công trống báo hiệu thẳng thắn tình trạng khỏe mạnh của chúng sẽ tỷ lệ thuận với sự lộng lẫy của những chuỗi đốm mắt trên đuôi. Mặc dù nghiên cứu sâu rộng nhưng ý kiến vẫn bị chia rẽ thành các thuyết cơ giới liên quan.

Loài chim này được tôn sùng trong thần thoại Hinduthần thoại Hy Lạp và là quốc điểu của Ấn Độ. Công Ấn Độ được liệt kê là loài ít quan tâm bởi IUCN.

Phân loại và đặt tên

Công Ấn Độ là một trong nhiều loài được Carolus Linnaeus miêu tả lần đầu trong tác phẩm Systema Naturae của ông năm 1758 và cho đến nay danh pháp khoa học vẫn sử danh pháp ban đầu là Pavo cristatus.[3] Danh pháp Latin của chi là Pavo. Trong tiếng Anglo-Saxon, từ pawe (danh từ "peacock" phát sinh từ đây) được tin là từ tượng thanh về nguồn gốc của loài và dựa trên tiếng kêu thông thường của loài chim này. Danh pháp loài cristatus dựa trên chiếc mào chim.[4]

Việc sử dụng sớm nhất tên loài chim này trong văn bản tiếng Anh từ khoảng năm 1300. Những biến thể chính tả gồm có pecok, pekok, pecokk, peacocke, peocock, pyckock, poucock, pocok, pokok, pokokke, và poocok giữa những tên khác. Cách viết hiện nay được xuất bản vào những năm cuối thế kỷ XVII. Chaucer (1343–1400) sử dụng từ ngữ này để chỉ một người kiêu kỳ và phô trương trong văn ví von của ông "kiêu kì như pekok" trong tác phẩm Troilus và Criseyde (quyển I, dòng 210).[5]

Trong tiếng Hy Lạp peacock được gọi là taos và được thuật lại trong tiếng Ba Tư "tavus" (như trong Takht-i-Tâvus trong tác phẩm Peacock Throne[6]). Trong tiếng Do Thái, từ tuki (số nhiều tukkiyim) được cho là có nguồn gốc từ tiếng Tamil tokei nhưng đôi khi cũng có dính dáng đến tiếng Ai Cập, từ tekh.[7][8]

Mô tả

 src=
Cận cảnh cổ công trống

Kích thước và cân nặng

Chim công trống (peacock) có kích thước lớn, có chiều dài từ mỏ đến đuôi khoảng 100 đến 115 cm (40 đến 46 inches) và đến cuối của chiếc lông đuôi dài nhất khoảng 195 đến 225 cm (78-90 inches), cân nặng khoảng 4–6 kg (8,8-13,2 lbs). Công mái (peahen) nhỏ hơn, chiều dài khoảng 95 cm (38 inches) và cân nặng 2,75–4 kg (6-8,8 lbs). Công lam Ấn Độ là đại diện lớn nhất và nặng nhất của họ Phasianidae. Kích thước, màu sắc, hình dạng của chiếc mào khiến cho loài không thể nhầm lẫn trong phạm vi phân bố của chúng.

Lông vũ

 src=
Chuỗi đốm hình mắt

Công trống có màu xanh lam ánh kim trên cổ, lông vũ trên đầu ngắn và cong. Mào hình quạt trên đầu gồm lông vũ gắn cuống lông đen trần và chóp gắn lông tơ xanh lá ửng. Một viền trắng phía trên mắt và một mảng trắng hình lưỡi liềm dưới mắt được hình thành bởi vùng da trắng trần. Hai bên đầu dính lông xanh lam óng ánh sắc xanh lục. Lưng phủ lông xanh lục ánh đồng hình vảy với những mảng màu đen và màu đồng. Lông vai và đôi cánh có màu da bò và sọc đen, lông mép ngoài màu hạt dẻ còn lông mép trong màu đen. Đuôi màu nâu sẫm và "chuỗi đốm hình mắt" phủ kín mặt trên từng chiếc lông đuôi thon dài (có hơn 200 chiếc lông vũ, đuôi thực tế chỉ 20 chiếc), gần như tất cả những chiếc lông kết thúc với một đốm hình mắt tỉ mỉ. Một vài chiếc lông phía ngoài thiếu đốm và kết thúc tại một chóp đen hình lưỡi liềm. Mặt dưới có màu lục sẫm bóng loáng che những điểm đen dưới đuôi. Đùi màu da bò. Chim trống có cựa ở chân phía trên ngón chân sau.[9][10]

Công mái trưởng thành có phần đầu nâu hung đỏ với chiếc mào như chim trống nhưng chóp có màu hạt dẻ với đường mép xanh lục. Mặt trên thân hơi nâu với vằn nhạt. Cánh trước, cánh sau và đuôi màu nâu sẫm. Chiếc cổ thấp, xanh lục ánh kim và lông ngực nâu sẫm bóng loáng màu xanh lục. Phần dưới còn lại hơi trắng.[9] Lông tơ chim non màu da bò nhạt, có một điểm nâu sẫm sau gáy nối với đôi mắt.[11] Công trống non trông như công mái nhưng đôi cánh màu hạt dẻ.[11][12]

Âm thanh

Tiếng hót của Pavo cristatus

Tiếng kêu thông thường nhất là 1 âm thanh lớn pia-ow hoặc may-awe. Tần số tiếng kêu tăng trước khi gió mùa thổi đến và có thể được phát ra khi báo động hoặc khi bị quấy rầy bởi những tiếng ồn lớn. Trong rừng, tiếng chim công kêu thường báo hiệu sự hiện diện của một kẻ săn mồi như hổ.[9][12] Chúng cũng phát ra loạt tiếng hót khác như loạt âm thanh nhanh ka-aan..ka-aan hoặc tiếng kok-kok nhanh gấp.[12][13] Chúng thường phát ra 1 tiếng trầm đột ngột honk! khi bị kích động.

Đột biến và lai ghép

 src=
1 con công trắng được sinh ra nhờ chọn lọc nhân giống. Đột biến này thường bị nhầm lẫn với bệnh bạch tạng.

Có một số dạng đột biến màu sắc của công Ấn Độ trống. Hiện tượng này rất hiếm xảy ra trong tự nhiên, nhưng chọn giống đã làm cho chúng phổ biến trong điều kiện nuôi nhốt. Dạng đột biến vai đen hoặc đột biến sơn mài ban đầu được xem là một phân loài P. c. nigripennis (hoặc thậm chí là 1 loài),[14] và là chủ đề được quan tâm trong thời đại của Darwin. Tuy nhiên đó chỉ là một trường hợp biến thể di truyền trong quần thể. Trong dạng đột biến này, công trống trưởng thành chứa hắc tố với đôi cánh đen.[11][15] Chim non với đột biến nigripennis có màu trắng kem với đôi cánh có ngọn hung hung màu da bò. Gen sản xuất hắc tố ở chim trống và mái tạo ra một sự pha loãng màu sắc với những mảng nâu và trắng kem. Những biến dị khác bao gồm các hình pha màu và trắng, tất cả đều là kết quả biến dị alen tại vị trí locus cụ thể.[16][17]

Lai giống giữa công lục Java trống, Pavo muticus và công lam Ấn Độ mái, P. cristatus, tạo ra một con lai ổn định gọi là "spalding", đặt tên theo Mrs. Keith Spalding, 1 nhà nuôi chim tại California.[18] Có vài vấn đề nếu chim không rõ phả hệ được thả vào tự nhiên, như khả năng tồn tại của giống lai và con non của chúng thường giảm sút (xem quy lật Haldanesự giảm sút giao phối xa).[19][20]

Phân bố và môi trường sống

Công Ấn Độ phân bố trên khắp tiểu lục địa Ấn Độ và được tìm thấy ở những vùng đất thấp khô ráo của Sri Lanka. Tại Nam Á, chim công phân bố chủ yếu dưới độ cao 1.800 mét (1,1 mi) và trong vùng hiếm thấy khoảng 2.000 mét (1,2 mi).[21] Chim công được tìm thấy tại vùng rừng ẩm ướt và rụng lá mùa khô, nhưng cũng có thể thích nghi ở khu vực canh tác và xung quanh nơi ở của con người, thường ở nơi có nước. Tại nhiều khu vực miền bắc Ấn Độ, loài này được bảo vệ nhờ những tục lệ tôn giáo và kiếm ăn quanh làng hay bãi phế liệu. Một số cho rằng, chim công đã được du nhập vào châu Âu nhờ Alexander Đại đế,[22] trong khi số khác cho rằng loài chim này đã đến Athen vào năm 450 TCN và được du nhập vào đây thậm chí sớm hơn.[23] Chim công cũng được du nhập đến nhiều nơi khác nhau trên thế giới và đã hình thành quần thể hoang dã tại vài khu vực.[12]

Trong hoàn cảnh phân lập, chim công Ấn Độ có thể thích nghi với khí hậu khắc nghiệt, chẳng hạn như những cá thể ở miền bắc Canada. Loài này được đánh dấu xa về phía bắc Schomberg, Ontario, phát triển mạnh trong môi trường mới thích nghi phía bắc.

