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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 22 years (captivity) Observations: It has been estimated that they can live up to 24 years in the wild (Fisher et al. 2001). Record longevity in captivity, however, is 22 years (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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1999. "Macropus robustus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macropus_robustus.html
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Untitled

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Macropus robustus was described by Gould in 1839. One interesting aspect of wallaroos is what they choose as more important: water or shelter. In an experiment, scientists placed water tanks near rocky terrain and in open flat areas. They observed that hardly any visited the water tanks placed in the open flat areas, but they did frequent tanks near the rocky shelter. Another interesting result was that the water tank near the shelter attracted only 72% of wallaroos in that area; these were predominantly lactating females. This study showed that wallaroos placed shelter over free water and even when given the opportunity to obtain free water, they did not do so unless necessary. Strahan, 1995

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Conservation Status

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In Victoria, wallaroos are in urgent need of protection. Due to their isolation, they are vulnerable to factors such as predation and human land development. In Victoria they are classified as rare. In all other areas that are known to contain wallaroos, however, the populations are abundant. Warneke, R.M. 1995. Mammals of Victoria: Distribution, Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Australia. 189.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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1999. "Macropus robustus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macropus_robustus.html
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Benefits

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Wallaroos are vwell adapted to arid environments. Aside from their behavioral adaptations, wallaroos are interesting to scientists because of their physiological adaptations. Wallaroos have a very efficient excretory system that recycles nitrogen and urea to make a very concentrated urine. This physiological adaptation can provide scientists with much information about evolution of physiological characteristics. Tyndale-Biscoe, 1973; Warneke, 1995.

Positive Impacts: research and education

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Trophic Strategy

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Wallaroos are herbivores that do not require much water or highly nutritious foods. They drink less frequently than most species in the family and eat foods that have lower nutritional value. They mainly feed on spinifex, soft grasses, shrubs, herbs and low protein/ low fiber grasses. In the spring they graze on grass inflourescences and forbs. Strahan, 1995; Tyndale-Biscoe, 1973.

Plant Foods: leaves

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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Distribution

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Inhabits most regions of Australia, including Central Australia, Cape York Penninsula of Queen Island in Northeastern Australia, the rocky areas of Hodgson in Northern Australia and the Victoria region.

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

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Life Expectancy

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Average lifespan
Status: wild:
18.5 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
19.6 years.

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Morphology

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Macropus robustus is one of the largest and heaviest of the macropodid family, with mature males attaining twice the weight of mature females. Wallaroos are stout and heavy with a head to tail length of 1138-1986 mm (males) and 1107-1508 mm (females). The tails are about 551-901 mm (males) and 534-749 mm (females). The pelage is darker (greyish-black) than most others in the Macropodidae, and it is of medium length and directed downwards. The fur is less dense than that of red and grey kangaroos and includes thin and sparse underfur. The color of the fur is dark grey on the dorsal side and pale to nearly white on the ventral side. The muzzle has a bare black rhinarium and a slight lateral inflation. The nasal region and the back of the ears are black, while the lips, the inside and base of the ears are white or pale. The legs and tail have a very dark brown color that bleeds into a black tint near the tips of both extremeties. The teeth have vertically placed roots in the second and third incisors. The second incisor has enamel that covers about the height and length of the crown. The outer face of the tooth has an indistinct groove. The third incisor is long and equals the combined length of the first and second incisors and also has an external notch near the front edge. The third premolar is about 7 mm in length and the fourth premolar is large and powerful. The molars have well developed transverse ledges with connecting ridges that are small and sometimes absent. The stance isdistinctive: the shoulders are thrown back, elbows tucked into the sides and wrists raised. Strahan 1995; Tyndale-Biscoe 1973; Nowak 1991

Range mass: 6.75 to 35.75 kg.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

Average basal metabolic rate: 33.056 W.

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Habitat

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Macropus robustus is found in many regions of Australia. They can survive where the temperatures rises to 120 F and where the average rainfall is less than 380 mm/year. They prefer rocky places for shade and can inhabit regions of sparse vegetation. Strahan, 1995; Tyndale-Biscoe, 1973; Nowak, 1991

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; scrub forest

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Reproduction

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Wallaroos reach sexual maturity before two years of age. They are opportunistic breeders with no regular seasonal pattern of reproduction. Under good breeding conditions, nearly all females have one running offspring and one attached to a teat in the pouch. Under poor breeding conditions, females experience embryonic diapause. The gestation period is about 34 days and the pouch life ranges from 237-269 days. Strahan,1995; Tyndale-Biscoe, 1973; Thomas, 1888; Nowak, 1991

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 0.703 g.

Average gestation period: 32 days.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
670 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
547 days.

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Biology

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The common wallaroo is often solitary, occupying a relatively small, stable home range near to a rocky outcrop or water, and moving out of rough country to graze on grasses and shrubs in adjoining areas (2) (4) (9). Small groups sometimes form around favoured resources, but are usually quite loose in size and composition (2) (6). The common wallaroo is able to survive harsh conditions by using caves and rocky outcrops for shelter, and appears to be able to go for as much as two to three months without drinking, surviving solely on the water contained in food plants (2) (9). The common wallaroo is believed to be polygynous (6) and is an opportunistic breeder, able to breed throughout the year, although often ceasing reproduction during prolonged droughts (2) (8) (10). A single, tiny young is born after a gestation period of 30 to 38 days (8), after which it climbs, unaided, through the female's fur and into the pouch, where it attaches to a teat and begins to suckle (11). Most development takes place within the pouch, the young common wallaroo emerging after around 231 to 270 days (8). The young is suckled for at least 12 to 14 months, with males reaching sexual maturity at around 18 to 20 months in captivity, and females at 14 to 24 months (8). Individuals may live for over 18 years in the wild (2). In a process known as embryonic diapause, the female common wallaroo is able to become pregnant again shortly after giving birth. However, the new embryo remains dormant until the first young is ready to leave the pouch or is lost, after which the embryo resumes development and is born when the pouch is vacant. This unusual form of reproduction, found in many kangaroos, means the female can quickly replace young lost to predators or drought, and can have embryos ready to develop as soon as conditions become favourable (2) (11).
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Conservation

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The mainland populations of the common wallaroo are widespread and abundant, and are present in a number of protected areas (1). Commercial take is regulated under nationally approved management plans (1) (7), which aim to maintain populations of common wallaroo in an ecologically sustainable manner (10) (12) (13). Barrow Island is also protected as a nature reserve (3) (4). Conservation priorities for the vulnerable Barrow Island wallaroo include determining the extent of nutritional stress in the population, continuing with long-term population monitoring, and determining if oil field management can be modified to improve the condition of the wallaroo population. It will also be important to prevent introductions of non-native species, to monitor and improve traffic management to reduce road fatalities, to develop an appropriate fire management strategy, and to restore land impacted by the oil field (5) (7).
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Description

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The common wallaroo is a rather stocky kangaroo with coarse, shaggy fur, a hairless muzzle, a relatively short, thick tail, and a distinctive upright hopping style (2) (3) (4) (5). The robust body shape, with shorter limbs than other kangaroos, may be an adaptation for leaping around on rocks, and the short, broad hind feet have roughened soles to give extra grip (4). The male common wallaroo is up to twice the size of the female, and has particularly thick-set shoulders and forearms (4) (6). Coat colour varies from reddish-brown to a very dark blue-grey, almost black, and is generally lighter on the underparts (4). Four subspecies are recognised, based mainly on colour, size, and genetic differences: Macropus robustus robustus (eastern wallaroo), Macropus robustus erubescens (inland wallaroo or 'euro'), Macropus robustus woodwardi (northern wallaroo), and Macropus robustus isabellinus (Barrow Island wallaroo). In some areas, M. r. robustus and M. r. erubescens overlap and are thought to hybridise (4). The Barrow Island wallaroo, M. r. isabellinus, is the most distinctive of the subspecies, being smaller and stockier, reaching only half the size of the other forms (3) (4).
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Habitat

