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Benefits ( англиски )

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Some rhinolophids may become household pests if they form large colonies in human dwellings. The buildup of guano from a large colony can produce a foul odor.

Negative Impacts: household pest

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Distribution ( англиски )

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Rhinolophids are widely distributed throughout both temperate and tropical regions of the Old World. They inhabit southern Europe, Africa, Asia, northern and eastern Australia, and many Pacific islands.

Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native ); australian (Native ); oceanic islands (Native )

Other Geographic Terms: island endemic

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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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These bats either catch insects in flight or take insects and spiders from surfaces. Rhinolophids typically forage near the ground or near dense foliage, which allows them to detect non-flying prey. Rhinolophids are capable of extremely maneuverable flight, including the ability to hover. Bats that are capable of hovering can exploit prey sources on surfaces, a resource most bat species cannot exploit. Species in this family may use regular, well-defined foraging areas.

Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore , Eats non-insect arthropods)

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Associations ( англиски )

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All bats in the family Rhinolophidae eat only insects and other small arthropods. Their primary ecosystem function is probably to limit populations of insects and spiders. Bats harbor parasites such as fleas, mites and trematodes; thus, rhinolophids also serve as a resource for parasites. Bats are not typically important prey for other animals, but they are preyed upon by nocturnal birds of prey and snakes.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • fleas (Siphonaptera)
  • mites (Parasitiformes)
  • trematodes (Trematoda)
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Habitat ( англиски )

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Rhinolophids are found in a variety of temperate, tropical and desert biomes at both high and low elevations. They forage both within forests and in open spaces. Their roosting habits are also diverse: rhinolophids use caves, tree holes, foliage, mines, and buildings. Species that hibernate may use different roost types in the summer and winter months. While a cave may be used for hibernation in the winter, a tree hole may be used as a summer roost.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; forest ; rainforest ; mountains

Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural

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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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Rhinolophids, like many bats, can live exceptionally long lives for such small animals. The longest known lifespan of a wild rhinolophid is 30 years.

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Morphology ( англиски )

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All rhinolophids have leaf or spear-like protuberances on their noses. The projection beneath the nostrils is horse-shoe shaped and pronounced in rhinolophids. Echolocation calls are emitted through these nasal structures, which may serve to focus the sound. The ears of these bats vary in size and lack a tragus. Most rhinolophids are dull brown or reddish brown in color. Their fur has a tendency to become bleached, so some individuals may become a bright reddish-orange. They vary in size from small to moderately large (4 to 28 grams). Males may be slightly larger than females. Their wings are broad and rounded, making them highly maneuverable in flight in cluttered spaces.

Rhinolophids have distinctive premaxillae, with palatal branches only. The premaxillae on opposite sides of the skull are neither fused with each other nor are they fused with the maxillary bones. Rhinolophid skulls often have distinct sagittal and lambdoidal crests. The palate is unusually short due to deep indentations at both ends. The molars are dilambdodont, and the dental formula is 1/2, 1/1, 1-2/2-3, 3/3 = 28-32.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; heterothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; male larger

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Associations ( англиски )

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Predation on bats generally appears to be low, and this probably is true for rhinolophids as well. Most knowledge of bat predators comes from anecdotal observation of predation events or bat remains in scat. Groups that are known to eat bats are owls and other birds of prey, many carnivores, other bats, snakes, and other opportunistic vertebrate scavengers that encounter an injured or juvenile bat. Bats are probably most vulnerable to predators while they roost or as they emerge in the evening to forage. Some predators (e.g., snakes or hawks) may wait near cave entrances at dusk, attacking bats as they emerge. Juvenile bats that cannot fly are also at risk if they fall to the ground and are not quickly retrieved by their mothers.

Known Predators:

  • owls
  • hawks
  • bats
  • Mammalian carnivores
  • snakes

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Benefits ( англиски )

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Rhinolophids are all insectivorous and are likely to control populations of insect pests. Large guano deposits can be harvested commercially for fertilizer.

Positive Impacts: produces fertilizer; controls pest population

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Без наслов ( англиски )

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The earliest rhinolophids in the fossil record are known from the Middle Eocene in Europe.

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Behavior ( англиски )

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All rhinolophids use echolocation as a primary means of navigating and finding food. Rhinolophid echolocation calls typically have two components: a constant frequency portion and a frequency-modulated sweep. The constant-frequency portion is about 20 milliseconds long. Unlike many other microchiropterans, rhinolophids can tolerate considerable overlap between outgoing calls and returning echoes. This tolerance allows them to spend more time calling, thus increasing their chances of detecting prey. Rhinolophids emit calls through their nasal passages, which lets them continue calling as they chew. Their echolocation calls are directed using motions of the head and the physical attributes of their complex noseleaves. The calls of many species have several harmonics, which increases their frequency range and thus the size distribution of detectable targets.

Vision, olfaction, and touch are also important to varying degrees in bats. Scent plays an important role in many social interactions, such as in mating and in mother-infant bonding. Scent glands are common in many bats (as they generally are in mammals).

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: pheromones

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; ultrasound ; echolocation ; chemical

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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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Many bats are declining worldwide, and this is true for many rhinolophids as well (e.g., Rhinolophus hipposideros and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Disturbance of roosts, particularly winter hibernacula, can threaten a large number of bats in a short time. Habitat destruction (e.g., the reduction of appropriate forest habitat) is also a problem. Many insectivorous species are threatend by widespread pesticide use. Individual bats can eat hundreds of insects in an evening. If those insects have ingested harmful chemicals, the bats may suffer as a result. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) currently lists 5 species of rhinolophids as vulnerable, 6 as near threatened, 4 as endangerd, and 1 as critically endangered (Rhinolophus hilli). Data is insufficient to evaluate the status of many other species, so this may be an underestimate of the groups overall vulnerability.

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Comprehensive Description ( англиски )

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Rhinolophidae includes approximately 77 species in a single genus, Rhinolophus. Rhinolophidae has sometimes been considered to include members of the family Hipposideridae (Old World leaf-nosed bats, with 82 species in 9 genera) as well, with the two groups being considered subfamilies (Rhinolophinae and Hipposiderinae). There is little question that these two groups of bats are closely related, but current understanding suggests the two groups should be recognized as families.

Rhinolophids inhabit temperate and tropical regions of southern Europe, Africa, Asia, parts of Australasia, and many Pacific islands. All species are insectivorous, hawking insects in flight or gleaning them from surfaces. Their roost habits are diverse; some species are found in large colonies in caves, some prefer hollow trees; others sleep in the open, among the branches of trees. Members of northern populations may hibernate during the winter. Females of some rhinolophid species mate during the fall and store sperm over the winter, conceiving and gestating young beginning in the spring.

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Reproduction ( англиски )

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Although there is little or no information available describing specific mating systems within Rhinolophidae, a few inferences may be drawn from the patterns of association between males and females. Some species form small family groups, and monogamy may be the mating systems in these cases. Others form larger colonies, either of mixed or separate sexes. In bat families (e.g., Vespertilionidae) that have been more extensively studied, this colony structure is often correlated with a promiscuous mating system. Some rhinolophids are solitary, it is not clear what mating systems are associated with these bats.

All temperate rhinolophids are monestrous, having only a single reproductive cycle per year. These species typically mate in the fall before entering hibernation and undergo either delayed fertilization or delayed implantation to ensure that their young are born in the following spring, when resources are abundant. Tropical rhinolophids are probably monestrous but may be polyestrous. Adult females give birth to one offspring per breeding cycle. Young reach independence several weeks after birth and become sexually mature by 2 years of age.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous ; delayed fertilization ; delayed implantation

Parental care is provided exclusively by females in most rhinolophids (and in most bats in general). Males may provide some form of care or defense in those species that form family groups. Females that are near to giving birth bear a considerable burden; young may be up to 25% of the mother's weight when they are born. Heavily pregnant females are awkward flyers. Young are born in an altricial state, but develop rapidly. Females nurse their offspring for about a month before the young have learned to fly and hunt well enough to become independent. Juveniles may learn some aspects of foraging behaviors from their mothers. Females of many species of bats, including some rhinolophids, may use the same nursery roost site as their mothers when they have young of their own.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents

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Nalburunlar ( азерски )

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Nalburunkimilər (lat. Rhinolophidae),Yarasalar dəstəsindən heyvan fəsiləsi.

Fəsilənin ümumi xarakteristikası

Bizim faunanın başqa yarasalarından sifətlərində çılpaq dəri çıxıntıların (“nal” , “neştər”, “yəhər”), traqussuz iri qulaqları, enli qanadları ilə fərqlənir. Dişilərdə 2 döş əmziyindən başqa, qasıq nahiyəsində də 2 əmzik vardır ki, bunlar balanın ana bədəninə yapışmasına xidmət edir. Cinsi yetkinliyə 2 və daha artıq yaşında çatır[1]. Fəsiləyə 10 cinsə aid olan 130 növ daxildir. Yeganə eyniadlı nalburun cinsdən olan 80-ə yaxın nalburun Şərq Yarımkürəsinin tropik və subtropiklərində yaşayır. Onlardan ikisi (kiçik və böyük nalburunlar) şimalda İngiltərəyə və Baltik dənizinə qədər çatır[2].

Təsnifat

  • Rhinolophinae yarımfəsiləsi
    • Cins Rhinolophus
  • Hipposiderinae yarımfəsiləsi
    • Cins Anthops
    • Cins Asellia
    • Cins Aselliscus
    • Cins Cloeotis
    • Cins Coelops
    • Cins Hipposideros
    • Cins Paracoelops
    • Cins Rhinonicteris
    • Cins Triaenops

Qafqaz və Azərbaycan ərazisində nalburun cinsinə (lat. Rhinolophus) aid olan beş növ yayılmışdır:

İstinadlar

  1. Azərbaycanın heyvanlar aləmi. III hissə. Onurğalılar. Bakı, Elm nəşriyyatı, 2004
  2. Сатунин К.А Млекопитающие Кавказского края \ Записки Кавк. Муз., 1915, сер. А.N 1; 410 c.
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Nalburunlar: Brief Summary ( азерски )

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Nalburunkimilər (lat. Rhinolophidae),Yarasalar dəstəsindən heyvan fəsiləsi.

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Rinolòfids ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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Els rinolòfids (Rhinolophidae) són una família de ratpenats. Aquest grup conté un gènere vivent i com a mínim dos d'extints. El registre fòssil suggereix que aparegueren a l'Àsia Oriental i des d'allà s'estengueren a Europa (i altres parts del món).[2] Avui en dia, el seu àmbit de distribució abasta les zones de clima temperat i tropical del sud d'Europa, Àfrica, Àsia i el nord i est d'Austràlia.

Referències

  1. Entrada «Rhinolophidae» de la Paleobiology Database (en anglès).
  2. Ravel, Anthony; Marivaux, Laurent; Qi, Tao; Wang, Yuan-Qing; Beard, K. Christopher «New chiropterans from the middle Eocene of Shanghuang (Jiangsu Province, Coastal China): new insight into the dawn horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae) in Asia» (en anglès). Zoologica Scripta, 43, 1, 2014, pàg. 1–23. DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12027. ISSN: 03003256.
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Rinolòfids: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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Els rinolòfids (Rhinolophidae) són una família de ratpenats. Aquest grup conté un gènere vivent i com a mínim dos d'extints. El registre fòssil suggereix que aparegueren a l'Àsia Oriental i des d'allà s'estengueren a Europa (i altres parts del món). Avui en dia, el seu àmbit de distribució abasta les zones de clima temperat i tropical del sud d'Europa, Àfrica, Àsia i el nord i est d'Austràlia.

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Hufeisennasen ( германски )

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Die Hufeisennasen (Rhinolophidae) stellen eine Familie aus der Ordnung der Fledertiere dar. Die Familie umfasst 109 Arten, die alle zur Gattung Rhinolophus gezählt werden. Die Rundblattnasen (Hipposideridae) werden manchmal als Unterfamilie Hipposiderinae in die Hufeisennasen eingegliedert.

Verbreitung und Arten

Hufeisennasen sind in Eurasien, Afrika und Australien verbreitet. Die deutschen Namen folgen dem Handbook Mammals of the World[1] und dem Wörterbuch der Säugetiernamen - Dictionary of Mammal Names[2].

Fünf Arten sind auch in Europa anzutreffen:

Weitere Arten der Gattung sind:[3]

Beschreibung

Ihren Namen haben die Tiere von den blattartigen Hautbildungen, die die Nasenöffnungen umgeben. Diese bestehen aus einem hufeisenförmigen unteren Lappen, der in der Mitte eingesenkt ist und in dem sich die beiden Nasenlöcher befinden, und einem Sattel, der die Nasenlöcher oben abschließt und an ein rückwärtig liegendes Beil erinnert. Hinzu kommt eine Lanzette, eine dreieckige, spitze Struktur auf der Stirn. Diese Nase dient den Hufeisennasen zur Lautverstärkung. Die Ohren besitzen eine auffällig breite Basis und laufen spitz zu.

Die Flügel der Tiere sind sehr breit, und der kurze Schwanz wird komplett in die Flughaut einbezogen. Der Flug der Tiere wirkt eher langsam und gaukelnd mit langen Gleitstrecken, die Manövrierfähigkeit der Tiere ist jedoch sehr gut.

Hufeisennasen erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 35 bis 110 Millimeter und ein Gewicht von vier bis 30 Gramm.

Lebensweise

In ihren Quartieren hängen die Tiere meist einzeln und sind dabei vollständig in ihre Flughaut eingeschlagen. Werden sie gestört, können sie ohne lange Lethargie gleich starten. Wie andere Fledermäuse auch, jagen die Tiere nachts und orientieren sich durch Echoortung. Die Laute werden bei ihnen durch die Nasenöffnungen ausgestoßen. Ihre Beute, vorwiegend Insekten und Spinnen, fangen sie sehr häufig mit der Armflughaut.

