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Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: basal area, frequency, prescribed fire, restoration, tree, wildfire

Following an intense wildfire in Colorado, essentially all aboveground
vegetation in the perimeter died.  The fire was the most intense where
dominated by lodgepole pine, with lower intensities in areas dominated
by subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce.  Russet buffaloberry increased
rapidly following this fire due to sprouting from surviving roots. A
combination of delayed sprouting and seeds originating from outside the
burn was hypothesized to be responsible for an increase in frequency
over the study period.  Three years after the fire, russet buffaloberry
was mainly found on sites with a somewhat lower slope, a higher prefire
tree basal area, and a higher number of prefire tree stems per acre.
These factors appear to be conducive to russet buffaloberry
establishment and growth [3].

The Research Project Summary Vegetation response to restoration treatments
in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests of western Montana
provides information
on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant community species, including
russet buffaloberry, that was not available when this species review was written.
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
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موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Common Names ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
russet buffaloberry
buffalo-berry
Canadian buffaloberry
russet red buffaloberry
soapberry
soopolallie
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Conservation Status ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Russet buffaloberry is endangered in Maine [10].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Cover Value ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
The degree to which russet buffaloberry provides environmental
protection during one or more seasons for wildlife species is as follows
[11]:

                        UT     CO     WY     MT
Elk                    Fair   ----   Fair   Poor
Mule deer              Fair   ----   Good   Fair
White-tailed deer      ----   Good   Fair   ----
Pronghorn              Poor   ----   Poor   ----
Upland game birds      Fair   ----   Good   Good
Waterfowl              Poor   ----   Poor   Poor
Small nongame birds    Good   Fair   Good   Good
Small mammals          Fair   Fair   Good   Fair
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: dioecious, monoecious, shrub

Russet buffaloberry is a native, deciduous, nitrogen-fixing shrub
ranging in height from 3 to 13 feet (0.9-3.9 m) [5].  Plants are
generally dioecious but occasionally monoecious [52].  Fruits are
drupelike, ovoid achenes enveloped in a fleshy perianth which turns
yellowish red to bright red when ripe [6,50,54].  Roots have been
variously reported as rhizomatous with relatively deep underground
parts, fibrous and shallow [37], and a taproot with no rhizomes [34].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Russet buffaloberry is found from Nova Scotia, southwest across Maine to
western New York and northern Ohio, west to the Black Hills of South
Dakota and Alaska, avoiding most of the Great Basin.  From Alaska it
follows the Rocky Mountains south to Arizona and New Mexico and extends
east across northern Canada to Newfoundland.  The northern limits are
within the Arctic Circle [6,35,37,50,52,57].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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زيارة المصدر
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Fire Ecology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: density, fire regime, fire suppression, seed

Sprouting from surviving root crowns and establishment from seed
transported from off-site allow russet buffaloberry to survive fire
[38].  As fire suppression culminates in closed-canopy, old-growth
forests, fire generally increases russet buffaloberry density and vigor,
although full benefits may not be realized for at least 25 years [37].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Fire Management Considerations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: density

Low- to moderate-intensity fires may increase vigor and density of
russet buffaloberry in old-growth stands.  Berry production may also be
increased for several years after fire [3,37].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
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موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat characteristics ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Russet buffaloberry is generally found on sandy, gravelly, or rocky
soils, and is able to thrive on nutrient-poor soils due to its
nitrogen-fixing ability [5,57].  Nodulation is variable and appears to
be most abundant in nutrient-poor, sandy soils [37,57].  Russet
buffaloberry grows on shores, riverbanks, dry slopes, moist north
slopes, open rocky woods, and occasionally in calcareous marshes [50].
It forms dense thickets along riparian zones and valley bottoms [37].

In Alaska it is uncommon or locally common in openings and forests of
dry uplands and in aspen forests on old burns [57].  It has been
reported dominating dry, rocky sites in the Mission and Rattlesnake
mountains of Montana [37].  It also dominates the most xerophytic
communities in Banff and Jasper National Parks, Alberta [29], the driest
sites for tree growth in interior Alaska [57], and the drier situations
in the Black Hills of South Dakota [21].  Other sources have described
it as mesophilic and occurring on moist north slopes [3,37].

Elevations have been reported from 4,950 to 5,250 feet (1,500-1,600 m)
in Alberta [46] and 6,600 to 8,200 feet (2,012-2,499 m) in Idaho [43].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Cover Types ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

     1  Jack pine
     5  Balsam fir
    15  Red pine
    16  Aspen
    22  White pine - hemlock
    32  Red spruce
    33  Red spruce - balsam fir
    34  Red spruce - Fraser fir
    35  Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
    39  Black ash - American elm - red maple
    42  Bur oak
   107  White spruce
   201  White spruce
   206  Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
   208  Whitebark pine
   210  Interior Douglas-fir
   211  White fir
   212  Western larch
   216  Blue spruce
   217  Aspen
   218  Lodgepole pine
   219  Limber pine
   221  Red alder
   230  Douglas-fir - western hemlock
   236  bur oak
   237  Interior ponderosa pine
   238  Western juniper
   239  Pinyon - juniper
   251  White spruce - aspen
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
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موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Ecosystem ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