Tập tính và hành vi

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Chim công vẫn có khả năng xòe cánh bay lượn

Chim công trống được biết đến với màn phô bày xòe đuôi, mặc dù lông thực sự mọc lên từ phía lưng, được xem như một cái đuôi. "Chuỗi đốm hình mắt" trên thực tế tô điểm mặt trên từng chiếc lông đuôi thon dài to lớn. Đuôi công mái nâu và ngắn. Màu sắc không là kết quả của sắc tố xanh lục hoặc xanh lam mà từ những vi cấu trúc của lông và hiện tượng quang dẫn.[24] Lông dài đính chuỗi (và cựa cổ chân) ở chim trống chỉ phát triển sau năm tuổi thứ hai. Chuỗi đốm phát triển đầy đủ được tìm thấy khi chim lớn hơn 4 năm tuổi. Miền Bắc Ấn Độ, chuỗi bắt đầu phát triển mỗi tháng 2 và thay lông vào cuối tháng 8.[25] Thay lông bay có thể trải ra suốt năm.[26]

Chim công kiếm ăn trên mặt đất theo các nhóm nhỏ, được gọi là các tập hợp, mà thường là một con trống và 3-5 con mái. Sau mùa sinh sản, những đàn có xu hướng hình thành chỉ có chim mái và đàn chim non. Chúng được tìm thấy vào thời điểm sáng sớm và có xu hướng nấp dưới bụi rậm tránh nắng nóng trong ngày. Chim thích rỉa lông phủi bụi và vào lúc hoàng hôn, đàn chim bước đi theo hàng đơn đến một vũng nước yêu thích để uống. Khi bị quấy rầy, chim công thường trốn bằng cách chạy, hiếm khi bay.[12]

Chim công hót tiếng lớn đặc biệt trong mùa giao phối. Chim có thể gọi nhau trong đêm tối khi báo động và chim hàng xóm có thể hót tiếp âm giống như 1 loạt. Gần bảy dạng tiếng hót khác nhau đã được xác định ở công trống ngoài sáu tiếng kêu báo động thường được phát ra từ cả trống lẫn mái.[27]

Chim công đậu ngủ theo đàn suốt đêm trên cây cao nhưng cũng có khi đậu trên đá, công trình xây dựng hoặc cột cao. Trong rừng Gir, chim chọn những cây cao cạnh bờ sông dốc.[28][29] Chim đến vào lúc hoàng hôn và thường xuyên hót trước khi đậu lên cây ngủ [30] Do tập tính tụ họp trên cây ngủ, nhiều nghiên cứu quần thể được thực hiện tại các vị trí này. Cấu trúc quần thể chưa được hiểu rõ. Trong một nghiên cứu ở miền bắc Ấn Độ (Jodhpur), số lượng chim trống khoảng 170-210 so với 100 chim mái nhưng một nghiên cứu liên quan đến số lượng ban đêm tại nơi đậu ngủ ở miền nam Ấn Độ (Injar) cho thấy một tỷ lệ gồm 47 chim trống so với 100 chim mái.[13]

Chọn lọc giới tính

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Một con chim công đực xòe cánh

Màu sắc rực rỡ của công trống và sự tương phản với công mái màu nhạt hơn là một câu đố đành cho giới nghiên cứu. Charles Darwin viết cho Asa Gray rằng "nhìn vào một chiếc lông của đuôi chim công, bất cứ khi nào tôi nhìn vào nó, khiến tôi bị bệnh!" cũng như ông không thấy một lợi thế hữu hiệu của chiếc đuôi xòe đó, dường như chỉ là một gánh nặng. Darwin đã phát triển một nguyên tắc thứ hai của chọn lọc giới tính để giải quyết các vấn đề, mặc dù trong xu hướng trí tuệ thời điểm đó của Anh thời Victoria, lý thuyết này đã không đạt được sự chú ý rộng rãi.[31]

Họa sĩ người Mỹ Abbott Handerson Thayer đã cố gắng hiển thị, từ trí tưởng tượng của mình, giá trị của các đốm mắt như sự ngụy trang phá vỡ trong một bức tranh năm 1907.[32] Ông đã sử dụng bức tranh trong cuốn sách của ông năm 1909 Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom, phủ nhận khả năng chọn lọc giới tính và tranh cãi rằng về bản chất tất cả các hình thức màu sắc động vật đã tiến hóa như ngụy trang.[33] Ông đã úp mở chỉ trích trong một bài báo dài của Theodore Roosevelt, người đã viết rằng Thayer chỉ quản lý để vẽ bộ lông của con công nhằm ngụy trang bằng trò ảo thuật của bàn tay, "với bầu trời xanh hiện ra thông qua chiếc lá chỉ đủ số ở đây và chứng nhận tác giả-nghệ sĩ giải thích rằng màu lam tuyệt vời của cổ chim công tẩy xóa vì họ làm cho nó nhạt dần vào bầu trời."[34]

Trong những năm 1970, một giải pháp có thể làm rõ những mâu thuẫn giữa chọn lọc tự nhiên và chọn lọc giới tính đã được đề xuất. Amotz Zahavi lập luận rằng công trống báo hiệu thẳng thắn sự bất lợi của chuỗi đốm hình mắt rộng lớn và quý giá. Tuy nhiên, thuyết cơ giới này có thể ít đơn giản hơn, có vẻ như - sự lộng lẫy phát sinh từ sự suy giảm của hệ miễn dịch bởi hormones tăng cường phát triển lông.[35][36]

Chuỗi đốm mắt trang trí công phu được cho là kết quả sự lựa chọn bạn tình của chim mái. Chim trống sử dụng chuỗi đốm lộng lẫy trong một màn xòe đuôi tán tỉnh: chim nâng bộ lông lên tạo thành một chiếc quạt lớn và rung lắc chúng. Song, các nghiên cứu gần đây đã không tìm thấy một mối quan hệ giữa số lượng đốm mắt hiển thị và thành công khi giao phối.[37] Marion Petrie kiểm tra có hay không những hiển thị tín hiệu chất lượng di truyền của chim trống bằng cách nghiên cứu một quần thể hoang dã chim công ở Công viên hoang dã Whipsnade tại miền Nam nước Anh. Bà đã cho thấy rằng số lượng đốm mắt trên chuỗi dự đoán khả năng giao phối thành công của chim trống, và thành công này có thể được thao tác bằng cách cắt giảm đốm mắt ra thành một số nhánh lông vũ lộng lẫy của chim.[38]

Mặc dù việc loại bỏ các đốm mắt làm cho chim trống ít thành công trong giao phối,[38] loại bỏ đốm mắt thay đổi đáng kể diện mạo của công trống. Có khả năng làm chim mái lầm tưởng những con trống chưa trưởng thành, hoặc cảm nhận rằng thể chất con trống đó bị hỏng. Hơn nữa, trong một quần thể công hoang, có rất ít sự thay đổi về số lượng đốm mắt ở chim trống trưởng thành. Hiếm khi đối với chim trống lớn mất đi một số lượng đáng kể các đốm mắt. Vì vậy, chim mái lựa chọn có thể phụ thuộc vào đặc điểm giới tính khác của chuỗi đốm mắt chim trống. Chất lượng chuỗi đốm là một tín hiệu thẳng thắng về tình trạng của công trống; công mái chọn trống trên cơ sở bộ lông của con trống đó. Một nghiên cứu gần đây trên một quần thể tự nhiên tại khu vực Shivalik của Ấn Độ đã đề xuất một thuyết "tình trạng bất lợi cao". Nó cho rằng chỉ có con trông khỏe mạnh mới đủ thời gian và năng lượng để duy trì bộ đuôi dài. Do đó, chuỗi đốm dài là một chỉ số thể trạng tốt, đó là kết quả khi thành công giao phối nhiều hơn.[39] Trong khi chiều dài chuỗi đốm dường như tương quan tích cực với MHC đa dạng ở con trống, chim mái không xuất hiện việc dùng chiều dài chuỗi đốm để chọn con trống.[40]

