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Reproduction ( 英语 )

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Nudibranchs are simultaneously hermaphroditic, meaning they have both male and female reproductive organs at the same time (Denny & Gaines, 2007). The reproductive system is therefore quite large, as it contains male and female gonads, glands for treating ova (a mature female reproductive cell), and receptacles for storing sperm (Denny & Gaines, 2007). However, they are unable to self fertilize, and therefore require a mate (King & Valda, 2001). When a nudibranch comes in contact with another, they line up, facing opposite directions, to align their reproductive organs that occur on the right side of their necks (King & Valda, 2001). They have simultaneous fertilization, with each exchanging sperm packets with the other (King & Valda, 2001). Fertilization is internal (Denny & Gaines, 2007), and nudibranchs can store sperm in their bodies until fertilization is required (King & Valda, 2001). Eggs are laid on substrate in a mucus-covered, ribbon-like matrix (King & Valda, 2001). Eggs hatch from these eggs as veliger larvae, which have two ciliated flaps for swimming and feeding, and are planktonic (King & Valda, 2001). This allows them to be carried by the water great distances. Most have a shell during the larval stage (King & Valda, 2001). Nudibranchs are estimated to live for a year or two, but very few studies have been able to satisfactorily determine life spans in the wild (King & Valda, 2001).

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Brief Summary ( 英语 )

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Nudibranchs are shell-less marine slugs, so named for the “naked gills” that form feathery tufts on their dorsal side. More than 3,000 known species of nudibranchs exist, and they exhibit a wide variety of coloration, textures, sizes, feeding habits, and behaviors (Wägele and Klussmann-Kolb, 2005). Aeolidioidea is a subgroup of the Order Nudibranchia – however, the exact taxonomic level of Aeolidioidea is conflicting among the literature, with some classifying it as a suborder, superfamily, family, or subfamily. Aeolidoidea (commonly known as aeolid nudibranchs) are found worldwide, although their highest diversity is in the tropics (King & Valda, 2001). Many nudibranchs, primarily the aeolids, feed on organisms in the Phylum Cnidaria – the sea anemones, corals, hydroids, and jellyfish – which are notorious for their painful sting. Stinging cells, called cnidocytes, encapsulate a coiled, barbed, harpoon (nematocyst), which produces this sting (Hessinger and Lenhoff, 1988). Some aeolids nudibranchs have the ability to process ingested nematocysts without discharging them. Even more amazingly, some can sequester these nematocysts into projections of the digestive system in their cerata (tentacle-like projections along the nudibranch’s back, unique to the aeolids) in a process called foreign organellar retention. Foreign organellar retention involves the phagocytosis (engulfment) of nematocysts in the digestive system by cnidophage cells, which accumulate in a muscular capsule called the cnidosac in the cerata. This is most commonly a feature of the aeolids, but members of other families have this ability as well. These “stolen” nematocysts are termed “kleptocnidae,” and it is commonly thought that these are used in defense against the nudibranch’s own predators (Edbunds, 2009).

参考文献

  • King, D., and Fraser, Valda. (2001). More Reef Fishes and Nudibranchs. Struik Publishers: Cape Town.
  • Edbunds, M. (2009). Do nematocysts sequestered by aeolid nudibranchs deter predators? - a background to the debate. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 75(2), 203-205.
  • Hessinger, D.A., and Lenhoff, H.M. (1988). The Biology of Nematocysts. Academic Press, Inc.: San Diego.

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Taxonomy ( 英语 )

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More than 3,000 known species of nudibranchs exist, and they exhibit a wide variety of coloration, textures, sizes, feeding habits, and behaviors (Wägele and Klussmann-Kolb, 2005). Aeolidioidea is a subgroup of the Order Nudibranchia – however, the exact taxonomic level of Aeolidioidea is conflicting among the literature, with some classifying it as a suborder, superfamily, family, or subfamily.

参考文献

Wägele, H., & Klussmann-Kolb, A. (2005). Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) - more than just slimy slugs. Shell reduction and its implications on defense and foraging. Frontiers in Zoology, 2(3).

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Distribution ( 英语 )

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Aeolidoidea are found worldwide, although their highest diversity is in the tropics (King & Valda, 2001). They are found in the intertidal zones, but have also been found at great depths (King & Valda, 2001).

参考文献

King, D., and Fraser, Valda. (2001). More Reef Fishes and Nudibranchs. Struik Publishers: Cape Town.