Medizinische Bedeutung

Im September 2005 wurden vier Rhinolophus-Arten, die rotbraune Chinesische Hufeisennase (R. sinicus), die Große Hufeisennase (R. ferrumequinum), die Großohr-Hufeisennase (R. macrotis) und die Pearson-Hufeisennase (R. pearsoni) als natürliche Reservoire von SARS-Coronavirus-ähnlichen Viren (Untergattung Sarbecovirus der Gattung Betacoronavirus) identifiziert, und damit Ursprung der SARS-Ausbrüche 2002–2004.[8][9]

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Family Rhinolophidae In: A.M. Hutson, S. J. Rossiter & G. Csorba: Family Rhinolophidae In: Don E. Wilson, & Russell A. Mittermeier (Herausgeber): Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Bats. (HMW, Band 9) Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2019, S. 260–332, ISBN 978-84-16728-19-0.
  2. Theodor C.H. Cole: Wörterbuch der Säugetiernamen - Dictionary of Mammal Names. 1. Auflage. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-662-46269-0.
  3. Rhinolophus im Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Abgerufen am 13. Februar 2022.
  4. a b Chelmala Srinivasulu, Aditya Srinivasulu, Bhargavi Srinivasulu and Gareth Jones. 2019. Integrated Approaches to Identifying Cryptic Bat Species in Areas of High Endemism: The Case of Rhinolophus andamanensis in the Andaman Islands. PLoS ONE. 14(10): e0213562. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213562
  5. [Mammalogy • 2019] Rhinolophus andamanensis • Integrated Approaches to Identifying Cryptic Bat Species in Areas of High Endemism, auf: novataxa vom 31. Oktober 2019
  6. a b Hong Zhou, Xing Chen, Tao Hu, Juan Li, Hao Song, Yanran Liu, Peihan Wang, Di Liu, Jing Yang, Edward C.Holmes, Alice C.Hughes, Yuhai Bi, Weifeng Shi: A novel bat coronavirus closely related to SARS-CoV-2 contains natural insertions at the S1/S2 cleavage site of the spike protein. In: Current Biology. 11. Mai 2020 (Pre-proof), doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023.
  7. Greater Japanese Horseshoe Bat In: A.M. Hutson, S. J. Rossiter & G. Csorba: Family Rhinolophidae In: Don E. Wilson, & Russell A. Mittermeier (Herausgeber): Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Bats. (HMW, Band 9) Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2019, S. 297, ISBN 978-84-16728-19-0.
  8. Li, W., Zhengli, S., Meng, Y., et al.: Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 310(5748), 28. Oktober 2005, S. 676–679, doi:10.1126/science.1118391
  9. Lau, S., Woo, P., Li, K. et al.: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 102(39), 27. September 2005, S. 14040–14045, doi:10.1073/pnas.0506735102
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Hufeisennasen: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Die Hufeisennasen (Rhinolophidae) stellen eine Familie aus der Ordnung der Fledertiere dar. Die Familie umfasst 109 Arten, die alle zur Gattung Rhinolophus gezählt werden. Die Rundblattnasen (Hipposideridae) werden manchmal als Unterfamilie Hipposiderinae in die Hufeisennasen eingegliedert.

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Rhinolophidae ( оскитански (по 1500 г.) )

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Lo caractèr pus marcant dels quiroptèrs de la familha dels rinolofids (Rhinolophidae) — es la forma de lor nas. Es enrodat d'excrescéncias que lors noms son revelators de lor forma: una « lanceta » al som, una « sèla » al centre e un « fèrre de caval » renversat (U) a la basa. Es per aqueste apendici qu'aquestas ratapenadas emeton los ultrasons per se localizar.
Lors aurelhas son ponchudas e desprovesidas de tragus. Lors alas son largas; los rinolòfs s'emmantèlan entièrament dedins pendent l'ivernacion daissant alara despassar quitament pas la poncha de lors aurelhas. L'uropatagium dels rinolòfs es desvolopat mas lor servís pas a atrapar los insèctes que caçan.

Taxinomia

La familha dels Rhinolophidae foguèt creada per John Edward Gray en 1825.

La familha dels rhinolofids compta environ seissanta cinc espècias repartidas en doas sosfamilhas.

per exemple :

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Rhinolophidae: Brief Summary ( оскитански (по 1500 г.) )

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Lo caractèr pus marcant dels quiroptèrs de la familha dels rinolofids (Rhinolophidae) — es la forma de lor nas. Es enrodat d'excrescéncias que lors noms son revelators de lor forma: una « lanceta » al som, una « sèla » al centre e un « fèrre de caval » renversat (U) a la basa. Es per aqueste apendici qu'aquestas ratapenadas emeton los ultrasons per se localizar.
Lors aurelhas son ponchudas e desprovesidas de tragus. Lors alas son largas; los rinolòfs s'emmantèlan entièrament dedins pendent l'ivernacion daissant alara despassar quitament pas la poncha de lors aurelhas. L'uropatagium dels rinolòfs es desvolopat mas lor servís pas a atrapar los insèctes que caçan.

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Така тумшуктар ( киргиски )

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Така тумшуктар (лат. Rhinolophidae) – жарганаттар тукуму. Мурдунун учунда түксүз тери «такага», «ээрге» ж. б. окшош өсүндүсү бар. Ысыкты сүйгөн жаныбар. Эки уруунун 65 түрү негизинен Борбордук Азияда кенен таралаган. КМШ өлкөлөрүнөн Түркмөнстан, Өзбекстан, Казакстан жана Тажикстанда, Кыргызстанда (Алай кырка тоосунда) жолугат. Терең, караңгы үңкүрлөрдө жашайт, түнкүсүн демилгелүү келишет. Абада учуп жүрүшкөн омурткасыз жаныбарлар менен азыктанат. Жылына бирден тууйт. Бир түрү – така тумшук кидик жарганаттын саны азайып кеткен, Кыргызстандын Кызыл китебинин тизмесине киргизилген.

Колдонулган адабияттар

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Horseshoe bat ( англиски )

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Horseshoe bats are bats in the family Rhinolophidae. In addition to the single living genus, Rhinolophus, which has about 106 species, the extinct genus Palaeonycteris has been recognized. Horseshoe bats are closely related to the Old World leaf-nosed bats, family Hipposideridae, which have sometimes been included in Rhinolophidae. The horseshoe bats are divided into six subgenera and many species groups. The most recent common ancestor of all horseshoe bats lived 34–40 million years ago, though it is unclear where the geographic roots of the family are, and attempts to determine its biogeography have been indecisive. Their taxonomy is complex, as genetic evidence shows the likely existence of many cryptic species, as well as species recognized as distinct that may have little genetic divergence from previously recognized taxa. They are found in the Old World, mostly in tropical or subtropical areas, including Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania.

Horseshoe bats are considered small or medium-sized microbats, weighing 4–28 g (0.14–0.99 oz), with forearm lengths of 30–75 mm (1.2–3.0 in) and combined lengths of head and body of 35–110 mm (1.4–4.3 in). The fur, long and smooth in most species, can be reddish-brown, blackish, or bright orange-red. They get their common name from their large nose-leafs, which are shaped like horseshoes. The nose-leafs aid in echolocation; horseshoe bats have highly sophisticated echolocation, using constant frequency calls at high-duty cycles to detect prey in areas of high environmental clutters. They hunt insects and spiders, swooping down on prey from a perch, or gleaning from foliage. Little is known about their mating systems, but at least one species is monogamous, while another is polygynous. Gestation is approximately seven weeks and one offspring is produced at a time. A typical lifespan is six or seven years, but one greater horseshoe bat lived more than thirty years.

Horseshoe bats are relevant to humans in some regions as a source of disease, as food, and for traditional medicine. Several species are the natural reservoirs of various SARS-related coronaviruses, and data strongly suggests they are a reservoir of SARS-CoV, though humans may face more exposure risk from intermediate hosts such as masked palm civets.[1]

They are hunted for food in several regions, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, but also Southeast Asia. Some species or their guano are used in traditional medicine in Nepal, India, Vietnam, and Senegal.

Taxonomy and evolution

Taxonomic history

Rhinolophus was first described as a genus in 1799 by French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède. Initially, all extant horseshoe bats were in Rhinolophus, as well as the species now in Hipposideros (roundleaf bats).[2]:  xii  At first, Rhinolophus was within the family Vespertilionidae. In 1825, British zoologist John Edward Gray subdivided Vespertilionidae into subfamilies, including what he called Rhinolophina.[3] English zoologist Thomas Bell is credited as the first to recognize horseshoe bats as a separate family, using Rhinolophidae in 1836.[4] While Bell is sometimes recognized as the authority for Rhinolophidae,[5] the authority is more often given as Gray, 1825.[4][6] Horseshoe bats are in the superfamily Rhinolophoidea, along with Craseonycteridae, Hipposideridae Megadermatidae, Rhinonycteridae, and Rhinopomatidae.[7][8]

Attempts were made to divide Rhinolophus into other genera. In 1816, English zoologist William Elford Leach proposed the genus name Phyllorhina; Gray proposed Aquias in 1847 and Phyllotis in 1866; and German naturalist Wilhelm Peters proposed Coelophyllus in 1867. In 1876, Irish zoologist George Edward Dobson returned all Asiatic horseshoe bats to Rhinolophus, additionally proposing the subfamilies Phyllorhininae (for the hipposiderids) and Rhinolophinae. American zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. further divided the hipposiderids from the horseshoe bats in 1907, recognizing Hipposideridae as a distinct family.[2]:  xii  Some authors have considered Hipposideros and associated genera as part of Rhinolophidae as recently as the early 2000s,[9] though they are now most often recognized as a separate family.[10][11] After the split into Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae, further divisions were proposed for Rhinolophus, with Rhinolphyllotis in 1934 and Rhinomegalophus in 1951, though both additional genera were returned to Rhinolophus.[2]:  xii 

Danish mammalogist Knud Andersen was the first to propose species groups for Rhinolophus, doing so in 1905. Species groups are a way of clustering species to reflect evolutionary relationships. He recognized six species groups: R. simplex (now R. megaphyllus), R. lepidus, R. midas (now R. hipposideros), R. philippinensis, R. macrotis, and R. arcuatus. The species have been frequently rearranged among the groups as new groups are added, new species are described, and relationships among species are revised.[2]:  xiii  Fifteen species groups were given by Csorba and colleagues in 2003.[2][12] Various subgenera have been proposed as well, with six listed by Csorba et al. in 2003: Aquias, Phyllorhina, Rhinolophus, Indorhinolophus, Coelophyllus, and Rhinophyllotis.[2]:  xvi  Informally, the rhinolophids can be split into two major clades: the mostly African clade, and the mostly Oriental clade.[9]

Evolutionary history

A black-and-white sketch of three views of a fossil bat's jaws and teeth
Upper and lower maxilla of the Lower Miocene fossil horseshoe bat, Palaeonycteris robustus

The most recent common ancestor of Rhinolophus lived an estimated 34–40 million years ago,[13] splitting from the hipposiderid lineage during the Eocene.[9] Fossilized horseshoe bats are known from Europe (early to mid-Miocene, early Oligocene), Australia (Miocene), and Africa (Miocene and late Pliocene).[14] The biogeography of horseshoe bats is poorly understood. Various studies have proposed that the family originated in Europe, Asia, or Africa. A 2010 study supported an Asian or Oriental origin of the family, with rapid evolutionary radiations of the African and Oriental clades during the Oligocene.[9] A 2019 study found that R. xinanzhongguoensis and R. nippon, both Eurasian species, are more closely related to African species than to other Eurasian species, suggesting that rhinolophids may have a complex biogeographical relationship with Asia and the Afrotropics.[13]

A 2016 study using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA placed the horseshoe bats within the Yinpterochiroptera as sister to Hipposideridae.[8]

Chiroptera

Yangochiroptera Pteronotus parnellii

(Most microbats) Yinpterochiroptera

Pteropodidae Mariana Fruit Bat

(Megabats) Rhinolophoidea

Rhinopomatidae Lesser Mouse- tailed Bat

Megadermatidae Megaderma spasma

Craseonycteridae Craseonycteris thonglongyai

Rhinonycteridae Rhinonicteris aurantia

Hipposideridae Hipposideros gigas

Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus rouxii

Rhinolophidae is represented by one extant genus, Rhinolophus. Both the family and the genus are confirmed as monophyletic (containing all descendants of a common ancestor). As of 2019, there were 106 described species in Rhinolophus, making it the second-most speciose genus of bat after Myotis. Rhinolophus may be undersampled in the Afrotropical realm, with one genetic study estimating that there could be up to twelve cryptic species in the region. Additionally, some taxa recognized as full species have been found to have little genetic divergence. Rhinolophus kahuzi may be a synonym for the Ruwenzori horseshoe bat (R. ruwenzorii), and R. gorongosae or R. rhodesiae may be synonyms of the Bushveld horseshoe bat (R. simulator). Additionally, Smithers's horseshoe bat (R. smithersi), Cohen's horseshoe bat (R. cohenae), and the Mount Mabu horseshoe bat (R. mabuensis) all have little genetic divergence from Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat (R. hildebrandtii). Recognizing the former three as full species leaves Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat paraphyletic.[13]

The second genus in Rhinolophidae is the extinct Palaeonycteris, with the type species Palaeonycteris robustus.[15] Palaeonycteris robustus lived during the Lower Miocene and its fossilized remains were found in Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, France.[16][17]

Description

Appearance

A simple outline of the face of a horseshoe bat, facing forward. A large, leaf-like structure is at the center of its face. The pointed tip arising between the eyes is labeled as the lancet; the u-shaped bottom of the nose-leaf is labeled as the horseshoe; the knob projecting outwards from the center of the nose-leaf is the sella
Nose-leaf diagram of a horseshoe bat

Horseshoe bats are considered small or medium microbats.[10] Individuals have a head and body length ranging 35–110 mm (1.4–4.3 in) and have forearm lengths of 30–75 mm (1.2–3.0 in). One of the smaller species, the lesser horseshoe bat (R. hipposideros), weighs 4–10 g (0.14–0.35 oz), while one of the larger species, the greater horseshoe bat (R. ferrumequinum), weighs 16.5–28 g (0.58–0.99 oz). Fur color is highly variable among species, ranging from blackish to reddish brown to bright orange-red.[18][14] The underparts are paler than the back fur.[18] The majority of species have long, soft fur, but the woolly and lesser woolly horseshoe bats (R. luctus and R. beddomei) are unusual in their very long, woolly fur.[14]

Like most bats, horseshoe bats have two mammary glands on their chests. Adult females additionally have two teat-like projections on their abdomens, called pubic nipples or false nipples, which are not connected to mammary glands. Only a few other bat families have pubic nipples, including Hipposideridae, Craseonycteridae, Megadermatidae, and Rhinopomatidae; they serve as attachment points for their offspring.[19] In a few horseshoe bat species, males have a false nipple in each armpit.[10]

Head and teeth

A photograph of a bat skull against a white background. The lower jaw is missing. The molars and premolars have triangular cusps, and the canines are pronounced. It has a large swelling of bone on its snout.
Skull of the greater horseshoe bat, showing the prominent rostral inflation on the snout

All horseshoe bats have large, leaf-like protuberances on their noses, which are called nose-leafs.[10] The nose-leafs are important in species identification, and are composed of several parts.[20] The front of the nose-leaf resembles and is called a horseshoe, earning them the common name of "horseshoe bats".[10] The horseshoe is above the upper lip and is thin and flat. The lancet is triangular, pointed, and pocketed, and points up between the bats' eyes.[20] The sella is a flat, ridge-like structure at the center of the nose. It rises from behind the nostrils and points out perpendicular from the head.[20] Their ears are large and leaf-shaped, nearly as broad as they are long, and lack tragi. The antitragi of the ears are conspicuous. Their eyes are very small.[10] The skull always has a rostral inflation, or bony protrusion on the snout. The typical dental formula of a horseshoe bat is 1.1.2.32.1.3.3, but the middle lower premolars are often missing, as well as the anterior upper premolars (premolars towards the front of the mouth).[2]:  xi  The young lose their milk teeth while still in utero,[18] with the teeth resorbed into the body.[21] They are born with the four permanent canine teeth erupted, which enables them to cling to their mothers.[21] This is atypical among bat families, as most newborns have at least some milk teeth at birth, which are quickly replaced by the permanent set.[22]