Một nghiên cứu tại Nhật Bản cũng cho thấy rằng chim mái không chọn công trống dựa trên bộ lông có tính trang trí, bao gồm cả chiều dài chuỗi đốm, số đốm mắt và chuỗi đối xứng.[41] Một nghiên cứu khác ở Pháp có hai cách giải thích cho kết quả trái ngược nhau tồn tại. Những lời giải thích đầu tiên có thể là một biến thể di truyền của tính trạng trội theo khu vực địa lý khác nhau do một hiệu ứng sáng lập và/hoặc một gen trôi dạt. Lời giải thích thứ hai cho thấy rằng "biểu hiện sự trang hoàng tiêu điểm có thể thay đổi theo điều kiện môi trường", vì vậy đặc điểm đó là biểu hiện của một tính chất đặc biệt có thể không hoạt động trong môi trường khác.[38]

Cơ chế chạy trốn của Fisher đề xuất phản hồi xác thực giữa chim mái ưa thích chuỗi đốm lộng lẫy và chuỗi đốm lộng lẫy của chính nó. Mô hình này giả định rằng chuỗi đốm công trống là một sự thích nghi tiến hóa tương đối gần đây. Tuy nhiên, một nghiên cứu phát sinh phân tử loài trên gà tiền cho biết điều ngược lại; loài tiến hóa gần nhất thực sự là một loài trang hoàng ít nhất.[42] Phát hiện đề xuất một sự chọn lọc giới tính theo đuổi xa, theo đó "công mái phát ra sự kháng cự mánh khóe công trống".[43] Một nghiên cứu tại Nhật Bản đi vào kết luận rằng "chuỗi đốm mắt công trống là một tín hiệu teo đi mà theo đó công mái ưa thích bị mất đi hoặc suy yếu rồi".[41]

Tuy nhiên, vài bất đồng đã nảy sinh trong những năm gần đây liên quan đến có hoặc không việc công mái thật sự không chọn chim trống dựa vào những chuỗi đốm bắt mắt. Trái ngược phát hiện của Petrie, một nghiên cứu tại Nhật Bản bảy năm đi đến kết luận rằng chim mái không chọn bạn tình chỉ trên cơ sở chuỗi đốm của chim trống. Mariko Takahashi không tìm thấy bằng chứng cho thấy công mái bày tỏ bất kỳ ưu ái nào cho công trống có chuỗi đốm phức tạp hơn (như chuỗi có nhiều ocelli), một cách sắp xếp đối xứng hơn, hoặc có chiều dài lớn hơn.[44] Takahashi xác định rằng chuỗi đốm chim trống không phải là mục tiêu phổ thông của con mái lựa chọn bạn đời, cho thấy sự mâu thuẫn không đáng kể ở quần thể chim trống, và, dựa trên dữ liệu thu thập được từ sinh lý nhóm chim trống, không tương quan với điều kiện thể chất chim trống. Adeline Loyau và đồng nghiệp đã phản hồi nghiên cứu của Takahashi dính líu đến cách giải thích thay thế cho những kết quả bị bỏ qua, và đó có thể là điều cần thiết cho sự hiểu biết về độ phức tạp trong cách lựa chọn bạn đời.[45] Họ kết luận rằng lựa chọn của chim mái có thể thực sự thay đổi trong điều kiện sinh thái khác nhau.

Một nghiên cứu năm 2013 theo dõi những chuyển động mắt của chim mái đáp ứng với màn xòe đuôi chim trống cho thấy chúng nhìn theo hướng của chuỗi đốm phía trên chiếc lông chỉ khi ở khoảng cách xa và chúng chỉ nhìn vào những chiếc lông thấp hơn khi con trống xòe đuôi gần chúng. Xòe đuôi và vỗ cánh thu hút sự chú ý của chim công mái.[46]

Sinh sản

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Tán tỉnh
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Trứng chim, sưu tập tại Viện bảo tàng Wiesbaden
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Công mái và công non

Chim công trống có tính đa thê, mùa sinh sản được trải ra nhưng dường như phụ thuộc vào những cơn mưa. Chim công thường động dục từ 2-3 tuổi.[47] Một số con trống có thể tụ tập tại theo địa điểm mô hình Lek và chim trống thường có liên hệ chặt chẽ lẫn nhau.[48] Công trống tại điểm xuất hiện Lek để duy trì vùng lãnh thổ nhỏ cạnh nhau, cho phép công mái tiến vào và không cố bảo vệ hậu cung. Công mái không xuất hiện tính ưu ái công trống cụ thể.[49] Chim trống thể hiển sự tán tỉnh bằng cách xòe lông đuôi thành một cánh quạt hình cung. Đôi cánh nửa mở, rũ xuống và vỗ những sợi lông dài theo kỳ phát ra âm thanh rền nhẹ. Con trống đối mặt với con mái ban đầu, oai vệ, nhảy đựng lên xung quanh và đôi khi xoay vòng quanh múa đuôi.[12] Chim trống cũng có thể làm lạnh thức ăn để mời một con mái theo kiểu tán tỉnh ăn uống.[50] Chim trống thể hiển ngay cả trong trường hợp không có con mái. Khi một con trống đang xòe đuôi, công mái không cho thấy có bất cứ chú ý nào và thường tiếp tục kiếm ăn.[13] Mùa cao điểm ở miền nam Ấn Độ là tháng 4 đến tháng 5, tháng 1 đến tháng 3 ở Sri Lanka và tháng 6 ở miền bắc Ấn Độ. Chiếc tổ là một chỗ đào bới nông trên mặt đất lót bằng lá cây, que củi và các mảnh vụn khác. Tổ chim đôi khi được đặt trên các tòa nhà[51] và trước đó đã từng ghi nhận chim công sử dụng tổ bỏ hoang của kền kền Bengal. Ổ trứng gồm 4-8 quả màu trắng vàng được chim mái ủ. Trứng mất khoảng 28 ngày để nở. Chim non rời khỏi tổ và theo chim mẹ sau khi nở.[9] Chim non tơ đôi khi có thể leo lên lưng chim mái và chim cái có thể mang chúng khi bay tới nhánh cây an toàn.[52] Một trường hợp khác thường mà công trống ấp một ổ trứng cũng được báo cáo.[12][53]

Khẩu phần

Chim công là loài ăn tạp. Công ăn hạt, côn trùng, hoa quả, động vật có vú và bò sát nhỏ. Chúng ăn một số loài rắn nhỏ nhưng giữ khoảng cách với những loài lớn.[54] Trong khu rừng Gir của Gujarat, một tỷ lệ lớn thức ăn là quả mọng rụng thuộc loài táo Ziziphus .[55] Khu vực quanh đất trồng trọt, chim công kiếm ăn trên phạm vi rộng các loại cây trồng như lạc, cà chua, thóc lúa, ớt và thậm chí cả chuối.[13] Quanh nơi ở con người, chúng ăn nhiều loại thức ăn thừa hay thậm chí cả phân người.[12] Ở nông thôn, chúng là một phần đặc biệt với cây trồng và cây vườn.