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Morphology ( 英语 )

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Nudibranchs are shell-less marine slugs. General characteristics of Nudibranchia include: a foot, which the nudibranch uses to crawl on the substrate. This is often covered in cilia (hair-like structures) or mucus, which facilitate mobility (King & Valda, 2001). They are named for their “naked gills,” which form tufts that encircle the anus on the external, dorsal side of the animal (King & Valda, 2001). However, in aeolids, these gills are often indistinct (Carmona et al., 2013).The nudibranch nervous system is concentrated around the esophagus, and there are no dorsal or ventral nerve cords (Denny & Gaines, 2007). Nudibranchs sense the world with rhinophores, chemosensory organs located on the head that look like two spiraled ear tufts (King & Valda, 2001). There are genital openings on the right side of the body (Denny & Gaines, 2007). Nudibranchs, like other gastropods, have radula, a serrated tongue with which to scrape their food (King & Valda, 2001). Aeolids have pectinate (comb-like) radular teeth (Carmona et al., 2013). Aeolids can be distinguished from other nudibranchs by their elongated, tapering bodies, which are covered in fingerlike projections along their dorsal side (Denny & Gaines, 2007). These projections are called cerata, and contain branches of the digestive tract (Carmona et al., 2013). Sacs at the tips of the cerata called cnidosacs store sequestered nematocysts in aeolids that have this ability (Carmona et al., 2013).

参考文献

  • Denny, M.W., & Gaines, S. D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores. University of California Press.
  • Carmona, L., Pola, M., Gosliner, T.M., Cervera, J.L. (2013). A tale that morphology fails to tell: A molecular phylogeny of Aeolidiidae (Aeolidida, Nudibranchia, Gastropoda). PLoS One, 8(5), e63000.

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Diet ( 英语 )

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Nudibranchs can feed on a variety of foods, including sponges, soft corals, anemones, and hydroids (King & Valda, 2001). Aeolids are generally specialists, eating only one or two types of food, or even specializing on a specific species (Todd et al., 2001). Most aeolids feed on members of the Phylum Cnidaria (anemones, corals, jellyfish, hydroids, etc.) (Carmona et al., 2013). Many aeolids have the remarkable ability to sequester the stinging cells (nematocysts) of these organisms in their cnidosacs without discharging them (Carmona et al., 2013). These “stolen” nematocysts are termed “kleptocnidae,” and it is commonly thought that these are used in defense against the nudibranch’s own predators (Edbunds, 2009). Although many aeolids have the ability to sequester nematocysts, not all ingested nematocysts end up in the cerata. Many of them are passed intact through the alimentary canal and are excreted in feces (Schlesinger et al., 2009). Although dependent on a variety of external factors, an individual Spurilla neapolitana aeolid has been estimated to excrete 1.5×105 intact nematocysts each day (Schlesinger et al., 2009).

But how do nudibranchs protect themselves from the dangerous sting of nematocysts while they consume them? One possibility is that the digestive epithelium of cnidaria-consuming aeolids contain chitinous, intracellular disks, known as spindles (Martin et al., 2007). In addition, the esophagus, radula pouch, and pharynx possess a chitinous coating (Martin et al. 2006). These features of the digestive tract are not seen in nudibranchs that do not consume cnidarians. The presence of chitin in nudibranchs is surprising, as chitin is a substance normally associated with organisms with hard exoskeletons, like arthropods, where it serves a protective function (Martin et al., 2007). Because of this, Martin et al. (2006) suggest that spindles help protect cnidaria-ingesting nudibranchs from the deleterious effects of nematocysts. Spindles are also found in the rhinophores, cerata, and sensory cilia, areas that frequently come in contact with nematocysts as nudibranchs graze for food in a cnidarian-populated habitat (Martin et al., 2006). In order to understand the mechanism by which spindles protect the nudibranch, Martin et al. (2006) examined epidermal (skin) spindles after contact with nematocysts. When discharged, nematocysts rupture the nudibranch’s epidermis. This liberates masses of spindles, which become entangled in the barbs of the nematocyst. As the spindles are released from the epidermis, they fall away, bringing the entangled nematocysts with them (Martin et al., 2007). The spindles in the epidermis and this intriguing detachment mechanism protect the deeper vital tissues from the injurious effects of the discharged nematocyst (Martin et al., 2007).

Other aeolids can sequester zooxanthellae from their prey (Carmona et al., 2013). Zooxanthellae are symbiotic protists that live in the tissues of some Cnidaria, and provide them with nutrients and waste cycling services (Carmona et al., 2013). Aeolids can sequester these protists and keep them alive in their tissues, using their photosynthetic products for their own nutrition, as did their former Cnidarian hosts (Carmona et al., 2013).