Postcrania

Several bones in its thorax are fused—the presternum, first rib, partial second rib, seventh cervical vertebra, first thoracic vertebra—making a solid ring.[2]:  xi  This fusion is associated with the ability to echolocate while stationary.[23] Except for the first digit, which has two phalanges,[18] all of their toes have three phalanges.[2]:  xi  This distinguishes them from hipposiderids, which have two phalanges in all toes.[10] The tail is completely enclosed in the uropatagium (tail membrane),[2]:  xi  and the trailing edge of the uropatagium has calcars (cartilaginous spurs).[10]

Biology and ecology

Echolocation and hearing

A horseshoe bat viewed in profile with its left wing closest to the camera. The sella is pronounced from this angle, sticking straight out of the center of the nose-leaf. The bat has grayish-brown fur, and the skin on its forearm is pinkish.
The nose-leaf helps focus echolocation; pictured is Rüppell's horseshoe bat (R. fumigatus)

Horeshoe bats have very small eyes and their field of vision is limited by their large nose-leafs; thus, vision is unlikely to be a very important sense. Instead, they use echolocation to navigate,[14] employing some of the most sophisticated echolocation of any bat group.[24] To echolocate, they produce sound through their nostrils. While some bats use frequency-modulated echolocation, horseshoe bats use constant-frequency echolocation (also known as single-frequency echolocation).[25] They have high duty cycles, meaning that when individuals are calling, they are producing sound more than 30% of the time. The use of high duty, constant-frequency echolocation aids in distinguishing prey items based on size. These echolocation characteristics are typical of bats that search for moving prey items in cluttered environments full of foliage.[24] They echolocate at particularly high frequencies for bats, though not as high as hipposiderids relative to their body sizes, and the majority concentrate most of the echolocation energy into the second harmonic. The king horseshoe bat (R. rex) and the large-eared horseshoe bat (R. philippensis) are examples of outlier species that concentrate energy into the first harmonic rather than the second.[26] Their highly furrowed nose-leafs likely assist in focusing the emission of sound, reducing the effect of environmental clutter.[25] The nose-leaf in general acts like a parabolic reflector, aiming the produced sound while simultaneously shielding the ear from some of it.[10]

Horseshoe bats have sophisticated senses of hearing due to their well-developed cochlea,[10] and are able to detect Doppler-shifted echoes. This allows them to produce and receive sounds simultaneously.[2]:  xi  Within horseshoe bats, there is a negative relationship between ear length and echolocation frequency: Species with higher echolocation frequencies tend to have shorter ear lengths.[26] During echolocation, the ears can move independently of each other in a "flickering" motion characteristic of the family, while the head simultaneously moves up and down or side to side.[10]

Diet and foraging

Two bat silhouettes. The top, a horseshoe bat, has shorter, broad wings. The second, a free-tailed bat, has very long and narrow wings.
Outline of Pearson's horseshoe bat (R. pearsonii) (top) compared to the European free-tailed bat (Tadarida teniotis), which is a molossid. In comparing the two families, horseshoe bats have lower aspect ratios, lower wing loading, larger wing areas, and rounder wing tips. Molossids are adapted for fast, less maneuverable flight.[27]: 387, 398–399 

Horseshoe bats are insectivorous, though consume other arthropods such as spiders,[18] and employ two main foraging strategies. The first strategy is flying slow and low over the ground, hunting among trees and bushes. Some species who use this strategy are able to hover over prey and glean them from the substrate. The other strategy is known as perch feeding: Individuals roost on feeding perches and wait for prey to fly past, then fly out to capture it.[2]:  xi  Foraging usually occurs 5.0–5.9 m (16.5–19.5 ft) above the ground.[14] While vesper bats may catch prey in their uropatagia and transfer it to their mouths, horseshoe bats do not use their uropatagia to catch prey. At least one species, the greater horseshoe bat, has been documented catching prey in the tip of its wing by bending the phalanges around it, then transferring it to its mouth.[10][28] While a majority of horseshoe bats are nocturnal and hunt at night, Blyth's horseshoe bat (R. lepidus) is known to forage during the daytime on Tioman Island. This is hypothesized as a response to a lack of diurnal avian (day-active bird) predators on the island.[29]

They have especially small and rounded wingtips, low wing loading (meaning they lave large wings relative to body mass), and high camber. These factors give them increased agility, and they are capable of making quick, tight turns at slow speeds.[27]: 361  Relative to all bats, horseshoe bat wingspans are typical for their body sizes, and their aspect ratios, which relate wingspan to wing area, are average or lower than average. Some species, like Rüppell's horseshoe bat (R. fumigatus), Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat, Lander's horseshoe bat (R. landeri), and Swinny's horseshoe bat (R. swinnyi), have particularly large total wing area, though most horseshoe bat species have average wing area.[27]: 387 

Reproduction and life cycle

The mating systems of horseshoe bats are poorly understood. A review in 2000 noted that only about 4% of species had published information about their mating systems; along with the free-tailed bats (Molossidae), they had received the least attention of any bat family relative to their species diversity. At least one species, the greater horseshoe bat, appears to have a polygynous mating system where males attempt to establish and defend territories, attracting multiple females. Rhinolophus sedulus, however, is among the few species of bat that are believed to be monogamous (only 17 bat species are recognized as such as of 2000).[30] Some species, particularly temperate species, have an annual breeding season in the fall, while other species mate in the spring.[18] Many horseshoe bat species have the adaptation of delayed fertilization through female sperm storage. This is especially common in temperate species. In hibernating species, the sperm storage timing coincides with hibernation.[2]:  xi  Other species like Lander's horseshoe bat have embryonic diapause, meaning that while fertilization occurs directly following copulation, the zygote does not implant into the uterine wall for an extended period of time.[10] The greater horseshoe bat has the adaptation of delayed embryonic development, meaning that growth of the embryo is conditionally delayed if the female enters torpor. This causes the interval between fertilization and birth to vary between two and three months.[31] Gestation takes approximately seven weeks before a single offspring is born, called a pup. Individuals reach sexual maturity by age two. While lifespans typically do not exceed six or seven years, some individuals may have extraordinarily long lives. A greater horseshoe bat individual was once banded and then rediscovered thirty years later.[18]

Behavior and social systems

Various levels of sociality are seen in horseshoe bats. Some species are solitary, with individuals roosting alone, while others are highly colonial, forming aggregations of thousands of individuals.[2]:  xi  The majority of species are moderately social. In some species, the sexes segregate annually when females form maternity colonies, though the sexes remain together all year in others. Individuals hunt solitarily.[18] Because their hind limbs are poorly developed, they cannot scuttle on flat surfaces nor climb adeptly like other bats.[14][10]

Horseshoe bats enter torpor to conserve energy. During torpor, their body temperature drops to as low as 16 °C (61 °F) and their metabolic rates slow.[32] Torpor is employed by horseshoe bats in temperate, sub-tropical, and tropical regions.[33] Torpor has a short duration; when torpor is employed consistently for days, weeks, or months, it is known as hibernation.[34] Hibernation is used by horseshoe bats in temperate regions during the winter months.[33]

Predators and parasites

Overall, bats have few natural predators.[35] Horseshoe bat predators include birds in the order Accipitriformes (hawks, eagles, and kites), as well as falcons and owls.[36][37] Snakes may also prey on some species while they roost in caves,[38] and domestic cats may hunt them as well.[39] A 2019 study near a colony of bats in central Italy found that 30% of examined cat feces contained the remains of greater horseshoe bats.[40]

Horseshoe bats have a variety of internal and external parasites. External parasites (ectoparasites) include mites in the genus Eyndhovenia, "bat flies" of the families Streblidae and Nycteribiidae,[41] ticks of the genus Ixodes,[42] and fleas of the genus Rhinolophopsylla.[43] They are also affected by a variety of internal parasites (endoparasites), including trematodes of the genera Lecithodendrium, Plagiorchis, Prosthodendrium,[44] and cestodes of the genus Potorolepsis.[45]

Range and habitat

Horseshoe bats have a mostly Paleotropical distribution, though some species are in the southern Palearctic realm.[13] They are found in the Old World, including Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe, and Oceania.[9] The greater horseshoe bat has the greatest geographic range of any horseshoe bat, occurring across Europe, North Africa, Japan, China, and southern Asia. Other species are much more restricted, like the Andaman horseshoe bat (R. cognatus), which is only found on the Andaman Islands.[14] They roost in a variety of places, including buildings, caves, tree hollows, and foliage. They occur in both forested and unforested habitat,[18] with the majority of species occurring in tropical or subtropical areas.[10] For the species that hibernate, they select caves with an ambient temperature of approximately 11 °C (52 °F).[46]

Relationship to humans

As disease reservoirs

Coronaviruses

Number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) by bat species[47] Bat species No. SARSr-CoVs Chinese rufous horseshoe bat
30
Greater horseshoe bat
9
Big-eared horseshoe bat
2
Least horseshoe bat
2
Intermediate horseshoe bat
1
Blasius's horseshoe bat
1
Stoliczka's trident bat
1
Wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat
1
A photograph of a horseshoe bat hanging upside down from a rocky surface, with the photographer below the bat. It has shockingly bright orange fur, and dark gray wings, ears, and nose.
The rufous horseshoe bat (R. rouxii) has tested seropositive for Kyasanur Forest disease, which is transmitted to humans by ticks

Horseshoe bats are of particular interest to public health and zoonosis as a source of coronaviruses.

Following the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak, several animal species were examined as possible natural reservoirs of the causative coronavirus, SARS-CoV. From 2003 to 2018, forty-seven SARS-related coronaviruses were detected in horseshoe bats.[47] In 2019, a wet market in Wuhan, China was linked to the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2. Genetic analyses of SARS-COV-2 showed that it was highly similar to viruses found in horseshoe bats.[48]

After the SARS outbreak, the least horseshoe bat (R. pusillus) was seropositive, the greater horseshoe bat tested positive for the virus only, and the big-eared horseshoe bat (R. macrotis), Chinese rufous horseshoe bat (R. sinicus), and Pearson's horseshoe bat (R. pearsoni) were both seropositive and tested positive for the virus.[47][49] The bats' viruses were highly similar to SARS-CoV, with 88–92% similarity.[1] Intraspecies diversity of SARS-like coronaviruses appears to have arisen in Rhinolophus sinicus by homologous recombination.[50] R. sinicus likely harbored the direct ancestor of SARS-CoV in humans. Though horseshoe bats appeared to be the natural reservoir of SARS-related coronaviruses, humans likely became sick through contact with infected masked palm civets, which were identified as intermediate hosts of the virus.[1]

During the period from 2003 to 2018, forty-seven SARS-related coronaviruses were detected in bats, forty-five in horseshoe bats. Thirty SARS-related coronaviruses were from Chinese rufous horseshoe bats, nine from greater horseshoe bats, two from big-eared horseshoe bats, two from the least horseshoe bat, and one each from the intermediate horseshoe bat (R. affinis), Blasius's horseshoe bat (R. blasii), Stoliczka's trident bat (Aselliscus stoliczkanus), and the wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat (Chaerephon plicata).[47]

In the market in Wuhan where the SARS-COV-2 was detected, 96% had a similarity to a virus isolated from the intermediate horseshoe bat. Research on the evolutionary origins of SARS-CoV-2[51] indicates that bats were the natural reservoirs of SARS-COV-2. It is yet unclear how the virus was transmitted to humans, though an intermediate host may have been involved. It was once believed to be the Sunda pangolin,[52] but a July 2020 publication found no evidence of transmission from pangolins to humans.[51]

Early in 2023, the possibility that Covid originated from a laboratory leak gained prominence and mainstream acceptance. The likely lab would be the Wuhan Institute of Virology, which was researching coronaviruses with low biosafety measures, as the risk was believed to be small.[53][54][55]

Other viruses

They are also associated with viruses like orthoreoviruses, flaviviruses, and hantaviruses. They have tested positive for Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV), including a type 1 MRV isolated from the lesser horseshoe bat and a type 2 MRV isolated from the least horseshoe bat. The specific MRVs found in horseshoe bats have not been linked to human infection, though humans can become ill through exposure to other MRVs.[56] The rufous horseshoe bat (R. rouxii) has tested seropositive for Kyasanur Forest disease, which is a tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever known from southern India. Kyasanur Forest disease is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, and has a mortality rate of 2–10%.[57] Longquan virus, a kind of hantavirus, has been detected in the intermediate horseshoe bat, Chinese rufous horseshoe bat, and the little Japanese horseshoe bat (R. cornutus).[58]

As food and medicine

Microbats are not hunted nearly as intensely as megabats: only 8% of insectivorous species are hunted for food, compared to half of all megabat species in the Old World tropics. Horseshoe bats are hunted for food, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Species hunted in Africa include the halcyon horseshoe bat (R. alcyone), Guinean horseshoe bat (R. guineensis), Hill's horseshoe bat (R. hilli), Hills' horseshoe bat (R. hillorum), Maclaud's horseshoe bat (R. maclaudi), the Ruwenzori horseshoe bat, the forest horseshoe bat (R. silvestris), and the Ziama horseshoe bat (R. ziama). In Southeast Asia, Marshall's horseshoe bat (R. marshalli) is consumed in Myanmar and the large rufous horseshoe bat (R. rufus) is consumed in the Philippines.[59]

The Ao Naga people of Northeast India are reported to use the flesh of horseshoe bats to treat asthma. Ecological anthropologist Will Tuladhar-Douglas stated that the Newar people of Nepal "almost certainly" use horseshoe bats, among other species, to prepare Cikā Lāpa Wasa ("bat oil"). Dead bats are rolled up and placed in tightly sealed jars of mustard oil; the oil is ready when it gives off a distinct and unpleasant smell. Traditional medicinal uses of the bat oil include removing "earbugs", reported to be millipedes that crawl into one's ears and gnaw at the brain, possibly a traditional explanation of migraines. It is also used as a purported treatment for baldness and partial paralysis.[60] In Senegal, there are anecdotal reports of horseshoe bats being used in potions to treat mental illness; in Vietnam, a pharmaceutical company reported using 50 t (50,000 kg) of horseshoe bat guano each year for medicinal uses.[61]

Conservation

Critically endangered (1.1%)
Endangered (14.1%)
Vulnerable (4.3%)
Near-threatened (9.8%)
Least concern (55.4%)
Data deficient (15.2%)

As of 2020, the IUCN had evaluated 92 species of horseshoe bat. They have the following IUCN statuses:[62]

Like all cave-roosting bats, cave-roosting horseshoe bats are vulnerable to disturbance of their cave habitats. Disturbance can include mining bat guano, quarrying limestone, and cave tourism.[46]

References

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Horseshoe bat: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Horseshoe bats are bats in the family Rhinolophidae. In addition to the single living genus, Rhinolophus, which has about 106 species, the extinct genus Palaeonycteris has been recognized. Horseshoe bats are closely related to the Old World leaf-nosed bats, family Hipposideridae, which have sometimes been included in Rhinolophidae. The horseshoe bats are divided into six subgenera and many species groups. The most recent common ancestor of all horseshoe bats lived 34–40 million years ago, though it is unclear where the geographic roots of the family are, and attempts to determine its biogeography have been indecisive. Their taxonomy is complex, as genetic evidence shows the likely existence of many cryptic species, as well as species recognized as distinct that may have little genetic divergence from previously recognized taxa. They are found in the Old World, mostly in tropical or subtropical areas, including Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania.

