Psittacus Linnaeus 1758

Psittacus a zo ur genad e rummatadur an evned, ennañ perokeded, krouet e 1758 gant an naturour svedat Carl von Linné (1707-1778).

Spesadoù hag an isspesadoù anezhe^[1]

Daou spesad a ya d'ober ar genad :

• ar peroked gris Afrika (Psittacus erithacus),
• Psittacus timneh
  • P. t. princeps ha P. t. timneh.

Daou (2) isspesad en holl ; o c'havout a reer holl en Afrika.

Notennoù ha daveennoù

Muioc'h a restroù diwar-benn

Psittacus

a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.

Psittacus és un gènere d'ocells de la família dels psitàcids (Psittacidae).

Taxonomia

Tradicionalment considerat un gènere monospecífic, el loro gris ha estat separat en dues espècies arran els treballs de Melo et O'Ryan 2007 ^[1]

• lloro gris cuavermell (Psittacus erithacus).
• lloro gris cua de vinagre (Psittacus timneh).

Referències

Psittacus is a genus of African grey parrots in the subfamily Psittacinae. It contains two species: the grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) and the Timneh parrot (Psittacus timneh).

For many years, the grey parrot and Timneh parrot were classified as subspecies; the former as the nominate, the latter as P. e. timneh. However, in 2012 the taxa were recognized as separate species by BirdLife International on the basis of genetic, morphological, plumage and vocal differences.^[1][2]

These parrots are found in the primary and secondary rainforest of West and Central Africa. They are among the most intelligent birds in the world. They feed primarily on palm nuts, seeds, fruits, and leafy matter, but have also been observed eating snails. Their inclination and ability to mimic speech and other sounds have made them popular pets.

Taxonomy

The genus Psittacus was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.^[3] The genus name is Latin for "parrot".^[4] Linnaeus included all 37 of the then-known parrots in the genus and of these George Robert Gray designated the grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) as the type species.^[5][6]

Species

The genus now contains only two species:^[7]

• Grey parrot, Congo grey parrot, African grey parrot or Congo African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus, previously Psittacus erithacus erithacus ):
  This is the nominate species, larger than the Timneh at about 33 cm (13 in) long, with light-grey feathers, cherry-red tails, and an all-black beak.^[8] Immature birds of this species have tails with a darker, duller red towards the tip (Juniper and Parr 1999) until their first moult, which occurs by 18 months of age. These birds also initially have grey irises, which change to a pale yellow colour by the time the bird is a year old. The Congo grey parrot is found on the islands of Príncipe and Bioko, and is distributed from southeastern Ivory Coast to western Kenya, northwest Tanzania, southern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and northern Angola. In aviculture, it is often called a "CAG".
• Timneh parrot or Timneh African grey parrot (Psittacus timneh, previously Psittacus erithacus timneh):
  The Timneh parrot is slightly smaller in size than the Congo grey parrot, but intelligence and talking ability remain comparable. They can range from about 22–28 cm in total length, and are considered a medium size parrot. The Timneh has a darker charcoal grey colouring, a darker maroon tail, and a light, horn-coloured area to part of the upper mandible. Timneh parrots are endemic to the western parts of the moist Upper Guinea forests and bordering savannas of West Africa from Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, and southern Mali east to at least 70 km (43 mi) east of the Bandama River in Ivory Coast. It is often called a "TAG". As pets, Timnehs usually begin learning to speak earlier than greys as they mature slightly earlier. The Timneh also has a reputation of being less nervous around strangers and novel situations than the grey, but whether this is true or not is still debated. In 2012, BirdLife International gave the Timneh parrot full species status^[9] and it was classified as vulnerable.^[10]

Some aviculturalists recognize third and fourth species, but these are not distinguishable in scientific studies.^[11]

Behavior and ecology

Breeding

Grey parrots are monogamous breeders which nests in tree cavities. The hen lays 3-5 eggs, which she incubates for 30 days while being fed by her mate. Young leave the nest at the age of 12 weeks. Little is known about the courtship behaviour of this species in the wild.^[12]

Longevity

Like many large parrots, greys are long-lived birds. The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database states the longest reliably recorded longevity for the species in captivity as 49.7 years. Also acknowledged are claims of captive grey parrots reaching the ages of 73 and 93,^[13] whereas the World Parrot Trust lists a longevity of 50–60 years for a grey in captivity.^[14] The Guinness Book of World Records listed a grey parrot that allegedly lived in captivity for 72 years as the longest-lived specimen for the species.^[15]

Illness and disease

The grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) has been known at times to contract a non-infectious inflammatory lung disease called lipid pneumonia. Lipid pneumonia can be classified as exogenous or endogenous depending on whether or not the animal inhaled outside material. A necropsy shows that the lungs of a grey parrot with endogenous lipid pneumonia (EnLP) are firm with a diffuse grey discoloration. EnLP is a common illness in other animals as well.^[16] The grey parrot is also one of the three parrots that scientists found to commonly suffer from dehydration. Scientists have used plasma osmolality to find more information about the form of dehydration grey parrots have.^[17] Another disease that the grey parrots get is cardiomyopathy, which is a heart disease usually presented at a young age. The cause is having parents of the same breed. Some other common symptoms in these birds are weakness, coelomic cavity, and retardation.^[18] The grey parrot has been known to contract beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) which causes a highly contagious, and sometimes fatal, psittacine beak and feather disease in parrots.^[19] In a PCR-based study, Chlamydiosis, an infectious disease of avians, was found to infect the grey parrot. In the study 253 clinical samples were taken from 27 bird species belonging to seven orders. Thirty-two (12.6%) samples were positive for Chlamydi and two new genotypes were discovered: Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila abortus.^[20] Another ailment that grey parrots commonly suffer from is hypocalcemic-induced seizure activity. Birds between 2–15 years of age contract it, due to a lack of calcium. A symptom of the syndrome can be unsteadiness while standing or falling off a perch along with neurological anomalies or problems.^[21]

Intelligence

Birds appear to offer, in their behavior, neurophysiology, and neuroanatomy a striking case of parallel evolution of consciousness. Evidence of near human-like levels of consciousness has been most dramatically observed in African grey parrots.

— The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness^[22]

Unlike other parrots, wild greys have been documented imitating the calls of several other species.