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Often referred to as a 'hill kangaroo', the common wallaroo typically inhabits mountainous areas, rocky hills and steep escarpments, although it may also use stony rises, grasslands and plains (2) (4) (7) (8). Caves, overhanging rocks and ledges are often used for shelter, particularly from extreme heat, and as refuges from predation (1) (2) (4) (8). The species may also shelter in dense shrub around streams (1).
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Range

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The common wallaroo is widely distributed throughout most of Australia, except Tasmania (1) (2), although the distribution is rather patchy due to the discontinuous nature of the habitat (4). M. r. robustus occurs in eastern Australia, from southern New South Wales to Queensland, M. r. erubescens occurs over much of the drier areas of the continent, from western New South Wales and Queensland, west to the Indian Ocean coast, and M. r. woodwardi occurs across northwestern Australia (4). M. r. isabellinus is found only on Barrow Island, off the coast of Western Australia (1) (4) (7).
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Status

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Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats

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There are not thought to be any major threats to the common wallaroo (1) (4), and the steep, rocky areas it favours help to protect this species to some degree (4) (10). In addition, like many other large kangaroo species, the common wallaroo may have benefitted from artificial water holes provided for livestock, as well as a reduction in dingo numbers and the presence of sheep, creating favourable grazing conditions (2) (9) (10) (11). Although the common wallaroo is legally culled in some areas for food, skins, and because of alleged damage to pastures and crops (2) (7) (10) (11), it is estimated to make up only about three percent of the overall commercial kangaroo quota (4). However, there is some controversy over how many kangaroos can be safely harvested, particularly in light of increasing human habitat modification and drought (2). The Barrow Island wallaroo, M. r. isabellinus, may be more vulnerable than the mainland subspecies, particularly in light of its smaller, isolated population, estimated to number only around 1,800 individuals (4) (7). This distinctive subspecies is listed as Vulnerable under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC), with threats including inappropriate fire regimes, introduced species, road fatalities, and habitat degradation associated with the development of oilfields (3) (5). The population has also recently been found to suffer from anaemia and poor condition, possibly related to nutritional stress (1) (7).
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Common or hill wallaroo (Macropus robustus)

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The common wallaroo or hill kangaroo is one of the largest and heaviest kangaroos. The body mass varies from 6.75-35.75 kg. The head to tail length is 1138-1986 mm for males and 1107-1508 mm for females. The tail is about 551-901 mm for males and 534-749 mm for females.

This stocky kangaroo has coarse, shaggy fur, a hairless muzzle, relatively short, thick tail and an upright hopping style. The robust body shape, with shorter limbs than other kangaroos, may be an adaptation to leap around on rocks; the roughened soles of the short, broad hind feet give extra grip. The mature male is up to twice as heavy as the female and has particularly thick-set shoulders and forearms. Coat colour varies from reddish-brown to very dark blue-grey, almost black, and is generally lighter on the underparts, being pale to nearly white. The medium length fur is directed downwards and less dense than that of red and grey kangaroos and includes thin and sparse underfur. The muzzle has a bare black rhinarium and a slight lateral inflation. The nasal region and the back of the ears are black, while the lips, the inside and base of the ears are white or pale. The legs and tail have a very dark brown color that bleeds into a black tint near the tips of both extremeties.

The teeth have vertically placed roots in the second and third incisors. The second incisor has enamel covering about the height and length of the crown. The outer face of the tooth has an indistinct groove. The third incisor is long, equalling the combined length of the first and second incisors and has an external notch near the front edge. The third premolar is about 7 mm long and the fourth premolar is large and powerful. The molars have well developed transverse ledges with connecting ridges that are small and sometimes absent. The stance is distinctive: the shoulders are thrown back, elbows tucked into the sides and wrists raised.

The wallaroo inhabits most regions of Australia, including Central Australia, Cape York Penninsula of Queen Island in Northeastern Australia, the rocky areas of Hodgson in Northern Australia and the Victoria region, but not Tasmania. The patchy distribution is due to the discontinuous nature of the habitat. The species is found in various habitats in many regions of Australia, such as desert or dune and scrub forest. It prefers mountainous habitats with steep escarpments, rocky hills, overhangs and caves that provide shelter and shade during periods of high temperature and as refuges from predation. It also shelters in dense shrub around streams. It may also use stony rises, grasslands and plains. It can survive where the temperatures rises to 120 F and where the average rainfall is below 380 mm/year.

The wallaroo is often solitary and nocturnal, occupying a relatively small, stable home range near a rocky outcrop or water and moving out of rough country to graze on nearby grasses and shrubs. Small groups sometimes form around favoured resources, but are usually transient. The wallaroo can survive harsh conditions by using caves and rocky outcrops for shelter and protection from predators. It makes a loud hissing noise.

The wallaroo drinks less often than most species in the family and seems able to go for two to three months without drinking, surviving on water contained in food plants. The very efficient excretory system recycles nitrogen and urea to make a very concentrated urine. The wallaroo mainly feeds on spinifex, soft grasses, shrubs, herbs and grass low in protein and/or fibre. In spring it grazes on grass inflourescences and forbs.

The wallaroo is an opportunistic breeder with no regular seasonal pattern of reproduction. A male may mate with several females. Under good breeding conditions, nearly all females have one running offspring and one attached to a teat in the pouch. Under poor breeding conditions, such as prolonged droughts, breeding may cease and females may experience embryonic diapause, so they can become pregnant again soon after giving birth. The new embryo stays dormant until the first young is ready to leave the pouch or is lost, when the embryo resumes development and is born when the pouch is vacant. This means the female can quickly replace young lost to predators or drought and can have embryos ready to develop as soon as conditions become favourable.

One tiny young is born after a gestation period is about 30-38 days and weighs 0.7 g. It climbs, unaided, through the female's fur and into the pouch, where it attaches to a teat and begins to suckle. Most development occurs in the pouch; the young emerges after around 231-270 days. The young is suckled for at least 12-14 months. Males reach sexual maturity at around 18-20 months in captivity and females at 14-24 months. The average lifespan is 18.5 years in the wild and 19.6 years in captivity. The maximum longevity is 22 years in captivity and perhaps 24 years in the wild.

The Red List Category was assessed as Least Concern (LC) in 2008. This is due to the wallaroo's wide distribution, large population, occurrence in several protected areas, lack of major threats, and as it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category. The species is widespread and relatively common in appropriate habitats. The steep, rocky areas it favours help to protect it to some degree The population is stable. In Victoria, the wallaroo is rare and in urgent need of protection. Due to its isolation, it is vulnerable to predation and human land development. The wallaroo is sparse in the wheatbelt of New South Wales. In Queensland, it is common in some agricultural areas with removal of M. giganteus. It is subject to commercial take under nationally approved management plans. The wallaroo may have benefitted from artificial water holes provided for livestock, as well as a reduction in dingo numbers and the presence of sheep, creating favourable grazing conditions. It is legally culled in some areas for food and skins, as well as alleged damage to pastures and crops; this makes up only about 3% of the overall commercial kangaroo quota.

The four subspecies are based mainly on colour, size, and genetic differences:

1. Eastern wallaroo (M.r. robustus): It occupies the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, from southern New South Wales to Queensland. Males have dark grey fur, but females are lighter, being almost sandy in colour.

2. Inland wallaroo or 'euro' (M.r. erubescens): It is mostly brownish or rufous in colour and occurs over much of the drier areas of the continent, from western New South Wales and Queensland, west to the Indian Ocean coast,

3. Northern wallaroo (M.r. woodwardi): It is the palest subspecies and occurs across northwestern Australia, including the Kimberley region of Western Australia and a band running across the Northern Territory.