Horseshoe bats are considered small or medium-sized microbats, weighing 4–28 g (0.14–0.99 oz), with forearm lengths of 30–75 mm (1.2–3.0 in) and combined lengths of head and body of 35–110 mm (1.4–4.3 in). The fur, long and smooth in most species, can be reddish-brown, blackish, or bright orange-red. They get their common name from their large nose-leafs, which are shaped like horseshoes. The nose-leafs aid in echolocation; horseshoe bats have highly sophisticated echolocation, using constant frequency calls at high-duty cycles to detect prey in areas of high environmental clutters. They hunt insects and spiders, swooping down on prey from a perch, or gleaning from foliage. Little is known about their mating systems, but at least one species is monogamous, while another is polygynous. Gestation is approximately seven weeks and one offspring is produced at a time. A typical lifespan is six or seven years, but one greater horseshoe bat lived more than thirty years.

Horseshoe bats are relevant to humans in some regions as a source of disease, as food, and for traditional medicine. Several species are the natural reservoirs of various SARS-related coronaviruses, and data strongly suggests they are a reservoir of SARS-CoV, though humans may face more exposure risk from intermediate hosts such as masked palm civets.

They are hunted for food in several regions, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, but also Southeast Asia. Some species or their guano are used in traditional medicine in Nepal, India, Vietnam, and Senegal.

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Rhinolophidae ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Los murciélagos de herradura o rinolófidos (Rhinolophidae) son una gran familia de quirópteros que incluye aproximadamente 130 especies actualmente. Su fórmula dentaria es 1.1.1 − 2.3 2.1.2 − 3.3 {displaystyle {frac {1.1.1-2.3}{2.1.2-3.3}}} {displaystyle {frac {1.1.1-2.3}{2.1.2-3.3}}} .

Clasificación

 title=
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Rhinolophidae: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Los murciélagos de herradura o rinolófidos (Rhinolophidae) son una gran familia de quirópteros que incluye aproximadamente 130 especies actualmente. Su fórmula dentaria es 1.1.1 − 2.3 2.1.2 − 3.3 {displaystyle {frac {1.1.1-2.3}{2.1.2-3.3}}} {displaystyle {frac {1.1.1-2.3}{2.1.2-3.3}}} .

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Rhinolophidae ( баскиски )

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Errinolofido (Rhinolophidae) kiropteroen ordenako saguzarraren antzeko ugaztun batzuez esaten da. Europan, Australian eta Ginea Berrian bizi dira, eta intsektujale hutsak dira denak. Genero bakarra da familia horretan, baina badira 70 mota desberdin. Familia horretakoak dira ferra-saguzar txikia (Rhinopholus hipposideros), ferra-saguzar handia (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), etab.[1]

Sailkapena

Erreferentziak

  1. Lur entziklopedietatik hartua.
  2. Anthony Ravel, Laurent Marivaux, Tao Qi, Yuan-Qing Wang and K. Christopher Beard (2013) «New chiropterans from the middle Eocene of Shanghuang (Jiangsu Province, Coastal China): new insight into the dawn horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae) in Asia» Zoologica Scripta doi:10.1111/zsc.12027.


Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
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Rhinolophidae: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Errinolofido (Rhinolophidae) kiropteroen ordenako saguzarraren antzeko ugaztun batzuez esaten da. Europan, Australian eta Ginea Berrian bizi dira, eta intsektujale hutsak dira denak. Genero bakarra da familia horretan, baina badira 70 mota desberdin. Familia horretakoak dira ferra-saguzar txikia (Rhinopholus hipposideros), ferra-saguzar handia (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), etab.

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Hevosenkenkäyököt ( фински )

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Hevosenkenkäyököt (Rhinolophidae) on pienlepakoiden alalahkoon kuuluva heimo. Siihen kuuluvia lajeja tavataan enimmäkseen itäisen pallonpuoliskon trooppisilla alueilla. Euroopassa esiintyy viisi lajia. Hevosenkenkäyökköjen nenän ympärillä on kaikusuunnistuksessa auttava, hevosenkengän muotoinen ihopoimu. Korvissa ei ole korvankantta. Suurin osa lajeista nukkuu räpylät ruumiin ympärille kiedottuina.[2]

Luokitus

Lähteet

  1. Don E. Wilson: Rhinolophidae Itis Report. 4.7.2015. Viitattu 4.7.2015. (englanniksi)
  2. Anders Bjärvall, Staffan Ullström: Euroopan nisäkkäät, s. 41. Helsinki: Tammi, 1995. ISBN 951-31-0700-0.
  3. Markku Savela: All (in this database) Mammals list (with Finnish common names) Tree of life. Viitattu 3.7.2015. (englanniksi)
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Hevosenkenkäyököt: Brief Summary ( фински )

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Hevosenkenkäyököt (Rhinolophidae) on pienlepakoiden alalahkoon kuuluva heimo. Siihen kuuluvia lajeja tavataan enimmäkseen itäisen pallonpuoliskon trooppisilla alueilla. Euroopassa esiintyy viisi lajia. Hevosenkenkäyökköjen nenän ympärillä on kaikusuunnistuksessa auttava, hevosenkengän muotoinen ihopoimu. Korvissa ei ole korvankantta. Suurin osa lajeista nukkuu räpylät ruumiin ympärille kiedottuina.

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Rhinolophidae ( француски )

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RhinolophusFer à cheval

Le genre Rhinolophus regroupe des chauves-souris connues sous le nom de rhinolophes, rhinolophes vrais[1] ou chauves-souris fer à cheval. Ce genre est le seul de la sous-famille des Rhinolophinés (Rhinolophinae) et même de la famille des Rhinolophidae depuis que les Hipposiderinae sont traités comme une famille à part entière, celle des Hipposideridae.

Les espèces de rhinolophes sont réparties dans tout l’Ancien Monde, de l’Europe et l’Afrique jusqu’à l’Asie et l’Australie. Elles se caractérisent par les membranes nasales contournées qui entourent leur nez et en particulier par la membrane inférieure en forme de fer à cheval. Ces membranes serviraient à focaliser l’onde ultrasonore émise par leurs narines, et leurs grandes oreilles serviraient à capter l’onde d'écho. Elles utilisent ce système d’écholocation sophistiqué pour naviguer et chasser la nuit.

Les chauves-souris fer à cheval sont des réservoirs importants de coronavirus. Les destructions de leur habitat naturel tendent à les rapprocher des implantations humaines. De plus, si les Rhinolophus sont rarement consommés comme viande de brousse (ou yewei, 野味, au sud de la Chine), certaines d'entre elles, comme Rhinolophus thomasi, sont vendues à des fins médicinales en Chine et en Asie du Sud-Est. Ces contacts accroissent les risques de transmission de pathogènes à l'Homme[2].

Étymologie

Le nom de genre Rhinolophus vient du grec rhis ΄ρις, « nez » et lophos λόφος « crête, panache », pour évoquer leur nez bordé de membranes.

En 1765, Buffon écrivait dans le chapitre sur la Chauve-souris de son Histoire naturelle des animaux t. 13 : « il y en a une que nous avons appelée le Fer-à-cheval, parce qu’elle porte au-devant de sa face un relief exactement semblable à la forme d’un fer à cheval »[3].

Taxonomie

Histoire de la taxonomie

 src=
R. ferrumequinum, se fixe à la paroi rocheuse par les pattes arrières et s'enveloppe de ses ailes telle une grande cape isolante

La première étude de synthèse et de recherche sur les chauves-souris fut donnée par Daubenton en 1759 dans un mémoire présenté devant l’Académie royale des sciences. Pour la première fois, par l’usage du pluriel générique, ces animaux sont rassemblés dans un groupe particulier. Il décrit 7 espèces de la faune européenne, en faisant jouer à la denture une rôle de choix[4].

En 1799, Lacépède publie une Table des divisions, sous-divisions, ordre et genres des mammifères dans lequel est introduit le genre Rhinolophus. Les chauves-souris se trouvent dans la seconde division des mammifères alors que la quasi-totalité du monde scientifique les plaçait encore dans les « quadrupèdes ». Dans la première sous-division, intitulée Chiroptère, on trouve les genres:

  • 63e Chauves-souris (Vespertillo) : 2 ou 4 incisives supérieures, 6 ou 8 incisives inférieures
  • ...
  • 65e Rhinolophes (Rhinolophus) : 2 ou 4 incisives supérieures, 4 incisives inférieures
    • 1 La chauve-souris fer-à-cheval Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum
    • 2 La chauve-souris musaraigne Rhinolophus soricinus

En 1825, le zoologiste britannique Gray divise les Vespertilionidae en sous-familles dont la Rhinolophina. Il est aussi considéré comme le créateur de la famille des Rhinolophidae[5]. En 1907, le genre des Hipposideros des Rhinilophidae est monté au niveau d’une nouvelle famille, les Hipposideridae.

Nombreuses espèces encore inconnues

Selon Nancy Simmons, conservatrice au musée américain d'histoire naturelle de New York, les rhinolophes forment encore en 2022 un groupe complexe encore incomplètement échantillonné. Une étude des données appels d'écholocation et des données génomiques (ADN mitochondrial) acquises dans le sud de la Chine et en Asie du Sud-Est de 2015 à 2020 (publiée dans Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution le 29 mars 2022) laissent penser que plusieurs dizaines d'espèces de rhinologies sont encore inconnues de la science en Asie du Sud-Est on feraient parti d'un complexe d'espèces cryptiques). Comme les plus proches parents connus du SRAS-CoV-2 ont été trouvés chez des chauves-souris Rhinolophus affinis dans la province du Yunnan (sud-ouest de la Chine)[6], et chez trois espèces de Rhinolophes au Laos[7], il semble urgent de mieux connaitre et comprendre ce taxon. Rien qu'en Chine, plus de 11 espèces nouvelles ont été identifiées par ce travail[8].

Le taxon Rhinolophus sinicus pourrait par exemple en réalité être composé de six espèces distinctes. Dans l'ensemble, ils ont estimé qu'environ 40% des espèces en Asie n'ont pas été formellement décrites[8].

Histoire évolutive

L'ancêtre commun le plus récent de Rhinolophus vivait il y a environ 34 à 40 millions d'années[9] en se séparant de la lignée hipposidéride pendant l'Éocène.

Une étude de 2016 utilisant l' ADN mitochondrial et nucléaire a placé les chauves-souris fer à cheval au sein des Yinpterochiroptera en tant que sœur des Hipposideridae[10].

Chiroptera

Yangochiroptera Pteronotus parnellii.jpg



Yinpterochiroptera

Pteropodidae (megabats) Mariana Fruit Bat.jpg



Rhinolophoidea

Rhinopomatidae Lesser Mouse- tailed Bat (Rhinopoma hardwickii) 2.jpg




Megadermatidae Megaderma spasma.jpg



Craseonycteridae






Rhinonycteridae Rhinonicteris aurantia.jpg




Hipposideridae Hipposideros gigas.jpg



Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus rouxii.jpg










La famille des Rhinolophidae est représentée actuellement par un seul genre, les Rhinolophus. La famille et le genre sont monophylétiques (tous leurs membres et rien qu’eux descendent d’un ancêtre commun). En 2019, il y avait 106 espèces décrites de Rhinolophus - ce qui en fait le genre le plus riche en espèces après les Myotis.

Les Rhinolophidae ont possédé un second genre, les Palaeonycteris, maintenant éteint. Il était représenté par Palaeonycteris robustus, du Miocène inférieur, dont les restes fossilisés ont été trouvés à Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, près de Vichy[11].

Les Rhinolophidae sont distribués dans tout l’Ancien Monde : de l’Europe occidentale et de l’Afrique jusqu’à l’Asie orientale, Chine, Japon, Philippine et Australie[12]. Elles ne sont pas présentes en Amérique.

Caractéristiques communes

 src=
Tête de rhinolophus, a selle, b fer de lance, c œil, d division entre les narines, e fer-à-cheval
 src=
Rhinolophus andamanensis, A oreille, B vue frontale des feuilles nasales, C vue latérale montrant la forme de la selle, D holotype
 src=
Crâne de R. ferrumequinum, la grande fer à cheval, montrant l’inflation rostrales proéminente sur le museau, la grosse canine supérieure

Morphologie

Les chauves-souris fer à cheval (Rhinolophus) sont considérées comme des Microchiroptera de taille moyenne ou petite (mais le sous-ordre des Microchiroptera a laissé la place au Yinpterochiroptera). Elles ont une longueur totale (tête et corps) allant de 35 à 110 mm.

Le nez des Rhinolophes est placé dans une cavité bordée de membranes en forme de fer à cheval, au-dessus duquel s’élève une feuille nasale postérieure, dressée, triangulaire, pointant entre les yeux, nommée le fer de lance. La selle est une membrane plate en forme de crête au centre du nez, s’élevant de derrière les narines et pointant perpendiculairement au crâne[13].

La formule dentaire des rhinolophes est 1123/2133=32, c’est-à-dire que la demi-mâchoire supérieure comporte 1 incisive, 1 canine, 2 prémolaires, et 3 molaires et la demi-mâchoire inférieure possède en plus 1 incisive et 1 prémolaire. Les jeunes perdent leurs dents de lait alors qu’ils sont encore in utero. Ils naissent avec les 4 canines sorties qui leur servent à s’accrocher à leur mère. Les femelles possèdent, en plus des deux mamelles pectorales, une paire de mamelles inguinales non fonctionnelles qui permettent aux jeunes de s’accrocher fermement pendant les premières semaines, en particulier pendant le vol de leur mère[14].

Les oreilles sont grandes, à peu près aussi larges que longues ; elles manquent d’oreillons (ou tragus). Les yeux sont très petits. Les fers à cheval émettent des ultrasons par les orifices nasaux et non par la bouche. Les échos sont perçus par les oreilles. Ce système d’émetteur-récepteur d’ultrasons leur permet de localiser les proies et les obstacles durant la nuit. L’écholocalisation est utilisée par les microchiroptères, des cétacés (dauphin, orques...), des musaraignes, etc.

Les chauves-souris volent grâce à une fine membrane, nommée Patagium, qui s’étend depuis leurs flancs jusqu’au bout des doigts et inclut également la queue et les pattes postérieures.

Les rhinolophes ont un pelage de couleur très variable suivant les espèces, allant du noirâtre au brun rougeâtre à la fourrure dorsale rouge-orange vif.

Biologie et écologie

Ils gîtent dans des grottes ou des cavités plus étroites ; certaines espèces sont seules sur les sites, d’autres se rassemblent en colonie de quelques dizaines de milliers d’individus.

Dès que la température extérieure descend en dessous de 10 °C, les chauves-souris doivent entrer en hibernation. Les rhinolophes dorment dans des cavités où règne une température de 5 à 10 °C et une hygrométrie d’au moins 75 %. Les grottes d’hibernation sont en général grandes.