Irene Pepperberg's research with captive greys, most notably with a bird named Alex, has scientifically demonstrated that they possess the ability to associate simple human words with meanings, and to intelligently apply the abstract concepts of shape, colour, number, zero-sense, etc. According to Pepperberg and other ornithologists, they perform many cognitive tasks at the level of dolphins, chimpanzees, and even human toddlers.^[23] As well as labeling objects, Alex could verbally express what his wants were, suggesting that grey parrots know the difference between features and feelings.^[24] In general, it has been shown that grey parrots are able to learn relatively quickly, though they are limited to simple and non-abstract mediums of thinking.^[25] They have been shown to be able to make cognitive inferences, but, like apes, have inter-individual differences in intelligence. For example, in one experiment involving food hidden under cups, it was shown that greys can identify where the food is, usually if shown its original location at first.^[26]

Pet greys may learn to speak within their first year, but many don't say their first word until 12–18 months old.^[27] Timnehs are generally observed to start speaking earlier, some in their late first year.^[28] Both subspecies seem to have the same ability and tendency to produce human speech, but vocal ability and proclivity may range widely among individual birds. Grey parrots tend to use more specific calls for different species coming their way which can be known as stimulus specificity, since there is a stimulus vocalization the birds have.^[29] One notable grey parrot is N'kisi, which in 2004 was said to have a vocabulary of over 950 words and, like Pepperberg's Alex, was noted for creative use of language.^[30] For example, when Jane Goodall visited N'kisi in his New York home, he greeted her with "Got a chimp?" because he had seen pictures of her with chimpanzees in Africa.^[31]

A study published in 2011, led by Dalila Bovet of Paris West University Nanterre La Défense, demonstrated grey parrots were able to coordinate and collaborate with each other to an extent. They were able to solve problems set by scientists—for example, two birds could pull strings at the same time to obtain food. In another example, one bird stood on a perch to release a food-laden tray, while the other pulled the tray out from the test apparatus. Both would then feed. The birds in question were observed waiting for their partners to perform the necessary actions so their behaviour could be synchronized. The parrots appeared to express individual preferences as to which of the other test birds they would work with.^[32]

In an experiment about local enhancement in grey parrots, food was visibly hidden under two separate cups. The experimenter then lifted the first cup and either removed what was under it or put it back. This was then done again in several different combinations, the cups were lifted in a different order and the food was removed or put back in a different order. Instead of remembering which cup had the food, the birds would show preference to the one that was touched last. ^[33]

Another series of experiments further tested grey parrots' cognitive abilities. In general, most animals cannot associate sounds with objects, such as food, placed into a cup. While originally only the great apes and young human children were known to make this association with ease, it was found that grey parrots, under most conditions, can also associate sounds with the presence of an object. For the most part, grey parrots performed more successfully if the cup was shaken horizontally before it is given the choice of selecting which contained food; however, further experimentation indicated that it is not a requirement and proved that grey parrots have very high cognitive abilities.^[34]

Vocalisation

Wild grey parrots often whistle, click, or make other sounds. A grey's owner should expect to hear regular renditions of microwave ovens, telephones, alarm clocks, video games, and other electronic sounds, as well as dripping water, wild birds, and any other sound often heard by the parrot. Greys have even been known to repeat the profanity they heard from an owner even after they no longer live with that owner. Greys also have the ability to mimic, and distinguish between, the different voices they hear. Grey parrots use different alarm calls for different predators coming their way.^[35]

In an experiment to test the vocalizations of grey parrots, four bred in captivity were placed in an aviary. Throughout the day they spent time in a room with toys and came into fairly regular contact with the humans taking care of them. The noises that these parrots could hear consisted of the calls of canaries in the laboratory, people cleaning, doors squeaking, etc. In the next 3 years, the parrots made over 50,000 vocalisations. What was interesting was that, although they were bred in captivity, the sounds they made were not only ones of their immediate surroundings. They also made calls similar to those of other captive grey parrots in different locations and even wild grey parrots.^[36]

Status and conservation

Timneh parrot (wings clipped)

More rare than previously believed, the grey was uplisted from a species of least concern to near threatened in the 2007 IUCN Red List.^[37] A recent analysis suggests up to 21% of the global population may be taken from the wild annually,^[37] primarily for the pet trade. In 2012, the species was further uplisted to vulnerable.^[10] The species is endemic to primary and secondary rainforests of West and Central Africa.^[38] Grey parrots depend on large, old trees for the natural hollows they use for nesting. Studies in Guinea and Guinea-Bissau have found that greys' preferred species of nesting trees are also species preferred for timber.^[39] The relationship between the status of the species and the status of primary forest is positive:^[40] where the forests are declining, so too are populations of grey parrots.^[39]

Grey parrot in a bird park

The grey parrot is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This requires both that exports be accompanied by a permit issued by a national authority and that a finding be made that the export is not detrimental to the species in the wild. With exports totaling more than 350,000 specimens from 1994 to 2003,^[41] the grey parrot is one of the most heavily traded CITES-listed bird species. In response to continuing population declines, exceeded quotas, and unsustainable and illegal trade (including among range states), CITES included the grey parrot in Phase VI of the CITES Review of Significant Trade in 2004. This review has resulted in recommended zero export quotas for several range states and a CITES decision to develop regional management plans for the species.

In the United States, importation of wild-caught grey parrots is prohibited under the US Wild Bird Conservation Act of 1992. In the European Union, an EU Directive of 2007 prevents importation of this and any other wild-caught birds for the pet trade.

Relationship with humans

Aviculture

A pet grey parrot

These intelligent mimics can make interesting pets and companion parrots. They have a devoted following among parrot owners. However, the same qualities mean they require a special commitment by their owners to provide frequent one-on-one interaction and supervised time out of their cages. They must be kept stimulated and busy by people and toys or they may become stressed and develop self-destructive behaviors. Greys require large cages, varied diets that include fresh foods, and plenty of safe and chewable toys. If not provided with these items, these parrots can quickly develop unpleasant behaviours and may eventually develop health problems (such as feather-plucking) that are difficult to remedy.

Even the healthiest, happiest pet parrot will generate a fair amount of mess and noise. Like most parrots, they are not domesticated, and even a well-socialized, hand-raised, aviary-bred bird is usually only one or two generations removed from its wild predecessor. Despite this, there is a long history of these parrots being kept at pets by the ancient Greeks, wealthy Roman families, King Henry VIII, Portuguese sailors, and others.