4. Barrow Island wallaroo (M.r. isabellinus). This small, stocky, uniformly reddish-brown subspecies reaches only half the size of the other forms. There are about 1,800 individuals on Barrow Island, off the Pilbara coast of Western Australia (1,4,7) and the subspecies is classified as vulnerable. It may suffer from anaemia and poor condition, due related to nutritional stress. This subspecies may be more vulnerable than the mainland subspecies, particularly due to its small, isolated population. It is listed as Vulnerable under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC), with threats including inappropriate fire regimes, introduced species, road fatalities and habitat degradation associated with the development of oilfields. Conservation priorities include determining the extent of nutritional stress in the population, continuing with long-term population monitoring and determining if oil field management can be modified to improve the wallaroo population. It will also be important to prevent introductions of non-native species, to monitor and improve traffic management to reduce road fatalities, to develop an appropriate fire management strategy and to restore land impacted by the oil field.

In some areas, M.r. robustus and M.r. erubescens overlap and are thought to hybridise (4).

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Adi kenquru ( Azerbaijani )

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Adi kenquru (lat. Macropus robustus) - kenquru cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

Felis margarita.jpg Məməlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.

Mənbə

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Wallarou ar reter ( Breton )

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Wallarou ar reter (Macropus robustus) a zo ur bronneg godellek hag a vev en Aostralia.

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Cangur oriental ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El cangur oriental (Macropus robustus) és una gran i variable espècie de macropòdid que viu a gran part del continent australià. És un dels macròpodes més grans.[1] És majoritàriament nocturn i solitari i és un dels macròpodes més comuns. Algunes subespècies presenten dimorfisme sexual, com altres espècies de Macropus.[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Cangur oriental Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. 1,0 1,1 Menkhorst, Peter. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 118.


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Cangur oriental: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El cangur oriental (Macropus robustus) és una gran i variable espècie de macropòdid que viu a gran part del continent australià. És un dels macròpodes més grans. És majoritàriament nocturn i solitari i és un dels macròpodes més comuns. Algunes subespècies presenten dimorfisme sexual, com altres espècies de Macropus.

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Klokan horský ( Czech )

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Klokan horský (Macropus robustus) je velký druh klokana, který se nachází na velkém území australského kontinentu. Je to jeden z největších klokanů a jeho vzhled je velmi variabilní.

Klokan horský je samotářské noční stvoření. Vydává hlasité syčivé zvuky a jako většina klokanů jsou některé jeho poddruhy pohlavně dimorfní.

Poddruhy

Existují čtyři poddruhy:

  • M. r. robustus – vyskytuje se ve východní Austrálii. Samci tohoto poddruhu mají tmavou kůži, podobně jako klokan vraný (Macropus bernardus). Samice jsou světlejší téměř písčité barvy.
  • M. r. woodwardi – tento poddruh se vyskytuje v oblasti regionu Kimberley v Západní Austrálii a ve skupinách se přesunují přes Severní teritorium. Je nejsvětlejší ze všech poddruhů. Je matné šedohnědé barvy.
  • M. r. isabellinus – poddruh je omezen na Barrow Island v Západní Austrálii a je poměrně malý, červenohnědé barvy.
  • M. r. erubescens – nachází na většině zbývajícího území. Nejčastěji má nahnědlou barvu.

Chov v zoo

Klokan horský je v Česku v současnosti chován v Zoo Praha a od roku 2018 také v Zoo Ostrava.[2]

Na Slovensku tento druh nechová žádná zoo. V celé Evropě je chován pouze v pěti veřejných zoologických zařízeních, další zoo v rámci Evropské asociace zoologických zahrad a akvárií (EAZA) s tímto druhem je v Izraeli.[2] Patří tak mezi nejvzácněji chované druhy savců.

Chov v Zoo Praha

Historie chovu v Zoo Praha se začala psát v roce 2013[3], kdy byla obdržena tři zvířata od soukromého chovatele z Belgie.[2] Český prvoodchov se podařil roku 2014.[4] V roce 2017 se podařilo odchovat dvě samice.[5] Na počátku roku 2018 byli chováni dva samci a čtyři samice.[4][5] V lednu 2019 se narodilo další mládě.[6]

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Eastern Wallaroo na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b c www.Zootierliste.de. zootierliste.de [online]. [cit. 2018-04-10]. Dostupné online.
  3. Akce v Zoo Praha. Zoo Praha [online]. [cit. 2018-04-10]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  4. a b Zoo Praha – přehledy chovaných druhů, 2018
  5. a b Ročenka Unie českých a slovenských zoologických zahrad 2017
  6. Přírůstky. www.zoopraha.cz [online]. [cit. 2019-02-12]. Dostupné online.
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Klokan horský: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Klokan horský (Macropus robustus) je velký druh klokana, který se nachází na velkém území australského kontinentu. Je to jeden z největších klokanů a jeho vzhled je velmi variabilní.

Klokan horský je samotářské noční stvoření. Vydává hlasité syčivé zvuky a jako většina klokanů jsou některé jeho poddruhy pohlavně dimorfní.

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Bergkänguru ( German )

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Das Bergkänguru (Osphranter robustus), auch unter seinem englischen Namen Wallaroo bekannt, ist eine Beuteltierart aus der Familie der Kängurus (Macropodidae). Es ist eine der am besten an trockene Lebensräume angepassten Känguruarten.

Beschreibung

Das Bergkänguru ist etwas kleiner als die Riesenkängurus, aber schwerfälliger gebaut. Sein dichtes, zotteliges Fell ist dunkler als das der meisten Känguruarten, es ist an der Oberseite dunkelgrau, oft fast schwärzlich gefärbt, die Unterseite ist heller, die Füße und der Schwanz sind oft dunkelbraun. Wie bei den meisten Kängurus ist sein Körperbau durch die kräftigen Hinterbeine, den muskulösen Schwanz und die kurzen Vorderbeine charakterisiert. Bergkängurus erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 75 bis 140 Zentimetern, eine Schwanzlänge von 60 bis 90 Zentimetern und ein Gewicht von bis zu 36 Kilogramm, wobei Männchen deutlich größer und schwerer werden als Weibchen.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

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Verbreitungsgebiet des Bergkängurus

Bergkängurus sind in trockenen, gebirgigen Region in ganz Australien beheimatet, selbst im unwirtlichen zentralen Teil des Landes. Allerdings fehlen sie auf Tasmanien. Sie können auch in Gebieten mit weniger als 400 mm Niederschlag im Jahr und spärlichem Pflanzenwuchs überleben, bevorzugen aber felsiges Terrain, das ihnen Schattenplätze bietet.

Lebensweise

Die Lebensweise dieser Kängurus ist an die heißen klimatischen Verhältnisse ihres Lebensraumes angepasst. Sie sind dämmerungs- oder nachtaktiv, tagsüber schlafen sie im Schatten von Höhlen oder Felsspalten. Manchmal graben sie sich auch selbst Baue, in denen sie in einer aufrechten Position ruhen. Sie bewohnen ein Revier von 120 bis 280 Hektar Größe und sind sehr standorttreu. In der Regel leben sie einzelgängerisch, bei reichen Nahrungsplätzen können aber viele Tiere zusammentreffen. Unklar ist, ob sie ein Territorialverhalten besitzen: Die meisten Känguruarten kennen das nicht; es ist aber möglich, dass das Bergkänguru zumindest seinen bevorzugten Schlafplatz gegen Artgenossen verteidigt.

Nahrung

Wie alle Kängurus sind Bergkängurus Pflanzenfresser, sie sind aber in stärkerem Ausmaß als andere Arten an eine nährstoffarme Ernährung angepasst. Zu ihrer Nahrung zählt Gestrüpp (Spinifex), Gräser und Kräuter. Den meisten Teil ihres Flüssigkeitsbedarfes stillen sie aus der Nahrung, sie können so zwei bis drei Monate ohne Trinken überleben. Ihr Urin ist hochkonzentriert, so wird der Flüssigkeitsverlust minimiert.