Dans beaucoup d’espèces de Rhinolophes, il y a un délai important entre l’accouplement et la naissance : les femelles stockent le sperme dans leur utérus jusqu’à ce que les conditions soient optimum pour la gestation et la parturition. Pour les espèces qui hibernent, la période de stockage correspond à la période d’hibernation. En général, les femelles donnent naissance à un seul petit.

 src=
Rhinolophus trifoliatus, les feuilles nasales fortement sillonnées aident à focaliser l’onde sonore émise, pour réduire les perturbations de l’environnement et les grandes oreilles captent l'onde en écho

Les chauves-souris fer à cheval ont de très petits yeux, ayant un champ de vision limité par leurs feuilles nasales. Il est donc probable que leur vue ne joue pas un rôle important. Pour naviguer, elles utilisent un système d’écholocation qui chez certaines espèces est très sophistiqué. Alors que certaines chauves-souris utilisent une écholocation modulée en fréquence, les chauves-souris à fer à cheval utilisent une écholocation à fréquence constante (également appelée écholocation à fréquence unique[15])

Régime alimentaire et recherche de nourriture

 src=
Comparaison des silhouettes du rhinolophe Rhinolophus pearsonii (en haut) et du molosse Tadarina teniotis (en bas). Les ailes du molosse sont adaptées pour un vol rapide et moins maniable

Les fers à cheval sont des insectivores, consommant aussi à l’occasion des araignées. Il existe deux stratégies de recherche de nourriture :

  • soit la chauve-souris vole lentement et bas au-dessus du sol, en passant au milieu des arbres et des buissons. À proximité d’une proie, elle fond sur elle pour la capturer
  • soit la chauve-souris s’installe aux aguets sur un perchoir et lorsqu’une proie passe alentour, elle s’envole pour la capturer.

Les rhinolophes ont des ailes larges et de grande surface par rapport à leur masse corporelle. Ces facteurs leur donnent une agilité accrue qui leur permet de faire des virages rapides et serrés à vitesses lentes[16].

Relations avec les humains

Réservoirs de coronavirus et d’autres virus

Les chauves-souris fer à cheval sont des réservoirs importants de coronavirus[17],[18](abr. CoV). Depuis les années 2000, plusieurs épidémies de maladies virales sont apparues en Asie où les coronavirus sont passés des chauves-souris à l’humain. À la suite du passage du virus de l’animal à l’humain (ou zoonose), l’épidémie peut se propager à des millions de personnes si une transmission interhumaine s’établit (en l’absence de vaccins).

Entre 2003 et 2017, trois coronavirus zoonotiques ont été identifiés comme la cause d’épidémies de grande envergure : le Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (SRAS en français, SARS en anglais), le Syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient (MERS) et le Syndrome de diarrhées porcines (SADS).

L’épidémie mondiale de SRAS a débuté en Chine dans la ville de Foshan (province de Guangdong) en 2002. Le coronavirus responsable de l’épidémie du SRAS qui a affecté 11 pays a été identifié en 2003[19] et nommé SARS-CoV. Rapidement, il a pu être établi que la source de ces coronavirus se trouvait chez des chauves-souris[20]. Par la suite des CoV liés au SRAS (SARSr-CoV) ont été trouvés dans des civettes palmistes communes provenant de marchés d’animaux vivants de la province de Canton et dans divers espèces de chauves-souris fer à cheval, réservoir premier des SARS-CoV[21].

Quinze ans après, une diarrhée épidémique porcine SADS (Severe Acute Diarrhea Syndrome) dévaste la production porcine chinoise. Cette seconde épidémie qui est partie à nouveau de la province de Canton, a été aussi été provoquée par un coronavirus, nommé le SADS-CoV.

Entre-temps, au Moyen-Orient, le Syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient (MERS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) s’étend à 27 pays, en 2012. Il est lui aussi causé par un coronavirus, nommé MERS-CoV[22] dont les plus proches parents connus sont les coronavirus de chauve-souris HKU4 et HKU5 et dont l’hôte intermédiaire est le dromadaire.

En mars 2019, soit huit mois avant la nouvelle épidémie de coronavirus de Wuhan, Zhou Peng et Shi Zhengli[23] de l’Institut de virologie de Wuhan prévenaient les épidémiologistes qu'« il est généralement admis que les CoV transmis par les chauves-souris réapparaîtront pour provoquer la prochaine épidémie. À cet égard, la Chine est un « point chaud » probable [zone à haut risque]. Le défi consiste à prévoir quand et où de telles épidémies surviendront pour les prévenir au mieux ».

En novembre 2019, une maladie infectieuse émergente nommée COVID-19, causée par un nouveau coronavirus, le SARS-CoV-2, apparaît comme prévu par l'institut de Wuhan, et se propage en Chine puis dans le monde entier. Ce nouveau coronavirus est apparenté au coronavirus responsable du SARS et comme eux, il possède des similitudes avec les Betacoronavirus des chauves-souris fer à cheval[17].

Plusieurs chauves-souris fer de cheval ont été testées séropositives pour les SARSr-CoV : Rhinolophus pusillus, R. macrotis, R. sinicus, R. pearsoni[21]

Outre les coronavirus, les chauves-souris sont aussi un réservoir naturel du virus Marburg et des virus Nipah et Hendra, qui ont provoqué des maladies humaines et des épidémies en Afrique, en Malaisie, au Bangladesh et en Australie. Elles peuvent cependant héberger ces virus sans tomber malade. On pense qu'elles sont le réservoir naturel du virus Ebola. Elles sont également porteuses du virus de la rage, mais dans ce cas, elles sont touchées par la maladie[24]. Les chauves-souris hébergent une proportion significativement plus élevée de zoonoses que tous les autres mammifères. Le Dr Peter Daszak souligne qu'il est essentiel d'arrêter la vente d'animaux de la faune sauvage sur les marchés pour limiter les futures épidémies.

ÉMERGENCES INFECTIEUSES À CORONAVIRUS Épidémie Lieu d’origine Espèce source Espèce intermédiaire Coronavirus humain Récepteur Taux de mortalité SARS,
2002-2003 Guangdong Rhinolophus sinicus[25] Civette palmiste commune
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus SARS-CoV-1 ACE2 10 % MERS, 2012 Moyen-Orient Rhinolophe Dromadaire MERS-Cov DPP4 (CD26) 35 % COVID-19,
2019-2020 Wuhan Rhinolophus pas d'hôte connu
(Pangolin un temps suspecté) SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 1-2 % ?

Trois hypothèses liant l’émergence du coronavirus aux activités humaines ont été avancées :

  • l’anthropisation globale du monde, la destruction des habitats naturels, l’intensification agronomique et d’élevage
  • les marchés d’animaux sauvages, la consommation de « viande de brousse » de yewei (civettes, pangolins, etc.)[réf. nécessaire] et l’utilisation de substances animales dans la pharmacopée traditionnelle chinoise (aile de chauve-souris, excrément de chauve-souris du Shennong bencao jing)
  • l’accident de laboratoire : en février 2020, les réseaux sociaux chinois ont accusé l’Institut de virologie de Wuhan d’avoir laissé échapper le coronavirus responsable d’épidémie du Covid-19. Les attaques se sont focalisées sur une chercheuse Shi Zhengli, surnommée « batwoman » par ses collègues parce qu’elle avait passé les 16 dernières années à explorer les grottes de 28 provinces chinoises pour échantillonner les virus portés par les chauves-souris[26],[27]. Avec son équipe, elle a découvert des centaines de coronavirus transmis par les chauves-souris dans une grotte près de Kunming, la capitale de Yunnan, dont certaines souches sont très proches du coronavirus du SARS de 2002-2003[25] (portées par des rhinolophes). Puis en janvier 2020, après la publication de la séquence du génome du nouveau coronavirus apparu fin 2019 à Wuhan, son équipe a établi que ce nouveau coronavirus SARS-Cov2 est identique à 96 % à une souche de coronavirus de chauves-souris Rhinolophus affinis, trouvée dans le Yunnan[17]. En réponse aux accusations, Shi a alors affirmé : « Je jure sur ma vie, que [le virus] n'a rien à voir avec le laboratoire », elle précisa que « Le nouveau coronavirus 2019 c’est la Nature qui punit les Hommes pour avoir gardé des habitudes de vie non civilisées »[28], ce qui dans la phraséologie chinoise doit vouloir dire des « habitudes archaïques », comme continuer à avoir des marchés de faune sauvage yewei, vendant des civettes, pangolins, blaireaux et crocodiles pour la consommation comme des alicaments.

Autres virus

Les rhinolophes sont également associés à les orthoreovirus, flavivirus et hantavirus. Ils ont été testés positifs pour les orthoreovirus mammaliens (Mammalian orthoreovirus, abr. MRV), y compris un MRV de type 1 isolé de la petite chauve-souris fer à cheval (Rhinolophus hipposideros), et un MRV de type 2 isolé de la Rhinolophus pusillus. Les MRV spécifiques trouvés dans les rhinolophes n’ont pas été liés à une infection humaine bien que les humains puissent tomber malades par exposition à d’autres MRV[29]. La Rhinolophus rouxii a été testée positive pour la fièvre de Kyasanur, une fièvre hémorragique virale d’Inde, transmise à l’humain par piqûres de tiques. Le taux de mortalité est de 2 à 10 %. Le virus de Longquan, un genre d’hantavirus, a été détecté chez des rhinolophes fer de cheval asiatiques (R. sinicus, R. cornutus)[30].

Usages alimentaires et médicinaux

  • Les rhinolophes consommés comme viande de brousse

Les médias se sont fait l’écho qu’à l’origine des épidémies de sida et d’Ebola se trouvait la consommation de viande de brousse en Afrique. Les virus VIH seraient ainsi passés du chimpanzé à l’humain, et ceux d’Ebola des Mégachiroptères (chauves-souris frugivores) à l’humain. Mais une étude globale de Mickleburgh et al. de 2009[31] a montré que la consommation de viande de brousse ne se limitait pas à l’Afrique tropicale et concernait aussi toute la zone tropicale de l’Ancien Monde : en particulier, des niveaux élevés de prélèvement de chauves-souris sont signalés dans toute l’Asie, les îles du Pacifique et de l’océan Indien occidental.

En Chine, avant l’épidémie de SRAS de 2002-2003, la consommation de viande de chauve-souris était répandue dans les provinces de la Chine du Sud : Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hainan et le Sud-Ouest. Beaucoup de restaurants de Canton et des grandes villes du sud de la Chine (Guangdong, Guanxi) avaient les chauves-souris à leur menu. En outre, des chauves-souris vivantes étaient vendues dans les marchés de produits frais[31]. Dans les villages reculés, les gens ont l’habitude de capturer des chauves-souris pour les manger. Après l’épidémie de SARS, la Chine avait interdit la consommation et le commerce d’animaux sauvages, « avant de les réautoriser trois mois plus tard » nous indique Le Monde[32]. Lorsque Kerry Bowman, un bioéthicien canadien, a visité le marché de fruits de mer de Wuhan en 2017, il a dénombré la présence de 56 espèces animales vivantes dont les deux tiers étaient des espèces sauvages[33]. À la suite de la dernière émergence de coronavirus à Wuhan fin 2019, le gouvernement chinois a fait fermer 20 000 fermes d’élevages d’animaux sauvages, paons, civettes, porcs-épics, autruches, etc. Un rapport officiel de 2017 a évalué le secteur d’élevage de la faune sauvage à 520 milliards de yuans, soit 67 milliards d’euros[34]. Mettre fin à un secteur économique de cette importance, employant 14 millions de personnes, ne peut se faire sans efforts pour changer les croyances traditionnelles des gens et sans fournir des moyens alternatifs de subsistance[35].

Dans les autres pays d’Asie tropicale moins développés que la Chine, la chasse et le commerce de viande de brousse reste des activités marginales. En Birmanie, les chauves-souris Rhinolophus marshalli, sont vendues localement pour fournir quelques revenus d’appoint. La population de chauves-souris n’est pas menacée par la chasse. En Guinée, toutes les espèces de chauves-souris sont chassées dans les grottes pour la consommation ; les prélèvements de Rhinolophus maclaudi en Haute Guinée ont beaucoup augmenté. Toute la population de chauves-souris d’une grotte peut être décimée en une fois. En Nouvelle-Calédonie, la chasse aux chauves-souris est autorisée seulement les week-ends du mois d’avril, avec un maximum de 5 prises par personne et par jour[31].

  • Remèdes traditionnels

La pharmacopée traditionnelle chinoise utilise depuis l’Antiquité, beaucoup de substances animales et continue de le faire malgré les dangers de contaminations par des agents infectieux et la menace qu’elle fait peser sur la survie des espèces sauvages utilisées (ex : rhinoceros). Le premier manuel de matière médicale, le Shennong bencao jing ou celui du très célèbre médecin du XVIe siècle, le Bencao gangmu de Li Shizhen, prônent l’utilisation d’excréments de chauves-souris (天鼠屎 Tiānshǔ shǐ) ou l’aile de chauve-souris (伏翼 fú yì)[36],[37]. Li Shizhen examine les effets de chaque partie de l'animal : sa chair, son cerveau, son sang et sa bile, ses excréments. Certains morceaux considérés comme puissants (youdu) sont utilisés pour leurs effets thérapeutiques, d’autres non toxiques (wudu) servent plutôt dans les régimes diététiques, ce qui encourage leur consommation régulière.

La pharmacopée gréco-romaine de Dioscoride (Ier) qui fera référence en Europe pendant 1 500 ans, comporte des fiches sur 583 plantes médicinales, 84 animaux ou productions animales et 89 minéraux ou substances inorganiques. Aucune chauve-souris n’est mentionnée. Par contre dans l’Histoire naturelle de Pline[38], les chauves-souris sont mentionnées dans quelques sections sur des exemples « de tromperie des mages » qui « vantent aussi son sang, avec du cardon, parmi les principaux remèdes contre les morsures de serpents » (HN, XXIX, 83). Au XVIe siècle, le zoologue suisse Conrad Gesner, mentionne une onction d’huile de chauve-souris (bouillie avec du millepertuis, du beurre rance, de l’aristoloche et de l’huile de ricin) contre les rhumatismes[39]. Puis à partir du XVIIe siècle, avec les débuts de la chimie et de la biologie modernes, l’ouvrage de Dioscoride cessa d’être le manuel de référence pour la matière médicale européenne. L'objet de la recherche passa de la matière médicale aux principes actifs, de l'écorce de quinquina à la quinine, du pavot à la morphine.

La pharmacopée arabe la plus célèbre est de celle de Ibn al-Baitar (ca 1190-1248) ; elle énumère 1 400 matières médicales, prolongeant ainsi les nombreux remèdes de l’Antiquité gréco-romaine. Elle indique « une chauve-souris tuée et frottée sur la région pubienne d’un enfant empêche la croissance des poils. Cuite avec de l’huile de sésame, c’est une embrocation pour la sciatique... »[39]. La cervelle et le cœur de chauve-souris ont aussi leurs usages spécifiques.

La pharmacopée indienne de la médecine Yunâni reconnait 200 drogues d’origine animale dont la chauve-souris[39].

Noms vernaculaires

 src=
Petit rhinolophe (Rhinolophus hipposideros)

Quelques espèces ont un nom français.

Note : certaines espèces ont plusieurs noms.