Kẻ thù

Chim công trưởng thành thường có khả năng thoát khỏi kẻ thù mặt đất bằng cách bay lên cây. Động vật lớn như báo hoa mai, sói đỏhổ đôi khi phục kích chim ngẫu nhiên. Trong vài khu vực như rừng Gir, chim công là con mồi khá phổ biến cho động vật săn mồi đáng gờm như thế.[29][56][57] Kiếm ăn theo bầy đàn đem đến vài sự an toàn ví dụ có nhiều cặp mắt phát hiện kẻ thù.[58] Chim công cũng đôi khi bị săn bởi những loài chim săn mồi lớn như diều đầu nâudù dì Bengal.[59][60] Chim non phần nào dễ bị ăn thịt hơn chim trưởng thành. Chim lớn sống gần nơi ở con người đôi khi cũng bị săn đuổi bởi chó nhà hoặc bởi con người trong vài khu vực (miền nam Tamil Nadu) dùng cho phương thuốc dân gian đòi hỏi phải sử dụng "dầu chim công".[13]

Trong điều kiện nuôi nhốt, chim công có khả năng sống đến 23 năm nhưng ước tính rằng chim công chỉ sống được khoảng 15 năm trong tự nhiên.[61]

Tình trạng bảo tồn

Công lam Ấn Độ phân bố rộng rãi trong hoang dã khu vực Nam Á và được bảo vệ cả trong văn hóa nhiều nơi lẫn luật pháp Ấn Độ. Ước tính quần thể bảo vệ có hơn 100.000.[62] Săn thịt bất hợp pháp vẫn tiếp tục và được ghi nhận tại nhiều miền Ấn Độ.[63] Chim công sống được dễ dàng trong điều kiện nuôi nhốt, giống như gà kiểng thả rông. Vườn thú, công viên, người nuôi chim cảnh và nuôi thương mại trên toàn thế giới duy trì quần thể sinh sản mà không cần phải tăng cường bắt giữ chim hoang dã.

Săn bắt chim công lấy thịt và lông cùng với tai nạn ngộ độc do ăn hạt tẩm thuốc trừ sâu đang là mối đe dọa với chim hoang dã.[64] Nhiều phương pháp xác định nếu lông bị nhổ hoặc bị rụng tự nhiên được phát triển, theo luật Ấn Độ chỉ cho phép sưu tập lông chim đã bị rụng.[65]

Tại nhiều nơi ở Ấn Độ, loài chim này có thể là mối phiền toái đối với nông nghiệp do chúng phá hoại hoa màu.[12] Tác hại của chim với cây trồng, tuy nhiên, dường như được bù đắp bằng vai trò có lợi mà chim công đóng góp bằng cách tiêu thụ số lượng phi thường các loài gây hại như châu chấu. Chúng cũng có thể là vấn đề tại vườn tược và nhà ở, nơi chim làm thiệt hại thực vật, tấn công theo phản xạ phá vỡ kính và gương, nơi chim đậu làm trầy xước xe hơi hoặc để lại phân. Nhiều thành phố, nơi chim công đã được du nhập và di cư hoang dã có những chương trình quản lý chim công. Gồm giáo dục công dân về cách phòng tránh loài chim gây thiệt hại trong khi vẫn điều trị nhân đạo cho chim.[66][67][68]

Trong văn hóa

Nổi bật trong nhiều nền văn hóa, chim công lam được dùng trong rất nhiều biểu tượng, bao gồm cả khi được chọn là quốc điểu của Ấn Độ năm 1963.[12] Chim công trống, được gọi là mayura theo tiếng Sanskrit, từ lâu được hưởng một vị trí huyền thoại ở Ấn Độ và thường được mô tả trong nghệ thuật đền đài, thần thoại, thơ văn, dân ca và truyền thống.[69] 1 nguyên từ trong tiếng Sankrit của mayura có nguồn gốc là mi chỉ đến việc giết và mang ý nghĩa là "sát thủ của rắn".[6] Nhiều vị thần Hindu giáo liên đới với các loài chim, Krishna thường được mô tả với một chiếc lông trên dải băng quấn đầu của thần, trong khi tín đồ thờ phụng thần Shiva liên đới chim giống như chiến mã của Chúa tể chiến tranh, Kartikeya (cũng được gọi là Skanda hoặc Murugan). Một câu chuyện trong Uttara Ramayana mô tả lãnh đạo Deva, Indra, đã không thể đánh bại Ravana, được che chở dưới cánh chim công, sau đó may mắn có "nghìn mắt" và không còn sợ hãi con rắn.[6] Câu chuyện khác về Indra, sau khi bị nguyền rủa với một ngàn vết loét đã biến thành một con công trống có một nghìn mắt.[70] Trong triết học Phật giáo, chim công tượng trưng cho sự khôn ngoan.[71] Lông chim công được dùng trong nhiều nghi lễ và trang trí. Họa tiết công trống phổ biến trên kiến trúc đền thờ ở Ấn Độ, tiền đồng cổ, hàng dệt may và tiếp tục được sử dụng trong nhiều mặt hàng hiện đại thuộc nghệ thuật và tiện ích.[23] Trong thần thoại Hy Lạp, nguồn gốc bộ lông chim công được giải thích trong câu chuyện của HeraArgus.[18] Nhân vật chính trong tôn giáo Kurd của người Yazidi, Melek Taus, thường được vẽ giống một con công trống.[72][73] Họa tiết chim công áp dụng rộng rãi đến ngày nay ví dụ trên logo đài NBC Hoa Kỳ, mạng lưới truyền hình PTV của Pakistan hay hãng hàng không SriLankan Airlines.

Hình tượng chim công trong văn hóa các nước châu Á
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Trong hội họa Nhật Bản
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Tranh do tu sĩ Giuseppe Castiglione vẽ, thời nhà Thanh, Trung Quốc
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Kartikeya ngồi cạnh một con chim công, vẽ bởi Raja Ravi Varma, theo thần thoại Hindu giáo.
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Chạm khắc chim công trống trên tường Mor chowk, cung điện thành phố, Udaipur, Rajasthan, Ấn Độ

Những con chim này thường được nuôi trong bầy thú, giống như đồ trang trí trong các khu vườn lớn hoặc điền trang. Thời Trung cổ, các hiệp sĩ tại châu Âu thực hiện một "Lời thề công trống" và trang trí mũ chiến binh của họ bằng lông chim công. Lông chim được chôn cùng chiến binh Viking[74] và thịt chim được cho có khả năng chữa được nọc độc rắn cùng nhiều chứng bệnh khác. Những giai thoại Ayurveda chép thành văn, chim công trấn giữ một khu vực tự do của loài rắn.[75] Năm 1526, vấn đề pháp lý tranh cãi chim công là loài chim hoang dã hay chim nhà khá quan trọng khiến cho Đức hồng y Wolsey phải triệu tập tất cả giám mục người Anh nhằm lấy ý kiến của họ, đó là loài chim nhà.[76]

Hình tượng chim công trong văn hóa các nước châu Âu
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Họa tiết công trắng trên kiến trúc tại thủ đô Prague, Cộng hòa Czech
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Hình ảnh trang trí trên tường tại nhà thờ Notre-Dame de la Garde, Marseille, Pháp
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Cổ vật chạm khắc từ thế kỷ VIII tại San Salvatore, Brescia, Italy
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Tranh minh họa chòm sao Khổng tước
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Trước khách sạn tại Malá Strana, Praha, Czech
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Tranh vẽ của họa sĩ người Pháp Eugène Bidau
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Bức tượng chim công quý giá tại cung điện Linderhof, Ettal, Đức
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Tấm kính khắc chim công trên mái hiên biệt thự "de la Salle", tác giả Jacques Gruber (1870 - 1936), khoảng năm 1904 tại Pháp.

Tục lệ người Anh-Ấn trong những năm 1850, động từ "peacock" mang ý nghĩa viếng thăm quý bà và quý ông trong buổi sáng. Trong những năm 1890, thuật ngữ "peacocking" ở Úc nghĩa là thực hiện việc mua những mảnh đất tốt nhất ("tuyển chọn đôi mắt") khiến cho vùng đất ngoại vi kém giá trị.[77] Từ ngữ tiếng Anh, "peacock" được dùng để mô tả một người đàn ông rất tự hào hoặc chăm chút rất nhiều sự chú ý đến trang phục của ông ta.[78]