Fortpflanzung

Bergkängurus haben keine feste Paarungszeit, unter günstigen Umständen können sie sich das ganze Jahr über fortpflanzen. In Zeiten großer Dürre hingegen werden Weibchen nicht trächtig. Die Tragzeit beträgt rund 32 Tage. Wie bei vielen anderen Känguruarten kommt es zur verzögerten Geburt: kurz nach der Geburt paart sich das Weibchen erneut, der neugezeugte Embryo wächst jedoch erst heran, sobald das alte Jungtier entwöhnt wird oder stirbt. Auf diese Weise können sie eine rasche Geburtsfolge sicherstellen.

Das Jungtier verbringt seine ersten acht bis neun Lebensmonate im Beutel der Mutter. Mit rund einem Jahr wird es entwöhnt und mit eineinhalb bis zwei Jahren geschlechtsreif. Ihre Lebenserwartung kann bis zu 20 Jahre betragen.

Bedrohung

Bergkängurus sind durch die Veränderungen, die die Europäer nach Australien gebracht haben, in geringerem Ausmaß betroffen als andere Känguruarten. Durch ihre abgeschiedenen Lebensräume stellt auch die Nahrungskonkurrenz durch eingeschleppte Schafe und andere Tiere ein nur kleines Problem dar. Bedroht ist lediglich die Population im Bundesstaat Victoria, die von den anderen Verbreitungsgebieten isoliert in stärkerem Ausmaß der Vernichtung des Lebensraumes ausgesetzt ist. Generell betrachtet sind sie jedoch häufig und zählen nicht zu den bedrohten Arten.

Systematik

Gemeinsam mit dem Schwarzen Bergkänguru und dem Antilopenkänguru bildet das Bergkänguru die Gruppe der Bergkängurus innerhalb der Gattung Osphranter zu der außerdem das Rote Riesenkänguru (Osphranter rufus) gehört.[1]

Literatur

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker’s Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9

Einzelnachweise

  1. M. D. B. Eldridge & G. M. Coulson: Genus Osphranter Seite 728 in Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5. Monotremes and Marsupials. Lynx Editions, 2015, ISBN 978-84-96553-99-6
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Bergkänguru: Brief Summary ( German )

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Das Bergkänguru (Osphranter robustus), auch unter seinem englischen Namen Wallaroo bekannt, ist eine Beuteltierart aus der Familie der Kängurus (Macropodidae). Es ist eine der am besten an trockene Lebensräume angepassten Känguruarten.

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Common wallaroo

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The common wallaroo (Osphranter robustus), also known as the euro, hill wallaroo, or simply wallaroo,[2] is a species of macropod. The word euro is particularly applied to one subspecies (O. r. erubescens).[3]

The eastern wallaroo is mostly nocturnal and solitary, and is one of the more common macropods. It makes a loud hissing noise and some of the other subspecies are sexually dimorphic, like most wallaroos.[4]

Subspecies

There are four subspecies:[1]

  • the eastern wallaroo (O. r. robustus)[3] – found in eastern Australia; males of this subspecies have dark grey fur, almost resembling the black wallaroo (Osphranter bernardus). Females are lighter, being almost sandy in colour.[4]
  • the euro or western wallaroo (O. r. erubescens)[5] – found covering most of the species' remaining range to the west; this subspecies is variable, but mostly brownish, in colour.[4]
  • the Barrow Island wallaroo (O. r. isabellinus) – this subspecies is restricted to Barrow Island in Western Australia and is comparatively small. It is uniformly reddish-brown.[4]
  • the Kimberley wallaroo (O. r. woodwardi) – this subspecies is found in the Kimberley region of Western Australia and in a band roaming through the Northern Territory. It is the palest of the four subspecies and is a dull brown-grey colour.[4] Kunwinjku of western Arnhem Land call this subspecies ngabudj. They also have separate names for male and female, galkibard and wallaar, respectively. A large male is called ganduki.[6] This animal manages well in areas without permanent water and on a diet of nutrient-poor grasses, but it does need shelter.[6]

The eastern wallaroo (O. r. robustus) — which is dark grey in colour — occupies the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, and the euro (O. r. erubescens) — which is mostly brownish in colour — occupies the land westward.

Reproduction

Wallaroos are not a type of animal that has one or two mating seasons throughout the year, but rather females can give birth at any time during the year. Through a process called embryonic diapause they are able to get pregnant any time after giving birth, but the embryo does not start to develop until the previous joey is able to leave the pouch of the mother. Wallaroos are also polygynous, which means that the males can have multiple female partners.[7]

During the mating process, fighting occurs between males to attract a female. The fights normally do not end in one of the two wallaroos dying, but rather the two males will fight until one surrenders.[8]

The gestation period lasts around 30 to 38 days, after which the young joey travels into the mother's pouch where it suckles and develops.[7] The young joeys start to leave the pouch at around six months and by nine months they no longer spend most of their time in the pouch.[9] Male wallaroos are fully developed at around 18 to 20 months; females are fully developed at around 14 to 24 months.[7]

The relationship with the joey and their parents changes as the joey grows and gets older. During the time in which the joey is in the pouch, the father stays around to protect the joey and mother from predators, but once this protection is no longer needed the relationship weakens between the two. After the joey no longer needs its mother for food, it still maintains a close relationship with her.[8]

Status

The eastern wallaroo as a subspecies is not considered to be threatened, but the Barrow Island subspecies (O. r. isabellinus) is classified as vulnerable.[2]

Taxonomy

In 2019, a reassessment of macropod taxonomy determined that the species should be moved from the genus Macropus to the genus Osphranter.[10] This change was accepted by the Australian Faunal Directory in 2020.[11]

References

  1. ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Diprotodontia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c Ellis, M.; Menkhorst, P.; van Weenen, J.; Burbidge, A.; Copley, P.; Denny, M.; Zichy-Woinarski, J.; Mawson, P. & Morris, K. (2019). "Osphranter robustus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T40565A21953431. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T40565A21953431.en. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  3. ^ a b WE Poole and JC Merchant (1987): Reproduction in Captive Wallaroos - the Eastern Wallaroo, Macropus-Robustus-Robustus, the Euro, Macropus-Robustus-Erubescens and the Antilopine Wallaroo, Macropus-Antilopinus. Australian Wildlife Research 14(3) 225 - 242. online link
  4. ^ a b c d e Menkhorst, Peter (2001). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. Oxford University Press. p. 118.
  5. ^ TF Clancy and DB Croft (1992): Population dynamics of the common wallaroo (Macropus robustus erubescens) in arid New South Wales. Wildlife Research 19(1) 1 - 15. online link
  6. ^ a b Goodfellow, D. (1993). Fauna of Kakadu and the Top End. Wakefield Press. p. 29. ISBN 1862543062.
  7. ^ a b c "Common wallaroo videos, photos and facts - Macropus robustus". Arkive. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  8. ^ a b "Macropus robustus (hill wallaroo)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  9. ^ "Common Wallaroo Fact Sheet | racinezoo.org". www.racinezoo.org. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  10. ^ Celik, Mélina; Cascini, Manuela; Haouchar, Dalal; Van Der Burg, Chloe; Dodt, William; Evans, Alistair; Prentis, Peter; Bunce, Michael; Fruciano, Carmelo; Phillips, Matthew (28 March 2019). "A molecular and morphometric assessment of the systematics of the Macropus complex clarifies the tempo and mode of kangaroo evolution". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 186 (3): 793–812. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz005. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  11. ^ "Names List for MACROPODIDAE, Australian Faunal Directory". Australian Biological Resources Study, Australian Department of the Environment and Energy. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.

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Common wallaroo: Brief Summary

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The common wallaroo (Osphranter robustus), also known as the euro, hill wallaroo, or simply wallaroo, is a species of macropod. The word euro is particularly applied to one subspecies (O. r. erubescens).

The eastern wallaroo is mostly nocturnal and solitary, and is one of the more common macropods. It makes a loud hissing noise and some of the other subspecies are sexually dimorphic, like most wallaroos.

