Furcifer pardalis mainly inhabits lowland, dry deciduous forests close to thin belts of trees bordering rivers and roads. This particular species seems to prefer open habitats that are not overly shaded. Scientists believe this is due to the need to colonize open spaces where they may bask and males may use visual signals directed to females (during courtship) or for males to establish territories. Male panther chameleons also have a higher range of elevation than females, most likely for territorial reasons.
Range elevation: 1.0 to 7.02 m.
Average elevation: 1.8 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest ; scrub forest
Aquatic Biomes: coastal
Other Habitat Features: riparian
While males can exceed five years of age in captivity, most wild panther chameleons survive only one or two years after maturity. Females on average have a shorter lifespan in the wild and in captivity due to the stresses of reproduction and oviposition.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 1 to 3 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 5 years.
The most fascinating feature of Furcifer pardalis is their extraordinarily vibrant coloration. Adult chameleons are sexually dimorphic and males can be recognized by their larger size, swollen basis of the tail indicating the presence of the hemipenes, and have a wide range of coloration and patterns. Females are identified as being more uniformly pale green or pink, smaller in size, with a thinner tail base, and sometimes with eggs detectable through the body walls. Adults can reach a length of 23 cm. It is much more difficult to distinguish the sex of juvenile chameleons less than 6 months of age because of their smaller size, dull coloration, and lack of hemipenial bulge in males.
Coloration and patterning of Furcifer pardalis varies significantly depending on their origin of location. Typically, panther chameleons from the Madagascan Island Nosy Be are blue-green, emerald-green or have turquoise bodies. Males from the northwest coast are usually bright pink, with a yellowish white stripe along the sides; this is commonly referred to as "the pink panthers". Males can also be orange, red and dark green with a vast variation in spots, stripes, and/or bands around the head and eyes.
Panther chameleons lack a vomeronasal organ, an auxiliary olfactory sense organ that is found in many animals. They also do not have an outer or a middle ear, which suggests that chameleons might be deaf. Chameleons do have specialized feet with a tong-like appearance called zygodactyl. On each foot the five toes are fused into a group of two digits and a group of three digits. On the front feet the bundle of three toes is on the inside of the foot, and the bundle of two toes is on the outside. This is reversed on the rear foot, giving them a secure and strong grasp and allowing them to maneuver horizontally or vertically on a wide variety of vegetation or structures. These specialized feet allow chameleons to hold on tightly to narrow branches. Sharp claws on each toe help them climb and grip surfaces that they cannot grasp tightly, such as tree trunks.
Range length: 23 (high) cm.
Other Physical Features: heterothermic
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful
No specific data is available on predation of F. pardalis. The main predators of chameleons are typically birds and snakes. The ability to camouflage their skin color to match the surrounding environment is their best defense against visual-detecting predators. They are slow-moving creatures that often freeze and remain unmoving for long periods of time which may also aid in going unnoticed by predators.
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
The name chameleon comes from the Greek name khamaileon which is a comibination of khamai which stands for 'on the ground' and 'leon' meaning lion.
During the breeding season, male Furcifer pardalis will increase the intensity of coloration to attract potential mates. Males will also become more vibrant in color during physical battles with competing chameleons. The loser often surrenders by turning drab or dark colors and retreats. Male and female panther chameleons communicate through physical gestures and visual signals. Both sexes will exhibit specific breeding coloration to indicate readiness to mate. Males will perform a courtship display consisting of head bobbing and increased intensity of skin coloration.
Females communicate their mating status through body coloration. When a female is encountered exhibiting receptive coloration, the male begins courtship behavior, which includes an increase in color intensity and nodding of the head. Over a period of minutes to days after mating, the female is gravid (egg bearing) and displays a non-receptive coloration. The female's stomach turns dark brown or black with orange striping to signify to the other males she has already successfully mated. The exact coloration and pattern of gravid females varies depending on the color phase of the chameleon. This provides a useful way to distinguish between locales. While gravid, females will also make threats to courting males that may approach; these threats consist of opening the mouth wide and rocking back and forth.
Chameleons are primarily visual hunters and utilize a unique visual perception system. Their dome-shaped eyes are located on either side of their heads, and are capable of independent movement. When one eye detects a prey object, the head turns to allow both eyes to focus. Their eyes lack the structures necessary for nocturnal vision, thus they are diurnal hunters.
Communication Channels: visual
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic
Furcifer pardalis is one of the most sought after species of chameleon in the international pet trade due to the beautiful coloration and success of breeding in captivity. From 1977 to 2001 exported Furcifer pardalis chameleons accounted for almost eight percent of total exports of chameleon species to the United States. Stricter trade quotas have been enforced and the recent export levels are within a sustainable range. Currently there is little risk to this chameleon species besides the threat of ongoing habitat loss and modification.
CITES: appendix ii
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: no special status
Female Furcifer pardalis gestate fertilized eggs for 2 to 3 weeks. It typically takes the young anywhere from 6 months to a year to hatch from their eggs. From that point the young take another 6 months until they are sexually mature and have developed adult coloration and size.
There are no known adverse effects of Furcifer pardalis on humans.
There are relatively few uses for Furcifer pardalis by local people within their range of distribution. Chameleons are not used very often in local cuisine. Furcifer pardalis is however captured and sold within the international live pet trade. The United States, Europe, and Asia are the major participants within this trafficking.
Positive Impacts: pet trade
Furcifer pardalis do not have any significant impacts on the ecosystem. They do prey on many insects and other invertebrates and thus likely impact those local populations. They also support the populations of predators that prey on them.
Furcifer pardalis are considered opportunistic hunters because they wait for prey to pass within range of their long tongues. They feed mostly on terrestrial invertebrates and very rarely, plant material. They have the ability to rotate and focus their eyes separately to observe two different objects simultaneously. This allows them a full 360-degree arc of vision around their body while staying completely still and camouflaged. When prey is located in sight, both eyes can be focused in the same direction, giving sharp stereoscopic vision and depth perception.