Cultural depictions

• The character 'Gerard' in Michael Crichton's novel Next is a transgenic grey parrot with the capability of doing math.
• The character 'Madison' in Dick King-Smith's novel Harry's Mad is a grey parrot.
• The character 'Methuselah' in Barbara Kingsolver's novel The Poisonwood Bible is a grey parrot.
• The children's book Friendly Feathers: Life with Pierre, an African Grey Parrot by Fran Smith, illustrated by Deon Matzen, is about a grey parrot. ISBN 978-0-615-22232-5
• The bird owned by the character 'Linus Steinman' in the novel The Final Solution by Michael Chabon is a grey parrot.
• In the book, We'll Always Have Parrots by Donna Andrews, a grey parrot helps protagonist Meg Langslow apprehend the antagonist.
• In the book, Sick as a Parrot by Liz Evans, the parrot in the title is a grey parrot.
• Cat Marsala, the main protagonist in "Hard Christmas" by Barbara D'Amato, has a pet grey parrot named Long John Silver.
• In the book Somebody Else's Summer, Bilbo was a grey parrot which belonged to George Carr.
• The character 'Polynesia' in Hugh Lofting's Doctor Dolittle children's novels is a grey parrot. In the film version, the character was played by a blue and gold macaw.
• In Thomas Bernhard's play Immanuel Kant, the philosopher praises his Psittacus erithacus without end, saying only he understands his logic.
• Mercedes Lackey's short stories "Grey" and "Grey's Ghost" feature a grey parrot that has a remarkable bond with her owner.
• Web Comic Matthew Inman; also known as "The Oatmeal", wrote a web comic about his pet grey parrot. I have firsthand experience with an undead parrot
• Online Parrot Personality "Felix" shares parrot advocacy through a subtitled life. Log into Facebook. Felix is also featured in 3 books promoting proper companion parrot communication and understanding by author Kathy LaFollett. Blurb Bookstore. Buy, sell or share self published books | Blurb Books

See also

• Alex (parrot)
• N'kisi
• Hatebeak

References

Footnotes

Sources

• Athan, Mattie Sue & Deter, Dianalee (2000): The African Grey Parrot Handbook. Barron's Pet Handbooks, Hauppauge, NY. ISBN 0-7641-0993-6
• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Psittacus erithacus (Retrieved 6 July 2011)
• BirdLife International (2007a): 2006–2007 Red List status changes. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
• BirdLife International (2007b): Grey Parrot – BirdLife Species Factsheet. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
• Beaufrere, Hugues; et al. (2011). "Plasma Osmolality Reference Values in African Grey Parrots(Psittacus erithacus erithacus)". Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery. 25 (2): 91–96. doi:10.1647/2010-015.1. PMID 21877445. S2CID 33399471.
• Juan-Salles, C; et al. (2010). "Congestive Heart Failure in 6 African Grey Parrots (Psittacus e erithacus) (May 2011)". Journal of General Virology. 48 (3): 691–697. doi:10.1177/0300985810377071. PMID 20660943. S2CID 25359919.
• Brinker, Bobbi (2005): For the Love of Greys. ISBN 0-9760576-1-1
• Forshaw, Joseph M. & Cooper, William T. (1981): Parrots of the World (3rd ed.). Lansdowne Editions, Melbourne, New York. ISBN 0-7018-0690-7
• Greene, W.T. & Batty, J. (1993): African grey parrots. Beech Publishing House, Alton. ISBN 1-85736-027-3
• Glendell, G. Breaking Bad Habits in Parrots (2007) ISBN 978-1-84286-165-3.
• Glendell, G in Veterinary Times (UK) 18 February 2008.
• Kaufman, Allison B.; et al. (2013). "Higher-order semantic structures in an African Grey Parrot's Vocalization: evidence from the hyperspace analog to language (HAL) model". Animal Cognition. 16 (5): 789–801. doi:10.1007/s10071-013-0613-3. PMID 23417559. S2CID 11359605.
• Juniper, Tony & Parr, Mike (1998): Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 1-873403-40-2
• Liddell, Henry George & Robert Scott (1980): A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). Oxford University Press, United Kingdom. ISBN 0-19-910207-4
• Giret, Nicolas; et al. (April 2012). "Context-related vocalizations in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)". Acta Ethologica. 15 (4): 39–46. doi:10.1007/s10211-011-0106-9. S2CID 18208971.
• Schmid; Doherr, R.; Steiger, M G. (2006). "The influence of the breeding method on the behaviour of adult African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 98 (3–4): 293–307. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.09.002.
• Linnaeus, Carolus (1758): Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. (10th edition, vol.1). Laurentius Salvius, Holmia (= Stockholm).
• Mancini, Julie R. (1998): The African Grey. Howell Book House, New York. ISBN 0-87605-443-2
• Moustaki, Nikki (2004): A New Owner's Guide to African Grey Parrots. TFH Publications, Neptune City, NJ. ISBN 0-7938-2855-4
• Mulawka, Edward J. (1984): African Grey Parrots. TFH Publications. ISBN 0-86622-975-2
• Pepperberg, Irene (2002): The Alex Studies: cognitive and communicative abilities of grey parrots. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London. ISBN 0-674-00806-5
• Wright, Maggie (2001): African Grey Parrots: everything about history, care, nutrition, handling, and behavior. Barron's Pet Handbooks, Hauppauge, NY. ISBN 0-7641-1035-7

Psittacus estas genro de afrotropisaj papagoj (Psittacinae). Ĝi konsistas je du specioj: la griza papago (Psittacus erithacus) kaj la Timneh-papago (Psittacus timneh).

Dum longa tempo la genro konsideratis monotipa kaj griza papago kaj Timneh-papago rigardatis kiel subspecioj de Psittacus erithacus: laŭorde, P. e. erithacus kaj P. e. timneh. Tamen en 2012 BirdLife International agnoskis ilin apartaj specioj laŭ kombinaĵo de genetikaj, morfologiaj kaj kondutaj diferencoj.^[1][2]

La papagoj troveblas en pluvarbaroj de Uesta kaj Centra Afriko. Ilia dieto plejparte konsistas je nuksoj, semoj, fruktoj kaj folioj, sed oni ankaŭ observis ilin manĝantajn helikojn. Ili estas inter la plej inteligentaj birdoj en la mondo kaj povas lerni imiti multajn sonojn, inter aliaj homajn parolmanieron kaj diversajn sonojn (ridado, tusado ktp). Tio ĉi igas ilin popularaj dombirdoj.

