Barrow Island Euro

Maximum longevity: 22 years (captivity) Observations: It has been estimated that they can live up to 24 years in the wild (Fisher et al. 2001). Record longevity in captivity, however, is 22 years (Richard Weigl 2005).

Macropus robustus is one of the largest and heaviest of the macropodid family, with mature males attaining twice the weight of mature females. Wallaroos are stout and heavy with a head to tail length of 1138-1986 mm (males) and 1107-1508 mm (females). The tails are about 551-901 mm (males) and 534-749 mm (females). The pelage is darker (greyish-black) than most others in the Macropodidae, and it is of medium length and directed downwards. The fur is less dense than that of red and grey kangaroos and includes thin and sparse underfur. The color of the fur is dark grey on the dorsal side and pale to nearly white on the ventral side. The muzzle has a bare black rhinarium and a slight lateral inflation. The nasal region and the back of the ears are black, while the lips, the inside and base of the ears are white or pale. The legs and tail have a very dark brown color that bleeds into a black tint near the tips of both extremeties. The teeth have vertically placed roots in the second and third incisors. The second incisor has enamel that covers about the height and length of the crown. The outer face of the tooth has an indistinct groove. The third incisor is long and equals the combined length of the first and second incisors and also has an external notch near the front edge. The third premolar is about 7 mm in length and the fourth premolar is large and powerful. The molars have well developed transverse ledges with connecting ridges that are small and sometimes absent. The stance isdistinctive: the shoulders are thrown back, elbows tucked into the sides and wrists raised. Strahan 1995; Tyndale-Biscoe 1973; Nowak 1991

Range mass: 6.75 to 35.75 kg.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

Average basal metabolic rate: 33.056 W.

Average lifespan
Status: wild: 18.5 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 19.6 years.

Macropus robustus is found in many regions of Australia. They can survive where the temperatures rises to 120 F and where the average rainfall is less than 380 mm/year. They prefer rocky places for shade and can inhabit regions of sparse vegetation. Strahan, 1995; Tyndale-Biscoe, 1973; Nowak, 1991

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; scrub forest

Inhabits most regions of Australia, including Central Australia, Cape York Penninsula of Queen Island in Northeastern Australia, the rocky areas of Hodgson in Northern Australia and the Victoria region.

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

Wallaroos are herbivores that do not require much water or highly nutritious foods. They drink less frequently than most species in the family and eat foods that have lower nutritional value. They mainly feed on spinifex, soft grasses, shrubs, herbs and low protein/ low fiber grasses. In the spring they graze on grass inflourescences and forbs. Strahan, 1995; Tyndale-Biscoe, 1973.

Plant Foods: leaves

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

Wallaroos are vwell adapted to arid environments. Aside from their behavioral adaptations, wallaroos are interesting to scientists because of their physiological adaptations. Wallaroos have a very efficient excretory system that recycles nitrogen and urea to make a very concentrated urine. This physiological adaptation can provide scientists with much information about evolution of physiological characteristics. Tyndale-Biscoe, 1973; Warneke, 1995.

Positive Impacts: research and education

Macropus robustus was described by Gould in 1839. One interesting aspect of wallaroos is what they choose as more important: water or shelter. In an experiment, scientists placed water tanks near rocky terrain and in open flat areas. They observed that hardly any visited the water tanks placed in the open flat areas, but they did frequent tanks near the rocky shelter. Another interesting result was that the water tank near the shelter attracted only 72% of wallaroos in that area; these were predominantly lactating females. This study showed that wallaroos placed shelter over free water and even when given the opportunity to obtain free water, they did not do so unless necessary. Strahan, 1995

Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

In Victoria, wallaroos are in urgent need of protection. Due to their isolation, they are vulnerable to factors such as predation and human land development. In Victoria they are classified as rare. In all other areas that are known to contain wallaroos, however, the populations are abundant. Warneke, R.M. 1995. Mammals of Victoria: Distribution, Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Australia. 189.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

Wallaroos reach sexual maturity before two years of age. They are opportunistic breeders with no regular seasonal pattern of reproduction. Under good breeding conditions, nearly all females have one running offspring and one attached to a teat in the pouch. Under poor breeding conditions, females experience embryonic diapause. The gestation period is about 34 days and the pouch life ranges from 237-269 days. Strahan,1995; Tyndale-Biscoe, 1973; Thomas, 1888; Nowak, 1991

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 0.703 g.