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  49. ^ Rands, M.R.M.; M.W. Ridley, A.D. Lelliott (tháng 8 năm 1984). “The social organization of feral peafowl”. Animal Behaviour 32 (3): 830–835. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80159-1. Chú thích sử dụng tham số |coauthors= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)
  50. ^ Stokes, AW and Williams, H. Warrington (1971). “Courtship Feeding in Gallinaceous Birds” (PDF). The Auk 88 (3): 543–559.
  51. ^ Vyas, R (1994). “Unusual breeding site of Indian Peafowl”. Newsletter for Birdwatchers 34 (6): 139.
  52. ^ Singh, H (1964). “Peahens flying up with young”. Newsletter for Birdwatchers 4 (1): 14.
  53. ^ Shivrajkumar, YS (1957). “An incubating Peacock (Pavo cristatus Linn.)”. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 54 (2): 464.
  54. ^ Johnsingh, AJT (1976). “Peacocks and cobra”. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 73 (1): 214.
  55. ^ Trivedi,Pranav; Johnsingh, AJT (1995). “Diet of Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus Linn. in Gir Forest, Gujarat”. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 92 (2): 262–263.
  56. ^ “Tigers”. SeaWorld/Busch Gardens Animal Information Database.
  57. ^ Arviazhagan, C.; Arumugam, R.; Thiyagesan, K. (2007). “Food habits of leopard (panthera pardus fusca), dhole (cuon alpinus) and striped hyena (hyaena hyaena) in a tropical dry thorn forest of southern India”. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 104: 178–187.
  58. ^ Yasmin, Shahla; Yahya, HSA (2000). “Group size and vigilance in Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus (Linn.), Family: Phasianidae”. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 97 (3): 425–428.
  59. ^ Dhanwatey, Amrut S (1986). “A Crested Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus cirrhatus (Gmelin) killing a Peafowl Pavo cristatus Linnaeus”. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83 (4): 202.
  60. ^ Tehsin, Raza; Tehsin, Fatema (1990). “Indian Great Horned Owl Bubo bubo (Linn.) and Peafowl Pavo cristatus Linn”. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 87 (2): 300.
  61. ^ Flower, M.S.S. (1938). “The duration of life in animals – IV. Birds: special notes by orders and families”. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 195–235.
  62. ^ Madge S and McGowan, P (2002). Pheasant, partridges and grouse, including buttonquails, sandgrouse and allies. Christopher Helm, London.
  63. ^ Ramesh, K. and McGowan, P. (2009). “On the current status of Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus (Aves: Galliformes: Phasianidae): keeping the common species common” (PDF). Journal of Threatened Taxa 1 (2): 106–108. doi:10.11609/jott.o1845.106-8.
  64. ^ Alexander JP (1983). “Probable diazinon poisoning in peafowl: a clinical description”. Vet Rec. 113 (20): 470. doi:10.1136/vr.113.20.470.
  65. ^ Sahajpal, V., Goyal, S.P. (2008). “Identification of shed or plucked origin of Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) tail feathers: Preliminary findings”. Science and Justice 48 (2): 76–78. PMID 18700500. doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2007.08.002.
  66. ^ “La Canada, California, City Council, Peafowl Management Plan Update” (PDF).
  67. ^ “East Northamptonshire plan” (PDF).
  68. ^ “Living with peafowl. City of Dunedin, Florida” (PDF).[liên kết hỏng]
  69. ^ Fitzpatrick J (1923). “Folklore of birds and beasts of India”. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28 (2): 562–565.
  70. ^ Anonymous (1891). Ramavijaya (The mythological history of Rama). Bombay: Dubhashi & Co. tr. 14.
  71. ^ Choskyi, Ven. Jampa (1988). “Symbolism of Animals in Buddhism”. Buddhist Hiamalaya 1 (1).
  72. ^ Empson, RHW (1928). The cult of the peacock angel. HF & G Witherby, London.
  73. ^ Springett, BH (1922). Secret sects of Syria and the Lebanon. George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London.
  74. ^ Tyrberg T (2002). “The archaeological record of domesticated and tamed birds in Sweden” (PDF). Acta zoologica cracoviensia 45: 215–231.
  75. ^ “Letter from the Desk of David Challinor, November 2001” (PDF). Smithsonian Institution.
  76. ^ Gwyn, Peter The King's Cardinal: The rise and Fall of Thomas Wolsey Pimlico 2000 p.113 ISBN 978-0712651226
  77. ^ Partridge, E and Beale, Paul (2002). A dictionary of slang and unconventional English. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-29189-5.
  78. ^ “Advanced Learners Dictionary”. Cambridge University Press.

Đọc thêm

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Công lam Ấn Độ  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Công lam Ấn Độ
  • Galusha, JG; Hill, LM (1996) A study of the behaviour of Indian Peacocks Pavo cristatus on Protection Island, Jefferson County, Washington, USA. Pavo 34(1&2):23–31.
  • Ganguli, U (1965) A Peahen nests on a roof. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 5(4):4–6.
  • Prakash, M (1968) Mating of Peacocks Pavo cristatus. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 8(6), 4–5.
  • Rao, MS; Zaki, S; Ganesh,T (1981) Colibacillosis in a Peacock. Current Science 50(12):550–551.
  • Sharma, IK (1969) Habitat et comportment du Pavon (Pavo cristatus). Alauda 37(3):219–223.
  • Sharma, IK (1970) Analyse ecologique des parades du paon (Pavo cristatus). Alauda 38(4):290–294.
  • Sharma, IK (1972) Étude écologique de la reproduction de la paon (Pavo cristatus). Alauda 40(4):378–384.
  • Sharma, IK (1973) Ecological studies of biomass of the Peafowl (Pavo cristatus). Tori 22(93–94):25–29.
  • Sharma, IK (1974) Notes ecologique sur le paon bleu, Pavo cristatus. Les Carnets de Zoologie 34:41–45.
  • Sharma, IK (1981) Adaptations and commensality of the Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) in the Indian Thar Desert. Annals Arid Zone. 20(2):71–75.
  • Shrivastava, AB; Nair,NR; Awadhiya, RP; Katiyar, AK (1992) Traumatic ventriculitis in Peacock (Pavo cristatus). Indian Vet. J. 69(8):755.

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Công lam Ấn Độ  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Công lam Ấn Độ
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Công lam Ấn Độ: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Công Ấn Độ hay Công lam (danh pháp hai phần: Pavo cristatus), một loài chim lớn và màu sắc rực rỡ, là một loài chim công có nguồn gốc từ Nam Á, nhưng đã được du nhập đến nhiều nơi trên thế giới như Hoa Kỳ, Mexico, Honduras, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Nam Phi, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Indonesia, Papua New GuineaAustralia. Loài này lần đầu tiên được đặt tên và được mô tả bởi Linnaeus vào năm 1758, và danh pháp Pavo cristatus được sử dụng đến ngày nay.

Công trống chủ yếu có màu xanh lam với chiếc mào cánh quạt gồm những sợi lông hình sợi cáp nối với phần chóp có hình cái bàn xẻng. Nổi bật bởi nhiều chuỗi dài những đốm hình mắt đầy màu sắc ghép vào mặt trên từng chiếc lông đuôi thon dài thướt. Những chiếc lông cứng được nâng lên thành hình cánh quạt và vỗ nhẹ trong các màn xòe đuôi tán tỉnh công mái. Công mái không có chuỗi đốm mắt rực rỡ, không có bộ đuôi dài, cổ xanh lục thấp và bộ lông màu nâu xỉn. Công lam Ấn Độ sống chủ yếu trên mặt đất tại vùng rừng xanh thông thoáng hoặc trên đất canh tác, nơi chúng tìm kiếm quả mọng, ngũ cốc, nhưng chim công cũng ăn con mồi như rắn, thằn lằngặm nhấm nhỏ. Tiếng kêu inh ỏi khiến chim công dễ bị phát hiện, trong cánh rừng đó thường báo hiệu sự hiện diện của động vật ăn thịt như loài hổ. Chim công kiếm ăn trên mặt đất theo đàn nhỏ, thường cố vượt qua bụi rậm bằng chân và tránh bay, mặc dù chim công cũng bay lên cây cao để đậu.

Chức năng của chuỗi đốm mắt lộng lẫy trên đuôi công đã được tranh luận trong hơn một thế kỷ. Vào thế kỷ XIX, Charles Darwin cho đó là một câu đố, khó để giải thích thông qua thuyết chọn lọc tự nhiên thông thường. Lời giải thích về sau của ông, chọn lọc giới tính, được công bố rộng rãi nhưng không được chấp nhận. Trong thế kỷ XX, Amotz Zahavi lập luận rằng chuỗi đốm mắt là một sự bất lợi, và công trống báo hiệu thẳng thắn tình trạng khỏe mạnh của chúng sẽ tỷ lệ thuận với sự lộng lẫy của những chuỗi đốm mắt trên đuôi. Mặc dù nghiên cứu sâu rộng nhưng ý kiến vẫn bị chia rẽ thành các thuyết cơ giới liên quan.