Listes d'espèces

Espèces d'Europe

Liste des rhinolophes d'Europe[43] :

Toutes les espèces

Le système d'information taxonomique intégré (ITIS) liste les espèces suivantes[44] :

Annexes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

  1. a b et c Meyer C., Dictionnaire des Sciences Animales [On line], Cirad, Montpellier, France, 2009 (lire en ligne)
  2. Marc Gozlan, « Des coronavirus de chauves-souris très proches du SARS-CoV-2 identifiés au Laos », sur Réalités Biomédicales (consulté le 14 janvier 2022)
  3. Georges-Louis Leclerc Buffon, contributeurs : Daubenton, Guéneau de Montbeillard, Lacépède, Brexon, Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière. Tome 13, Paris, 1765 (lire en ligne)
  4. Yves Tupinier, « Les tribulations des chauves-souris à travers les classifications », Publications de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, vol. H-S 1,‎ 2009, p. 26-40 (lire en ligne)
  5. Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell, Classification of Mammals : Above the Species Level, Columbia University Press, 1997, 640 p. (lire en ligne)
  6. (en) Xiaoxu Lin et Shizhong Chen, « Major Concerns on the Identification of Bat Coronavirus Strain RaTG13 and Quality of Related Nature Paper », Nature,‎ 5 juin 2020 (DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 30 mars 2022).
  7. (en) Sarah Temmam, Khamsing Vongphayloth, Eduard Baquero et Sandie Munier, « Bat coronaviruses related to SARS-CoV-2 and infectious for human cells », Nature,‎ 16 février 2022 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 30 mars 2022).
  8. a et b (en) Smriti Mallapaty, « Dozens of unidentified bat species likely live in Asia — and could host new viruses », Nature,‎ 29 mars 2022, d41586–022–00776-2 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 30 mars 2022)
  9. Terrence C. Demos, Paul W. Webala, [...], and Bruce D. Patterson, « Molecular phylogenetics of the African horseshoe bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae): expanded geographic and taxonomic sampling of the Afrotropics », BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 19,‎ 2019 (lire en ligne)
  10. Amador et al, « Bat systematics in the light of unconstrained analyses of a comprehensive molecular supermatrix », ournal of Mammalian Evolution, vol. 25,‎ 2018
  11. W. Bogdanowicz, R.D. Owen, « Phylogenetic analyses of the bat family Rhinolophidae », Z. zool. Syst. Evo1ut.-forsch, vol. 30,‎ 1992, p. 142-160 (lire en ligne)
  12. G. Csorba, P. Ujhelyi, N. Thomas, Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera : Rhinolophidae), Alana Books, 2003
  13. Jonathan Kingdon, Mammals of Africa, Vol 4, Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats, A & C Black, 2013
  14. J. Haussser et al., Säugetiere der Schweiz / Mammifères de la Suisse : Mammiferi della Svizzera, Springer-Verlag, 1995 (lire en ligne)
  15. Dieter Vanderelst, Reijniers Jonas, Peremans Herbert, « The furrows of Rhinolophidae revisited », J R Soc Interface, vol. 7, no 9,‎ 70, p. 2012 (lire en ligne)
  16. U. M. Norberg et J. M. V. Rayner, « Ecological Morphology and Flight in Bats (Mammalia; Chiroptera): Wing Adaptations, Flight Performance, Foraging Strategy and Echolocation », Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, vol. 316, no 1179,‎ 1987, p. 335-427
  17. a b et c Peng Zhou,... Shi Zhengli, « A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin », Nature, vol. 579,‎ 2020 (lire en ligne)
  18. Marc Gozlan, « Des coronavirus de chauves-souris très proches du SARS-CoV-2 identifiés au Laos », sur lemonde.fr, Le Monde, 20 septembre 2021
  19. Drosten C1, Günther S, Preiser W...Doerr HW, « Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. », N Engl J Med., vol. 348, no 20,‎ 2003 (lire en ligne)
  20. Li Wendong, Shi Zhengli, M. Yu, C. Smith, J. E. Epstein et al, « Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses », Science, vol. 310, no 5748,‎ 2005
  21. a et b Hayes KH Luk, Xin Li, et al, « Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of SARS coronavirus », Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol. 71,‎ 2019, p. 21-30 (lire en ligne)
  22. Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA., « Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia », N Engl J Med., vol. 367, no 19,‎ 2012 (lire en ligne)
  23. Fan Yi, Kai Zhao, Shi Zhengli et Zhou Peng, « Bat Coronaviruses in China », Viruses, vol. 11, no 3,‎ 2019
  24. James Gorman, « How Do Bats Live With So Many Viruses? », The New York Times, vol. Janv 28,‎ 2020
  25. a et b Xingyi Ge,... Peter Daszak, Zhengli Shi, « Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor », Nature, vol. 503,‎ 2013, p. 535-538 (lire en ligne)
  26. Jane Qiu, « How China’s ‘Bat Woman’ Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus », Scientific American, vol. June,‎ 2020 (lire en ligne)
  27. Stephen Chen, « Coronavirus: bat scientist’s cave exploits offer hope to beat virus ‘sneakier than Sars’ », South China Morning Post, vol. 6 Feb,‎ 2020 (lire en ligne)
  28. Samantha Maiden, « Coronavirus: Chinese ‘batswoman’ scientist Shi Zhengli’s chilling prediction », The Daily Telegraph, vol. April 30,‎ 2020 (lire en ligne)
  29. Lisa A. Beltz, Bats and Human Health : Ebola, SARS, Rabies and Beyond, John Wiley & Sons, 2017, 416 p.
  30. Guo, Lin,... Zhang, « Phylogeny and Origins of Hantaviruses Harbored by Bats, Insectivores, and Rodents », PLoS Pathogens, vol. 9, no 2,‎ 2013
  31. a b et c Simon Mickleburgh, K. Waylen, P. Racey, « Bats as bushmeat : a global review », Oryx, vol. 43, no 2,‎ 2009, p. 217-234
  32. Sylvie Lemmet, Olivier Blond, Yann Arthus Bertrand, « Coronavirus : « La Chine a une responsabilité dans cette épidémie transmise par un animal sauvage interdit de commerce » », Le Monde, vol. 8 avril,‎ 2020 (lire en ligne)
  33. Kerry Bowman (University of Toronto), « COVID-19 outbreak: How we deal with animals and the environment threatens human health » (consulté le 23 avril 2020)
  34. Michael Standaert, « Coronavirus closures reveal vast scale of China’s secretive wildlife farm industry », The Gardian, vol. 25 Feb,‎ 2020 (lire en ligne)
  35. Jane Qiu, « How China’s “Bat Woman” Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus », Scientific American, vol. 27 April,‎ 2020 (lire en ligne)
  36. (transl.) Sabine Wilms, The Divine Farmer’s Classic of Materia Medica, Happy Goat Productions, 2017, 550 p.
  37. 張浩, 本草綱目, 元文創,‎ 2016 (lire en ligne)
  38. Pline l'Ancien, Histoire naturelle (traduit, présenté et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt), Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, nrf, Gallimard, 2013, 2131 p.
  39. a b et c Marco Riccucci, « Bats as materia medica : an ethnomedical review and implications for conservation », Vespertilio, vol. 16,‎ 2012, p. 249-270
  40. a b c et d (en) Derwent, Thesaurus of agricultural organisms: pests, weeds and diseases, Volume 1. Derwent Publications, Ltd. Éditions CRC Press, 1990. 1529 pages. (ISBN 0-412-37290-8), 9780412372902. Rechercher dans le document numérisé. Consulté en mai 2010.
  41. a b c et d (en) Murray Wrobel, 2007. Elsevier's dictionary of mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian. Elsevier, 2007. (ISBN 0-444-51877-0), 9780444518774. 857 pages. Rechercher dans le document numérisé. Consulté en mai 2010.
  42. Petit fer à cheval sur Animaux.org
  43. Les chauves-souris d'Europe sur le site du Museum d'histoire naturelle de Bourges consulté en novembre 2010.
  44. ITIS Report, « Rhinolophus Lacépède, 1799 » (consulté le 21 avril 2020)
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Rhinolophidae: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Rhinolophus • Fer à cheval

Le genre Rhinolophus regroupe des chauves-souris connues sous le nom de rhinolophes, rhinolophes vrais ou chauves-souris fer à cheval. Ce genre est le seul de la sous-famille des Rhinolophinés (Rhinolophinae) et même de la famille des Rhinolophidae depuis que les Hipposiderinae sont traités comme une famille à part entière, celle des Hipposideridae.

Les espèces de rhinolophes sont réparties dans tout l’Ancien Monde, de l’Europe et l’Afrique jusqu’à l’Asie et l’Australie. Elles se caractérisent par les membranes nasales contournées qui entourent leur nez et en particulier par la membrane inférieure en forme de fer à cheval. Ces membranes serviraient à focaliser l’onde ultrasonore émise par leurs narines, et leurs grandes oreilles serviraient à capter l’onde d'écho. Elles utilisent ce système d’écholocation sophistiqué pour naviguer et chasser la nuit.

Les chauves-souris fer à cheval sont des réservoirs importants de coronavirus. Les destructions de leur habitat naturel tendent à les rapprocher des implantations humaines. De plus, si les Rhinolophus sont rarement consommés comme viande de brousse (ou yewei, 野味, au sud de la Chine), certaines d'entre elles, comme Rhinolophus thomasi, sont vendues à des fins médicinales en Chine et en Asie du Sud-Est. Ces contacts accroissent les risques de transmission de pathogènes à l'Homme.

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Rhinolophidae ( латински )

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Rhinolophidae sunt familia mammalium ordinis Chiropterorum. Nomen deducitur a Rhinolopho, nomine soli generis Rhinolophidarum quod exstat. Alterum genus, Palaeonycteris, exstinctum est. Hipposideridae, Rhinolophidis propinquae, aliquando subfamila huius familiae habentur.

Pinacotheca

Nexus externi

Wikidata-logo.svg Situs scientifici:ITISNCBIBiodiversityEncyclopedia of LifeWoRMS: Marine SpeciesFossilworks
Commons-logo.svg Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Rhinolophidas spectant.
Wikispecies-logo.svg Vide "Rhinolophidas" apud Vicispecies.
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Rhinolophidae: Brief Summary ( латински )

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Rhinolophidae sunt familia mammalium ordinis Chiropterorum. Nomen deducitur a Rhinolopho, nomine soli generis Rhinolophidarum quod exstat. Alterum genus, Palaeonycteris, exstinctum est. Hipposideridae, Rhinolophidis propinquae, aliquando subfamila huius familiae habentur.

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Pasagnosiniai ( литвански )

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Pasagnosiniai (lot. Rhinolophidae, angl. Horseshoe bats, vok. Dreizehenhufeiseinasen) – šikšnosparnių (Chiroptera) šeima.

Skirstoma į du pošeimius; iš viso 10 genčių ir 130 rūšių:

Pošeimis. Pasagnosiai šikšnosparniai (Rhinolophinae)

Pošeimis. Baltanosiai šikšnosparniai (Hipposiderinae)

Vikiteka

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Hoefijzerneuzen ( холандски; фламански )

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Hoefijzerneuzen (Rhinolophidae) zijn een familie van vleermuizen (Chiroptera) die voorkomt in Europa, Afrika, Azië, Australië en Noord-Amerika. Ze zijn nauw verwant aan de bladneusvleermuizen van de Oude Wereld (Hipposideridae) en worden vaak tot dezelfde familie gerekend.

Kenmerken

Hoefijzerneuzen danken hun naam aan hun neusblad, een vaak grillig gevormd aanhangsel op de neus. Dit bestaat bij de hoefijzerneuzen uit drie hoefijzervormige lappen: de onderste hoefijzeervormige neuskwabben, met aan de wortel de openingen, een in de lengterichting lopende kam en het bovenste, spits, toelopende 'lancet'. De functie van het neusblad is niet geheel duidelijk, maar mogelijk dient het om het geluid van echolocatiesignalen te concentreren. Dit geluid kan heen en weer 'gezwiept' worden om zo de omgeving te 'scannen'. De vacht van de hoefijzerneuzen is los en zacht en kan allerlei kleuren hebben, van zwart tot oranjerood, hoewel grijs- of roodbruin het meest voorkomt. Hoefijzerneuzen zijn kleine tot vrij grote vleermuizen met zeer brede vleugels. De grote, spits toelopende oorschelpen hebben geen oordeksels. De oren kunnen apart bewegen.

Hoefijzerneuzen (wijfjes) hebben twee echte en twee "valse" tepels (aarstepels). De valse tepels ontwikkelen zich bij de eerste zwangerschap en bevinden zich vlak bij de genitale opening. Deze worden door de jongen gebruikt om zich aan vast te houden als de moeder op de kop hangt. De jonge dieren hangen zo met de kop naar boven.

Voedsel en gedrag

Zoals de meeste vleermuizen zijn hoefijzerneuzen insecteneters en vangen ze hun prooi op de vleugels in de lucht. Kleine prooien worden bewaard in wangzakken, grotere prooien worden ter plekke gegeten. Ze zijn 's nachts actief; de dag brengen ze door in holen, grotten, holle bomen of in tussen de takken van bomen. De dieren zijn dan in hun vlieghuid gewikkeld als in een mantel. Hoefijzerneuzen hangen soms met één achterpoot ondersteboven.

De hoefijzerneuzen die leven in de gematigde streken houden in de winter een winterslaap. Soms wordt deze echter onderbroken.

Verspreiding

Deze dieren wonen in gematigde en tropische gebieden van zuidelijk Europa, Afrika, en het zuiden van Azië aan noordelijk en oostelijk Australië, met inbegrip van vele Pacifische eilanden. Wereldwijd leven er ongeveer 70 soorten (die allen tot Rhinolophus behoren). Vijf van deze soorten zijn in Europa aan te treffen.

Indeling

De familie omvat de volgende soorten:

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Hoefijzerneuzen: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

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Hoefijzerneuzen (Rhinolophidae) zijn een familie van vleermuizen (Chiroptera) die voorkomt in Europa, Afrika, Azië, Australië en Noord-Amerika. Ze zijn nauw verwant aan de bladneusvleermuizen van de Oude Wereld (Hipposideridae) en worden vaak tot dezelfde familie gerekend.

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Ekte hesteskonasar ( норвешки )

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Ekte hesteskonasar (Rhinolophidae) er ein familie av småe flaggermyser. Dei har ein hesteskoforma hudfald framme på hovudet, og breie og høvesvis korte venger. Flyginga er flakkande og ikkje vidare snøgg.

Ekte hesteskonasar finst i tempererte og tropiske område utanfor Amerika. Familien har éi slekt og kring 70 artar.

Kjelder

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Ekte hesteskonasar: Brief Summary ( норвешки )

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Ekte hesteskonasar (Rhinolophidae) er ein familie av småe flaggermyser. Dei har ein hesteskoforma hudfald framme på hovudet, og breie og høvesvis korte venger. Flyginga er flakkande og ikkje vidare snøgg.

Ekte hesteskonasar finst i tempererte og tropiske område utanfor Amerika. Familien har éi slekt og kring 70 artar.

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Podkowcowate ( полски )

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Podkowcowate[10] (Rhinolophidae) – monotypowa rodzina latających ssaków z rzędu nietoperzy (Chiroptera), obejmująca kilkadziesiąt gatunków.