Chameleons have very unique tongues specialized for capturing their prey. An extensive study done in 2000 revealed the complexities of how the chameleon tongue works. The capture of prey was often attributed only to adhesion to the tongue pad but now scientists believe the speed and form of the tongue also creates a suction device. The hyoid bone is a piece of cartilage that extends into the mouth from the throat bones (called the hyolingual apparatus) and is attached to a chameleon's long tongue. This is where the tongue rests when it is not in use. The tongue is launched from the hyoid bone with the use of ringed muscles in the tongue. This highly complex structure is composed of cartilage, muscles, nerves, glands, and tissues that all work together to create an incredibly fast and effective tongue for seizing their food.
Animal Foods: insects
Plant Foods: flowers
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )
Furcifer pardalis, also known as panther chameleons, are native to the island of Madagascar. They are distributed throughout the island but are locally abundant on the central-eastern, north-eastern, northern and north-western coasts. Furcifer pardalis have also been introduced to areas such as La Réunion and Mauritius.
Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Introduced , Native )
Courtship often begins with displays by males. This usually includes the display of bright colors and a series of jerking or bobbing head movements while advancing on a female. Some males advance slowly with a halting or jerky gait, but others move very rapidly and can be aggressive toward females. Females that are unreceptive or gravid may flee or may face the pursuing male with a gaping mouth while hissing, rearing up on the hind legs, and rocking to discourage the male's advances. If the female seems interested, the male will mount the female by grasping her flanks and position himself on the right or left side of her body. Copulation takes place when the male everts the nearest of his two hemipenes and inserts it in the female's cloaca. Some species copulate for a few minutes and others for as long as several hours, after which they typically go their separate ways.
Limited information exists on the mating systems of Furcifer pardalis but some researchers have observed mating behavior consistent with serial polygyny. Captive studies of Furcifer pardalis have shown males to have larger home ranges than females. Females will often stay within a small area and will be visited by roaming males during the breeding season. This species exhibits slight pair-bonding, consisting of males choosing to remain within the female's territory for a period post-breeding and likely defend this female from other males. Females that have already mated have exhibited aggressive behaviors to successive, roaming males. The successful male will stay with the female for a short period post-breeding and then continue roaming, likely in search of another mate.
Mating System: polygynous
In most locations, breeding occurs between January and May but this may vary geographically. Females of some areas are able to breed multiple times per year. After mating, the gestation period lasts 3 to 6 weeks. The females excavate burrows by digging with their front feet and then backing into them to deposit 10 to 46 eggs. When they are finished, they bury the eggs, fill in the tunnel, and stomp the soil down to conceal the location of the nest. Some females drag leaves and twigs over the site. This is the final act of motherhood for a chameleon, and her young will be independent at birth. The young emerge by slitting a star-shaped opening in the end of the eggshell with the egg tooth, a sharp, calcified protrusion on the tip of the upper jawbone that later falls off. The young weigh 0.25 to 0.75 g upon hatching. Juveniles reach reproductive maturity at 6 months old.
Breeding interval: Depending on the location, females will produce several egg clutches a year.
Breeding season: Breeding takes place between the months of January and May.
Range number of offspring: 10 to 46.
Range gestation period: 3 to 6 weeks.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 6 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 6 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; sexual ; fertilization ; oviparous
Female and male Furcifer pardalis show no further parental investment beyond creating and depositing eggs. The mother will attempt to protect the buried eggs from predators by concealing the location of the nest with twigs and leaves but that is her final involvement and the young will be independent immediately upon hatching.
Female panther chameleons invest significant time and energy in ensuring her young will fully develop. Producing successful chameleon offspring depends heavily on adequate vitamin D amounts within the mother during gestation. Ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun is known to produce vitamin D in the skin of many vertebrates such as the panther chameleons. UV-induced vitamin D serves as a signal in the body to help adjust the calcium-phosphorus balance in the body. Its main function is to stimulate the uptake of calcium from the gut and reduce calcium re-absorption from bone. Eggs fail to hatch if the mother does not have adequate vitamin D from either UV exposure or dietary intake because she cannot supply enough vitamin D to their eggs to facilitate the developing embryos to form their skeletons. An important discovery made in the last few years was that females seem to be able to sense their internal vitamin D-condition, recognize an external UV source and voluntarily expose themselves to that source when they are vitamin D deficient. Alternatively, they choose to avoid high UV sources when they are vitamin D sufficient.
Parental Investment: no parental involvement; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female)
Ar c'hameleon-panterenn (Furcifer pardalis pe Chamaeleo pardalis) zo ur stlejvil eus Madagaskar.
a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.
Ar c'hameleon-panterenn (Furcifer pardalis pe Chamaeleo pardalis) zo ur stlejvil eus Madagaskar.
Chameleon pardálí, též chameleon levhartí[2], Furcifer pardalis, je pestře zbarvený ještěr z čeledi chameleonovitých. V přírodě se vyskytuje na Madagaskaru a na přilehlých ostrovech, je též chován v zajetí jako terarijní zvíře.
U chameleona pardálího nejsou známy žádné poddruhy, ale rozeznáváme množství barevných forem, které se od sebe liší nejen zbarvením, ale i stavbou těla. Tyto formy jsou pojmenovány podle místa výskytu (např. Ambilobe, Nosy Bé, Diego Suarez, Ambanja apod.). Jedná se o nejbarevnější a k chovu nejvíce žádané chameleony vůbec.[3]
Patří mezi největší druhy chameleonů, dospělý samec může dorůst délky až 52 cm.[4] Samice je výrazně menší, dosahuje délky asi 35 cm.[4] Hlava je navrchu zploštělá, lemovaná zvětšenými šupinami, a zhrublé šupiny tvoří u samců na čenichu nosní výčnělek, podobný rypáčku.[2] Hrdelní i hřbetní hřebínek je tvořený velkými ostnatými šupinami, které se na hřbetě směrem k ocasu zmenšují. Samci mají výrazně silnější kořen ocasu. Zbarvení je velice variabilní, v různých kresbách zelené, cihlově červené či tyrkysově modré.