   FRES10  White - red - jack pine
   FRES11  Spruce - fir
   FRES15  Oak - hickory
   FRES17  Elm - ash - cottonwood
   FRES19  Aspen - birch
   FRES20  Douglas-fir
   FRES21  Ponderosa pine
   FRES23  Fir - spruce
   FRES25  Larch
   FRES26  Lodgepole pine
   FRES28  Western hardwoods
   FRES29  Sagebrush
   FRES34  Chaparral - mountain shrub
   FRES35  Pinyon - juniper
   FRES38  Plains grasslands
   FRES44  Alpine
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Plant Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: forest, shrub, woodland

   K002  Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
   K008  Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
   K010  Ponderosa shrub forest
   K011  Western ponderosa forest
   K012  Douglas-fir forest
   K014  Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K015  Western spruce - fir forest
   K016  Eastern ponderosa forest
   K017  Black Hills pine forest
   K018  Pine - Douglas-fir forest
   K019  Arizona pine forest
   K020  Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K021  Southwestern spruce - fir forest
   K023  Juniper - pinyon woodland
   K025  Alder - ash forest
   K037  Mountain mahogany - oak scrub
   K038  Great Basin sagebrush
   K052  Alpine meadows and barren
   K055  Sagebrush steppe
   K056  Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
   K063  Foothills prairie
   K064  Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
   K066  Wheatgrass - needlegrass
   K081  Oak savanna
   K093  Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
   K095  Great Lakes pine forest
   K096  Northeastern spruce - fir forest
   K097  Southeastern spruce - fir forest
   K098  Northern floodplain forest
   K107  Northern hardwoods - fir forest
   K108  Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Immediate Effect of Fire ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Severe fires will consume all aboveground leaves and stems of russet
buffaloberry, while light to moderate fires will leave some stems
standing [37].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: shrub

Russet buffaloberry provides only fair forage for sheep and poor forage
for cattle and horses [35].  Feral horses in western Alberta used it as
a small part of their diet [47].  Mule deer, white-tailed deer, and elk
use has been rated from fair to good [35,37,59,60], with one Montana
study listing it as a key food source of white-tailed deer [14].
However, in the Black Hills, it was absent from the white-tailed deer
diet for the entire year [24].  Russet buffaloberry provided only 1 to
10 percent of the June to September diet of mule deer in Colorado [59].
Snowshoe hares utilize russet buffaloberry as browse, but it is not
preferred [39,49].  Bighorn sheep use it as a low-preference shrub, with
moderate to heavy use of new growth in early June [51].  Dormant plants
are used in proportions equal to or greater than their availability
[44].

Wildlife use berries more frequently than browse.  Black bears, grizzly
bears, and grouse make substantial use of them in the fall
[33,37,42,55,57].  Berries provide the major food from midsummer until
frost for black bears in the Yukon Territory [32].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Key Plant Community Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, grassland, habitat type, shrubland

Russet buffaloberry occurs in the understory of plant communities.
Dominant overstory species vary by geographic location and include:
subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in
Montana [37]; spruce (Picea spp.) and fir (Abies spp.) in the northern
and far northern Rocky Mountains [8]; subalpine fir, white spruce (P.
glauca), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and quaking aspen (Populus
tremuloides) in southern British Columbia [54]; white spruce, lodgepole
pine (Pinus contorta), and quaking aspen in Alberta [29,37]; white
spruce in the Yukon Territory [37]; quaking aspen in interior Alaska
[37,57]; and old-growth lodgepole pine with a mixture of Engelmann
spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir in Colorado [1].

Russet buffaloberry occurs as a dominant or subdominant in the following
habitat type (hts) and community type (cts) classification systems:

Area                    Classification          Authority

CO:  Arapaho and        forest hts              Hess and Alexander 1986
      Roosevelt NF       
     White River and    grassland, shrubland,   Hess and Wasser 1982
      Arapaho NF         and forest hts
     Rout NF            forest hts              Hoffman and Alexander 1980
MT                      forest hts              Pfister, Kovalchick,
                                                Arno, and Presby 1977
WY:  Bighorn Mts.       forest hts              Hoffman and Alexander 1976
     Wind River Mts.    forest hts              Reed 1976
Intermountain
Region                  aspen cts               Mueggler 1988
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Life Form ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: shrub

Shrub
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Management considerations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Wildlife managers plant russet buffaloberry for habitat improvement and
watershed management [37].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Nutritional Value ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: fruit

Russet buffaloberry browse has one of the highest protein values, but
its low palatability warrants a low food value rating [7,16].  Chemical
analyses indicate a high total sugar content in the browse, which should
make it palatable.  Cyanide, which animals avoid, may be present, but
this has not been verified by chemical analysis [16].  Another problem
may be the phosphorus:calcium ratio.  Less than 1:5 is poor, due to
calcium's inhibition of phosphorus uptake.  Leaves have a 1:6 ratio,
stems have a 1:10 ratio and fruit has a 1:1 ratio.  This makes the fruit
the only palatable portion.  Carotenoids (0.97 percent of the fruit's
dry weight) provide a source of vitamins to wildlife using the berries
[37].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Occurrence in North America ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
     AK  AZ  CA  CO  ID  ME  MA  MI  MN  MT
     NV  NH  NM  NY  OH  OR  PA  SD  UT  VT
     WA  WI  WY  AB  BC  MB  NB  NF  NT  NS
     ON  PQ  SK  YT
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Other uses and values ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Food:  Native Americans either pressed the berries into cakes, which
were smoked and eaten, or mixed them with water and beat them to make a
frothy dessert [57].