Etimologio

La genra nomo Psittacus, samkiel la familia nomo Psittacidae kaj aliaj similaj taksonaj nomoj, devenas de la pruntita latina vorto psittacus, kiu siavice devenas de la antikva greka ψιττακός. Tiu ĉi vorto simple signifas "papago". Por la genro de griza papago la vorton enkondukis Karolo Lineo, rekonante ke ĝuste la griza papago estis la plej frua specio de papago konata en Eŭropo.

Taksonomio

Nuntempe oni akceptas du speciojn:^[3]

• Griza papago (Psittacus erithacus), ankaŭ nomata Konga griza papago, Afrika griza papago, aŭ, laŭ vorto el la franca kaj kelkaj aliaj lingvoj, ĵakoo aŭ ĵako-papago. Ĝi estas la tipa specio, kaj antaŭ la disigo de la specio ĝi konsideratis tipa subspecio Psittacus erithacus erithacus.
  Grizaj papagoj estas pli grandaj ol Timneh-papagoj kaj longas averaĝe ĉirkaŭ 33 cm. Iliaj plumaroj estas plejparte hele grizaj, kun pli blankecaj vizaĝoj kaj ĉerize-ruĝaj vostoj. La bekoj estas plene nigraj, la okuloj grizaj aŭ flavece-grizaj.^[3] Junaj birdoj de tiu ĉi specio havas pli malhelan kaj malbrilan koloron ĉe la pinto de la vosto.^[4] Griza papago nature vivas sur insuloj de Principeo kaj Bioko, en sud-eosta Ebur-Bordo, uesta Kenjo, norduesta Tanzanio, sudaj partoj de Demokratia Respubliko Kongo kaj norda Angolo. En birdobredado la specio nomiĝas per kodo "CAG".
• Timneh-papago (Psittacus timneh), antaŭe konsiderata subspecio (Psittacus erithacus timneh).
  Timneh-papagoj estas averaĝe pli malgrandaj ol la grizaj papagoj kaj longas ĉirkaŭ 22–28 cm. Iliaj plumaroj estas pli malhelaj ol tiuj de grizaj papagoj, de griza ĉe la ventro ĝis karbe nigra ĉe la dorso kaj flugiloj. Iliaj vostoj estas malhele ruĝaj aŭ vinkoloraj. Sur supra parto de la beko ili havas rozkoloran aŭ kornkoloran makulon. Timneh-papagoj estas endemiaj en pluvarbaroj de Supra Gvineo kaj en apudaj savanoj de Uesta Afriko, de Gvineo Bisaŭa kaj suda Malio eosten ĝis Ebur-Bordo, ĝis 70 km eoste de rivero Bandama. En birdobredado la specio havas kodon "TAG". Tuj post kiam Timneh-papago ricevis specian statuson en 2012 ĝi estis klasita kiel vundebla.^[5]

En birdobredado oni iam distingigas ankoraŭ trian kaj kvaran specion, sed scienca ornitologio ne akceptas tion.^[6]

Referencoj

Psittacus est un genre d'oiseaux de la famille des Psittacidae.

Étymologie

Le terme Psittacus, comme le terme Psittacidae, est emprunté au latin psittacus, de même sens, dérivé du grec ancien ψιττακός^[1].

Taxinomie

À la suite de l'étude phylogénique de Melo & O’Ryan (2007), le Congrès ornithologique international, dans sa classification de référence (version 4.2, 2014), divise l'espèce Psittacus erithacus en deux. Sa sous-espèce P. e. timneh, qui est génétiquement différente, avec un plumage, un bec et des vocalisations différents, ainsi qu'une nouvelle sous-espèce P. t. princeps, découverte au cours de l'étude, deviennent l'espèce Perroquet timneh (Psittacus timneh).

Liste des espèces

D'après la classification de référence (version 5.1, 2015) du Congrès ornithologique international (ordre phylogénique) :

• Psittacus erithacus – Perroquet jaco
• Psittacus timneh – Perroquet timneh

Notes et références

Psittacus adalah sebuah genus bayan Afrika dalam subkeluarga Psittacinae. Genus tersebut terdiri dari dua spesies: bayan abu-abu (Psittacus erithacus) dan bayan Timneh (Psittacus timneh).

Referensi

Catatan kaki

Sumber

• Athan, Mattie Sue & Deter, Dianalee (2000): The African Grey Parrot Handbook. Barron's Pet Handbooks, Hauppauge, NY.ISBN 0-7641-0993-6
• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Psittacus erithacus (Retrieved 6 July 2011)
• BirdLife International (2007a): 2006–2007 Red List status changes. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
• BirdLife International (2007b): Grey Parrot – BirdLife Species Factsheet. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
• Beaufrere, Hugues; et al. "Plasma Osmolality Reference Values in African Grey Parrots(Psittacus erithacus erithacus)". (June 2011) Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 25 (2):91-96.
• Juan-Salles, C; et al. Congestive Heart Failure in 6 African Grey Parrots (Psittacus e erithacus) (May 2011) Journal of General Virology 48 (3): 691-697 DOI:10.1177/0300985810377071
• Brinker, Bobbi (2005): For the Love of Greys. ISBN 0-9760576-1-1
• Forshaw, Joseph M. & Cooper, William T. (1981): Parrots of the World (3rd ed.). Lansdowne Editions, Melbourne, New York.ISBN 0-7018-0690-7
• Greene, W.T. & Batty, J. (1993): African grey parrots. Beech Publishing House, Alton.ISBN 1-85736-027-3
• Glendell, G. Breaking Bad Habits in Parrots (2007) ISBN 978-1-84286-165-3.
• Glendell, G in Veterinary Times (UK) 18 Februari 2008.
• Kaufman, Allison B.; et al. (2013). "Higher-order semantic structures in an African Grey Parrot's Vocalization: evidence from the hyperspace analog to language (HAL) model". Animal Cognition. 16 (5): 789–801. doi:10.1007/s10071-013-0613-3.
• Juniper, Tony & Parr, Mike (1998): Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Christopher Helm, London.ISBN 1-873403-40-2
• Liddell, Henry George & Robert Scott (1980): A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). Oxford University Press, United Kingdom.ISBN 0-19-910207-4
• Giret, Nicolas; et al. (April 2012). "Context-related vocalizations in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)". Acta Ethologica. 15 (4): 39–46. doi:10.1007/s10211-011-0106-9.
• Schmid, R. Doherr, M G. Steiger, The influence of the breeding method on the behaviour of adult African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2005, see www.elsevier.com/locate/applanim
• Linnaeus, Carolus (1758): Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. (10th edition, vol.1). Laurentius Salvius, Holmia (= Stockholm).
• Mancini, Julie R. (1998): The African Grey. Howell Book House, New York.ISBN 0-87605-443-2
• Moustaki, Nikki (2004): A New Owner's Guide to African Grey Parrots. TFH Publications, Neptune City, NJ.ISBN 0-7938-2855-4
• Mulawka, Edward J. (1984): African Grey Parrots. TFH Publications.ISBN 0-86622-975-2
• Pepperberg, Irene (2002): The Alex Studies: cognitive and communicative abilities of grey parrots. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London.ISBN 0-674-00806-5
• Wright, Maggie (2001): African Grey Parrots: everything about history, care, nutrition, handling, and behavior. Barron's Pet Handbooks, Hauppauge, NY.ISBN 0-7641-1035-7