Chameleon pardálí je endemit Madagaskaru a ostrůvků Nosy Be, Sainte Marie a Nosy Mangaben,[4] introdukován byl také na ostrovy Réunion a Mauricius.[5] Na Madagaskaru je v nížinách v jižní a severovýchodní části ostrova velmi hojný, zde žijí až dva chameleoni pardálí na hektar.[5] Nevadí mu ani člověkem narušené biotopy, obývá světlé lesy a křovinaté porosty a houštiny, žije i na plantážích cukrové třtiny.
Je to samotářské zvíře, vůči jiným příslušníkům svého druhu je agresivní. Aktivní je celý den. Loví hmyz i jiné živočichy (i obratlovce), které lapá vystřelováním lepkavého jazyka. Ten může být i 30 cm dlouhý.[4]
Na začátku období rozmnožování spolu samci bojují o teritoria. Samec samici namlouvá zesvětlením těla a kývavě se k ní přibližuje. Je-li samice svolná k páření, nechá samce přiblížit se. Kopulace trvá přibližně 10 minut. Období rozmnožování trvá asi tři dny a během té doby se partneři spojují několikrát. Po skončení tohoto období začne být samice vůči samci opět agresivní.
Březost trvá zhruba 30-45 dní.[3] Samice na konci březosti omezí příjem potravy a pohybuje se více po zemi, hledá vhodné místo pro umístění snůšky. Pak snáší do jamky či chodby vyhrabané ve vlhké půdě 15-50 kožovitých vajec.[4] Inkubace vajec při 26–28 °C trvá 160-320 dní.[4] Mladí chameleoni se o sebe od vylíhnutí starají samostatně. Dožívají se dvou až čtyř[4] (osmi)[3] let.
Chameleon pardálí je zajetí je dobře zvládnutelný a bez problémů se množí, nevýhodou je delší doba inkubace vajec. Může být chován jednotlivě, v teráriu o velikosti minimálně 40×60×60 cm[6], lépe však větší 70×70×150 cm,[4] chov více dospělců v jednom teráriu se nedoporučuje[6], lze uvažovat o chovu páru v teráriu o rozměrech 100×60×120 cm nebo větším.[3] Terárium je možné osadit vzrostlými rostlinami, např. Ficus benjamina, nutností je dostatek větví, lián a možnosti úkrytu ve vegetaci. Terárium musí být dobře větrané, zároveň je však nezbytné udržet vyšší vzdušnou vlhkost. Tento druh potřebuje velmi dobře osvětlená terária, ideální je skleník, zimní zahrada nebo chov poblíž oken. Přisvětlováním se délka světelného dne udržuje na 12-14 hodinách. Navíc je nutné poskytnout dostatek UVB záření.
Vhodná teplota v teráriu je 25–28 °C přes den, lokálně až 40 °C, s nočním poklesem na pokojovou teplotu. Vzdušnou vlhkost je potřeba udržovat na 60-100% častým rosením. Substrát v teráriu pro chameleona pardálího musí být kyprý a savý, lignocel není vhodný, ideální je směs písku a rašeliny o výšce 25 cm, ležící na vrstvě drenážního štěrku.
V zajetí se chameleoni krmí různými vývojovými stadii hmyzu, podle velikosti plaza. Je možno zkrmovat cvrčky, sarančata, švábi, larvy potemníků rodu Zoophobas, larvy zavíječů voskových či mouchy a mnoho jiných. Jistou roli hraje i rostlinná potrava- okusují listy a pojídají květy. Nutné je doplnění potravy vitamíny a minerály.
Samec chameleona pardálího na ostrově Réunion
Chameleon pardálí na Madagaskaru
Hlava chameleona pardálího zepředu
Hlava chameleona pardálího zboku
Zelenomodrý chameleon pardálí na ostrově Réunion
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu chameleon pardálí ve Wikimedia Commons
Chameleon pardálí, též chameleon levhartí, Furcifer pardalis, je pestře zbarvený ještěr z čeledi chameleonovitých. V přírodě se vyskytuje na Madagaskaru a na přilehlých ostrovech, je též chován v zajetí jako terarijní zvíře.
U chameleona pardálího nejsou známy žádné poddruhy, ale rozeznáváme množství barevných forem, které se od sebe liší nejen zbarvením, ale i stavbou těla. Tyto formy jsou pojmenovány podle místa výskytu (např. Ambilobe, Nosy Bé, Diego Suarez, Ambanja apod.). Jedná se o nejbarevnější a k chovu nejvíce žádané chameleony vůbec.
Patří mezi největší druhy chameleonů, dospělý samec může dorůst délky až 52 cm. Samice je výrazně menší, dosahuje délky asi 35 cm. Hlava je navrchu zploštělá, lemovaná zvětšenými šupinami, a zhrublé šupiny tvoří u samců na čenichu nosní výčnělek, podobný rypáčku. Hrdelní i hřbetní hřebínek je tvořený velkými ostnatými šupinami, které se na hřbetě směrem k ocasu zmenšují. Samci mají výrazně silnější kořen ocasu. Zbarvení je velice variabilní, v různých kresbách zelené, cihlově červené či tyrkysově modré.
Chameleon pardálí je endemit Madagaskaru a ostrůvků Nosy Be, Sainte Marie a Nosy Mangaben, introdukován byl také na ostrovy Réunion a Mauricius. Na Madagaskaru je v nížinách v jižní a severovýchodní části ostrova velmi hojný, zde žijí až dva chameleoni pardálí na hektar. Nevadí mu ani člověkem narušené biotopy, obývá světlé lesy a křovinaté porosty a houštiny, žije i na plantážích cukrové třtiny.
Je to samotářské zvíře, vůči jiným příslušníkům svého druhu je agresivní. Aktivní je celý den. Loví hmyz i jiné živočichy (i obratlovce), které lapá vystřelováním lepkavého jazyka. Ten může být i 30 cm dlouhý.