Ornamental:  Plants are occasionally grown for ornamental use [37].

Medicinal:  The Salish and Kootenai tribes boiled debarked branches and
used the solution as an eyewash.  The Sioux boiled the roots, strained
them through cloth and the tea to cure diarrhea [37].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Palatability ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: fruit

Palatability of russet buffaloberry browse is considered poor; it is
usually utilized only in the absence of other browse.  It is listed as
unpalatable to both mule deer and white-tailed deer in the Black Hills
[16], and to moose in British Columbia and Wyoming [7,16].  Extensive
use of the berries indicates their high palatability.

The relish and degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for
russet buffaloberry in several western states is rated as follows
[7,11,14,16,59]:

                        CO      MT      ND      OR      UT      WY
  Browse
Cattle                 Poor    Poor    Poor    Poor    Poor    Fair
Sheep                  Poor    Fair    Fair    Fair    Fair    Fair
Horses                 Poor    Poor    Poor    Poor    Poor    Fair
Pronghorn              Fair    Fair    Fair    Fair    Poor    Poor
Bighorn                Poor    Poor    Poor    Poor    Poor    Poor
Elk                    Poor    Poor    Poor    Poor    Fair    Fair
Moose                  Poor    Poor    Poor    Poor    Poor    Poor
Mule deer              ----    Poor    Poor    Poor    Good    Fair
White-tailed deer      Poor    Good    Poor    Poor    Fair    Poor

  Fruit
Small mammals          Good    Good    Good    Good    Fair    Good
Small nongame birds    Fair    Fair    Fair    Fair    Fair    Good
Upland game birds      Good    Good    Good    Good    Fair    Fair
Waterfowl              ----    Good    Good    Good    Poor    Poor     
Grizzly bear           ----    Good    ----    ----    ----    Good
Black bear             Good    Good    Good    Good    Good    Good
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Phenology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

Across its range, russet buffaloberry flowers from April to June, and
the fruits ripen from June to August [37].  In Saskatchewan, anthesis
begins in mid to late April, 3 to 7 days earlier in pistillate plants
than in staminate plants.  Bloom occurs in late April to early May in
Ontario [51] and in Alaska plants bloom in early May following snowmelt
[57].  Fruits mature during July in all three areas.  Shoot elongation was
visible in Saskatchewan from the last week of April, 3 to 5 days after
anthesis, until the end of June.  The majority of growth occurs from
early May until mid-June [20].

The averages of significant phenological dates were reported east and
west of the Continental Divide [48].

           Leaf     Leaves                            
           Buds     Full                    Fruits     Seed        Leaf
           Burst    Grown     Flowering      Ripe      Fall        Drop

East       5/17     6/25      5/14-5/29      7/28    8/05-9/11   9/10-10/01
West       5/19     6/14      5/15-6/03      7/09        -       9/11-10/04
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the terms: density, shrub, wildfire

Russet buffaloberry is normally fire resistant but can be eliminated by
fire [34].  As a result it is classified as moderately resistant to
burning [34,38].  Following a Montana wildfire, regrowth of buffaloberry
was slow; 4 to 5 years were required for 25 percent of the eventual
crown size to be obtained [30].  Recurrent, low-intensity ground fires
are closely linked to maintaining russet buffaloberry density and vigor
in stands with lodgepole pine and quaking aspen overstories, and dry
upland meadows where it dominates the shrub layer [37].
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Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the term: shrub

   Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
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Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the terms: scarification, seed, shrubs, stratification

Sexual:  Seed production begins at 4 to 6 years of age, with good seed
crops generally produced every year after that.  The small, hard seed
shows poor, highly erratic, or delayed germination.  Cold
stratification for a minimum of 60 days appears to be a requirement for
embryo development [34,53].  Sulfuric acid scarification for 20 to 30
minutes resulted in 72 to 80 percent germination [53].  Seeds are
disseminated by animals and gravity.

Vegetative:  Sprouts arise from both surviving root crowns and dormant
buds on the taproot [38].  However, russet buffaloberry is not very
aggressive in terms of regeneration.  It had the lowest aggressive
ability of 20 shrubs and trees in Canada [17].
 
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Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( الإنجليزية )

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More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

    2  Cascade Mountains
    4  Sierra Mountains
    5  Columbia Plateau
    6  Upper Basin and Range
    8  Northern Rocky Mountains
    9  Middle Rocky Mountains
   11  Southern Rocky Mountains
   12  Colorado Plateau
   13  Rocky Mountain Piedmont
   15  Black Hills Uplift
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Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( الإنجليزية )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, cover, forest, hardwood, succession

Russet buffaloberry occurs as a dominant with willow (Salix spp.) in the
second stage of succession on glacial moraines between Alaska and the
Yukon Territory [4].  As succession moves from immature forest to
old-growth forest there is a significant decrease in percent cover of
russet buffaloberry [2].  It is also a dominant species in the climax
vegetation of ponderosa pine forests and hardwood climax forests on
alluvial floodplains along major rivers in Montana [45].  Following
fire, russet buffaloberry is found in the first stage of succession (the
seedling/herb stage) which lasts from 1 to 15 years [19], and remains
after the canopy closes [3].
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Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( الإنجليزية )

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The currently accepted scientific name for russet buffaloberry is
Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. (Elaeagnaceae). There is one
recognized form which produces only yellow fruit: S. canadensis forma
xanthocarpa Rehd. [58].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, formation

Russet buffaloberry is desirable for revegetating disturbed sites
because it is native, provides food and cover for wildlife, and is a
nitrogen-fixing plant.  Its nitrogen-fixing ability allows it to grow in
soils with low amounts of mineral nitrogen, which are common in
disturbed areas.  It also enhances the growth of associated species by
producing "an island of fertility" around its perimeter [61].