Average gestation period: 32 days.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male: 670 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female: 547 days.

The common wallaroo is often solitary, occupying a relatively small, stable home range near to a rocky outcrop or water, and moving out of rough country to graze on grasses and shrubs in adjoining areas (2) (4) (9). Small groups sometimes form around favoured resources, but are usually quite loose in size and composition (2) (6). The common wallaroo is able to survive harsh conditions by using caves and rocky outcrops for shelter, and appears to be able to go for as much as two to three months without drinking, surviving solely on the water contained in food plants (2) (9). The common wallaroo is believed to be polygynous (6) and is an opportunistic breeder, able to breed throughout the year, although often ceasing reproduction during prolonged droughts (2) (8) (10). A single, tiny young is born after a gestation period of 30 to 38 days (8), after which it climbs, unaided, through the female's fur and into the pouch, where it attaches to a teat and begins to suckle (11). Most development takes place within the pouch, the young common wallaroo emerging after around 231 to 270 days (8). The young is suckled for at least 12 to 14 months, with males reaching sexual maturity at around 18 to 20 months in captivity, and females at 14 to 24 months (8). Individuals may live for over 18 years in the wild (2). In a process known as embryonic diapause, the female common wallaroo is able to become pregnant again shortly after giving birth. However, the new embryo remains dormant until the first young is ready to leave the pouch or is lost, after which the embryo resumes development and is born when the pouch is vacant. This unusual form of reproduction, found in many kangaroos, means the female can quickly replace young lost to predators or drought, and can have embryos ready to develop as soon as conditions become favourable (2) (11).

The mainland populations of the common wallaroo are widespread and abundant, and are present in a number of protected areas (1). Commercial take is regulated under nationally approved management plans (1) (7), which aim to maintain populations of common wallaroo in an ecologically sustainable manner (10) (12) (13). Barrow Island is also protected as a nature reserve (3) (4). Conservation priorities for the vulnerable Barrow Island wallaroo include determining the extent of nutritional stress in the population, continuing with long-term population monitoring, and determining if oil field management can be modified to improve the condition of the wallaroo population. It will also be important to prevent introductions of non-native species, to monitor and improve traffic management to reduce road fatalities, to develop an appropriate fire management strategy, and to restore land impacted by the oil field (5) (7).

The common wallaroo is a rather stocky kangaroo with coarse, shaggy fur, a hairless muzzle, a relatively short, thick tail, and a distinctive upright hopping style (2) (3) (4) (5). The robust body shape, with shorter limbs than other kangaroos, may be an adaptation for leaping around on rocks, and the short, broad hind feet have roughened soles to give extra grip (4). The male common wallaroo is up to twice the size of the female, and has particularly thick-set shoulders and forearms (4) (6). Coat colour varies from reddish-brown to a very dark blue-grey, almost black, and is generally lighter on the underparts (4). Four subspecies are recognised, based mainly on colour, size, and genetic differences: Macropus robustus robustus (eastern wallaroo), Macropus robustus erubescens (inland wallaroo or 'euro'), Macropus robustus woodwardi (northern wallaroo), and Macropus robustus isabellinus (Barrow Island wallaroo). In some areas, M. r. robustus and M. r. erubescens overlap and are thought to hybridise (4). The Barrow Island wallaroo, M. r. isabellinus, is the most distinctive of the subspecies, being smaller and stockier, reaching only half the size of the other forms (3) (4).

Often referred to as a 'hill kangaroo', the common wallaroo typically inhabits mountainous areas, rocky hills and steep escarpments, although it may also use stony rises, grasslands and plains (2) (4) (7) (8). Caves, overhanging rocks and ledges are often used for shelter, particularly from extreme heat, and as refuges from predation (1) (2) (4) (8). The species may also shelter in dense shrub around streams (1).