Na začátku období rozmnožování spolu samci bojují o teritoria. Samec samici namlouvá zesvětlením těla a kývavě se k ní přibližuje. Je-li samice svolná k páření, nechá samce přiblížit se. Kopulace trvá přibližně 10 minut. Období rozmnožování trvá asi tři dny a během té doby se partneři spojují několikrát. Po skončení tohoto období začne být samice vůči samci opět agresivní.
Březost trvá zhruba 30-45 dní. Samice na konci březosti omezí příjem potravy a pohybuje se více po zemi, hledá vhodné místo pro umístění snůšky. Pak snáší do jamky či chodby vyhrabané ve vlhké půdě 15-50 kožovitých vajec. Inkubace vajec při 26–28 °C trvá 160-320 dní. Mladí chameleoni se o sebe od vylíhnutí starají samostatně. Dožívají se dvou až čtyř (osmi) let.
Das Pantherchamäleon (Furcifer pardalis) ist eine große, im nördlichen und nordöstlichen Küstentiefland der Insel Madagaskar vorkommende Chamäleon-Art.
Männchen werden auf Madagaskar 55 cm, auf Réunion 44 cm lang, Weibchen bleiben kleiner. Entlang des Rückens haben die Tiere einen nach hinten abfallenden Kamm aus großen, dicht hintereinander stehenden stachligen Schuppen. Ebensolche Schuppen finden sich auf der Kehlwamme. Entlang der Körperseite kann man deutliche Streifen (Lateralstreifen) erkennen, die sich von der Färbung des Körpers abheben.
Die Farbe hängt von den jeweiligen Verbreitungsgebieten ab. Die Männchen der Nordspitze Madagaskars sind besonders bunt. Die Weibchen sind dort grün mit einer roten Zeichnung. Auf Nosy Bé sind die Männchen hellgrün mit einer weißen, grauen, roten oder hellblauen Streifenzeichnung, die Weibchen sind schmutziggelb, grau, rosa oder lila. Auf Nosy Boraha sind die Pantherchamäleons mehr grau mit einer weißen Streifenzeichnung.
Das Pantherchamäleon kommt im Norden und an der Ostküste Madagaskars, sowie auf nahegelegenen Inseln wie Nosy Bé und Sainte Marie vor. Außerdem im Süden bei Tolagnaro, sowie auf Mauritius und Réunion. Pantherchamäleons leben immer küstennah, in feuchtheißem Klima in Büschen, auf Bäumen und im Gestrüpp. Viele leben auch in der Nähe menschlicher Siedlungen, an Feldrändern und in Gärten.
Das Männchen beginnt die Balz, indem es eine helle Färbung annimmt, nickende Bewegungen mit dem Kopf macht und sich dabei dem Weibchen nähert. Ist das Weibchen nicht zur Paarung bereit, wehrt es das Männchen ab, indem es mit aufgerissenem Maul droht. Der Paarungsvorgang selbst dauert etwa zehn Minuten. Die Paarungsbereitschaft dauert insgesamt etwa drei Tage. Die Trächtigkeit dauert etwa 31–45 Tage.
Wenige Tage vor der Eiablage macht sich das Weibchen auf die Suche nach einem Eiablageplatz. Hat es einen geeigneten gefunden, gräbt es eine kleine Höhle und legt 12–46 Eier ab. Der Eingang der Höhle wird anschließend wieder verschlossen. Nach 159–323 Tagen schlüpfen die Jungtiere.
Weibchen von La Réunion
Weibchen von La Réunion
Halbwüchsiges Pantherchamäleon bei der Häutung
Pantherchamäleon (Furcifer pardalis) ♂ von Reunion
Das Pantherchamäleon (Furcifer pardalis) ist eine große, im nördlichen und nordöstlichen Küstentiefland der Insel Madagaskar vorkommende Chamäleon-Art.
The panther chameleon (Furcifer pardalis) is a species of chameleon found in the eastern and northern parts of Madagascar[1][3][4] in a tropical forest biome. Additionally, it has been introduced to Réunion and Mauritius.[1]
The panther chameleon was first described by French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1829.[4] Its generic name (Furcifer) is derived from the Latin root furci meaning "forked" and refers to the shape of the animal's feet.[5] The specific name pardalis refers to the animals' markings, as it is Latin for "leopard" or "spotted like a panther".[6] The English word chameleon (also chamaeleon) derives from Latin chamaeleō, a borrowing of the Ancient Greek χαμαιλέων (khamailéōn), a compound of χαμαί (khamaí) "on the ground" and λέων (léōn) "lion". The Greek word is a calque translating the Akkadian nēš qaqqari, "ground lion".[7] This lends to the common English name of "panther chameleon".