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Macropus robustus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El walaró oriental o común (Macropus robustus) es una especie de marsupial diprotodonto de la familia Macropodidae que habita en gran parte del continente australiano. Es una de los macrópodos más grandes y más comunes.

El walaró oriental es principalmente nocturno y solitario. Hacen un ruido fuerte y algunas subespecies presenta dimorfismo sexual, como la mayoría de walarós.

Subespecies

Se reconocen cuatro subespecies Macropus robustus.[2]

Estado de conservación

El walaró oriental como especie no se considera amenazada,[1]​ pero en la Isla de Barrow la subespecie M. r. isabellinus se clasifica como vulnerable.

Referencias

  1. a b Ellis, M., Menkhorst, P., van Weenen, J., Burbidge, A., Copley, P., Denny, M., Woinarski, J., Mawson, P. y Morris, K. (2008). «Macropus robustus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 10 de enero de 2013.
  2. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
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Macropus robustus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El walaró oriental o común (Macropus robustus) es una especie de marsupial diprotodonto de la familia Macropodidae que habita en gran parte del continente australiano. Es una de los macrópodos más grandes y más comunes.

El walaró oriental es principalmente nocturno y solitario. Hacen un ruido fuerte y algunas subespecies presenta dimorfismo sexual, como la mayoría de walarós.

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Macropus robustus ( Basque )

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Macropus robustus Macropus generoko animalia da. Martsupialen barruko Diprotodontia ordeneko animalia da. Macropodinae azpifamilia eta Macropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Gould (1840) 1840 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 92. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Macropus robustus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Macropus robustus Macropus generoko animalia da. Martsupialen barruko Diprotodontia ordeneko animalia da. Macropodinae azpifamilia eta Macropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Vuorikenguru ( Finnish )

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Vuorikenguru eli wallaroo (Macropus robustus) on jättikenguruiden sukuun kuuluva kengurulaji, joka elää Australiassa.

Laji jaetaan neljään alalajiin:

  • M. r. robustus
  • M. r. erubescens
  • M. r. isabellinus
  • M. r. woodwardi

Lähteet

  1. Ellis, M., Menkhorst, P., van Weenen, J., Burbidge, A., Copley, P., Denny, M., Woinarski, J., Mawson, P. & Morris, K.: Macropus robustus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 3.8.2014. (englanniksi)
Tämä nisäkkäisiin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Vuorikenguru: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Vuorikenguru eli wallaroo (Macropus robustus) on jättikenguruiden sukuun kuuluva kengurulaji, joka elää Australiassa.

Laji jaetaan neljään alalajiin:

M. r. robustus M. r. erubescens M. r. isabellinus M. r. woodwardi
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Wallaroo (marsupial) ( French )

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Macropus robustus

Le wallaroo, Macropus robustus, est une espèce de marsupiaux très courante sur le continent australien. C'est un kangourou de taille moyenne, d'où son nom qui est la contraction des mots anglais wallaby et kangaroo. En effet, le terme wallaroo est pour les anglophones un nom vernaculaire qui désigne tout kangourou de taille moyenne, trop grand pour être un wallaby. Ils appellent donc Macropus robustus common wallaroo ou simplement wallaroo, mais aussi hill wallaroo, euro (en particulier pour M. r. erubescens) ou Eastern wallaroo (pour M. r. robustus).

Liste des sous-espèces

  • Macropus robustus robustus - Trouvé dans l'Est de l'Australie, les mâles de cette sous-espèce ont un pelage sombre, ressemblant beaucoup au wallaroo noir. Les femelles sont plus claires, de couleur sable.
  • Macropus robustus erubescens - Trouvé un peu partout sur le continent, il a un pelage de couleur variable mais le plus souvent brun.
  • Macropus robustus isabellinus - On ne le trouve que dans l'île "Barrow" en Australie Occidentale. Il est assez petit et entièrement roux.
  • Macropus robustus woodwardi - On le trouve dans la région de Kimberley en Australie-Occidentale et dans la région avoisinante du territoire du nord. C'est l'espèce la plus pâle des quatre.

Galerie

Notes et références

  • Groves, Colin (16 November 2005). in Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 65. (ISBN 0-8018-8221-4).
  • Australasian Marsupial & Monotreme Specialist Group (1996). Macropus robustus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 30 December 2006.
  • Menkhorst, Peter (2001). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. Oxford University Press, 118

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Wallaroo (marsupial): Brief Summary ( French )

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Macropus robustus

Le wallaroo, Macropus robustus, est une espèce de marsupiaux très courante sur le continent australien. C'est un kangourou de taille moyenne, d'où son nom qui est la contraction des mots anglais wallaby et kangaroo. En effet, le terme wallaroo est pour les anglophones un nom vernaculaire qui désigne tout kangourou de taille moyenne, trop grand pour être un wallaby. Ils appellent donc Macropus robustus common wallaroo ou simplement wallaroo, mais aussi hill wallaroo, euro (en particulier pour M. r. erubescens) ou Eastern wallaroo (pour M. r. robustus).

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Osphranter robustus ( Italian )

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Il canguro delle rocce (Osphranter robustus (Gould, 1841)), noto anche come wallaroo robusto, è una grossa specie di Macropodide dall'aspetto molto variabile diffusa in gran parte del continente australiano[3].

Descrizione

Il canguro delle rocce è un po' più piccolo del canguro rosso e dei canguri grigi, ma ha una struttura più massiccia. La lunghezza del corpo varia tra 75 e 140 cm, quella della coda tra 60 e 90 cm; il peso può arrivare a 36 kg. Esibisce un chiaro dimorfismo sessuale: il maschio ha dimensioni nettamente maggiori di quelle della femmina.

L'aspetto generale, come per la maggior parte dei canguri, è caratterizzato dalla coda lunga e forte, dalle zampe posteriori molto più grandi e muscolose di quelle anteriori, dal muso allungato e dalle grandi orecchie.

Il colore sul lato dorsale è grigio scuro e a volte quasi nero, mentre è più chiaro sul lato ventrale. Piedi e coda sono marrone scuro.

Distribuzione e habitat

È diffuso in tutta l'Australia, ma non in Tasmania. Vive anche nelle zone aride dell'Australia centrale.

Biologia

È un animale in genere solitario, la cui attività si svolge di notte e all'alba; trascorre il giorno riposando all'ombra (per lo più di rocce, data la scarsa vegetazione del suo habitat)[3].

Come tutti i canguri, il canguro delle rocce è erbivoro; può nutrirsi di piante presenti nelle zone aride, come quelle del genere Spinifex, e può sopravvivere a lungo senza bere, con la sola acqua fornita dal cibo solido.

La gestazione dura circa 32 giorni; dopo la nascita il cucciolo trascorre da otto a nove mesi nel marsupio e raggiunge la maturità sessuale entro i due anni di età. Avvengono nascite ritardate: se la femmina concepisce subito dopo il parto, l'embrione non si sviluppa fino a quando il nato precedente non lascia il marsupio.

L'aspettativa di vita non supera i 20 anni.

Sottospecie

Ne esistono quattro sottospecie[1]:

  • M. r. robustus - diffusa in Australia orientale. I maschi di questa sottospecie sono ricoperti da una pelliccia scura e ricordano moltissimo il wallaroo di Woodward (Macropus bernardus). Le femmine sono più chiare, quasi sempre di color sabbia[3].
  • M. r. erubescens - diffusa nelle regioni non occupate dalle altre sottospecie. Ha un aspetto molto variabile, ma quasi tutti gli esemplari sono di colore brunastro[3].
  • M. r. isabellinus - ristretta all'Isola di Barrow, nell'Australia Occidentale. Ha dimensioni relativamente piccole e pelliccia bruno-rossastra[3].
  • M. r. woodwardi - diffusa nel Kimberley, in Australia Occidentale, e in una fascia del Territorio del Nord. Con la sua colorazione grigio-bruna è la sottospecie dai toni più chiari[3].