Loài chim này được tôn sùng trong thần thoại Hinduthần thoại Hy Lạp và là quốc điểu của Ấn Độ. Công Ấn Độ được liệt kê là loài ít quan tâm bởi IUCN.

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Обыкновенный павлин ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Павлин (значения).
 src=
Белый павлин не является настоящей альбинотической формой. (Снимок сделан во дворе замка в Пардубице, Чешская Республика)

Кариотип: 76 хромосом (2n)[8].

Мутации окраски оперения и разновидности обыкновенного павлина
  • Белая (white): одна из старейших, известна до 1823 года, не является альбинотической, обусловлена аутосомным доминантным аллелем W в гомозиготном состоянии[9]; дикая расцветка контролируется аллелем дикого типа w+ в этом же локусе.
  • Черноплечая, или чернокрылая, или лакированная (black-shouldered, black-winged, japanned): известна в Европе приблизительно с 1823 года (по другим данным, ранее), в Америке — с 1830-х годов. Чарлз Дарвин в книге «Изменение домашних животных и культурных растений» (1883)[10] убедительно показал, что черноплечий павлин, считавшийся самостоятельным видом Р. nigripennis, является новой формой (то есть мутацией) обыкновенного павлина и не может рассматриваться в качестве отдельного вида. Этой же точки зрения придерживался Мечников (см. «Очерк вопроса о происхождении видов», 1876). Интересно, что одно из старых английских названий мутации, «japanned» («лакированный»), неправильно переводилось ранее на русский язык как «японский», на что справедливо указывали составители ЭСБЕ[11]. Эта меланотическая форма обусловлена аутосомным рецессивным геном bs[12].
  • Пёстрая (pied): известна до 1823 года (по другим данным — приблизительно с 1823), обусловлена аутосомным рецессивным аллелем wpd[9] в гетерозиготном состоянии[13]; порядок доминирования аллелей в W-локусе — W> w+> wpd.
  • Тёмная пёстрая (dark pied): известна с 1967 года, обусловлена аутосомным рецессивным аллелем wpd в гомозиготном состоянии[9][13].
  • Камея, или серебристая серовато-коричневая (cameo, silver dun): обнаружена в США в 1967 году, обусловлена сцепленным с полом рецессивным геном ca[12][14].
  • Камея черноплечая, или овсяная (cameo black-shouldered, oaten): обнаружена в США после 1967 года (в середине 1970-х годов), обусловлена взаимодействием двух генов — bs и ca[12].
  • Белый глазок (white-eyed): обнаружена в США в конце 1970-х годов, обусловлена неполнодоминантным геном (A. Miller).
  • Угольная (charcoal): обнаружена в США в 1982 году; самки, гомозиготные по этой мутации, несут неоплодотворённые яйца.
  • Лавандовая (lavender): обнаружена в США в 1984 году.
  • Бронзовая Буфорда (Buford bronze): обнаружена Буфордом Эбболтом (Buford Abbolt) в США в 1980-х годов.
  • Пурпурная (purple): обнаружена в США в 1987 году, обусловлена сцепленным с полом рецессивным геном (A. Miller, V. Farris, B. Legg).
  • Опаловая (opal): обнаружена в США в начале 1990-х годов.
  • Персиковая (peach): обнаружена в США в начале 1990-х годов, обусловлена сцепленным с полом рецессивным геном (A. Miller, V. Farris, B. Legg).
  • Серебристая пёстрая (silver pied): обнаружена в США в 1991—1992 годах, обусловлена взаимодействием трёх генов — W (белая), wpd (пёстрая) и «белый глазок».
  • Полуночная (midnight): обнаружена в США в 1995 году.
  • Желтовато-зелёная (jade): обнаружена в США в 1995 году.

Объединённая ассоциация по разведению павлинов (United Peafowl Association, США, 2005) официально различает:

  • Некоторые мутации обыкновенного павлина
  •  src=

    Белая окраска (самец)

  •  src=

    То же — со сложенным хвостом

  •  src=

    Пара белых и пара дикоокрашенных павлинов

  •  src=

    Пёстрый павлин

  •  src=

    Черноплечий павлин

Молекулярная генетика
Филогенетика

В результате частичного секвенирования одного из генов митохондриальной ДНК, 12S, было установлено, что обыкновенный павлин филогенетически расположен ближе к индейке (Meleagris gallopavo), чем к курице (Gallus gallus). Разработан диагностический молекулярный метод с использованием ПЦР и рестрикционных ферментов (PCR-RFLP), позволяющий безошибочно различать образцы ДНК этих трех видов птиц[7].

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 63. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
  2. См. информацию на сайте «Калькулятор величин».
  3. «Павлины в Аркадии» Архивировано 29 августа 2013 года. — листовка мэрии города Аркадии (Калифорния, США). (англ.)
  4. Сюжет в новостях телекомпании CBS от 31 мая 2005 года, посвящённый одичавшим павлинам в городе Редландсе (Флорида, США).
  5. В подразделе использована информация из следующих источников: Zeuner (1963); Акимушкин (1971); Hyams (1972); Grahame (1984); World Watch List for Domestic Animal Diversity (2000).
  6. См. англ. List of national birds.
  7. 1 2 Saini M., Das D. K., Dhara A., Swarup D., Yadav M. P., Gupta P. K. Characterisation of peacock (Pavo cristatus) mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequence and its use in differentiation from closely related poultry species // British Poultry Science. — 2007. — Vol. 48. — No. 2. — P. 162—166. (англ.)
  8. Sasaki M., Ikeuchi T., Makino S. A feather pulp culture for avian chromosomes, with notes on the chromosomes of the peafowl and the ostrich // Experimentia. — 1968. — Vol. 24. — P. 1923—1929. (англ.)
  9. 1 2 3 Somes R. G., Jr., Burger R. E. Inheritance of the white and pied plumage color patterns in the Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) // Journal of Heredity. — 1993. — Vol. 84. — No. 1. — P. 57—62. (англ.)
  10. Darwin C. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication / C. Darwin. — 2nd edn. — New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1883. — Ch. VIII: Duck — Goose — Peacock — Turkey — Guinea-Fowl — Canary-Bird — Gold-Fish — Hive-Bees — Silk-Moths. — P. 305—307. (англ.) [См. подраздел «The Peacock» («Павлин») на с. 305—307.] (англ.)
  11. Павлин, птица // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.
  12. 1 2 3 Somes R. G., Jr., Burger R. E. Plumage color inheritance of the Indian Blue Peafowl (Pavo cristatus): blue, black-shouldered, cameo, and oaten // Journal of Heredity. — 1991. — Vol. 82. — No. 1. — P. 64—68. (англ.)
  13. 1 2 Somes R. G., Jr., Burger R. E. Pied plumage color of the Indian Blue Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), an allele of the white locus // Poultry Science. — 1990. — Vol. 70. — Suppl. 1. — P. 128. (англ.)
  14. Somes R. G., Jr., Burger R. E. A sex-linked mutation in the Indian blue peafowl (Pavo cristatus) // Poultry Science. — 1988. — Vol. 66. — Suppl. 1. — P. 158. (англ.)
  15. Hanotte O., Burke T., Armour J. A., Jeffreys A. J. Hypervariable minisatellite DNA sequences in the Indian peafowl Pavo cristatus // Genomics. — 1991. — Vol. 9. — No. 4. — P. 587—597. (англ.)
  16. Hanotte O., Bruford M. W., Burke T. Multilocus DNA fingerprints in gallinaceous birds: general approach and problems // Heredity. — 1992. — Vol. 68. — No. 6. — P. 481—494. (англ.)
  17. Hale M. L., Petrie M., Wolff K. Polymorphic microsatellite loci in peafowl (Pavo cristatus) (недоступная ссылка) // Molecular Ecology Notes. — 2004. — Vol. 4. — P. 528—530. (англ.)
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Обыкновенный павлин: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Павлин (значения).  src= Белый павлин не является настоящей альбинотической формой. (Снимок сделан во дворе замка в Пардубице, Чешская Республика)

Кариотип: 76 хромосом (2n).