A 1979 survey of all Soil Conservation Service, State Conservationists
indicated only one Southwestern state is currently using russet
buffaloberry for amenity plantings [13].  It naturally invaded two of
six subalpine mine sites in Alberta, being rare at one site and abundant
at the other [46].  It was used as a preferred species for revegetation
of three mining sites in Idaho [43].

Several methods have been tried for propagation of russet buffaloberry.
Vegetative propagation is best accomplished using root cuttings.  Stem
cuttings have been unsuccessful [27].  Transplanting containerized
material has been successful in Ontario [61] and Alaska [9].  Seeds are
very susceptible to greenhouse pathogens and have limited germination
ability [See Regeneration Processes], making root cuttings a better
method of propagating containerized material [9].  Formation of short
suckers allows a gradual increase in the size of the planting [61].
Direct planting of properly scarified seeds may be successful but has
not been reported in the literature.
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Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Canadisk bøffelbær ( الدانماركية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DA

Canadisk bøffelbær (Shepherdia canadensis) er en løvfældende busk med en åben, opstigende vækst. Bærrene bæres først efter 5 års vækst og naturligvis udelukkende på hunlige planter. Smagen er bitter på grund af et indhold af saponiner.

Beskrivelse

Barken er først bronzefarvet til rødbrun med grå stjernehår. Senere bliver den grå og næsten helt glat. Knopperne er spredte og bronzefarvede.

bladene er elliptiske til ovale med hel rand og afrundet spids. Oversiden er grågrøn og let gråhåret, mens undersiden er sølvgrå med spredte, brune skæl. Blomsterne er gule, og de ses i juni. Bærrene er mørkerøde, plettede af stjernehår og spiselige. Frøene modner godt og spirer villigt.

Rodnettet er filtet og højtliggende, men med en enkelt, dybtgående pælerod. Busken sætter rodskud. Planten har samliv med strålesvampe af slægten Frankenia. Det giver den adgang til biologisk brugbart kvælstof.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 3 x 3 m (30 x 30 cm/år).

Hjemsted

Canadisk bøffelbær vokser over et stort område fra Alaska og Nordcanada til Arizona. Her findes den som pionerplante på tørre skråninger, langs floder og i åbne skove.

Den danner tætte krat langs flodbredder og i dalsænkninger, hvor den findes sammen med bl.a. ene, fjerbusk, Aralia nudicaulis, bredbladet sølvblad, buskpotentil, canadisk gyldenris, canadisk hønsebær, Ceanothus-arter, hedemelbærris, hindbær, hvid snebær, papirbirk og pilekornel.



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Canadisk bøffelbær: Brief Summary ( الدانماركية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DA

Canadisk bøffelbær (Shepherdia canadensis) er en løvfældende busk med en åben, opstigende vækst. Bærrene bæres først efter 5 års vækst og naturligvis udelukkende på hunlige planter. Smagen er bitter på grund af et indhold af saponiner.

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Kanadische Büffelbeere ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE
 src=
Illustration von Nathaniel Lord Britton aus dem Jahre 1913
 src=
Kanadische Büffelbeere (Shepherdia canadensis)

Die Kanadische Büffelbeere (Shepherdia canadensis) ist eine der drei Arten, die zur Gattung der Büffelbeeren gehört. Die Kanadische Büffelbeere ist ein Strauch, der in offenen, lichten Wäldern und Buschland in Nordamerika gefunden wird. In Alaska findet man den Strauch häufig. Die Kanadische Büffelbeere erreicht eine Höhe von einem bis vier Metern. Sie trägt kleine, einsamige rote Beeren. Der Mensch empfindet den Geschmack dieser Beeren als bitter.

Beschreibung

Die Kanadische Büffelbeere ist ein laubabwerfender Strauch, der Wuchshöhen von einem bis vier Meter erreicht. Die dünnen Zweige sind mit rötlich-braunen Schuppen besetzt. Die Wurzeln besitzen, wie bei den anderen Büffelbeeren auch, Verdickungen mit Knöllchenbakterien (Frankia), die Stickstoff fixieren können. Die gegenständig angeordneten Blätter sind oberseits hellgrün, unterseits blasser mit auffälligen braunen Schuppen.