Panther chameleons grow 16-20" (40-51cm) long, with females typically being smaller than males.[8] In a form of sexual dimorphism, males are more vibrantly colored than the females. Coloration varies with location, and the different color patterns of panther chameleons are commonly referred to as 'locales', which are named after the geographical location in which they are found. Panther chameleons from the areas of Nosy Be, Ankify, and Ambanja are typically a vibrant blue, and those from Ambilobe, Antsiranana, and Sambava are red, green or orange. The areas of Maroantsetra and Tamatave yield primarily red specimens. Numerous other color phases and patterns occur between and within regions. Females generally remain tan and brown with hints of pink, peach, or bright orange, no matter where they are found, but there are slight differences in patterns and colors among the different color phases.[9]
Like all chameleons, panther chameleons exhibit a specialized arrangement of toes. On each foot, the five toes are fused into a group of two and a group of three; these specialized feet allow the panther chameleon a tight grip on narrow branches. Each toe is equipped with a sharp claw to gain traction on surfaces such as bark when climbing. On the forelimbs, there are two toes on the outer (distal) side of each foot and three on the inside (medial). On the hind legs, the arrangement is reversed: two toes are fused medially and three distally. [10]
Panther chameleons have very long tongues (sometimes longer than their own body length) which they are capable of rapidly extending out of the mouth to capture prey, which is mostly terrestrial invertebrates and very rarely, plant material.[11] Once the tip sticks to a prey item, it is drawn quickly back into the mouth, where the panther chameleon's strong jaws crush it and it is consumed.[12]
Panther chameleons are native to Madagascar; this species is widespread in lowland areas of the eastern and northeastern sections of the country.[1] Additionally, it has been introduced to Réunion and Mauritius.[1]
The panther chameleon lives in regions of rainforest in the east and drier broken forest/savannah in the northwest.[13] The original primary plant communities within their range has been degraded by human activity; panther chameleons appear to thrive in degraded habitat and are frequently found near roads, homes, and in plantations.[1][13]
The panther chameleon is very territorial; aside from mating, it spends the majority of its life in isolation. When two males come into contact, they will change color and inflate their bodies, attempting to assert their dominance. Often these battles end at this stage, with the loser retreating, turning drab and dark colors. Occasionally, the displays result in physical combat if neither contender backs down.[4]
Panther chameleons reach sexual maturity at a minimum age of seven months.[4]
When gravid, or carrying eggs, females turn dark brown or black with orange striping to signify to males they have no intention of mating. Furthermore, females will become very defensive and may bite any advancing males. The exact coloration and pattern of gravid females varies depending on the color phase of the chameleon. This provides a way to distinguish between locales.[4]
Females usually only live two to three years after laying eggs (between five and eight clutches) because of the stress put on their bodies. Females can lay between 10 and 40 eggs per clutch, depending on the food and nutrient consumption during the period of development. Eggs typically hatch in 240 days.[14]
Panther chameleons are occasionally kept as pets due to their striking coloration. While they are easier to care for than many other species of chameleon, panther chameleons are generally considered challenging to keep in captivity.[8][15] Wild panther chameleons are a short lived species; few animals survive beyond a year of age in the wild.[4][13] Captive animals may live longer than their wild counterparts; with good care females can live up to 3 years and males can live 5-7 years.[15][8]
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Female, Réunion
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Female, Montagne d'Ambre National Park
Female, Anjajavy Forest
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) The panther chameleon (Furcifer pardalis) is a species of chameleon found in the eastern and northern parts of Madagascar in a tropical forest biome. Additionally, it has been introduced to Réunion and Mauritius.
El camaleón pantera (Furcifer pardalis) es una especie de camaleón originario de Madagascar de talla grande y colores característicos. La especie puede presentar diversas coloraciones, más o menos características de los diferentes lugares malgaches en donde se encuentre.[2]
Forman parte de los camaleones más grandes existentes, su talla puede alcanzar los 55 cm incluida la cola para los machos y 35 cm para las hembras. La hembra vive alrededor de 3 años, el macho puede llegar a 6 años.
Este camaleón se alimenta de diversos insectos que pasan a su alcance. Sus costumbres son diurnas y exclusivamente arbóreas. Es un animal ovíparo, que deposita entre 15 y 50 huevos por puesta. Su esperanza de vida máxima es de 4 años.
Introducido en la isla de La Reunión donde se ha naturalizado, se le denomina como 'Endormi de La Reunión, lendormi o también zendormi. Se beneficia, aunque tiene origen exótico, del estatuto de especie protegida. También se encuentra en la isla Mauricio.
La especie presenta diversas coloraciones (llamadas «fases») características de diferentes regiones malgaches que puede ser originarias. Las hembras tienen colores bastante apagados, mientras que los machos tienen colores más espectaculares:
Este camaleón es considerado como una de las especies raras más accesibles. La cría de camaleones es delicada ya que son sensibles a la diferencia de ciertos parámetros de su entorno (temperatura, ventilación, estrés, iluminación, etc.).
Esta especie se reproduce bien en cautiverio. Pone alrededor de 20 huevos por nidada. Incuban sobre vermiculita a 28ºC. La duración de la incubación fluctúa considerablemente: 150 a 362 días.
macho.
hembra.
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El camaleón pantera (Furcifer pardalis) es una especie de camaleón originario de Madagascar de talla grande y colores característicos. La especie puede presentar diversas coloraciones, más o menos características de los diferentes lugares malgaches en donde se encuentre.
Furcifer pardalis Furcifer generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Chamaeleonidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Furcifer pardalis Furcifer generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Chamaeleonidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Caméléon panthère, endormi
Le caméléon panthère (Furcifer pardalis) est une espèce de sauriens originaire de Madagascar de la famille des Chamaeleonidae[1], désigné à La Réunion sous le nom d'endormi.
Cette espèce est à l'origine endémique de Madagascar[1]. Elle a été introduite à La Réunion depuis de nombreuses années où elle bénéficie, bien que d'origine exotique, du statut d'espèce protégée. Son introduction à l'île Maurice est discutée, niée par ReptileDB mais affirmée par l'UICN. Il vit dans les arbres des maquis arborés humides.
Il fait partie des plus grands caméléons existants, sa taille peut atteindre 55 cm queue comprise pour le mâle et 35 cm pour la femelle. La femelle vit environ 3 ans, le mâle peut atteindre 5 ans. Les yeux des caméléons sont indépendamment mobiles ; ses yeux peuvent donc voir dans deux directions différentes.
L'espèce présente diverses colorations (appelées « phases ») caractéristiques des différentes régions malgaches dont il peut être originaire. Les femelles ont des teintes assez ternes, alors que les mâles ont des couleurs très spectaculaires :
Ce caméléon se nourrit de divers insectes qui passent à sa portée. Actif le jour, il se déplace lentement sur les branches et chasse a l'affût : il repère ses proies de ses deux yeux mobiles, et projette brusquement sa longue langue sur l'insecte, qu'il ramène tout aussi prestement dans sa bouche. Ses mœurs sont exclusivement diurnes et arboricoles. C'est un animal ovipare, qui dépose entre 15 et 50 œufs par ponte. Sa durée de vie est de 6 ans maximum.