Мутации окраски оперения и разновидности обыкновенного павлина Белая (white): одна из старейших, известна до 1823 года, не является альбинотической, обусловлена аутосомным доминантным аллелем W в гомозиготном состоянии; дикая расцветка контролируется аллелем дикого типа w+ в этом же локусе. Черноплечая, или чернокрылая, или лакированная (black-shouldered, black-winged, japanned): известна в Европе приблизительно с 1823 года (по другим данным, ранее), в Америке — с 1830-х годов. Чарлз Дарвин в книге «Изменение домашних животных и культурных растений» (1883) убедительно показал, что черноплечий павлин, считавшийся самостоятельным видом Р. nigripennis, является новой формой (то есть мутацией) обыкновенного павлина и не может рассматриваться в качестве отдельного вида. Этой же точки зрения придерживался Мечников (см. «Очерк вопроса о происхождении видов», 1876). Интересно, что одно из старых английских названий мутации, «japanned» («лакированный»), неправильно переводилось ранее на русский язык как «японский», на что справедливо указывали составители ЭСБЕ. Эта меланотическая форма обусловлена аутосомным рецессивным геном bs. Пёстрая (pied): известна до 1823 года (по другим данным — приблизительно с 1823), обусловлена аутосомным рецессивным аллелем wpd в гетерозиготном состоянии; порядок доминирования аллелей в W-локусе — W> w+> wpd. Тёмная пёстрая (dark pied): известна с 1967 года, обусловлена аутосомным рецессивным аллелем wpd в гомозиготном состоянии. Камея, или серебристая серовато-коричневая (cameo, silver dun): обнаружена в США в 1967 году, обусловлена сцепленным с полом рецессивным геном ca. Камея черноплечая, или овсяная (cameo black-shouldered, oaten): обнаружена в США после 1967 года (в середине 1970-х годов), обусловлена взаимодействием двух генов — bs и ca. Белый глазок (white-eyed): обнаружена в США в конце 1970-х годов, обусловлена неполнодоминантным геном (A. Miller). Угольная (charcoal): обнаружена в США в 1982 году; самки, гомозиготные по этой мутации, несут неоплодотворённые яйца. Лавандовая (lavender): обнаружена в США в 1984 году. Бронзовая Буфорда (Buford bronze): обнаружена Буфордом Эбболтом (Buford Abbolt) в США в 1980-х годов. Пурпурная (purple): обнаружена в США в 1987 году, обусловлена сцепленным с полом рецессивным геном (A. Miller, V. Farris, B. Legg). Опаловая (opal): обнаружена в США в начале 1990-х годов. Персиковая (peach): обнаружена в США в начале 1990-х годов, обусловлена сцепленным с полом рецессивным геном (A. Miller, V. Farris, B. Legg). Серебристая пёстрая (silver pied): обнаружена в США в 1991—1992 годах, обусловлена взаимодействием трёх генов — W (белая), wpd (пёстрая) и «белый глазок». Полуночная (midnight): обнаружена в США в 1995 году. Желтовато-зелёная (jade): обнаружена в США в 1995 году.

Объединённая ассоциация по разведению павлинов (United Peafowl Association, США, 2005) официально различает:

10 основных окрасок оперения — дикий тип, белую, камею, угольную, пурпурную, бронзовую Буфорда, персиковую, опаловую, полуночную, желтовато-зелёную; пять вторичных расцветок, или паттернов, — дикий тип (полосатое крыло), черноплечую (сплошное крыло), пёструю, белый глазок, серебристую пёструю (silver pied); 20 возможных вариаций для каждой основной окраски, кроме белой; 185 разновидностей обыкновенного павлина, возникающих в результате различных комбинаций основных и вторичных расцветок. Некоторые мутации обыкновенного павлина  src=

Белая окраска (самец)

 src=

То же — со сложенным хвостом

 src=

Пара белых и пара дикоокрашенных павлинов

 src=

Пёстрый павлин

 src=

Черноплечий павлин

Молекулярная генетика Депонированные нуклеотидные последовательности в базе данных EntrezNucleotide, GenBank, NCBI, США: 2090 (по состоянию на 19 февраля 2015). Депонированные последовательности белков в базе данных EntrezProtein, GenBank, NCBI, США: 79 (по состоянию на 19 февраля 2015). Минисателлитные повторы (ДНК-фингерпринты): изучены в работах Hanotte et al. (1991, 1992). Микросателлитные повторы: изучены в работе Hale et al. (2004), в которой описано 19 полиморфных микросателлитных локусов. Филогенетика

В результате частичного секвенирования одного из генов митохондриальной ДНК, 12S, было установлено, что обыкновенный павлин филогенетически расположен ближе к индейке (Meleagris gallopavo), чем к курице (Gallus gallus). Разработан диагностический молекулярный метод с использованием ПЦР и рестрикционных ферментов (PCR-RFLP), позволяющий безошибочно различать образцы ДНК этих трех видов птиц.

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蓝孔雀 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Pavo cristatus
Linnaeus, 1758

蓝孔雀(学名:Pavo cristatus),也叫印度孔雀,是雉科孔雀属两种孔雀之一,另一种是绿孔雀。蓝孔雀主要产于巴基斯坦印度斯里兰卡,雄性是印度的国鸟。孔雀可能是人类饲养的最早的观赏鸟类,它们是留鸟。今天世界各地均有孔雀被饲养。是印度国鸟。也是伊朗两种国鸟之一。

特征

 src=
雄性蓝孔雀尾羽的近照

雄性蓝孔雀上部的尾羽约152厘米长,可以竖起来像一把扇子一样“开屏”。尾羽上反光的蓝色的“眼睛”可以用来吓天敌。天敌可能会将这些眼睛当作大的哺乳动物的眼睛。假如天敌不被吓走的话蓝孔雀还会抖动其尾羽,发出“沙沙”声。雄性蓝孔雀的总长度可达约两米,重四至六千克。行为生物学认为雄性蓝孔雀的长的尾羽可以用来标志一头动物的健康状况。雌性蓝孔雀比较容易受“眼睛”多的雄鸟的吸引。相对于雄鸟,雌鸟比较小,很不显眼,其身长仅约一米,重2.7至4千克。

雄鸟的颈部、胸部和腹部呈灿烂的蓝色,雌鸟的羽毛主要为灰绿色。

分布和生活环境

 src=
白孔雀(P. c. mut. alba

蓝孔雀原来产于印度和斯里兰卡。它主要生活在丘陵的森林中,尤其在水域附近。清晨和傍晚它们随其群到田地里觅食。由于孔雀吃年幼的眼镜蛇,因此在印度它们非常受欢迎,在许多地方它们不会遭到捕猎,它们可以非常亲人。

福建金門島,自從畜產試驗所在該島所飼養的14隻藍孔雀因1999年丹恩颱風吹壞屋頂而逃脫後,已在島上繁殖一千四百多隻,造成生態問題。金門縣政府透過誘捕、收購、獵殺等方式,進行移除防治對策[2]

蓝孔雀生活在干燥的半沙漠化草地、灌木和落叶林地区,在地面上觅食和筑巢,但在树上栖息,主要以种子、昆虫、水果和爬行类为食。

根据世界自然保護聯盟的数据蓝孔雀的数量在近年来不断减少,但是总的来说蓝孔雀的数量还是相当高的,因此它属于不受威胁的动物。

早在4000年前孔雀就已经被人类带到了地中海地区,因此孔雀是人类饲养最早的观赏鸟类。在埃及古罗马以及在欧洲中世纪时期人也吃其肉。由于孔雀是留鸟,因此在许多公园中它们可以自由活动。

在饲养过程中产生了黑翅膀的孔雀和白孔雀。

繁殖

孔雀是多配偶的鸟,每只雄鸟约与五只雌鸟生活在一起。

蓝孔雀的繁殖期从四月至八月。在繁殖期里雄鸟非常凶,甚至会攻击自己镜子里的形象。每次产4-8枚蛋,蛋白色至乳黄色,孵卵期为28天。只有雌鸟参与孵化。雏鸟的羽毛是淡棕色的,背部的颜色稍微深一些。