Die Blütezeit reicht von April bis Juni. Die Blüten sind entweder männlich oder weiblich, wobei an einer Pflanze nur eine Form vorkommt (Diözie), selten gibt es Pflanzen mit männlichen und weiblichen Blüten. Die Blüte entwickelt sich zu einer beerenähnlichen Frucht, wobei das Fruchtfleisch vom Blütenbecher gebildet wird, der eine Nussfrucht umschließt. Die rundlichen Früchte sind orangefarben oder rot, es existiert eine Form mit gelben Früchten (Shepherdia canadensis forma xanthocarpa Rehd.). Die Früchte reifen von Juni bis August.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 22.[1]

 src=
Verbreitung der Kanadischen Büffelbeere (Shepherdia canadensis)

Verbreitung

Die Kanadische Büffelbeere hat ein großes Verbreitungsgebiet im nördlichen Nordamerika. Im Norden kommt sie in Kanada und Alaska noch nördlich des Polarkreises vor. Nach Südosten bildet die US-Kanadische Grenze ungefähr ihre südliche Verbreitungsgrenze, nach Südwesten kommt sie allerdings in den höheren Lagen der Rocky Mountains noch wesentlich weiter südlich vor und erreicht Arizona und New Mexico. Höhenlagen bis 3400 Meter werden besiedelt.

Die Standorte der Kanadischen Büffelbeere liegen im Unterwuchs von lichten Nadelwäldern, etwa mit Felsengebirgs-Tanne (Abies lasiocarpa), Gelb-Kiefer (Pinus ponderosa), Weiß-Fichte (Picea glauca), Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Küsten-Kiefer (Pinus contorta), Engelmann-Fichte (Picea engelmannii), und in Waldgemeinschaften mit Amerikanischen Zitterpappeln (Populus tremuloides). Die Böden, auf denen diese Büffelbeere wächst, sind meist skelettreich und reichen von sandig über schottrig bis felsig. Nährstoffarme Böden kann die Kanadische Büffelbeere gut besiedeln, dort bildet sie viele Wurzelknöllchen, um Stickstoff zu sammeln.

Ökologie

Die Blätter werden von Maultierhirschen, Weißwedelhirschen und Elchen gefressen. Dickhornschafe nutzen vor allem den frischen Austrieb. Haustiere wie Rinder und Pferde verschmähen die Kanadische Büffelbeere meist. Büffelbeeren sind außerdem Nahrungspflanze einiger Schmetterlinge, beispielsweise Coleophora elaeagnisella.

Die Früchte werden häufig von Bären gefressen. Im Yukon stellt die Kanadische Büffelbeere die wichtigste Frucht in der Ernährung der Grizzlybären dar.[2] Auf Basis von Grizzlybärenkot wurde geschätzt, dass einzelne Individuen bis zu 200.000 Früchte täglich fressen. Sie spielen eine wesentliche Rolle in der Zeit, wenn die Bären ihre Fettdepots für die Überwinterung aufbauen.[3] Auch Schwarzbären und Raufußhühner fressen die Früchte.

Nach Bränden schlägt die Kanadische Büffelbeere aus dem Wurzelstock wieder aus. Sie kann so Feuer gut überstehen und profitiert von dem dadurch gelichteten Kronendach.

Verwendung

Die Früchte der Kanadischen Büffelbeeren spielten eine Rolle in der Ernährung von indigenen Völkern, die auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Kanada sammelten. Der Gebrauch dieser Früchte ist vor allem von den Nlaka'pamux und den Secwepemc überliefert, die im Gebiet des heutigen British Columbia siedelten. Die bitteren Beeren wurden nicht direkt gegessen, sondern zu Sxusem verarbeitet. Dabei wurden die Beeren mit süßen Früchten vermischt und die zermuste Mischung der Beeren stark geschlagen, um den typischen Schaum der Sxusem-Speise zu erzeugen. Der Schaum entsteht aufgrund der in den Büffelbeeren enthaltenen Saponine. In großen Mengen zu sich genommen können solche Saponine beim Menschen Magenirritationen auslösen. Die indigenen Völker, bei denen Sxusem jedoch eine Rolle spielte, schrieben der Mischung gesundheitsfördernde Eigenschaften zu. Der Geschmack von Sxusem ist bittersüß – nicht unähnlich einem gesüßten Kaffee.

Durch den Saponingehalt können die Beeren auch als natürliche Seife verwendet werden[4], weshalb die Pflanze im englischen Sprachgebrauch auch als Soapberry bekannt ist (nicht zu Verwechseln mit Pflanzen der Gattung Sapindus, die ebenfalls im Englischen als Soapberry bezeichnet werden).

Aus verschiedenen Pflanzenteilen wurde durch Kochen ein medizinisch verwendeter Sud hergestellt.

Die Kanadische Büffelbeere kann verwendet werden, um gestörte Flächen wieder zu begrünen und Erosion zu verhindern. Über Wurzelstecklinge ist eine gärtnerische Vermehrung möglich, die Pflanzen wachsen auch auf Rohböden gut an und verbessern durch ihre Fähigkeit, Stickstoff zu sammeln, die Fruchtbarkeit des Bodens. Gelegentlich wird die Kanadische Büffelbeere als Ziergehölz verwendet.