The common wallaroo is widely distributed throughout most of Australia, except Tasmania (1) (2), although the distribution is rather patchy due to the discontinuous nature of the habitat (4). M. r. robustus occurs in eastern Australia, from southern New South Wales to Queensland, M. r. erubescens occurs over much of the drier areas of the continent, from western New South Wales and Queensland, west to the Indian Ocean coast, and M. r. woodwardi occurs across northwestern Australia (4). M. r. isabellinus is found only on Barrow Island, off the coast of Western Australia (1) (4) (7).

Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1).

There are not thought to be any major threats to the common wallaroo (1) (4), and the steep, rocky areas it favours help to protect this species to some degree (4) (10). In addition, like many other large kangaroo species, the common wallaroo may have benefitted from artificial water holes provided for livestock, as well as a reduction in dingo numbers and the presence of sheep, creating favourable grazing conditions (2) (9) (10) (11). Although the common wallaroo is legally culled in some areas for food, skins, and because of alleged damage to pastures and crops (2) (7) (10) (11), it is estimated to make up only about three percent of the overall commercial kangaroo quota (4). However, there is some controversy over how many kangaroos can be safely harvested, particularly in light of increasing human habitat modification and drought (2). The Barrow Island wallaroo, M. r. isabellinus, may be more vulnerable than the mainland subspecies, particularly in light of its smaller, isolated population, estimated to number only around 1,800 individuals (4) (7). This distinctive subspecies is listed as Vulnerable under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC), with threats including inappropriate fire regimes, introduced species, road fatalities, and habitat degradation associated with the development of oilfields (3) (5). The population has also recently been found to suffer from anaemia and poor condition, possibly related to nutritional stress (1) (7).

The common wallaroo or hill kangaroo is one of the largest and heaviest kangaroos. The body mass varies from 6.75-35.75 kg. The head to tail length is 1138-1986 mm for males and 1107-1508 mm for females. The tail is about 551-901 mm for males and 534-749 mm for females.

This stocky kangaroo has coarse, shaggy fur, a hairless muzzle, relatively short, thick tail and an upright hopping style. The robust body shape, with shorter limbs than other kangaroos, may be an adaptation to leap around on rocks; the roughened soles of the short, broad hind feet give extra grip. The mature male is up to twice as heavy as the female and has particularly thick-set shoulders and forearms. Coat colour varies from reddish-brown to very dark blue-grey, almost black, and is generally lighter on the underparts, being pale to nearly white. The medium length fur is directed downwards and less dense than that of red and grey kangaroos and includes thin and sparse underfur. The muzzle has a bare black rhinarium and a slight lateral inflation. The nasal region and the back of the ears are black, while the lips, the inside and base of the ears are white or pale. The legs and tail have a very dark brown color that bleeds into a black tint near the tips of both extremeties.

The teeth have vertically placed roots in the second and third incisors. The second incisor has enamel covering about the height and length of the crown. The outer face of the tooth has an indistinct groove. The third incisor is long, equalling the combined length of the first and second incisors and has an external notch near the front edge. The third premolar is about 7 mm long and the fourth premolar is large and powerful. The molars have well developed transverse ledges with connecting ridges that are small and sometimes absent. The stance is distinctive: the shoulders are thrown back, elbows tucked into the sides and wrists raised.

The wallaroo inhabits most regions of Australia, including Central Australia, Cape York Penninsula of Queen Island in Northeastern Australia, the rocky areas of Hodgson in Northern Australia and the Victoria region, but not Tasmania. The patchy distribution is due to the discontinuous nature of the habitat. The species is found in various habitats in many regions of Australia, such as desert or dune and scrub forest. It prefers mountainous habitats with steep escarpments, rocky hills, overhangs and caves that provide shelter and shade during periods of high temperature and as refuges from predation. It also shelters in dense shrub around streams. It may also use stony rises, grasslands and plains. It can survive where the temperatures rises to 120 F and where the average rainfall is below 380 mm/year.

The wallaroo is often solitary and nocturnal, occupying a relatively small, stable home range near a rocky outcrop or water and moving out of rough country to graze on nearby grasses and shrubs. Small groups sometimes form around favoured resources, but are usually transient. The wallaroo can survive harsh conditions by using caves and rocky outcrops for shelter and protection from predators. It makes a loud hissing noise.