Występowanie

Nietoperze zaliczane do tej rodziny zamieszkują Stary Świat, Australię i Nową Gwineę[11].

Charakterystyka

Podkowcowate różnią się od pozostałych nietoperzy tym, że wydają ultradźwięki przez nos, co sprawia, że ich nos przybiera niezwykłe kształty. Śpiące lub odpoczywające zwierzęta otulają ciało skrzydłami, tak że wyglądają jak zwisające ze ściany sakiewki.

Systematyka

Nazewnictwo

Nazwa rodzajowa jest połączeniem słów z języka greckiego: ῥις rhis, ῥινος rhinos – „nos” oraz λοφος lophos – „grzebień”[12].

Gatunek typowy

Vespertilio ferrum-equinum Schreber, 1774

Podział systematyczny

Do rodzaju należy jeden rodzaj podkowiec[10] (Rhinolophus) z następującymi gatunkami[10][11]:

Uwagi

  1. Greckie φυλλον phullon – „liść”; greckie ῥις rhis, ῥινος rhinos – „nos” (zob. Index Generum Mammalium, s. 535).
  2. Greckie ῥις rhis, ῥινος rhinos – „nos”; greckie κρηπις krēpis – „but”.
  3. Autor opisu taksonu nie wyjaśnił pochodzenia nazwy rodzajowej.
  4. Greckie φυλλον phullon – „liść”; greckie -ωτις -ōtis – „-uchy” (ους ous, ωτος ōtos – „ucho” (zob. Index Generum Mammalium, s. 536).
  5. Epitet gatunkowy Rhinolophus coelophyllus Peters, 1867.
  6. Epitet gatunkowy Rhinolophus euryale Mehely (zob. Index Generum Mammalium, s. 279).
  7. Greckie ῥις rhis, ῥινος rhinos – „nos”; rodzaj Phyllotis J. E. Gray, 1866.
  8. Greckie ῥις rhis, ῥινος rhinos – „nos”; greckie μεγας megas, μεγαλη megalē – „wielki”; greckie λοφος lophos – „grzebień”.

Przypisy

  1. Rhinolophidae, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. W. E. Leach: Systematic Catalogue of the Specimens of the Indigenous Mammalia and Birds in the British Museum. Londyn: Richard and Arthur Taylor, 1816, s. 5. (ang.)
  3. P. Gervais. Mammologie and Masologie. „Dictionnaire Pittoresque d'Histoire Naturelle et des Phénomènes de la Nature”. 4, s. 617, 1836 (fr.).
  4. J. E. Gray. Characters of Six new Genera of Bats not hitherto distinguished. „Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London”, s. 15, 1847 (ang.).
  5. J. E. Gray. A revision of the Genera of Rhinolophidae, or Horseshoe Bats. „Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London”, s. 81, 1866 (ang.).
  6. W. Peters. On some Mammalia collected by Capt. A. C. Beavan, C.M.Z.S., at Moulmein, Burmah. „Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London”, s. 427, 1866 (ang.).
  7. P. Matschie. Ueber rumänische Säugethiere. „Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin”, s. 225, 1901 (niem.).
  8. R. L. Bourret. „Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle”. 23 (6), s. 607, 1951 (fr.).
  9. B. G. d. Lacépède: Tableau des Divisions, Sous-divisions, Ordres et Genres des Mammifères. Paryż: Plassan, 1799, s. 15. (fr.)
  10. a b c Systematyka i nazwy polskie za: Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 87-91. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  11. a b Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Rhinolophus. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 2015-08-26]
  12. T. S. Palmer: Index Generum Mammalium: a List of the Genera and Families of Mammals. Waszyngton: Government Printing Office, 1904, s. 606, seria: North American Fauna. (ang.)
  13. a b c Peter J. Taylor, Angus Macdonald, Steven M. Goodman, Teresa Kearney, Fenton P. D. Cotterill, Sam Stoffberg, Ara Monadjem, M. Corrie Schoeman, Jennifer Guyton, Piotr Naskrecki i Leigh R. Richards. Integrative taxonomy resolves three new cryptic species of small southern African horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus). „Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society”, w druku. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly024 (ang.).
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Podkowcowate: Brief Summary ( полски )

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Podkowcowate (Rhinolophidae) – monotypowa rodzina latających ssaków z rzędu nietoperzy (Chiroptera), obejmująca kilkadziesiąt gatunków.

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Rhinolophidae ( португалски )

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Rhinolophidae é uma família da ordem Chiroptera (morcegos), que incluí cerca de 130 espécies em 10 géneros. Pertencem à subordem Microchiroptera.

Famílias

A família Rhinolophidae é por vezes dividida em duas família: Rhinolophidae e Hipposideridae. Não existe muita dúvida de que estes dois grupos são muito próximos, mas é prática comum classificá-los como subfamílias Hipposiderinae e Rhinolophinae, de uma mesma família. Muitas espécies são difíceis de distinguir.

Morfologia

Possuem protuberâncias em forma de folha no nariz. Nas espécies da subfamília Rhinolophinae, estas protuberâncias adquirem a forma de uma ferradura; nas espécies da subfamília Hipposiderinae adquirem a forma de folha ou lança. Estas estruturas permitem a ecolocação, servindo para focar o som. A maioria das espécies tem uma coloração acastanhada/avermelhada.

Ecologia

Habitam regiões temperadas e tropicais, na Europa, África e Ásia. Habitam também na Austrália e em alguma ilhas do Pacífico. Todas as espécies são insectívoras, capturando insectos enquanto voam. Podem habitar em troncos de aŕvores, em grandes colónias em cavernas, enquanto outras espécies preferem locais abertos, em ramos de árvores.

Os membros das populações mais a Norte, hibernam durante o Inverno. Pelo menos uma espécie é migratória. Tal como muitos morcegos da família Vespertilionidae, as fêmeas de algumas espécies acasalam durante o Outono, armazenando o esperma durante o Inverno, concebendo e fazendo a gestação na Primavera.

Espécies

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Rhinolophidae: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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Rhinolophidae é uma família da ordem Chiroptera (morcegos), que incluí cerca de 130 espécies em 10 géneros. Pertencem à subordem Microchiroptera.

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Rinolofide ( романски; молдавски )

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Rinolofidele (Rhinolophidae) sau liliecii cu potcoavă este o familie de chiroptere din subordinul microchiropterelor care cuprinde lilieci cu apendici nazali (foițe nazale) foarte dezvoltați în jurul nărilor, ce seamănă cu o potcoavă de cal, cu numeroase cavități și care joacă rol în dirijarea ultrasunetelor pe care le emit liliecii. În timpul zborului rinolofidele țin gura închisă pentru a emite ultrasunetele prin nări. Urechile lor sunt mari și lipsite de tragus. Coada este lungă. Sunt răspîndiți în în Lumea Veche: Europa, Asia, Africa și Australia. Nasc un singur pui. În perioada de repaus își învelesc corpul cu propriile aripi. Nu se ascund niciodată în crăpături. Acești lilieci trăiesc în cavitățile subterane sau ale altor adăposturi.

Sistematica

Familia include un singur gen cu 77 specii și 151 subspecii [1]:

Specii din România

În fauna României au fost identificate un singur gen cu 5 specii [2].

  • Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Schreber, 1774 = Liliacul mare cu potcoavă, Liliacul cu potcoavă mare
  • Rhinolophus hipposideros Bechstein, 1800 = Liliacul mic cu potcoavă, Liliacul cu potcoavă mic
  • Rhinolophus blasii Peters, 1860 = Liliacul cu potcoavă a lui Blasius, Rinoloful lui Blasius, Liliacul lui Blasius
  • Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, 1855 = Liliacul mediteranean cu potcoavă, Rinoloful sudic, Liliac-sudic
  • Rhinolophus mehelyi Matschie, 1901 = Rinoloful lui Mehelyus, Liliacul cu potcoavă a lui Méhely, Liliacul românesc

Note

  1. ^ Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder. Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press; 3rd edition, 2005
  2. ^ Niculai Valenciuc. Fauna României. Mammalia, Volumul XVI. Fascicula 3, Chiroptera. Editura Academiei Române, București, 2002

Bibliografie

  • Niculai Valenciuc. Fauna României. Mammalia, Volumul XVI. Fascicula 3, Chiroptera. Editura Academiei Române, București, 2002
  • Victor Pop. Zoologia vertebratelor. Vol. II. Fasc. 2, Mamiferele. Editura Didactică și Pedagogică. București, 1962.
  • Z. Feider, Al. V. Grossu, St. Gyurkó, V. Pop. Zoologia vertebratelor. Autor coordonator: Prof. Dr. Doc. Al. V. Grossu. Editura didactică și pedagogică, București, 1967.

Legături externe

Commons
Wikimedia Commons conține materiale multimedia legate de Rinolofide
Wikispecies
Wikispecies conține informații legate de Rinolofide
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Rinolofide: Brief Summary ( романски; молдавски )

добавил wikipedia RO

Rinolofidele (Rhinolophidae) sau liliecii cu potcoavă este o familie de chiroptere din subordinul microchiropterelor care cuprinde lilieci cu apendici nazali (foițe nazale) foarte dezvoltați în jurul nărilor, ce seamănă cu o potcoavă de cal, cu numeroase cavități și care joacă rol în dirijarea ultrasunetelor pe care le emit liliecii. În timpul zborului rinolofidele țin gura închisă pentru a emite ultrasunetele prin nări. Urechile lor sunt mari și lipsite de tragus. Coada este lungă. Sunt răspîndiți în în Lumea Veche: Europa, Asia, Africa și Australia. Nasc un singur pui. În perioada de repaus își învelesc corpul cu propriile aripi. Nu se ascund niciodată în crăpături. Acești lilieci trăiesc în cavitățile subterane sau ale altor adăposturi.

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Podkovnjaki ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Hipposiderinae
Rhinolophinae

Podkovnjaki (znanstveno ime Rhinolophidae) so velika družina netopirjev, ki vključujejo približno 130 vrst. Pripadajo podredu Microchiroptera (mali netopirji).

Svoje ime so dobili po posebni kožni strukturi okoli nosnic, od katerih je ena v obliki podkve. Široke zaokrožene prhuti ustvarjajo značilen piskav let teh netopirjev. V mirovanju prosto visijo in so lahko popolnoma oviti z opno svojih prhuti.

Podkovnjaki v Sloveniji

V Sloveniji trenutno živijo le tri vrste podkovnjakov, četrta vrsta je domnevno izumrla.

  1. Rhinolophus blasii - Blasijev podkovnjak (domnevno izumrla vrsta)
  2. Rhinolophus hipposideros - mali podkovnjak
  3. Rhinolophus euryale - južni podkovnjak
  4. Rhinolophus ferrumequinum - veliki podkovnjak
Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja več predstavnostnega gradiva o temi: Podkovnjaki
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Podkovnjaki: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

добавил wikipedia SL

Podkovnjaki (znanstveno ime Rhinolophidae) so velika družina netopirjev, ki vključujejo približno 130 vrst. Pripadajo podredu Microchiroptera (mali netopirji).

Svoje ime so dobili po posebni kožni strukturi okoli nosnic, od katerih je ena v obliki podkve. Široke zaokrožene prhuti ustvarjajo značilen piskav let teh netopirjev. V mirovanju prosto visijo in so lahko popolnoma oviti z opno svojih prhuti.

Poddružina Rhinolophinae Rod Rhinolophus Poddružina Hipposiderinae Rod Anthops Rod Asellia Rod Aselliscus Rod Cloeotis Rod Coelops Rod Hipposideros Rod Paracoelops Rod Rhinonicteris Rod Triaenops
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Hästskonäsor ( шведски )

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Hästskonäsor (Rhinolophidae) är en däggdjursfamilj i ordningen fladdermöss och det enda släktet, Rhinolophus, i denna familj.[1] Vissa forskare, bland annat Kai Curry-Lindahl, vill dock räkna in 10 släkten, med totalt omkring 130 arter, i denna familj[2]. Släktet Rhinolophus innehåller omkring 95 arter, varav 5 i Europa (ingen av dessa i Skandinavien)[3].

Beskrivning

Hästskonäsorna är mindre till medelstora, med en längd på mellan 3,5 och 11 cm och en vikt på 5 till 50 g[4]. De kännetecknas av bladlika, sadelformade hudflikar runt näsan. Till skillnad från andra fladdermöss som använder sig av överljudsnavigering, produceras inte tonerna via munnen utan genom näsan. Hudflikarna används för att förstärka och rikta överljudstonerna, något som har gjort att de kan lokalisera föremål på längre håll än andra fladdermöss, Curry-Lindahl anger 6–8 m.[2] Hästskonäsorna flyger därför med stängd mun. Hudflikarna består av en hästskoformad del runt näsan, och två vertikala flikar ovanför denna: En undre, kraftigare som kallas sadel och en övre, smalare som kallas lansett. Tragus, den öronflik som hos många andra fladdermöss bland annat tjänar som hjälp vid ekolokaliseringen, saknas hos hästskonäsorna.[3]

Pälsens färg varierar mycket mellan de olika arterna. Många arter är rödbruna till svartbruna på ryggen och ljusare vid buken. Hästskonäsor har små ögon och dessutom är synfältet delvis skymt av hudflikarna vid näsan. Tandformeln är I 1/2 C 1/1 P 2/3 M 3/3, alltså 32 tänder.[5]

Vanor

Hästskonäsorna livnär sig främst av insekter[4]. En karakteristisk vana är att familjens medlemmar, med undantag av mellanhästskonäsan, sveper vingarna om hela kroppen när de sover.[3] De sover ofta tillsammans hängande i taket på gamla gruvor, grottor och liknande. Hästskonäsorna flyger oftast lågt och fladdrande.[2]

De flesta arterna håller vinterdvala men de vaknar ibland och flyger till ett annat gömställe som kan ligga 1,5 km bort. Hos vissa arter som större hästskonäsa (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) sjunker kroppstemperaturen till 8 °C under vilan.[5]

Det sociala beteendet varierar beroende på art. Några hästskonäsor vilar ensamma, andra bildar mindre flockar och hos Rhinolophus rouxii observerades kolonier med 4000 medlemmar. Under födojakten är de i allmänhet ensamma.[5]

Hos de arter som går i ide sker parningen under hösten. Sedan vilar det befruktade ägget till nästa vår. Andra arter parar sig under våren. Den egentliga dräktigheten varar cirka sju veckor och per kull föds en unge. Ungen blir könsmogen efter uppskattningsvis två år. De flesta hästskonäsor lever inte längre än 7 år. Enskilda individer har dock observerats 30 år efter tidpunkten då de blev ringmärkta.[5]

Utbredning

Familjen förekommer i tempererade och tropiska delar av Eurasien, Afrika och Australien.[4]

Arter

Enligt Catalogue of Life utgörs släktet Rhinolophus av 94 arter.[6]

Källor

  1. ^ Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). ”Rhinolophidae” (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
  2. ^ [a b c] Curry-Lindahl, Kai (1988). Däggdjur, groddjur & kräldjur. Stockholm: Norstedts. sid. 223. ISBN 91-1-864142-3
  3. ^ [a b c] Bjärvall, Anders; Ullström, Staffan (1995). Däggdjur: alla Europas arter. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. sid. 41. ISBN 91-46-16576-2
  4. ^ [a b c] hästskonäsor, Nationalencyklopedin, CD-upplagan (2000), Bokförlaget Bra Böcker. ISBN 91-71337-47-4
  5. ^ [a b c d] Ronald M. Nowak, red (1999). ”Horseshoe bats” (på engelska). Walker’s Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press. sid. 328-332. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
  6. ^ Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Flann C., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A. (red.) (2016). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2016 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, Nederländerna. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/search/scientific/genus/Rhinolophus/fossil/0/match/1. Läst 19 augusti 2016.
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Hästskonäsor: Brief Summary ( шведски )

добавил wikipedia SV

Hästskonäsor (Rhinolophidae) är en däggdjursfamilj i ordningen fladdermöss och det enda släktet, Rhinolophus, i denna familj. Vissa forskare, bland annat Kai Curry-Lindahl, vill dock räkna in 10 släkten, med totalt omkring 130 arter, i denna familj. Släktet Rhinolophus innehåller omkring 95 arter, varav 5 i Europa (ingen av dessa i Skandinavien).