Belege

Einzelbelege

  1. Shepherdia canadensis bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  2. Thomas S. Elias, Peter A. Dykeman: Edible Wild Plants A North American Field Guide (Digitized online by Google books), Cengage Learning, 1983, ISBN 0-442-22254-8, S. 9–28, 258 (Abgerufen am 25. Januar 2009)..
  3. Stephen Herrero: Bären – Jäger und Gejagte in Amerikas Wildnis, Müller Rüschlikon Verlag, Cham 1992, ISBN 3-275-01030-1, S. 216
  4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtQKUj9Sj1s

Weblinks

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Kanadische Büffelbeere: Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE
 src= Illustration von Nathaniel Lord Britton aus dem Jahre 1913  src= Kanadische Büffelbeere (Shepherdia canadensis)

Die Kanadische Büffelbeere (Shepherdia canadensis) ist eine der drei Arten, die zur Gattung der Büffelbeeren gehört. Die Kanadische Büffelbeere ist ein Strauch, der in offenen, lichten Wäldern und Buschland in Nordamerika gefunden wird. In Alaska findet man den Strauch häufig. Die Kanadische Büffelbeere erreicht eine Höhe von einem bis vier Metern. Sie trägt kleine, einsamige rote Beeren. Der Mensch empfindet den Geschmack dieser Beeren als bitter.

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Shepherdia canadensis ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Shepherdia canadensis, commonly called Canada buffaloberry, russet buffaloberry,[2] soopolallie, soapberry, or foamberry (Ktunaxa: kupaʔtiǂ,[3]) is one of a small number of shrubs of the genus Shepherdia that bears edible berries.

Description

The plant is a deciduous shrub of open woodlands and thickets, growing to a maximum of 1–4 metres (3+12–13 feet). The fruit is usually red, but one variety has yellow berries. The berries have a bitter taste.

It is a non-legume nitrogen fixer.[4]

Etymology

The common name of the plant in British Columbia is "soopolallie", a word derived from the historic Chinook Jargon trading language spoken in the North American Pacific Northwest in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The name is a composite of the Chinook words "soop" (soap) and "olallie" (berry).[5]

Distribution and habitat

The species is widespread in all of Canada, except in Prince Edward Island, and in the western and northern United States, including Alaska[6] and Idaho.[7]

Uses

Some Canadian First Nations peoples such as Nlaka'pamux (Thompson), St'at'imc (Lillooet), and Secwepemc (Shuswap) in the Province of British Columbia extensively collect the berries. The bitter berries are not directly consumed but rather processed as "sxusem", also spelled "sxushem" and "xoosum" or "hooshum" ("Indian ice cream"). Collection involves placing a mat or tarpaulin below the bushes, hitting the branches, collecting the very ripe fruits, mixing with other sweet fruit such as raspberries, crushing the mixture, and then beating of the mixture to raise the foam characteristic of the dish.

The berry is both sweet and bitter, and is possibly comparable to the taste of sweetened coffee. The First Nations peoples who prepare a dish with it believe that the berry has many health properties, but the saponin chemicals it contains (which create a foam when whipped into a dessert dish)[8] may cause gastrointestinal irritation if large quantities are consumed. Native-themed restaurants in British Columbia have occasionally offered the berries on their menus.[5]

Unrelated plants in the genus Sapindus produce toxic saponins and are also commonly denominated "soapberry".[9]

References

  1. ^ The Plant List, Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Shepherdia canadensis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  3. ^ "FirstVoices: Nature / Environment - place names: words. Ktunaxa". Retrieved 2012-07-07.
  4. ^ "SPECIES: Shepherdia canadensis". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  5. ^ a b Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson, M. Terry Thompson, and Annie Z. York. 1990. Thompson Ethnobotany. Royal British Columbia Museum: Victoria. Pp. 209-11.
  6. ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map
  7. ^ Benito Baeza (March 20, 2017). "Idaho Fish and Game Ask Idahoans Not to Plant Japanese Yew". KLIX. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
  8. ^ Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 42. ISBN 0-8117-0616-8. OCLC 799792.
  9. ^ Xu, Y; Gao, Y; Chen, Z; et al. (2021-06-02). "Metabolomics analysis of the soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.) pericarp during fruit development and ripening based on UHPLC-HRMS". Scientific Reports. 11: 11657. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91143-0. PMC 8172880. PMID 34079016.

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Shepherdia canadensis: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Shepherdia canadensis, commonly called Canada buffaloberry, russet buffaloberry, soopolallie, soapberry, or foamberry (Ktunaxa: kupaʔtiǂ,) is one of a small number of shrubs of the genus Shepherdia that bears edible berries.

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Shepherdia canadensis ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Shepherdia canadensis, llamado popularmente soopolallie, soapberry, foamberry, o buffaloberry de Canadá, es un pequeño arbusto del género Shepherdia que produce bayas comestibles; oriundo de Canadá y norte de Estados Unidos.

Descripción

La planta es un arbusto de hoja caduca de bosques abiertos y matorrales, que crece hasta un máximo de 1 a 4 metros.

La fruta suele ser roja, pero igualmente existe una variedad tiene bayas amarillas. Las bayas a pesar de ser comestibles tienen un sabor amargo, por lo que requiere un proceso previo a su consumo.

La especie está muy extendida en todo Canadá, excepto en la Isla del Príncipe Eduardo, y en el oeste y norte de los Estados Unidos, incluidos Alaska e Idaho.

Usos

Respecto a su uso alimentario, a pesar del sabor amargo de sus bayas, algunos pueblos de las Primeras Naciones canadienses como los salish del Río Thompson, lillooet y shuswap en la provincia de Columbia Británica han recolectado ampliamente sus frutos silvestres para su consumo.