The wallaroo drinks less often than most species in the family and seems able to go for two to three months without drinking, surviving on water contained in food plants. The very efficient excretory system recycles nitrogen and urea to make a very concentrated urine. The wallaroo mainly feeds on spinifex, soft grasses, shrubs, herbs and grass low in protein and/or fibre. In spring it grazes on grass inflourescences and forbs.

The wallaroo is an opportunistic breeder with no regular seasonal pattern of reproduction. A male may mate with several females. Under good breeding conditions, nearly all females have one running offspring and one attached to a teat in the pouch. Under poor breeding conditions, such as prolonged droughts, breeding may cease and females may experience embryonic diapause, so they can become pregnant again soon after giving birth. The new embryo stays dormant until the first young is ready to leave the pouch or is lost, when the embryo resumes development and is born when the pouch is vacant. This means the female can quickly replace young lost to predators or drought and can have embryos ready to develop as soon as conditions become favourable.

One tiny young is born after a gestation period is about 30-38 days and weighs 0.7 g. It climbs, unaided, through the female's fur and into the pouch, where it attaches to a teat and begins to suckle. Most development occurs in the pouch; the young emerges after around 231-270 days. The young is suckled for at least 12-14 months. Males reach sexual maturity at around 18-20 months in captivity and females at 14-24 months. The average lifespan is 18.5 years in the wild and 19.6 years in captivity. The maximum longevity is 22 years in captivity and perhaps 24 years in the wild.

The Red List Category was assessed as Least Concern (LC) in 2008. This is due to the wallaroo's wide distribution, large population, occurrence in several protected areas, lack of major threats, and as it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category. The species is widespread and relatively common in appropriate habitats. The steep, rocky areas it favours help to protect it to some degree The population is stable. In Victoria, the wallaroo is rare and in urgent need of protection. Due to its isolation, it is vulnerable to predation and human land development. The wallaroo is sparse in the wheatbelt of New South Wales. In Queensland, it is common in some agricultural areas with removal of M. giganteus. It is subject to commercial take under nationally approved management plans. The wallaroo may have benefitted from artificial water holes provided for livestock, as well as a reduction in dingo numbers and the presence of sheep, creating favourable grazing conditions. It is legally culled in some areas for food and skins, as well as alleged damage to pastures and crops; this makes up only about 3% of the overall commercial kangaroo quota.

The four subspecies are based mainly on colour, size, and genetic differences:

1. Eastern wallaroo (M.r. robustus): It occupies the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, from southern New South Wales to Queensland. Males have dark grey fur, but females are lighter, being almost sandy in colour.

2. Inland wallaroo or 'euro' (M.r. erubescens): It is mostly brownish or rufous in colour and occurs over much of the drier areas of the continent, from western New South Wales and Queensland, west to the Indian Ocean coast,

3. Northern wallaroo (M.r. woodwardi): It is the palest subspecies and occurs across northwestern Australia, including the Kimberley region of Western Australia and a band running across the Northern Territory.

4. Barrow Island wallaroo (M.r. isabellinus). This small, stocky, uniformly reddish-brown subspecies reaches only half the size of the other forms. There are about 1,800 individuals on Barrow Island, off the Pilbara coast of Western Australia (1,4,7) and the subspecies is classified as vulnerable. It may suffer from anaemia and poor condition, due related to nutritional stress. This subspecies may be more vulnerable than the mainland subspecies, particularly due to its small, isolated population. It is listed as Vulnerable under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC), with threats including inappropriate fire regimes, introduced species, road fatalities and habitat degradation associated with the development of oilfields. Conservation priorities include determining the extent of nutritional stress in the population, continuing with long-term population monitoring and determining if oil field management can be modified to improve the wallaroo population. It will also be important to prevent introductions of non-native species, to monitor and improve traffic management to reduce road fatalities, to develop an appropriate fire management strategy and to restore land impacted by the oil field.

In some areas, M.r. robustus and M.r. erubescens overlap and are thought to hybridise (4).

The common wallaroo (Osphranter robustus), also known as the euro, hill wallaroo, or simply wallaroo, is a species of macropod. The word euro is particularly applied to one subspecies (O. r. erubescens).

The eastern wallaroo is mostly nocturnal and solitary, and is one of the more common macropods. It makes a loud hissing noise and some of the other subspecies are sexually dimorphic, like most wallaroos.