Face à un congénère rival, il gonfle instantanément son corps et change de couleur, et ce comportement est généralement suffisant pour décider de l'individu dominant et de l'issue de la dispute. Sa capacité a changer de couleur traduit son humeur et n'est pas une technique de camouflage.
Ce caméléon est élevé par certains terrariophiles[2].
Gravure du début du XXe siècle
Mâle (Île de la Réunion)
Mâle
Caméléon panthère
Parc zoologique de Paris
Un œil de caméléon
Mouvement des yeux d'un caméléon panthère
Projection de la langue
Femelle
Femelle dans un jardin créole
Femelle dans le parc national de la Montagne d'Ambre (Madagascar).
Caméléon panthère, endormi
Le caméléon panthère (Furcifer pardalis) est une espèce de sauriens originaire de Madagascar de la famille des Chamaeleonidae, désigné à La Réunion sous le nom d'endormi.
Furcifer pardalis é unha especie de camaleón orixinaria da zonas orientais e setentrionais de Madagascar,[3] nas zonas de selva tropical. Ademais, foi introducido ás illas de Reunión e Mauricio.
Furcifer pardalis é unha especie de camaleón orixinaria da zonas orientais e setentrionais de Madagascar, nas zonas de selva tropical. Ademais, foi introducido ás illas de Reunión e Mauricio.
Il camaleonte del Madagascar, anche camaleonte pantera (Furcifer pardalis) (Cuvier, 1829) è un camaleonte che vive principalmente nelle regioni costiere del Madagascar. Inoltre è stato introdotto nella Réunion e nelle Mauritius.[2]
I maschi di F. pardalis possono crescere fino a 50–60 cm di lunghezza, con una lunghezza media di 45 cm. Le femmine sono generalmente più piccole, circa la metà dei maschi. I maschi hanno anche colorazioni molto più vivaci delle femmine. La colorazione varia con la locazione e i differenti motivi cromatici di Furcifer pardalis vengono generalmente chiamati "locality" e prendono il nome in base alla locazione geografica nella quale sono stati rinvenuti. F. pardalis provenienti dalle aree di Nosy Be e Ambanja sono tipicamente blu vivaci, mentre quelli provenienti da Antsiranana e Sambava sono rossi, verdi e arancioni. Le aree di Maroantsetra e Tamatave possiedono prevalentemente esemplari rossi. Esistono molte altre colorazioni e i motivi si diversificano sia tra regioni diverse che all'interno di una specifica regione. Le femmine di F. pardalis generalmente rimangono color marrone chiaro o marrone indipendentemente dalla regione dalle quali provengono, ma ci sono piccole differenze nella colorazione e nei motivi.
Maschio di Furcifer pardalis
Femmina di Furcifer pardalis
Maschio di Furcifer pardalis della Réunion
Come la maggior parte dei camaleonti, il Furcifer pardalis è estremamente territoriale. Spende la maggior parte della sua vita in isolamento, escluse le sessioni di accoppiamento. Quando due maschi entrano in contatto, cambiano colore e gonfiano il loro corpo, per mostrare la loro superiorità. Spesso queste battaglie terminano in questo stadio, con la ritirata del perdente, che assume colorazioni scure o grigiastre. Occasionalmente, se nessuno dei contendenti si ritira, si può arrivare ad uno scontro fisico.
Le femmine, se si riproducono spesso, di solito vivono solo 2-3 anni dopo aver deposto le uova (tra 5 e 8 covate), a causa dello stress che subisce il loro corpo. Le femmine possono depositare tra 10 e 40 uova per covata, in funzione del cibo e del consumo di alimenti durante la fase di sviluppo delle uova. Possono trascorrere dai 5 ai 14 mesi prima che le uova si schiudano.
La maturità sessuale è raggiunta intorno ai 6-7 mesi per esemplari cresciuti in cattività, ma può essere raggiunta anche prima, fino ai 5 mesi di età. Gli esemplari selvatici raggiungono la maturità sessuale intorno ai 7 mesi.
Quando sono gravide, o stanno portando delle uova, le femmine diventano marrone scuro o nere a strisce arancioni, indicando agli eventuali partner che non hanno intenzione di accoppiarsi. La colorazione esatta delle femmine gravide varia in funzione della specie del camaleonte. Ciò fornisce un utile modo per distinguere sottospecie locali.
Questa specie è diffusa nel Madagascar settentrionale, da 80 a 950 m di altitudine.[1] È stata introdotta nell'isola della Réunion e nell'arcipelago delle Mauritius.[2]
Per gli entusiasti di rettili, specialmente di camaleonti, il Furcifer pardalis e il Chamaeleo calyptratus sono la miglior scelta come animali domestici, tuttavia sono creature molto delicate, richiedono condizioni ambientali che riflettano al meglio quelle della zona da cui provengono, nonché molto tempo e attenzioni. Richiedono delle lampade specifiche (a raggi uv e riscaldanti) ad imitazione della luce solare ed un supplemento di calcio e vitamina D3, per evitare forme di rachitismo. Inoltre hanno bisogno di una dieta precisa: si nutrono soprattutto di insetti, come locuste, mantidi e grilli.
Solitamente è abbastanza semplice accorgersi della presenza di uova in una femmina gravida. La femmina diventa notevolmente più rotonda negli ultimi stadi dello sviluppo delle uova e, a volte, è addirittura possibile intravedere la forma delle uova nel suo ventre. Se non viene fornita dal proprietario una locazione adeguata dove depositare le uova, la femmina trattiene le uova, diventando incapace di depositarle (distocia). Questa condizione molto grave, se non viene riconosciuta in tempo da un veterinario, in generale conduce alla morte.
Un Furcifer pardalis di sesso maschile può vivere fino a 10 anni in cattività, se allevato in maniera adeguata.