Para consumir las bayas las cuales tienen un toque de amargor (específicamente de sabor dulce y amarga, comparable parcialmente al sabor del café endulzado), se suelen recolectan y posteriormente procesar como "sxusem", también deletreado "sxushem" y "xoosum" o "hooshum" ("helado indio canadiense"); cuya preparación comienza con la recolección de los frutos mediante la colocación de un tapete o lona debajo de los arbustos, golpear las ramas, recolectar las frutas muy maduras, y mezclar con otras frutas dulces como las frambuesas. Posteriormente se tritura la mezcla y luego se va batiendo para aumentar la espuma característica de esta preparación.

Los pueblos de las Primeras Naciones que lo consumen creen que esta preparación tiene muchas propiedades saludables, pero se debe tener precaución al consumirse en exceso; ya que los químicos de saponina que crean la espuma pueden causar irritación gastrointestinal si se consumen los frutos en grandes cantidades.

Referencias

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Shepherdia canadensis: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Shepherdia canadensis, llamado popularmente soopolallie, soapberry, foamberry, o buffaloberry de Canadá, es un pequeño arbusto del género Shepherdia que produce bayas comestibles; oriundo de Canadá y norte de Estados Unidos.

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Kanadanpuhvelinmarja ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI

Kanadanpuhvelinmarja (Shepherdia canadensis) on kaksikotinen hopeapensaskasveihin (Elaeagnaceae) kuuluva pensas. Sen marjoja on käytetty ravinnoksi, vaikka ne sisältävät saponiinia.[2]

Ulkonäkö ja koko

 src=
Kanadanpuhvelinmarjan marjoja.

Kanadanpuhvelinmarja kasvaa 2,5 m korkeaksi. Lehvästö on hopeansävyinen tai harmaanvihreä. Kukat ovat pienet ja keltaiset.[3] Se kukkii huhtikuussa, marjat kypsyvät heinä-syyskuussa. Se on kaksikotinen, joten jmarjoja syntyy vain, jos lähekkäin kasvaa sekä hede- että emikasveja. [2]

Levinneisyys

Kanadanpuhvelinmarja kasvaa luontaisena Pohjois-Amerikassa Newfoundlandista Alaskaan, etelässä New Yorkiin ja New Mexicoon asti.[2]

Lähteet

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Kanadanpuhvelinmarja: Brief Summary ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI

Kanadanpuhvelinmarja (Shepherdia canadensis) on kaksikotinen hopeapensaskasveihin (Elaeagnaceae) kuuluva pensas. Sen marjoja on käytetty ravinnoksi, vaikka ne sisältävät saponiinia.

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Shepherdia canadensis ( التركية )

المقدمة من wikipedia TR
İkili adı Shepherdia canadensis
(L.) Nutt. Dış bağlantılar Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons'ta Shepherdia canadensis ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. Wikispecies-logo.svg Wikispecies'te Shepherdia canadensis ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur.

Shepherdia canadensis, iğdegiller familyasından, Kuzey Amerika'da yetişen, 1–4 m boyunda, azot bağlayıcı, kırmızı meyveli diğer Shepherdia türlerinin aksine sarı renkte de olabilen acı meyveli bitki türü. Genellikle çakıllı sığ topraklarda görülür[1].

Morfoloji

Boyu 1-2 ( ya da 1-4) m yüksekliğindedir. Yaprakları opposit, oval, 2–6 cm uzunluğunda, üst yüzeyi koyu yeşil, alt yüzeyi beyazımsı gümüşî tüylerle ve pas kahverengi beneklerle kaplı. Çiçekleri küçük, sarımsı veya kahverengimsi, erkek ve dişi çiçekler ayrı çalılarda bulunur (iki evcikli). Meyve kırmızı ya da sarımsı, ovoid aken drupa olup etli ve yenebilir, fakat tatsız ve acıdır[2].

Bitki birlikleri

Calamagrostis rubescens, Linnaea borealis ve Paxistima myrsinites gibi bitkilerle birlik oluşturur[3].

Hayvanlarca kullanımı

Bazı Lepidoptera tırtıllarının (Ectropis crepuscularia) besin bitkisidir.

İnsanlarca kullanımı

Pasifik Kuzeybatısında özellikle de Britanya Kolumbiyası'ndaki Nlaka'pamux (Thompson), St'at'imc (Lillooet), Secwepemc (Shuswap) ve Kutenaylar (Ktunaxa) gibi Kanada Kızılderilileri tarafından acı meyveleri doğrudan değil, ancak «Kızılderili dondurması» ("Indian ice-cream") olarak da bilinen sxusem yapıldıktan sonra yenir[4]. Britanya Kolombiyası'nda kıyı ve iç bölge Kızılderilileri tarafından besin olarak kullanımı yaygınıdır[1].

Thompson Nehri Salişleri (Nlaka'pamux) iç ve dış temizliği için kullanır. Avcılar meyvelerini kaynatıp hem iç temizlik için içerler hem de dış temizlik için kendilerini ve av aletlerini temizlerler. Dalları kaynatılır ve su soğuduktan sonra kepek tedavisinde kullanılır. Genelde meyveleri temmuz sonunda toplanır. Küçük ve yumuşak olan meyveler elle tek tek değil, çalının altına hasır serilerek ve dalın ucundan tutarak bir değnekle çırpılarak hasıra düşmesi sağlanır. Meyveleri taze olarak çiğ yemeyip sombalığı renkli köpükleri olan Kızılderili dondurması yaparlar ya da kurutulur veya ezip haşlandıktan sonra ezmesi pestil gibi kurutulur[5].