Pranala luar

• World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia – Species Profile
• African Grey news & conservation
• Honolulu Zoo
• African Grey Parrot Centre information about supporting grey parrots
• The Parrot Club an excellent resource for keepers of all parrots
• Tinkerbell & Riamfada Having a full flighted CAG as companion at home and outside

Templat:Psittacini

Psittacus è un genere di pappagalli cenerini africani della sottofamiglia Psittacinae, che contiene due specie: il pappagallo cenerino (Psittacus erithacus) e il pappagallo di Timneh (Psittacus timneh).^[1]

Per molti anni il pappagallo cenerino e il pappagallo di Timneh sono stati classificati come sottospecie; il primo come nominale, il secondo come P. e. timneh. Tuttavia, nel 2012 i taxa sono stati riconosciuti come specie separate da BirdLife International sulla base di differenze genetiche, morfologiche, del piumaggio e vocali.^[2][3]

Questi pappagalli sono originari della foresta pluviale dell'Africa occidentale e centrale. Sono tra gli uccelli più intelligenti al mondo, e si nutrono principalmente di noci di palma, semi, frutti e materiale frondoso, ma sono stati osservati anche mangiare insetti e lumache. La loro inclinazione e capacità di imitare il linguaggio umano e altri suoni li ha resi animali domestici molto popolari.

Note

Bibliografia

• Julie Rach; (1998) The African Grey: An Owner's Guide to a Happy Healthy Pet Howell Book House. ISBN 0-87605-443-2
• W.T. Greene; African Grey Parrots Beech Publishing House. ISBN 1-85736-027-3
• E. J. Mulawka; (1984) African Grey Parrots TFH Publications. ISBN 0-86622-975-2
• Tony Juniper and Mike Parr; (1998) Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07453-0
• Irene Pepperberg; Parla con Alex, una storia di scienza ed amicizia
• Betty Jean Craige; (2013) Parola di pappagallo Edizioni Mediterranee . EAN: 9788827222508

Psittaciformes sunt ordo avium 372 fere specierum in 86 generibus descriptarum,^[2] qui in plurimis regionibus tropicis et subtropicis inventae. Ordo in tres superfamilias dividitur: Psittacoidea, Cacatuoidea, et Strigopoidea (psittaciformes Novae Zelandiae).^[3] Psittaciformibus est distributio plerumque pantropica, nonnullaeque species regiones temperatas in hemisphaerio australi habitant. Maxima psittaciformium diversitas est in America Australi et Australasia.

Ara ararauna nucem arboris Juglantis edit.

Pinnae Amazonae oratricis.

Calvaria fossile cognati psittaciformium ex Eocaeno Green River Formation in Vyomina.

Compages ossium psittaciformis.

Pirata et eius psittacus sunt classicum in cultura populari Occidentali par.

Inter proprietates Psittaciformium sunt firmum rostrum crassum et curvum, status erectus, crura valida, et pedes ungulati zygodactyles. Multi psittaciformes sunt versicolores, nonnullisque sunt multi colores. Plurimi paucum vel nullum dimorphismum sexualem exhibent.

Elementa maximi momenti in victus rationibus plurimorum psittaciformium sunt semina, nuces, fructus, gemmae, et alia res plantarum. Nonnullae species animalia et cadavera aliquando edunt, et psittaciformes tribus Loriinorum nectare florum et fructibus vescuntur. Paene omnes psittaciformes nidos in cavis arboris faciunt et ova alba pariunt, ex quibus excludunt iuvenes altriciales.

Psittaciformes, cum Corvidis, sunt inter aves intellegentissimas, et facultas vocum humanarum imitandarum nonnullarum specierum facit ut eae animalia dilecta populo gratiores sint.

Systematica

Classificatio sequens in proposito recentissimo, quod vicissim in omnibus inventis recentibus conditur.^{[3][4][5][6][7]}

Superfamilia Strigopoidea

• Familia Nestoridae: 2 genera, 2 viva (kea et New Zealand kaka) et nonnullae species exstinctae in regione Novae Zelandiae
• Familia Strigopidae: 1 species, Strigops habroptilus (kakapo) Novae Zelandiae

Superfamily Cacatuoidea: Cockatoos

• Familia Cacatuidae
  • Subfamilia Nymphicinae: 1 genus, 1 species, Nymphicus hollandicus
  • Subfamilia Calyptorhynchinae
  • Subfamilia Cacatuinae
    • Tribus Microglossini: 1 genus, 1 species, Probosciger aterrimus
    • Tribus Cacatuini: 4 genera

Superfamilia Psittacoidea

• Familia Psittacidae
  • Subfamilia Psittacinae: 2 genera, Psittacus et Poicephalus
  • Subfamilia Arinae
    • Tribus Arini: 15 genera
    • Tribus Androglossini: 7 genera
    • Incertae sedis: 10 genera
• Familia Psittrichasiidae
  • Subfamilia Psittrichasinae: 1 species, Psittrichas fulgidus
  • Subfamilia Coracopsinae: 1 genus, nonnullae species
• Familia Psittaculidae
  • Subfamilia Platycercinae
    • Tribus Pezoporini
    • Tribus Platycercini
  • Subfamilia Psittacellinae: 1 genus (Psittacella), nonnullae species
  • Subfamilia Loriinae
    • Tribus Loriini
    • Tribus Melopsittacini: 1 genus, 1 species (Melopsittacus undulatus)
    • Tribus Cyclopsittini
  • Subfamilia Agapornithinae: 3 genera
  • Subfamilia Psittaculinae
    • Tribus Polytelini: 3 genera
    • Tribus Psittaculini
    • Tribus Micropsittini