Come specie il canguro delle rocce non è ritenuto minacciato, ma la sottospecie dell'Isola di Barrow (M. r. isabellinus) è classificata come vulnerabile[2].

Cultura di massa

Il wallaroo è il simbolo della Nazionale di rugby a 15 femminile dell'Australia, le cui giocatrici sono chiamate Wallaroos.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Osphranter robustus, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. ^ a b (EN) Lamoreux, J. & Hilton-Taylor, C. (Global Mammal Assessment Team) 2008, Osphranter robustus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Peter Menkhorst, A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 118.

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Osphranter robustus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il canguro delle rocce (Osphranter robustus (Gould, 1841)), noto anche come wallaroo robusto, è una grossa specie di Macropodide dall'aspetto molto variabile diffusa in gran parte del continente australiano.

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Macropus robustus ( Latin )

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Macropus robustus (binomen a Gould inventum anno 1841), (Anglice: common wallaroo; hill wallaroo ) est animal Marsupiale herbivorum Australianum.

Pinacotheca

Nexus externus

Wikispecies-logo.svg Vide "Macropus robustus" apud Vicispecies.
Commons-logo.svg Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Macropum robustum spectant.

Notae

  • Sakai, Tatsuo, et E. W. van Lennep. 1984. The Harderian Gland in Australian Marsupials. Journal of Mammalogy 65(1):159–162.
stipula Haec stipula ad biologiam spectat. Amplifica, si potes!
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Macropus robustus: Brief Summary ( Latin )

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Macropus robustus (binomen a Gould inventum anno 1841), (Anglice: common wallaroo; hill wallaroo ) est animal Marsupiale herbivorum Australianum.

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Wallaroe ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De wallaroe, bergkangoeroe of euro (Macropus robustus) is een kangoeroe uit het geslacht Macropus. Deze soort leeft in grote delen van Australië.

Uiterlijk

De wallaroe heeft een lichaamslengte van 134 tot 156 cm en een staart van 64 tot 73 cm lang. Het gewicht bedraagt 15,5 tot 26,5 kg. Mannelijke dieren zijn over het algemeen groter dan vrouwelijke. De vacht is overwegend donkergrijs, zandbruin of roodbruin van kleur, met een lichtgrijze buik. De lichaamsbouw van de wallaroe is vergelijkbaar met de meeste andere kangoeroes.

Leefwijze

De wallaroe is een graseter die solitair leeft. Deze soort is overwegend actief tijdens de schemering en de nacht. Overdag houdt de wallaroe zich over het algemeen schuil in grotten of onder bomen en rotsrichels. Deze soort kan overleven zonder regelmatig te drinken. Om aan water te komen graaft de wallaroe dikwijls gaten in de grond, waar ook andere diersoorten van profiteren. De wallaroe kan achttien jaar oud worden. Zijn voedsel bestaat uit grassen, zeggen en bladen van struikjes.

Leefgebied

De wallaroe leeft in grote delen van Australië in overwegend droge rotsachtige gebieden. De soort ontbreekt in het zuidoosten, het zuidwesten van West-Australië en het noorden van het Kaap York-schiereiland in Queensland.

Soortenbeschrijving

Er worden drie ondersoorten onderscheiden: de oostelijke wallaroe (M. r. robustus), de hertwallaroe (M. r. cervinus) en de Barrow Island-wallaroe (M. r. isabellinus). De mannelijke oostelijke wallaroes hebben een donkergrijze vacht, terwijl deze bij vrouwelijke dieren zandbruin van kleur is. Deze ondersoort leeft in het oosten van Australië. De hertwallaroe leeft in het westen van Australië en heeft een roodbruine vacht. De Barrow Island-wallaroe leeft alleen op Barroweiland in West-Australië en heeft een kleiner formaat dan de andere twee ondersoorten. Deze ondersoort wordt als kwetsbaar geclassificeerd.

Soms worden in plaats van de hertwallaroe twee andere ondersoorten onderscheiden, M. r. woodwardi en M. r. erubescens. M. r. woodwardi is grijsbruin van kleur en leeft in de Kimberley in West-Australië en een deel van het Noordelijk Territorium. M. r. erubescens leeft in het overige westelijke deel van het verspreidingsgebied.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Wallaroe: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De wallaroe, bergkangoeroe of euro (Macropus robustus) is een kangoeroe uit het geslacht Macropus. Deze soort leeft in grote delen van Australië.

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Kangur górski ( Polish )

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Kangur górski[4][5][6] (Macropus robustus) – torbacz z rodziny kangurowatych (Macropodidae)[2]. Roślinożerny. Zamieszkuje tereny Australii[5].

Budowa ciała

Kangur górski ma charakterystyczny wygląd. Tył ciała w porównaniu z przednią częścią jest potężnie rozwinięty. Przednie kończyny krótkie, głowa mała, stosunkowo duże uszy. Tylne kończyny i ogon długie i silne. Sierść gęsta, szara w części wierzchniej, zaś biaława pod spodem. Samice są jaśniej ubarwione niż samce. Dymorfizm płciowy jest także wyraźnie widoczny w wymiarach przedsatwicieli oby płci. Samice są wyraźnie mniejsze[5].

Wymiary anatomiczne
(K.Kowalski, A.Krzanowski, H.Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych, 1991)[5] Część ciała wymiar (przedział) – samce wymiar (przedział) – samice tułów z głową 100 do 140 cm 80 do 90 cm ogon 75 do 100 cm 60 do 70 cm

Kangur górski zwykle funkcjonuje w pozycji półwyprostowanej i wspiera się wówczas wyłącznie na tylnych kończynach i ogonie. Podczas żerowania jest powolny. Porusza się wówczas na czterech kończynach i podpiera się ogonem. Podczas biegu posługuje się wyłącznie tylnymi kończynami, podczas gdy kończyny przednie są opuszczone w kierunku brzucha. Końcówka ogona pomaga w balansowaniu i utrzymaniu równowagi[5].

Tryb życia

Żeruje wieczorem, kiedy temperatura otoczenia jest niższa. Prowadzi samotniczy tryb życia. Wytrzymuje przez długi czas bez dostępu do wody, nawet podczas znacznych upałów. Może się bez niej obyć nawet przez 2-3 miesiące. Jednak w poszukiwaniu wody potrafią kopać głębokie doły[5]

Termin rozrodu uzależniony jest od opadów deszczu. Po trwającej 30 do 40 dni ciąży samica rodzi 1 młode. Kangury górskie osiągają dojrzałość płciową w drugim roku życia. Żyją 15 do 20 lat[5].

Rozmieszczenie geograficzne

Szeroko rozprzestrzeniony w górach[5] w znacznej części Australii[5][3] z wyłączeniem stanu Wiktoria i Australii Zachodniej[7]. Przedstawiciele podgatunku M. robustus isabellinus występują tylko na wyspie Barrowa na Oceanie Indyjskim, u północno-zachodnich wybrzeży Australii (stan Australia Zachodnia). W skład tej populacji wchodzi około 1800 osobników[3].

Ekologia

Kangur górski jest roślinożerny. Pożywienia się różnymi gatunkami traw i krzewów[3]. Zamieszkuje tereny górskie, skaliste. Schronienia przed upałami szuka czasem w jaskiniach[5][3].

Przypisy

  1. Macropus robustus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Macropus (Osphranter) robustus. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 28 lutego 2014]
  3. a b c d e Macropus robustus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  4. Zygmunt Kraczkiewicz: SSAKI. Wrocław: Polskie Towarzystwo Zoologiczne - Komisja Nazewnictwa Zwierząt Kręgowych, 1968, s. 81, seria: Polskie nazewnictwo zoologiczne.
  5. a b c d e f g h i j Kazimierz Kowalski (redaktor naukowy), Adam Krzanowski, Henryk Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych: Mały słownik zoologiczny: Ssaki. Wyd. IV. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991. ISBN 83-214-0637-8.
  6. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  7. Terry Dawson, Terence J. Dawson: Kangaroos: Biology of the Largest Marsupials. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press Ltd, 1995, s. 162, seria: Australian natural history series. ISBN 978-0-86840-317-5.
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Kangur górski: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Kangur górski (Macropus robustus) – torbacz z rodziny kangurowatych (Macropodidae). Roślinożerny. Zamieszkuje tereny Australii.