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Підковик ( украински )

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Підковик: Brief Summary ( украински )

добавил wikipedia UK
Patricia L. Barnes-Svarney, Thomas E. Svarney The oryx guide to natural history. — Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999 GENUS Rhinolophus — Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition (MSW3) Кажани України та суміжних країн: керівництво для польових досліджень / Загороднюк І., Годлевська Л., Тищенко В., Петрушенко Я. — Київ, 2002. — 108 с. (Серія: Праці Теріологічної школи, випуск 3). Список ссавців України (види, відомі за останні два століття) // Теріологічна школа: веб-сайт Українського теріологічного товариства >>> Mammal Species of the World >>> Zagorodniuk I. V. Taxonomy, biogeography and abundance of the horseshoe bats in Eastern Europe // Acta zoologica cracowiensia. — 1999. — Vol. 42 (3): 407–421. pdf>>>
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Họ Dơi lá mũi ( виетнамски )

добавил wikipedia VI

Chi Dơi lá mũi (danh pháp: Rhinolophus) là một chi động vật có vú duy nhất trong họ Dơi lá mũi, bộ Dơi. Chi này được Lacépède miêu tả năm 1799.[1] Loài điển hình của chi này là Vespertilio ferrum-equinum Schreber, 1774. Conserved in ICZN Opinion 91 (1926) and Direction 24 (1955).

Các loài

Chi này gồm các loài:

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă â Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Rhinolophidae”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a ă â b Taylor, Peter J., Samantha Stoffberg, Ara Monadjem, M. C. Schoeman, Julian Bayliss & Fenton P. D. Cotterill. 2012 Four new bat species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex) reflect Plio-Pleistocene divergence of dwarfs and giants across an Afromontane Archipelago. Public Library of Science 7(9): e41744.
  3. ^ Wu, Y., Motokawa, M. & Harada, M. 2008. A New Species of Horseshoe Bat of the Genus Rhinolophus from China (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Zoological Science 25:438-443.
  4. ^ a ă Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C., Jakob Fahr, Michael H. Huhndorf, Prince Kaleme, Andrew J. Plumptre, Ben D. Marks & Robert Kizungu. 2013. Bats (Chiroptera) from the Albertine Rift, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, with the description of two new species of the Rhinolophus maclaudi group. Bonn zoological Bulletin 62 (2): 186–202.
  5. ^ Cotterill, F.P.D. 2002. A new species of horseshoe bat (Microchiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from south-central Africa: with comments on its affinities and evolution, and the characterization of rhinolophid species. Journal of Zoology 256 2):165-179.
  6. ^ Wu, Y. & Thong, V.D. 2011. A New Species of Rhinolophus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from China. Zoological Science 28:235-241.
  7. ^ Wu, Y., Harada, M. & Motokawa, M, 2009. Taxonomy of Rhinolophus yunanensis Dobson, 1872 (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) with a Description of a New Species from Thailand. Acta Chiropterologica 11:237-246.
  8. ^ Zhou, Z.-M., Guillén-Servant, A., Lim, B.K., Eger, J.L., Wang, Y.-X. & Jiang, X.-L. 2009. A New Species from Southwestern China in the Afro-Palearctic Lineage of the Horseshoe Bats (Rhinolophus). Journal of Mammalogy 90:57-73.
  9. ^ Fahr, J., Vierhaus, H., Hutterer, R. & Kock, D. 2002. A revision of the Rhinolophus maclaudi species group with the description of a new species from West Africa (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Myotis 40:95–126.[1]

Tham khảo

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Chi Dơi lá mũi  src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Chi Dơi lá mũi
  • Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hutcheon, J.M. and Kirsch, J.A.W. 2006. A moveable face: deconstructing the Microchiroptera and a new classification of extant bats. Acta Chiropterologica 8(1):1–10.
  • Kock, D., Csorba, G. and Howell, K.M. 2000. Rhinolophus maendeleo n. sp. from Tanzania, a horseshoe bat noteworthy for its systematics and biogeography (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae). Senckenbergiana biologica 80:233–239.
  • Lau, S., Woo, P., Li, K., et al. 2005. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(39):14040–14045.
  • Li, W., Zhengli, S., Meng, Y., et al. 2005. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 310(5748):676–679.
  • Macdonald, D. 1984. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File, 805 pp. ISBN 0-87196-871-1
  • McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997. Classification of Mammals: Above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press, 631 pp. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6
  • Schober, W. and Grimmberger, A. 1989. A Guide to Bats of Britain and Europe. Hamlyn Publishing Group. ISBN 0-600-56424-X
  • Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312–529 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0 Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312–529 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
  • Corbet, G.B. 2008. Taxonomy of the Horseshoe bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). http://dea.unideb.hu/dea/bitstream/2437/89636/4/ertekezes_angol.pdf
  • Zhou, Z.-M., Guillén-Bản mẫu:Not a typo A., Kim, B.K., Eger, J.L., Wang, Y.Y. and Jiang, X.-L. 2009. A new species from southwestern China in the Afro-Palearctic lineage of the horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus). Journal of Mammalogy 90:57–73.
  • Wu, Y., Harada, M. and Motokawa, M. 2009. Taxonomy of Rhinolophus yunanensis Dobson, 1872 (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) with a description of a new species from Thailand. Acta Chiropterologica 11(2):237–246.


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Họ Dơi lá mũi: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Chi Dơi lá mũi (danh pháp: Rhinolophus) là một chi động vật có vú duy nhất trong họ Dơi lá mũi, bộ Dơi. Chi này được Lacépède miêu tả năm 1799. Loài điển hình của chi này là Vespertilio ferrum-equinum Schreber, 1774. Conserved in ICZN Opinion 91 (1926) and Direction 24 (1955).

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Подковоносые ( руски )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Отряд: Рукокрылые
Надсемейство: Rhinolophoidea
Семейство: Подковоносые
Международное научное название

Rhinolophidae Gray, 1825

Дочерние таксоны
  • Hipposiderinae
  • Rhinolophinae
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Систематика
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Изображения
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ITIS 631242NCBI 58055EOL 7635FW 40644

Подковоно́сые, или подковоносые летучие мыши (лат. Rhinolophidae) — семейство млекопитающих подотряда летучих мышей. Иногда подсемейство листоносовых выделяют в отдельное семейство Hipposideridae.

Общее описание

Отличаются сложными кожно-хрящевыми выростами на морде, окружающими ноздри. У настоящих подковоносов выросты напоминают подковообразную пластинку, огибающую ноздри спереди и с боков; у подсемейства Hipposiderinae — листовидные. Вероятно, служат для формирования узкого пучка эхолокационных сигналов, которые подковоносые издают через ноздри. Уши у всех видов лишены козелка. Крылья широкие, закругленные, размахом 19—50 см. Хвост целиком включён в межбедренную перепонку, в покое загибается на спинную сторону. Задние конечности снабжены сильно загнутыми, очень острыми когтями, позволяют подковоносам ходить по потолку убежища вниз головой. Окрас обычно однотонный, бурый или рыжеватый; встречаются также почти белые и ярко-рыжие особи.

Размеры от мелких (наименьших в подотряде) до крупных. Длина тела 28—110 мм, масса от 6 до 150 г. У некоторых видов самцы крупнее самок. Передняя часть грудины, две первые пары рёбер, 7-й шейный и 1-й грудной позвонки срастаются между собой в единое костное кольцо. Дыхание преимущественно диафрагмальное, грудная клетка мало подвижна. Зубов 28—32; верхние резцы очень маленькие, почти не выступают из дёсен. Зубная формула такова 1.1.1-2.32.1.2-3.3

Образ жизни

Распространены в тропических, субтропических и отчасти умеренных широтах Восточного полушария, населяя Южную Европу, Азию, Африку, северную и восточную Австралию и многие острова Тихого океана.

Населяют разнообразные ландшафты от пустынь до лиственных лесов, не избегая антропогенных угодий; в горах встречаются до 3500 м над уровнем моря. День проводят в пещерах, кронах и дуплах деревьев, шахтах, реже в постройках, иногда скоплениями в несколько сотен особей. Во время сна окутывают себя крыльями и межбедренной перепонкой, как плащом. Дневной сон чуткий. Потревоженные, подковоносы издают низкие, скрипучие звуки. Виды умеренных широт впадают в зимнюю спячку; в жаркую погоду все подковоносы зачастую впадают в оцепенение.

Насекомоядны, питаются преимущественно ночными бабочками и двукрылыми насекомыми. Кормятся обычно поодиночке, только листоносы — небольшими группами. Кормовых территорий не защищают. Полёт небыстрый, очень маневренный. Листоносые (Hipposiderinae) ловят насекомых на лету; настоящие подковоносы охотятся обычно на небольшой высоте или в гуще растительности. Некоторые виды ждут добычу, свисая с ветки, и, только заметив её, бросаются в непродолжительную погоню. Многие подковоносые способны «зависать» на месте, что позволяет им подбирать добычу с листьев или из паучьих сетей. В полёте подковоносые издают эхолокационные сигналы преимущественно постоянной частоты и значительной продолжительности (до 20 мсек у листоносых). Сигналы производят с закрытым ртом через ноздри, что позволяет им одновременно есть.

Размножение

Самка рождает 1 крупного детёныша в год. У многих видов спаривание происходит осенью перед спячкой, но зародышевое яйцо начинает развиваться только по весне. Детёныш рождается недоразвитым, весит до 25 % веса самки. В первые дни жизни он висит на теле матери, прицепившись к соску. Растёт быстро. В возрасте 30—40 дней молодые подковоносы уже самостоятельно кормятся и могут в одиночку совершать дальние миграции. У обыкновенных листоносов (Hipposideros) детёныши и после прекращения вскармливания держатся рядом с матерью. Половой зрелости подковоносы достигают к 2 годам. Продолжительность жизни крайне велика для таких мелких зверьков — до 30 лет.

Классификация

Семейство включает порядка 130 видов, объединённых в 10 родов[1]:

Подковоносые вместе с копьеносыми и мышехвостыми летучими мышами относятся к группе летучих мышей, наиболее близких к крыланам.

Порядка 79 видов подковоносых занесены в Международную Красную книгу, как вымирающие и малочисленные виды. На их численность влияет уничтожение природных местообитаний, вырубка лесов, а также использование пестицидов, которые накапливаются в насекомых, поедаемых летучими мышами.

На территории России обитают 4 вида настоящих подковоносов:

из них только южный подковонос не занесён в Красную книгу РФ. Все они водятся на Северном Кавказе.

Ссылки

Примечания

  1. Русские названия по книге Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 460. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
  2. Thong V. D., Puechmaille S. J., Denzinger A. et al., 2012. A new species of Hipposideros (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) from Vietnam // J. Mammalogy, Vol. 93, № 1. p. 1-11.
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Подковоносые: Brief Summary ( руски )

добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию

Подковоно́сые, или подковоносые летучие мыши (лат. Rhinolophidae) — семейство млекопитающих подотряда летучих мышей. Иногда подсемейство листоносовых выделяют в отдельное семейство Hipposideridae.

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菊頭蝠科 ( кинески )

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亞科

菊頭蝠亞科 Hipposiderinae
蹄蝠亞科 Rhinolophinae

菊頭蝠科Rhinolophidae)属哺乳綱翼手目小蝙蝠亚目下的一科,这一科下的蝙蝠被称为菊头蝠

分布

菊头蝠主要分布于热带亚热带地区,少数分布于温带的菊头蝠冬季会进行冬眠

特征

菊头蝠科的蝙蝠面部结构复杂,它们不同于多数蝙蝠从嘴里发出超声波,而是从孔里发出。它们的耳朵大,但没有耳屏。

参考资料

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菊頭蝠科: Brief Summary ( кинески )

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菊頭蝠科(Rhinolophidae)属哺乳綱翼手目小蝙蝠亚目下的一科,这一科下的蝙蝠被称为菊头蝠。

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관박쥐류 ( корејски )

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관박쥐류(冠-類)는 관박쥐속(Rhinolophus) 박쥐의 총칭이다. 관박쥐과(Rhinolophidae)의 유일속이다.[1] 전 세계에 18종이 분포하는데, 한국에는 관박쥐, 제주관박쥐 2종이 살고 있다. 코에는 상·중·하 세 종류의 후엽이 있다. 몸집은 비교적 크고 등은 회갈색 또는 적갈색이며, 배는 회백색 또는 흰색이다. 낮에는 어두운 곳에 숨어 있다가 해질 무렵부터 밤새도록 활동한다. 주로 나방·파리·딱정벌레 등의 곤충류를 먹는다. 여름에 활동하고 겨울에는 동굴 천장에 거꾸로 매달린 채 겨울잠을 잔다. 4월 말에 잠에서 깨어나며, 번식기에 암컷은 많은 수가 무리를 형성한다. 5 ~ 6월에 새끼가 태어나고, 9월 말 무렵에는 흩어져서 제각기 겨울을 날 곳으로 간다.

하위 종

계통 분류

다음은 2002년 박쥐목의 계통 분류이다.[2]

박쥐목

큰박쥐과

       

대꼬리박쥐과

       

키티돼지코박쥐과

   

생쥐꼬리박쥐과

       

위흡혈박쥐과

     

틈새얼굴박쥐과

     

관박쥐과

   

잎코박쥐과

               

흡반발박쥐과

     

원반날개박쥐과

     

민발톱박쥐과

   

깔때기귀박쥐과

         

짧은꼬리박쥐과

     

불독박쥐과

     

유령얼굴박쥐과

   

주걱박쥐과

          큰귀박쥐과

뭉툭귀박쥐아과

   

큰귀박쥐아과

    넓은 의미의 애기박쥐과  

긴가락박쥐과

   

좁은 의미의 애기박쥐과

           

각주

  1. Simmons, N.B. (2005). 〈Order Chiroptera〉 [박쥐목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 312–529쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. K. E. Jones; A. Purvis; A. MacLarnon; O. R. Bininda-Emonds; N. B. Simmons (2002). “A phylogenetic supertree of the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)” (PDF). 《Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc》 77 (2): 223–259. doi:10.1017/S1464793101005899.
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