Notae

Bibliographia

• Cameron, Matt. 2007. Cockatoos. Collingwood Victoriae Australiae: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9780643092327.
• Hochspringen, T. F., Wright, E. E. Schirtzinger, T. Matsumoto, J. R. Eberhard, G. R. Graves, J. J. Sanchez, S. Capelli, H. Müller, J. Scharpegge, G. K. Chambers, et R. C. Fleischer. A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous. Molecular Biology and Evolution. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn160.
• Rowley, Ian. 1997. Family Psittacidae. In Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 4, Sandgrouse to Cuckoos, ed. Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, et Jordi Sargatal, 246–269. Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 9788487334221.

Psittacus is een geslacht van vogels uit de familie van de papegaaien van Afrika en de Nieuwe Wereld (Psittacidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van het geslacht werd in 1758 gepubliceerd door Carl Linnaeus.^[1]

Soorten

De volgende soorten zijn bij het geslacht ingedeeld:^[2]

• Psittacus erithacus Linnaeus, 1758 – Grijze roodstaartpapegaai
• Psittacus timneh Fraser, 1844 – Timnehpapegaai

Psittacus (jakopapegøyer) er ei slekt med afrikanske papegøyer som inkluderer to arter, hvorav den ene ble skilt ut som egen art i 2012.^[1]

Beskrivelse

Jakopapegøyer er mellomstore papegøyer med hovedsakelig grå fjærdrakt. De har gjennom århundrer vært populære som kjæledyr, fordi fuglene er sosiale og svært gode til å etterligne lyder fra andre kilder, som mennesker.

I naturen kommuniserer papegøyer med høylytte skrik og plystrelyder, som arten gjenkjenner som en slags dialekt. Ville jakopapegøyer er også kjent for å kunne etterligne andre fugle- og dyrelyder i naturen.^[2] Noen hevder at jakopapegøyer kan lære seg å uttrykke opp mot 500 ulike ord, men slike påstander savner typisk vitenskapelig forankring. Verdensrekorden skal ifølge Guinness rekordbok innehas av fuglen Puck, en undulat (Melopsittacus undulatus), og telle 1728 ulike ord.^[3] Jakoen Bibi hevdes å ha hatt et ordforråd på mer enn 500 ord da hun var omkring 6 år gammel.^[4] Jakopapegøyen Alex (en vanlig jako), kanskje verdens mest berømte snakkende fugl, hadde ifølge eieren selv, forskeren Irene Pepperberg, et ordforråd på cirka 150 ord.^[5] Moderne forskning har også vist at jakoene trolig er mer intelligente enn mange andre dyr, i den grad at fuglene kan løse enkle oppgaver.^[5] Alex lærte seg blant annet å se forskjell på brikker med ulike former og farger.^[5]

Taksonomi

Psittacus timneh (vestlig jako) ble tidligere regnet som en underart av Psittacus erithacus (jako), men er nå skilt ut som egen art.^[6][7]

Jako og vestlig jako skiller seg visuelt fra hverandre gjennom forskjeller i fjærdraken og fysisk størrelse. Tradisjonell jako har signalrød stjert og blir normalt cirka 33 cm lang, mens vestlig jako har mørk grå stjert og blir omkring 28 cm lang. Jako er dessuten lysere grå i fjærdrakten enn vestlig jako. Ifølge BirdLife International er det også forskjeller i morfologi, vokalisering og genetisk arvemateriale.

Arter

• jako (Psittacus erithacus)
• vestlig jako (Psittacus timneh)

Referanser

Eksterne lenker

• (en) Psittacus i Encyclopedia of Life
• (en) Psittacus i Global Biodiversity Information Facility
• (en) Psittacus hos Fossilworks
• (en) Psittacus hos NCBI
• (en) Psittacus hos ITIS
• (en) Kategori:Psittacus – bilder, video eller lyd på Wikimedia Commons
• Psittacus – detaljert informasjon på Wikispecies

Psittacus, po slovensky papagáj, je rod z čeľade papagájovité. Jeho jediným druhom je papagáj sivý (Psittacus erithacus), prezývaný žako.

Papagáj sivý je stredne veľký africký papagáj, ktorý pochádza z dažďových pralesov Východnej a Strednej Afriky. Tento papagáj patrí k najinteligentnejším vtákom sveta. Jeho hlavnou potravou sú orechy, ovocie a rastlinná potrava pochádzajúca z listnatých stromov.

Papagáj sivý má dva poddruhy: papagáj sivý konžský a trochu menší poddruh papagáj sivý timneh. Obidva poddruhy majú základnú farbu sivú, tmavosivé krídla a bledosivý chrbát. Neoperený lem okolo očí je belavý až bledosivý. Perie hlavy a krku má svetlejšie okraje, ktoré dodávajú týmto partiám tela dojem vrúbkovania. Papagáj sivý konžský má chvostové perie jasnočervené a papagáj sivý libérijský má chvostové perá tmavo-gaštanovohnedé.

Pre svoju schopnosť napodobňovať ľudskú reč je hlavne papagáj sivý konžský obľúbeným rodinným spoločníkom. Papagáj sivý je zaradený v zozname zvierat druhého dodatku CITES, pre ktoré platí regulácia obchodu a zákaz odchytu z ich prirodzeného životného prostredia.