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Macropus robustus ( Portuguese )

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Macropus robustus é uma espécie de marsupial da família Macropodidae.

Endêmica da Austrália.

Referências

  • GROVES, C. P. Order Diprotodontia. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 43-70.
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Macropus robustus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Macropus robustus é uma espécie de marsupial da família Macropodidae.

Endêmica da Austrália.

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Kengura horská ( Slovak )

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Kengura horská (Macropus robustus) je druh kengury a je známa aj pod menom euro alebo wallaroo.

Základné dáta

Dĺžka kengury horskej je 80 - 140 cm, a chvost je dlhý 60 - 90 cm. Váži 15 - 47 kg.

Rozšírenie

Celá Austrália

Iné projekty

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Kengura horská: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

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Kengura horská (Macropus robustus) je druh kengury a je známa aj pod menom euro alebo wallaroo.

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Vallaro ( Swedish )

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Vallaro (Macropus robustus) är ett pungdjur i familjen kängurudjur. Den kallas även för wallaroo eller euro.[2] Fyra olika underarter finns, M. r. robustus, M. r. erubescens, M. r. isabellinus och M. r. woodwardi.

Kännetecken

Vallaron hör till släktet Macropus. Den är mindre än jättekänguruerna, som röd jättekänguru och grå jättekänguru, men tyngre byggd. Den är dock större än de flesta vallabyer. Kroppslängden (huvud och bål) är 75–140 centimeter och svansen är 60–90 centimeter lång.[3] Vikten är upp till omkring 36 kg för hanar och omkring 16 kg för honor. Hanarna är större och tyngre än honorna.[3] De olika underarterna varierar något i utseende. Ofta är djurens päls jämförelsevis mörk och brunaktig eller blågrå,[3] speciellt hårens toppar är ofta nästan svartaktiga. Ovansidan av huvudet, öronen och ryggen är mörkast i färgen, medan kroppens undersida är ljusare. Extremiteter och svans är ofta mörkbruna. Hos underarten M. r. robustus har hanarna mörk päls, medan honorna kan vara lite ljusare. Underarten M. r. erubescens är vanligen brunaktig, men variation förekommer. M. r. isabellinus är mer rödbrunaktig i färgen än de andra underarterna och underarten M. r. woodwari är den ljusaste och har mer brungråaktig päls.[4]

Utbredning

Vallaron är vitt utbredd i Australien, dock saknas den på Tasmanien.[1] Den förekommer i varierande habitat men föredrar stenig terräng. Underarten M. r. robustus förekommer i östra Australien och underarten M. r. erubescens är spridd över stora delar av västra och centrala Australien.[4] Underarten M. r. isabellinus förekommer endast på Barrow Island.[1] Underarten M. r. woodwardi förekommer i Kimberleyregionen i Western Australia och i ett band genom Northern Territory.[4]

Levnadssätt

Vallaron är väl anpassad till torra och bergiga regionen och förekommer även i Australiens mer ogästvänliga centrala delar. Den är en av de känguruer som är bäst anpassad till torka, den kan överleva i områden med mindre än 400 millimeter nederbörd om året.

Dess levnadssätt är på flera sätt präglat av de vanligen torra och varma förhållanden som råder i större delen av dess utbredningsområde, som att den främst är aktiv under de timmar på dygnet då det är svalare. Under dagen vilar den i skuggan av klippor.[3]

Vanligen lever individerna ensamma, men på en plats med god tillgång till föda kan många individer samlas.[3] Individerna har ett visst hemoråde som de rör sig inom, men det är oklart om de är revirhävdande. Det är möjligt att de kan köra bort artfränder från sitt favoritmatställe eller viloplats.

Liksom andra kängurur är vallaron växtätare. Den betar bland annat gräs, örter samt kvistar från buskar och kan i jämförelse med flertalet andra känguruer klara sig på ganska näringsfattig vegetation.[3] Arten behöver inte dricka i upp till tre månader och tillfredsställer sitt vätskebehov med födan.[3] För att minimera vätskeförlusterna har den en starkt koncentrerad urin.[5]

Vallaron har ingen avgränsad parningssäsong, utan kan föröka sig året om. På fortplantningen inverkar dock ofta om förhållandena för reproduktion är gynnsamma eller ej, under perioder av torka blir honorna vanligen inte dräktiga. Dräktighetsperioden är cirka 32 dagar (30 till 38) och ungen stannar i honans pung (marsupium) tills den är 8–9 månader.[3] Vid cirka ett års ålder är den avvänjd. Könsmognaden kommer vid 1,5–2 års ålder.[3] Livslängden i naturen är upp till 18 år.[3]

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia
Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från engelskspråkiga Wikipedia

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Macropus robustusIUCN:s rödlista, läst 2010-05-13.
  2. ^ WE Poole and JC Merchant (1987): Reproduction in Captive Wallaroos - the Eastern Wallaroo, Macropus-Robustus-Robustus, the Euro, Macropus-Robustus-Erubescens and the Antilopine Wallaroo, Macropus-Antilopinus. Australian Wildlife Research 14(3) 225 - 242. online link
  3. ^ [a b c d e f g h i j] Dr Andrew A. Burbidge (29 mars 2010). ”Common wallaroo”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 8 november 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171108100905/http://www.arkive.org/common-wallaroo/macropus-robustus/. Läst 19 april 2013.
  4. ^ [a b c] Menkhorst, Peter (2001). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. Oxford University Press. sid. 118
  5. ^ K. Breen (27 april 1999). Macropus robustus (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Macropus_robustus/. Läst 24 april 2013.

Externa länkar

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Vallaro: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Vallaro (Macropus robustus) är ett pungdjur i familjen kängurudjur. Den kallas även för wallaroo eller euro. Fyra olika underarter finns, M. r. robustus, M. r. erubescens, M. r. isabellinus och M. r. woodwardi.

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Валару звичайний ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Macropus robustus2.jpg

Зріст тварини - 134-220 см, довжина тулуба - 75-140 см, хвоста - 60-90 см вага - до 36 кг. Шерсть груба бурувато-чорного кольору. Короткі приземисті задні лапи, могутні плечі, майже без хутра лише носові ділянки.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє гірські місцини. Звичайні валару активні вночі. Харчуються травою, листям та корінням. Вдень відпочивають у печерах, тріщинах у скелях, іноді риють нори. Подовгу можуть жити без води. Для вдоволення спраги здирають кору з молодих дерев й злизують сік.

Валару не стадні тварини. Здебільшого вони живуть поодиноко. Вагітність триває до 32 днів. Народжується одне кенгуреня, яке живе у торбі матері 8-9 місяців.

Ці тварини погана приручаються. Тривалість життя звичайних валару - до 20 років. 2n=16.

Розповсюдження

Звичайні валару мешкають майже по всій Австралії, окрім деяких південних районів.

Підвиди

вид Macropus robustus

  • підвид †Macropus robustus altus (Owen 1874)
  • підвид Macropus robustus erubescens (Sclater, 1870)
  • підвид Macropus robustus isabellinus (Gould, 1842)
  • підвид Macropus robustus robustus (Gould, 1840)
  • підвид Macropus robustus woodwardi (Thomas, 1901)

див. також

Джерела

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Macropus robustus ( Vietnamese )

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Macropus robustus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Macropodidae, bộ Hai răng cửa. Loài này được Gould mô tả năm 1840.[2] Loài này sinh sống ở Úc.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Ellis, M., Menkhorst, P., van Weenen, J., Burbidge, A., Copley, P., Denny, M., Woinarski, J., Mawson, P. & Morris, K. (2008). Macropus robustus. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 12 năm 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Macropus robustus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến động vật có vú này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Macropus robustus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Macropus robustus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Macropodidae, bộ Hai răng cửa. Loài này được Gould mô tả năm 1840. Loài này sinh sống ở Úc.