未成年的幼年的羽毛颜色类似雌鸟。性成熟在两至三年后。

邻近的种

蓝孔雀与同时在东南亚生活的绿孔雀是孔雀属中唯一的两个种。他们之间可以杂交。与生活在中非刚果孔雀Afropavo congensis)的亲缘关系远一些。

图片

  •  src=

    孔雀开屏

  •  src=

    雌鸟

  • USA California San Diego Zoo Peacock.jpg
  •  src=

    雄性蓝孔雀的羽毛

  •  src=

    武汉动物园内的蓝孔雀

  • Pavo cristatus Phasianidae.jpg
  • Pavo1.jpg
  •  src=

    Museum specimen -

参考

外部链接

 src= 维基共享资源中相關的多媒體資源:蓝孔雀分類 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:蓝孔雀
  • ^ BirdLife International. Pavo cristatus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2012 [26 November 2013].
  • ^ 金門很好住!孔雀成患 開車險釀車禍 還偷吃作物…. 聯合新聞網. 2018-10-31.
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    蓝孔雀: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

    provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

    蓝孔雀(学名:Pavo cristatus),也叫印度孔雀,是雉科孔雀属两种孔雀之一,另一种是绿孔雀。蓝孔雀主要产于巴基斯坦印度斯里兰卡,雄性是印度的国鸟。孔雀可能是人类饲养的最早的观赏鸟类,它们是留鸟。今天世界各地均有孔雀被饲养。是印度国鸟。也是伊朗两种国鸟之一。

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    维基百科作者和编辑

    インドクジャク ( Japanese )

    provided by wikipedia 日本語
    Question book-4.svg
    この記事は検証可能参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。
    出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。2014年9月
     src=
    出典は列挙するだけでなく、脚注などを用いてどの記述の情報源であるかを明記してください。記事の信頼性向上にご協力をお願いいたします。2014年9月
    インドクジャク インドクジャク
    インドクジャク(オス) Pavo cristatus
    保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN
    (IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
    Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : キジ目 Galliformes : キジ科 Phasianidae : クジャク属 Pavo : インドクジャク P. cristatus 学名 Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 和名 インドクジャク 英名 Common peafowl
    Indian peafowl
    Indian Peacock Range.svg
    生息域

    インドクジャク(印度孔雀、学名:Pavo cristatus)は、キジ目キジ科クジャク属に分類される鳥類。クジャク属の模式種

    分布[編集]

    インドスリランカネパール南部、パキスタン東部、バングラデシュ西部に自然分布。

    オーストラリア日本南西諸島の一部)、ニュージーランドなどへ移入。

    形態[編集]

    最大全長230cm。メスは全長86-90cm。翼長オス44-50cm、メス40-42cm。体重オス4-6kg、メス2.8-4kg。頭頂には扇状に羽毛が伸長する(冠羽)。種小名cristatusは、「トサカ状の」の意。

    虹彩は褐色。

    長径7cm、短径4.5cmで、卵を覆う殻は淡黄色。

    オスの成鳥は尾羽基部の上面を被う100-150枚の羽毛(上尾筒)が発達する。頭部や頸部は濃青色、体側面は青緑色、腹部は黒緑色の羽毛で被われる。冠羽の先端は青緑色。翼は青い光沢のある黒で、初列風切の色彩は赤褐色。嘴の色彩は灰黄色、後肢の色彩は灰褐色。メスの成鳥は全身が褐色、顔や腹部が淡褐色みを帯びた白い羽毛で被われる。冠羽の先端は褐色。嘴や後肢の色彩は黄褐色。

    生態[編集]

    標高1,500m以下にある落葉樹林やその周辺、農耕地などに生息する。地表棲で飛翔することは苦手だが、危険を感じると飛翔することもある。オス1羽とメス数羽からなる小規模な群れを形成し生活する。昼行性で、夜間は樹上で休む。

    食性は雑食で、昆虫節足動物、小型爬虫類両生類、植物の葉、果実種子などを食べる。

    繁殖形態は卵生。繁殖期になるとオスは単独で生活し、大声で鳴きメスに求愛する。茂みの中に窪みを掘った巣に、インドでは1-4月に1回に3-8個の卵を産む。抱卵期間は27-29日。メスのみが育雛を行う。

    人間との関係[編集]

    生息地では神聖な鳥として保護されている。

    ヨーロッパでは食用とされたこともある。羽毛は装飾品とされることもある。

    ペットとして飼育されることもあり、動物園などの施設では放し飼いされることもある。白化個体も累代飼育により固定されている。

    観賞用に飼育されていた個体が遺棄、あるいは脱走し世界各地に帰化している。日本でも飼育個体が脱走したと思われる個体が沖縄諸島や八重山列島に定着し、小型固有種を捕食し問題となっている。そのため要注意外来生物に指定され、西表島や小浜島では駆除が進められている。

    画像[編集]

    •  src=

      メス

    •  src=

      上尾筒を広げたオス

    •  src=

      オスの白化個体

    •  src=

      オスの白化個体

    •  src=

      Museum specimen -

    関連項目[編集]

     src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、インドクジャクに関連するメディアおよびカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにインドクジャクに関する情報があります。

    参考文献[編集]

    • 黒田長久監修 C.M.ペリンズ、A.L.A.ミドルトン編 『動物大百科7 鳥類I』、平凡社1986年、154、156-157頁。
    • 黒田長久、森岡弘之監修 『世界の動物 分類と飼育10-I (キジ目)』、東京動物園協会、1987年、124-125、178頁。
    • 『小学館の図鑑NEO 鳥』、小学館2002年、134頁。
    • 多紀保彦監修 財団法人自然環境研究センター編著『日本の外来生物』、平凡社、2008年

    外部リンク[編集]

    執筆の途中です この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類)。
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    wikipedia 日本語

    インドクジャク: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

    provided by wikipedia 日本語

    インドクジャク(印度孔雀、学名:Pavo cristatus)は、キジ目キジ科クジャク属に分類される鳥類。クジャク属の模式種

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    인도공작 ( Korean )

    provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

     src=
    수컷.
     src=
    암컷.
     src=
    자생 지역.
     src=
    Pavo cristatus

    인도공작(印度孔雀; Indian peafowl, blue peafowl, Pavo cristatus)은 크기가 크고 밝은 빛을 띄는 새의 하나로, 남아시아에 자생하지만 세계의 다른 수많은 지역에 유입된 공작이다.

    특징

    수컷은 부채와 같은 깃털을 지닌 것이 특징이며 몸통과 윗꼬리가 길다. 이 뻣뻣한 깃털은 부채로 펴지며 구애 기간 동안에는 떠는 모습을 보인다. 덮여있는 깃털의 길이와 크기에도 불구하고 수컷 공작은 나는 것이 가능하다. 암컷은 목이 녹색이며 칙칙한 갈색 깃털을 지니고 있다. 인도공작은 숲속 땅 위에 주로 거주한다. 시끄러운 소리 때문에 쉽게 발견되는 편이다. 열매나 벌레를 잡아 먹는 잡식성이다.

    인도그리스 신화에서 이 새를 기리며 인도국조이기도 하다. 인도공작은 국제 자연 보전 연맹(IUCN)에 의해 관심대상종으로 지정되어 있다.

    분류

    1758년 《자연의 체계》라는 책에서 칼 폰 린네는 인도공작의 기술적 명칭을 Pavo cristatus로 할당하였다.

    추가문헌

    • Galusha, JG; Hill, LM (1996) A study of the behaviour of Indian Peacocks Pavo cristatus on Protection Island, Jefferson County, Washington, USA. Pavo 34(1&2):23-31.
    • Ganguli, U (1965) A Peahen nests on a roof. en:Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 5(4):4-6.
    • Prakash, M (1968) Mating of Peacocks Pavo cristatus. en:Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 8(6), 4-5.
    • Rao MS, Zaki S, Ganesh T (1981). “Colibacillosis in a Peacock”. 《Current Science》 50 (12): 550–551.
    • Sharma IK (1969). “Habitat et comportment du Pavon (Pavo cristatus)”. 《Alauda》 37 (3): 219–223.
    • Sharma IK (1970). “Analyse ecologique des parades du paon (Pavo cristatus)”. 《Alauda》 38 (4): 290–294.
    • Sharma IK (1972). “Etude ecologique de la reproduction de la paon (Pavo cristatus)”. 《Alauda》 40 (4): 378–384.
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    외부 링크

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    인도공작: Brief Summary ( Korean )

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     src= 수컷.  src= 암컷.  src= 자생 지역.  src= Pavo cristatus

    인도공작(印度孔雀; Indian peafowl, blue peafowl, Pavo cristatus)은 크기가 크고 밝은 빛을 띄는 새의 하나로, 남아시아에 자생하지만 세계의 다른 수많은 지역에 유입된 공작이다.

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