Opis

Africký papagáj sivý žako bol registrovaný už v 18. storočí spolu s inými druhmi vtákov pod menom Psittacus erithacus v diele Systema naturae od Carla Linného. Je jediným zástupcom rodu Psittacus. Rodové meno pochádza z gréckeho slova psittakos (ψιττακος), „papagáj“.^[1]

V rode Psittacus sú zastúpené dva poddruhy:^[2]

• Papagáj sivý konžský (Psittacus erithacus erithacus): tento druh je najrozšírenejší. Je väčší ako druhý papagáj sivý libérijský. Jeho dĺžka je okolo 33 cm, má svetlosivé perie, jasnočervené chvostové perie a čierny zobák.^[2] Nedospelé vtáky tohto poddruhu majú až do preperenia (po 18&mesiacoch veku) chvostové perá tmavšie, menej výrazne červené. Mladé vtáky majú spočiatku sivé očné dúhovky, ktorých farba sa vo veku jedného roka zmení na bledožltú. Konžský papagáj sivý konžský sa vo voľnej prírode najviac vyskytuje na ostrovoch Príncipe a Bioko, je rozšírený od juhovýchodu Pobrežia Slonoviny po západnú Keňu, severozápadnú Tanzániu, južného Konga a severnej Angoly.
• Papagáj sivý timneh (Psittacus erithacus timneh): tento poddruh je menší. Perie má sfarbené do tmavšej sivej farby s menej výraznou kresbou. Chvostové perie tohto druhu je gaštanovohnedé. Horná čeľusť zobáka je svetlá, má rohovinový farebný odtieň. Papagáj sivý libérijský je endemickým druhom západných častí vlhkých guinejských pralesov a saván na ich okrajoch v Západnej Afrike od Guiney-Bissau, Sierra Leone a južnej Mali na východnú časť okolia rieky Bandama v Pobreží Slonoviny.

Životné prostredie

Prirodzeným životným prostredím papagája sivého je dažďový prales západnej a strednej Afriky.^[3] Tieto vtáky hniezdia v prirodzených dutinách obrovských, starých stromov. Obýva aj savanové lesy a otvorenú krajinu. Potravu získava väčšinou z korún stromov. Dožíva sa veku až 70 rokov.^[4]

Chov papagája sivého

Zaujímavosťou je, že napriek dlhodobému chovu sa dosiaľ nepodarilo v zajatí odchovať farebné mutácie tohto druhu papagája. V zajatí sú chovaní jedinci, ktorí majú identické sfarbenie ako jedinci, ktorí žijú vo voľnej v prírode.

Domáci miláčikovia

História chovu papagája sivého ako domáceho miláčika je stará viac ako 4 000 rokov. Vyobrazenia týchto vtákov je možné vidieť už v egyptských hieroglyfických textoch. V antickom Grécku boli papagáje chované ako domáci spoločník a tento zvyk od grékov prebrali aj starí rimania. Vtákov, ktorí boli vysoko cenení pre ich schopnosť rozprávať držali v zdobených klietkach. Afrického sivé papagája vlastnil aj anglický kráľ Henrich VIII a na svoje dlhé výpravy si ich často brávali aj portugalskí dobyvatelia nových zemí.

V súčasnosti sú pre účel výchovy skroteného domáceho žaka ručne chovateľmi dokrmované mláďatá. Odchované, skrotené papagáje, predávané vo veku 2 až 4 roky sú prítulné a spoločenské a stávajú sa z nich domáci maznáčikovia. Ručný odchov zbavuje týchto vtákov rodičovského pudu a spôsobuje, že sú v dospelosti sexuálne fixované na ľudí. Stupeň, ktorým prebehne ručný odchov môže byť variabilný. Niektorí jedinci môžu byť vychovávaní od vyliahnutia v inkubátore, niektorí chovatelia odoberajú mláďatá z hniezda vo veku niekoľkých dní, alebo po pár týždňoch. Podľa stupňa vývoja, v ktorom bol mladý vták odobraný jeho rodičom závisí aj stupeň degradácie jeho správania v dospelosti.

Vlastníci týchto domácich miláčikov prirovnávajú vývoj ich správania k vývoju dieťaťa, nielen vďaka inteligencii tohto vtáka ale aj porovnateľným spôsobom vývoja ich vzťahu k členom rodiny. Papagáje sivé sú vysoko inteligentné vtáky a spomedzi všetkých druhov papagájov sú považované za najlepších imitátorov zvukov a ľudskej reči.

Tak isto ako ostatné druhy papagájov, ktoré sú samostatne chované v klietkach aj žakovia si vyžadujú veľa času a pozornosti. Napriek rôznorodým údajom sa väčšina autorov štúdií správania tohto papagája zhoduje na tom, že je dobré ak sa zdržuje aspoň tri hodiny denne mimo klietky a potrebuje denný aspoň 45-minútový priamy kontakt s niekým z okolia. Krotký papagáj sivý by mal byť umiestnený na bezpečnom mieste v klietke v rušnej časti obydlia, ako je napríklad obývacia izba, kde sa môže zamestnávať aj pozorovaním toho, čo sa deje v rodine. Žakovia sú známi svojou plachosťou v prítomnosti cudzích ľudí. Pokiaľ nemajú možnosť kontaktu s rôznymi osobami, majú tendenciu upnúť sa na jediného človeka. Vďaka svojej inteligencii si žako vyžaduje hračky (3-5 ks), aby sa nenudil.

Papagájom, ktoré sú chované voľne v byte sa na obmedzenie koordinácie a výkonu voľného letu zvykne zastrihávať perie na jednom krídle. U papagájov sivých je potrebné toto zastrihávanie vykonávať tak, aby sa úplne neznížila ich schopnosť lietania, nakoľko tento druh papagájov má v pomere k svojmu telu značne vysokú hmotnosť, ktorá pri prílišnom zastrihnutí môže spôsobiť ich pád a poranenie s trvalými následkami.

Klietka pre žaka by mala mať dĺžku 1 m a hĺbku 60 cm. Výška by mala byť minimálne podľa výšky vtáka, no nemala by byť vyššia ako majiteľ, aby sa papagáj nezačal správať teritoriálne.

Aj keď sa ručne odchované papagáje sivé ľahko socializujú u svojich vlastníkov, divé, neskrotené papagáje tohto druhu si na klietku a život v rodinnom prostredí nikdy nezvyknú. Pri priblížení človeka sú bojazlivé, splašia sa a vydávajú chrčivé zvuky.

Niektoré sivé papagáje majú nevyspytateľnú povahu a zle sa znášajú s malými deťmi. Vzhľadom na svoju telesnú stavbu majú veľkú silu a dokážu svojim silným zobákom spôsobiť vážne poranenie na ľudskom tele. Napriek tomu, že pazúry nepoužívajú priamo ako zbraň sú prirodzene ostré a dokážu nimi spôsobiť poranenie.