Il camaleonte del Madagascar, anche camaleonte pantera (Furcifer pardalis) (Cuvier, 1829) è un camaleonte che vive principalmente nelle regioni costiere del Madagascar. Inoltre è stato introdotto nella Réunion e nelle Mauritius.
Panterkameleon er en kameleonart.
Hos denne arten kan hannene bli opptil 55 cm, mens hunnene er mye mindre. Farge og mønster hos panterkameleon varierer mye mellom ulike deler av utbredelsesområdet. Hannene har generelt sterkere farger enn hunnene. I likhet med de andre artene i slekten Furcifer trives panterkameleon ikke i tett skog, men foretrekker skogkanter, elvebredder og vegkanter.
Panterkameleon er utbredt i lavlandet nord og øst på Madagaskar. Typelokaliteten er angitt som Île de France, altså Mauritius, men det finnes ingen kameleoner på denne øya i dag. Panterkameleon forekommer derimot på naboøya Réunion, nesten 700 km øst for Madagaskar. De fleste mener at arten er innført av mennesker til Réunion, men kameleoner har krysset vide havstrekninger andre steder. Noen trekk ved kroppsbygningen tyder også på at populasjonen er spontan.
De sterke fargene, kroppsstørrelsen og at arten har lett for å formere seg i fangenskap, gjør at panterkameleon er et populært terrariedyr. Den blå formen fra øya Nosy Be utenfor nordvestkysten av Madagaskar er mest populær, og omtrent halvparten av panterkameleonene som eksporteres kommer derfra.
Panterkameleon er en kameleonart.
Hos denne arten kan hannene bli opptil 55 cm, mens hunnene er mye mindre. Farge og mønster hos panterkameleon varierer mye mellom ulike deler av utbredelsesområdet. Hannene har generelt sterkere farger enn hunnene. I likhet med de andre artene i slekten Furcifer trives panterkameleon ikke i tett skog, men foretrekker skogkanter, elvebredder og vegkanter.
Panterkameleon er utbredt i lavlandet nord og øst på Madagaskar. Typelokaliteten er angitt som Île de France, altså Mauritius, men det finnes ingen kameleoner på denne øya i dag. Panterkameleon forekommer derimot på naboøya Réunion, nesten 700 km øst for Madagaskar. De fleste mener at arten er innført av mennesker til Réunion, men kameleoner har krysset vide havstrekninger andre steder. Noen trekk ved kroppsbygningen tyder også på at populasjonen er spontan.
De sterke fargene, kroppsstørrelsen og at arten har lett for å formere seg i fangenskap, gjør at panterkameleon er et populært terrariedyr. Den blå formen fra øya Nosy Be utenfor nordvestkysten av Madagaskar er mest populær, og omtrent halvparten av panterkameleonene som eksporteres kommer derfra.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Kameleon lamparci (Furcifer pardalis) - gatunek jaszczurki z rodziny kameleonowatych, występujący na Madagaskarze oraz pobliskich wyspach.
Kameleon lamparci osiąga długość ciała do 52 cm. Ubarwienie ciała jest bardzo różnorodne. Uchodzi za gatunek kameleonów najlepiej radzący sobie ze zmianą barwy ciała[1].
Gatunek jest objęty konwencją waszyngtońską CITES (załącznik II)[2].
Kameleon lamparci (Furcifer pardalis) - gatunek jaszczurki z rodziny kameleonowatych, występujący na Madagaskarze oraz pobliskich wyspach.
Camaleão-pantera (Furcifer pardalis) é uma espécie de camaleão nativa de Madagascar.[1] Populações introduzidas também são encontradas nas ilhas Reunião e Maurícia, cerca de 500 quilômetros a leste de Madagascar.[2] Sua dieta é composta por artrópodes como grilos, larvas de moscas e baratas.[3] Pesquisas empreendidas por Michel Milinkovitch, da Universidade de Genebra, propõem que o camaleão-pantera é um termo que indica 11 espécies distintas, em vez de apenas uma.[4]
Sua coloração varia naturalmente de acordo com a localização geográfica (temperatura, clima e luz) em que se encontra. Os machos são os mais coloridos, enquanto as fêmeas, normalmente, podem ser encontradas em tons marrons, com toques em pêssego, rosa ou laranja.[2][3][5][6]
Essa não é a única diferença física entre os desta espécie. Quanto ao tamanho, as fêmeas levam a desvantagem de medir a metade do que os machos medem (esses podem crescer até 50 centímetros de comprimento), e quanto ao tempo de vida, elas também ficam para trás, durando cerca de 2 ou 3 anos, e eles ultrapassando os 10 anos. A morte precoce delas se da ao grande estresse que sofrem após carregarem os ovos.[2][3]
Sua língua é especializada em prender insetos em sua superfície e é disparada a 1600 km/h. Sua extremidade é repleta de muco.[7]
Como a maioria das espécies de sua família, estes camaleões são bem territoriais. Exceto durante o período reprodutivo, vivem isolados. Quando dois machos entram em contato, automaticamente suas cores mudam e seus corpos inflam, com o objetivo de afirmar o seu domínio. Posteriormente, o perdedor recua e ambos voltam às suas cores normais.[3]
O acasalamento ocorre durante todo o ano, porém, na costa leste de Madagascar, costuma acontecer durante a primavera e o verão (de outubro a março). Os machos cortejadores exibem um clareamento de cores, com coloração listrada, destacando-se (semelhante em exibições territoriais a machos rivais) e começam a sacudir a cabeça verticalmente quando uma fêmea aparecer.[6]
A cópula dura de 10 a 30 min. As fêmeas retêm esperma por dois ou mais ciclos férteis. [6]
As fêmeas desta espécie, após o acasalamento, mudam de cor para sinalizar que não querem acasalar, de modo a adquirirem coloração escura com listras cor-de-rosa ou alaranjadas. São postos de 10 a 40 ovos por desova, que demoram de 5 a 14 meses para eclodir. A maturidade sexual é alcançada entre o quinto e o sétimo mês de vida.[6]
Para os criadores de répteis é interessante saber que estes animais requerem um ambiente bem aquecido, iluminado e úmido, parecido com o de uma selva.[3]
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Camaleão-pantera (Furcifer pardalis) é uma espécie de camaleão nativa de Madagascar. Populações introduzidas também são encontradas nas ilhas Reunião e Maurícia, cerca de 500 quilômetros a leste de Madagascar. Sua dieta é composta por artrópodes como grilos, larvas de moscas e baratas. Pesquisas empreendidas por Michel Milinkovitch, da Universidade de Genebra, propõem que o camaleão-pantera é um termo que indica 11 espécies distintas, em vez de apenas uma.