Britanya Kolumbiyası'ndaki Vetsuvetenler (Wet’suwet’en) kalp krizinden hazımsızlık konusuna kadar değişik rahatsızlıklar için dallarını, yapraklarını, meyvelerini ve meyvelerinden elde ettikleri meyve suyunu kullanırlar. Meyveleri ayrıca doğuma yardımcı olması için kadınlarca çiğnenir[6].

Salişler ve Kutenaylar soyulmuş dallarını kaynatarak göz yıkama solüsyonu yaparlar[6].

Kaynakça

  1. ^ a b Richard Hebda (1995), Natural History - Soapberry. Royal British Columbia Museum. Pp 1-2.
  2. ^ http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_shca.pdf
  3. ^ http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/rsi/fnb/soopolallie.pdf
  4. ^ J. Pojar & A. MacKinnon (1994), Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia, and Alaska. Lone Pine Publishing, Redmond, Washington.
  5. ^ Turner, Nancy J, Laurence C. Thompson, M. Terry Thompson and Annie Z. York (1990), Thompson Ethnobotany. Royal British Columbia Museum: Victoria. Pp 209-211.
  6. ^ a b D. Moerman (1998), Native American ethnobotany. Timber Press, Oregon.
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Shepherdia canadensis: Brief Summary ( التركية )

المقدمة من wikipedia TR

Shepherdia canadensis, iğdegiller familyasından, Kuzey Amerika'da yetişen, 1–4 m boyunda, azot bağlayıcı, kırmızı meyveli diğer Shepherdia türlerinin aksine sarı renkte de olabilen acı meyveli bitki türü. Genellikle çakıllı sığ topraklarda görülür.

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Shepherdia canadensis ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Shepherdia canadensis là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Elaeagnaceae. Loài này được (L.) Nutt. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1818.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Shepherdia canadensis. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 9 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


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Shepherdia canadensis: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Shepherdia canadensis là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Elaeagnaceae. Loài này được (L.) Nutt. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1818.

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Шефердия канадская ( الروسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Rosanae
Порядок: Розоцветные
Семейство: Лоховые
Вид: Шефердия канадская
Международное научное название

Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.

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Систематика
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ITIS 27779NCBI 36905EOL 582733GRIN t:33864IPNI 323864-1TPL kew-2592736

Шефе́рдия кана́дская (лат. Shepherdia canadensis) — кустарниковое растение, вид рода Шефердия (Shepherdia) семейства Лоховых (Elaeagnaceae).

Ботаническое описание

 src=
Ботаническая иллюстрация из книги лорда Бриттона «An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada»

Кустарник высотой 2,5 м. Побеги покрыты коричневыми чешуйками, колючки отсутствуют. Листья яйцевидной формы, длина 2—5 см, ширина 0,5—1 см. Основание округлой или сердцевидной формы. Верхняя часть листа зелёного цвета, почти полностью голая, нижняя часть — серебристого цвета. Цветки желтоватого цвета, диаметр около 4 мм. Плод — безвкусная костянка, форма яйцевидная, длина 4—6 мм, цвет желтовато-красный. Цветение длится с апреля по май. Плоды созревают в июне—июле.

Экология и применение

Шефердия канадская — неприхотливое растение. Засухоустойчива и зимостойка. Культивироваться начала в Америке в 1759 году. На сегодняшний день получены сорта с крупными плодами. Декоративное растение, используется для посадок с другими красивоцветущими кустарниками или с деревьями хвойных пород[2].

Распространение

Шефердия канадская распространена в Канаде (Северная территория, Юкон, Ньюфаундленд, Квебек, Онтарио, Британская Колумбия), США (штаты Мичиган, Пенсильвания, Вермонт, Миннесота, Северная Дакота, Южная Дакота, Колорадо, Орегон, Вайоминг, Нью-Мехико, Аризона, Невада)[3].

Классификация

Вид Шефердия канадская относится к роду Шефердия (Shepherdia) семейству Лоховые (Elaeagnaceae).


класс Однодольные ещё 9 семейств
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё 2 вида отдел Цветковые растения порядок Розоцветные род Шефердия царство Растения класс Двудольные семейство Лоховые вид
Шефердия канадская
ещё около 21 отдела ещё 36 порядков двудольных
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё 2 рода

Галерея

Shepherdia canadensis 5441.JPG
Shepherdia canadensis 5449.JPG
Shepherdia canadensis 5451.JPG
Shepherdia canadensis 5459.JPG
Слева направо: 1 — лист крупным планом; 2 — лист с обратной стороны; 3 — стебель с листьями; 4 — листья.

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. Шефердия канадская: информация на сайте «Энциклопедия декоративных цветущих растений»
  3. Шефердия канадская (англ.): информация на сайте GRIN.
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Шефердия канадская: Brief Summary ( الروسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию

Шефе́рдия кана́дская (лат. Shepherdia canadensis) — кустарниковое растение, вид рода Шефердия (Shepherdia) семейства Лоховых (Elaeagnaceae).

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