Inteligencia a schopnosť napodobňovať reč

Porovnávanie inteligencie zvieracích druhov je veľmi ťažké, no papagáje spolu krkavcovitými, sojkami, havranmi a vranami sa vo všeobecnosti považujú za jeden z najinteligentnejších druhov vtákov. Jeho inteligencia sa dá porovnať aj s ľudským batoľaťom. Papagáje sivé sú známe svojimi kognitívnymi schopnosťami, ktoré sa u nich pravdepodobne vyvinuli v strednej Afrike vďaka ich spolupráci pri vyhľadávaní potravy.

Americká etologička Irene Pepperbergová zverejnila svoje experimenty s papagájmi sivými, chovanými v zajatí, v ktorých preukazuje, že dokážu aspoň do určitej miery niektoré slová spájať s ich významami. Niektorí jedinci disponujú slovníkom, ktorý obsahuje aj viac ako tisíc slov a dokážu ich reprodukovať aj vo vetách.

Potrava

Papagáj sivý, žako má špeciálne požiadavky na krmivo a môže byť chovaný množstvom potravy bohatej na vápnik a vitamín A, ako sú mandle, malé množstvá syra, zelené listy, horčicové listy, brokolica, či vo forme vitamínových prípravkov. Predávkovanie vitamínom A, či kalciom môže tomuto vtákovi spôsobiť zdravotné problémy.

Potrava nevhodná pre papagájov

• Čokoláda^[5]
• Avokádo^[6]
• Kofeín^[5]
• Alkohol^[5]

Galéria

• Papagáj sivý konžský

• Papagáj sivý konžský (detail)

• Papagáj sivý libérijský (detail)

Referencie

1. ↑ Linnaeus (1758: 824), Liddell & Scott (1980).
2. ↑ ^{a b} Forshaw & Cooper (1978).
3. ↑ See Juniper, T. and M. Parr. 1998. Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
4. ↑ Papagáj sivý - Žako
5. ↑ ^{a b c} African Grey Parrot [online]. PETCO Animal Supplies, Inc, 2005. Dostupné online.
6. ↑ Amazonia.cz- Smrtelně nebezpečné avokádo

Iné projekty

• Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Psittacus
• Wikidruhy ponúkajú informácie na tému Psittacus

Zdroje

• Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku Papoušek šedý na českej Wikipédii (číslo revízie nebolo určené).
• Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku African Grey Parrot na anglickej Wikipédii (číslo revízie nebolo určené).

Jakor (Psittacus) är ett fågelsläkte i familjen Västpapegojor inom ordningen papegojfåglar:^[1] Släktet omfattar här två arter med naturlig förekomst i Västafrika och Centralafrika:^[1][2]

• Grå jako (P. erithacus)
• Västlig jako (P. timneh) – behandlas ofta som underart till erithacus^[3]

Referenser

1. ^ [a b] Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2015. IOC World Bird List (v 5.4). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.5.4.
2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2015) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter Arkiverad 18 oktober 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., läst 2015-12-20
3. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2015-08-11

Psittacus là một chi chim trong họ Psittacidae.^[1]

Các loài

• Psittacus erithacus
• Psittacus timneh

Chú thích

Tham khảo

• Athan, Mattie Sue & Deter, Dianalee (2000): The African Grey Parrot Handbook. Barron's Pet Handbooks, Hauppauge, NY. ISBN 0-7641-0993-6
• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Psittacus erithacus (Retrieved 6 July 2011)
• BirdLife International (2007a): 2006–2007 Red List status changes. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
• BirdLife International (2007b): Grey Parrot – BirdLife Species Factsheet. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
• Beaufrere, Hugues; et al. "Plasma Osmolality Reference Values in African Grey Parrots(Psittacus erithacus erithacus)". (June 2011) Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 25 (2):91-96.
• Juan-Salles, C; et al. Congestive Heart Failure in 6 African Grey Parrots (Psittacus e erithacus) (May 2011) Journal of General Virology 48 (3): 691-697 doi:10/1177/0300985810377071
• Brinker, Bobbi (2005): For the Love of Greys. ISBN 0-9760576-1-1
• Forshaw, Joseph M. & Cooper, William T. (1981): Parrots of the World (3rd ed.). Lansdowne Editions, Melbourne, New York. ISBN 0-7018-0690-7
• Greene, W.T. & Batty, J. (1993): African grey parrots. Beech Publishing House, Alton. ISBN 1-85736-027-3
• Glendell, G. Breaking Bad Habits in Parrots (2007) ISBN 978-1-84286-165-3.
• Glendell, G in Veterinary Times (UK) 18 February 2008.
• Kaufman, Allison B.; et al. Higher-order semantic structures in an African Grey Parrot's Vocalization: evidence from the hyperspace analog to language (HAL) model (September 2013). Animal Cognition 16 (5): 789-801. doi:10.1007/s1007/s10071-013-0613-3
• Juniper, Tony & Parr, Mike (1998): Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 1-873403-40-2
• Liddell, Henry George & Robert Scott (1980): A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). Oxford University Press, United Kingdom. ISBN 0-19-910207-4
• Giret, Nicolas; et al. Context-related vocalizations in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). April 2012. Acta Ethologica 15 (4): 39-46. doi:10/1007/s10211-0106
• Schmid, R. Doherr, M G. Steiger, The influence of the breeding method on the behaviour of adult African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2005, see www.elsevier.com/locate/applanim
• Linnaeus, Carolus (1758): Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. (10th edition, vol.1). Laurentius Salvius, Holmia (= Stockholm).
• Mancini, Julie R. (1998): The African Grey. Howell Book House, New York. ISBN 0-87605-443-2
• Moustaki, Nikki (2004): A New Owner's Guide to African Grey Parrots. TFH Publications, Neptune City, NJ. ISBN 0-7938-2855-4
• Mulawka, Edward J. (1984): African Grey Parrots. TFH Publications. ISBN 0-86622-975-2
• Pepperberg, Irene (2002): The Alex Studies: cognitive and communicative abilities of grey parrots. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London. ISBN 0-674-00806-5
• Wright, Maggie (2001): African Grey Parrots: everything about history, care, nutrition, handling, and behavior. Barron's Pet Handbooks, Hauppauge, NY. ISBN 0-7641-1035-7
• World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia – Species Profile
• African Grey news & conservation
• Honolulu Zoo
• African Grey Parrot Centre information about supporting African grey parrots
• The Parrot Club an excellent resource for keepers of all parrots
• Tinkerbell & Riamfada Having a full flighted CAG as companion at home and outside

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