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Горный кенгуру ( Russian )

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Научная классификация
промежуточные ранги
Домен: Эукариоты
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Сумчатые
Подотряд: Macropodiformes
Семейство: Кенгуровые
Подсемейство: Macropodinae
Вид: Горный кенгуру
Международное научное название

Macropus robustus Gould, 1841

Ареал

изображение

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ITIS 552738NCBI 9319EOL 122667FW 162522

Горный кенгуру[1] (лат. Macropus robustus) — сумчатое млекопитающее семейства кенгуровых.

Описание

Длина тела животного составляет от 134 до 220 см, длина туловища — от 75 до 140 см, длина хвоста — от 60 до 90 см. Вес — до 36 кг. Самцы значительно крупнее самок. Густая, грубая шерсть темнее шерсти большинства видов кенгуру. Окрас верхней части тела тёмно-серый, почти чёрный. нижняя часть тела светлее, ноги и хвост часто тёмно-коричневые. Как и у большинства кенгуру телосложение характеризуется сильными задними ногами, мускулистым хвостом и короткими передними лапами.

Распространение

Горные кенгуру обитают в сухой, гористой местности по всей Австралии, даже в суровой центральной части страны. Отсутствуют на Тасмании. Они могут выживать в регионах со скудной растительностью, и там, где выпадает менее 400 мм осадков в год, однако, предпочитают скалистую местность с наличием тенистых мест.

Образ жизни

Образ жизни этих кенгуру приспособлен к жарким климатическим условиям их мест обитания. Они активны на рассвете или ночью, в течение дня они спят в тени пещер или в расщелинах скал. Иногда они сами выкапывают себе норы, в которых отдыхают стоя. Площадь участка составляет от 120 до 280 га. Как правило, они живут поодиночке, однако, при богатом ассортименте питания встречаются и несколько животных. Неясно, имеется ли у них территориальное поведение: большинство видов кенгуру не имеет такового, однако возможно, что горные кенгуру защищают от сородичей, по меньшей мере, своё спальное место.

Питание

Горные кенгуру — это травоядные животные, больше других видов приспособленные к бедному питательными веществами корму. Густой кустарник (Spinifex) и травы относятся к рациону их питания. Бо́льшую часть своей потребности в воде они извлекают из корма, таким образом они могут обойтись без питья от 2-х до 3-х месяцев. Матери могут приносить детёнышам воду в собственном желудке. Их моча высококонцентрированная, таким образом минимизируется потеря жидкости.

Размножение

У горных кенгуру нет определённого периода размножения, при благоприятных обстоятельствах они могут размножаться круглый год. В период засухи, напротив, самки не беременеют. Период беременности составляет примерно 32 дня. Как у многих других видов кенгуру у них замедленное рождение. Вскоре после рождения самка снова спаривается, однако новый эмбрион начинает подрастать только тогда, когда прежний отлучается или умирает.

Детёныш проводит свои первые 8—9 месяцев в сумке матери. Примерно в один год он отлучается, а в возрасте от 1,5 до 2 лет становится половозрелым. Продолжительность жизни животных может составлять до 20 лет.

Подвиды

  • Macropus robustus altus Owen, 1874
  • Macropus robustus erubescens Sclater, 1870
  • Macropus robustus isabellinus Gould, 1842
  • Macropus robustus robustus Gould, 1840
  • Macropus robustus woodwardi Thomas, 1901

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 24. — 10 000 экз.
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Горный кенгуру: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Горный кенгуру (лат. Macropus robustus) — сумчатое млекопитающее семейства кенгуровых.

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岩大袋鼠 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Macropus robustus
Gould, 1841 亞種
  • M. r. erubescens
  • M. r. isabellinus
  • M. r. robustus
  • M. r. woodwardi

岩大袋鼠學名Macropus robustus)是廣泛分佈在澳洲大陸的一種大型袋鼠[2]

岩大袋鼠主要是夜間活動及獨自生活的,且是最為普遍的一種。其亞種多是兩性異形的。[2]其下有四個亞種:[3]

  • M. r. robustus:分佈在澳洲東部。雄性呈深灰色,像黑大袋鼠;雌性較淺色,一般呈沙色。[2]
  • M. r. erubescens:其外觀有多種,主要都是呈褐色的。[2]
  • M. r. isabellinus:分佈在西澳大利亞州巴羅島。其體型相對較少,一般呈紅褐色。[2]
  • M. r. woodwardi:分佈在金伯利(Kimberley)至北領地。是亞種中最淡色,呈褐灰色。[2]

雖然岩大袋鼠未受到威脅,但在巴羅島的亞種卻已被列為易危[1]

參考

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Macropus robustus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Menkhorst, Peter. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. Oxford University Press. 2001: 118.
  3. ^ Groves, Colin. Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds), 编. Mammal species of the world 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press. 16 November 2005: 65. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)

外部連結

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岩大袋鼠: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

岩大袋鼠(學名Macropus robustus)是廣泛分佈在澳洲大陸的一種大型袋鼠

岩大袋鼠主要是夜間活動及獨自生活的,且是最為普遍的一種。其亞種多是兩性異形的。其下有四個亞種:

M. r. robustus:分佈在澳洲東部。雄性呈深灰色,像黑大袋鼠;雌性較淺色,一般呈沙色。 M. r. erubescens:其外觀有多種,主要都是呈褐色的。 M. r. isabellinus:分佈在西澳大利亞州巴羅島。其體型相對較少,一般呈紅褐色。 M. r. woodwardi:分佈在金伯利(Kimberley)至北領地。是亞種中最淡色,呈褐灰色。

雖然岩大袋鼠未受到威脅,但在巴羅島的亞種卻已被列為易危

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왈라루 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

왈라루(wallaroo, Macropus robustus)는 캥거루과에 속하는 캥거루속 유대류의 일종이다.[2] 주로 야행성 동물이며, 홀로 생활하고 가장 흔하게 발견되는 캥거루목 동물이다. 큰 소리로 쉿 소리를 내며, 일부 아종은 대부분의 왈라루처럼 성적이형성을 보인다.[3]

아종

4종의 아종이 알려져 있다.[1]

  • 동부왈라루 (M. r. robustus)[4] - 오스트레일리아 동부에서 발견. 수컷은 검은왈라루(Macropus bernardus)를 거의 닮아서 검은 털을 갖고 있으며, 암컷은 거의 엷은 갈색의 연한 색을 띤다.[3]
  • 유로 (M. r. erubescens)[5] - 분포 지역에서 가장 많이 차지하는 아종으로 다양한 색을 띠지만, 거의 갈색이다.[3]
  • M. r. isabellinus - 오스트레일리아 웨스턴오스트레일리아 주 배로우 섬에 제한적으로 분포하며, 비교적 작다. 불균일하고 불그스름한 갈색을 띤다.[3]
  • M. r. woodwardi - 킴벌리노던 준주를 관통하는 일종의 띠 모양의 지역에서 발견. 가장 희미한 색을 띠는 아종으로 흐릿한 갈색-회색을 띤다.[3]

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 65쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Macropus robustus”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2008년 12월 28일에 확인함.
  3. Menkhorst, Peter (2001). 《A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia》. Oxford University Press. 118쪽.
  4. WE Poole and JC Merchant (1987): Reproduction in Captive Wallaroos - the Eastern Wallaroo, Macropus-Robustus-Robustus, the Euro, Macropus-Robustus-Erubescens and the Antilopine Wallaroo, Macropus-Antilopinus. Australian Wildlife Research 14(3) 225 - 242. online link
  5. TF Clancy and DB Croft (1992): Population dynamics of the common wallaroo (Macropus robustus erubescens) in arid New South Wales. Wildlife Research 19(1) 1 - 15. online link
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