Furcifer pardalis[8] este o specie de cameleoni din genul Furcifer, familia Chamaeleonidae, descrisă de Georges Cuvier în anul 1829.[9][10] A fost clasificată de IUCN ca specie cu risc scăzut.[1] Conform Catalogue of Life specia Furcifer pardalis nu are subspecii cunoscute.[9]
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Acest articol referitor la o reptilă este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea sa. Furcifer pardalis este o specie de cameleoni din genul Furcifer, familia Chamaeleonidae, descrisă de Georges Cuvier în anul 1829. A fost clasificată de IUCN ca specie cu risc scăzut. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Furcifer pardalis nu are subspecii cunoscute.
Furcifer pardalis là một loài thằn lằn trong họ Chamaeleonidae. Loài này được Cuvier mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1829.[2]
Bài viết liên quan đến bộ bò sát có vảy này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Furcifer pardalis là một loài thằn lằn trong họ Chamaeleonidae. Loài này được Cuvier mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1829.
パンサーカメレオン（Furcifer pardalis）は、爬虫綱有鱗目カメレオン科フサエカメレオン属に分類されるトカゲ。
最大全長52cm。メスよりもオスの方が大型になり、メスの全長は最大でも30cm程度。後頭部にあるトサカはあまり発達しない。種小名pardalisは「ヒョウ」の意で、和名や英名と同義。
オスは地域によって色彩が大きく異なるが、メスは褐色の個体が多く地域変異はあまり見られない。またオスには吻端に瘤状の突起がある。
繁殖形態は卵生で、1回に10-46個の卵を土中に産む。
ペットとして飼育されることもあり日本にも輸入されている。以前は野生個体が多く流通していたが、マダガスカルの動物の輸出は減少傾向にあるので今後は繁殖個体に流通すると思われる。飼育が難しいとされるカメレオンの中では丈夫なほうだが、野生個体は体内に寄生虫を持つので駆虫を行う必要がある。
地域変異がそのまま品種とされ流通する。本種の飼育者の間では同じ品種同士をかけあわせて系統を維持する傾向があり、品種の明確なメス（外見では品種がわからないため）はこうした繁殖において珍重される。
頭部と首
雄
雌
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팬서카멜레온(Panther chameleon)은 마다가스카르 동부와 북부에서 발견되는 카멜레온의 일종이다.[1][2][3] 또한 레위니옹과 모리셔스에도 도입되었다.[1]
수컷 팬서카멜레온은 몸길이가 최대 20cm까지 자랄 수 있으며, 팬서카멜레온의 몸길이는 일반적으로 약 17cm이다. 암컷은 크기가 약 절반으로 더 작다. 성적 이형성의 한 형태로, 수컷은 암컷보다 더 활기찬 색을 띤다. 팬서카멜레온의 색깔은 지역에 따라 다양하며, 흔히 팬서카멜레온의 색깔 패턴은 그들이 발견되는 지리적 위치의 이름을 따서 '로컬'이라고 불린다. 노지베섬, 앙키피, 암반자 지역의 팬서카멜레온은 전형적으로 선명한 파란색이며, 암빌로비, 안치라나나, 삼바바 지역의 팬서카멜레온은 빨강, 녹색 또는 오렌지색이다. 마로안세트라와 토아마시나 지역은 주로 붉은 표본을 생산한다. 수많은 다른 색상 단계와 패턴이 지역 간 또는 지역 내에서 발생한다. 암컷은 일반적으로 분홍색, 복숭아색, 밝은 오렌지색을 띄고 황갈색을 유지하지만, 여러 가지 색상에서 약간의 차이가 있다.[4]
어떤 종류의 카멜레온이라도 환경의 어떤 색깔과 어울리도록 색깔을 바꿀 수 있다는 것은 흔한 오해이다. 모든 카멜레온은 태어난 천부적인 색 범위를 가지고 있으며, 종에 따라 달라진다. 그것은 온도, 기분, 빛의 영향을 받습니다. 대부분의 카멜레온 종들처럼, 팬서카멜레온은 매우 영역적이다. 짝짓기 시간을 제외하고 일생의 대부분을 고립된 상태로 보낸다. 수컷 두 마리가 접촉하면 색깔이 바뀌고 몸을 부풀려 자신의 우세를 주장합니다. 종종 이러한 싸움은 패배자가 후퇴하고 칙칙하고 어두운 색으로 변하면서 이 단계에서 끝난다. 때때로, 어느 쪽도 물러서지 않을 경우, 그 표시는 물리적 전투를 야기한다.[3]
팬서카멜레온은 최소 7개월이 지나면 성적으로 성숙해진다.[3]
그레이비드나 알을 품으면 암컷은 짝짓기를 할 의사가 없음을 나타내는 주황색 줄무늬와 함께 어두운 갈색이나 검은색으로 변한다. 그레이비드 암컷의 정확한 색상과 패턴은 카멜레온의 색상에 따라 다르다. 이것은 지역을 구별하는 방법을 제공한다.[3]
암컷은 보통 몸에 스트레스를 주기 때문에 알을 낳은 후 2~3년밖에 살지 못한다. 암컷은 한 번에 10~40개의 알을 낳을 수 있으며, 이는 생육 기간 동안 섭취되는 음식과 영양소에 따라 달라진다. 알은 보통 240일이면 부화한다.[5]
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