参考文献

  • Carmona, L., Carmona, M., Gosliner, T.M., Cervera, J.L. (2013). A tale that morphology fails to tell: A molecular phylogeny of Aeolidiidae (Aeolidida, Nudibranchia, Gastropoda). PLoS One, 8(5), e63000.
  • Schlesinger, A., Kramarsky-Winter, E., & Loya, Y. (2009). Active nematocyst isolation via nudibranchs. Marine Biotechnology, 11, 441-444.
  • Todd, C.D., Lambert, W.J., Daviee, J. (2001). Perspectives on the biology and ecology of nudibranch molluscs: Generalisations and variations on the theme that prove the rule. Bollettino Malacol, 37(5-8): 105-120.
  • Martin, R., Hild, S., Walther, P., Ploss, K., Boland, W., & Tomaschko, K. (2007). Granular chitin in the epidermis of nudibranch molluscs. Biological Bulletin, 213, 307-315.
  • Martin, R., Tomaschko, K., & Walther, P. (2007). Protective skin structures in shell-less marine gastropods. Marine Biology, 150, 807-817.

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Predators ( 英语 )

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Predators may include crabs, fish, and asteroids (Miller & Byrne, 2000).

参考文献

Miller, J.A., and Byrne, M. (2000). Ceratal autotomy and regeneration in the aeolid nudibranch Phidiana crassicornis and the role of predators. Invertebrate Biology, 119(2), 167-176.

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Eolidioïdeu ( 加泰罗尼亚语;瓦伦西亚语 )

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Aeolidioidea són un grup taxonòmic, concretament una superfamília de nudibranquis, mol·luscs gastròpodes marins del clade Aeolidida.

Taxonomia

La superfamília Aeolidioidea inclou sis famílies:[1]

Sinònims d'aquestes famílies:

Referències

  1. Bouchet, P. (2014). Aeolidioidea Gray, 1827. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=189 on 2014-10-24
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Eolidioïdeu: Brief Summary ( 加泰罗尼亚语;瓦伦西亚语 )

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Aeolidioidea són un grup taxonòmic, concretament una superfamília de nudibranquis, mol·luscs gastròpodes marins del clade Aeolidida.

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Fadenschnecken ( 德语 )

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Die Fadenschnecken (Aeolidida) sind eine Teilordnung der Nacktkiemer innerhalb der Ordnung Hinterkiemerschnecken. Die in allen Weltmeeren auftretenden kleinen bis mittelgroßen gehäuselosen Schnecken sind Fleischfresser. Sie fressen meist Nesseltiere, deren Nesselkapseln sie in ihren Cerata ablagern und so als Kleptocniden selbst nutzen.

Merkmale

Die durchscheinenden Fadenschnecken werden meist nicht länger als 4 bis 5 cm, so dass die bis über 10 cm lange Breitwarzige Fadenschnecke (Aeolidia papillosa) zu den großen Arten gehört. Die meisten Fadenschnecken haben an ihrem Kopf ein Paar langer, stark geruchs- und strömungsempfindlicher Fühler, die Rhinophoren, die zwar verkürzt, jedoch nie ganz eingezogen werden können. Darüber hinaus gibt es meist weitere Fühler am Mund (Mundtentakeln), die länger als die Rhinophoren sein können. Neben der Radula sind zum Beißen Kiefer vorhanden. Der After befindet sich recht weit vorn an der rechten Seite.

Wie anderen Nacktkiemerschnecken fehlen den Fadenschnecken Mantelhöhle und Schale. Ihr Rücken ist mit zahlreichen Cerata besetzt, Fortsätzen, die sowohl der Atmung als auch der Verteidigung dienen. In die Cerata führen Ausläufer der stark verzweigten Mitteldarmdrüse und enden unter der Haut an der Spitze in s. g. Nesselsäcken, auch Cnidosäcke genannt, die über einen im Normalzustand verschlossenen Porus nach außen führen. Die Nesselkapseln gefressener Nesseltiere explodieren bei der Nahrungsaufnahme nicht und werden auch nicht verdaut, sondern durch die Mitteldarmdrüse in die Cerata verlagert und in den Nesselsäcken gespeichert. Die abgelagerten Nesselkapseln, die Kleptocniden, werden bei Berührung durch andere Tiere über den Porus ausgestoßen, ausgelöst und wehren somit Fressfeinde der Schnecke ab.

Die meisten Fadenschnecken sind benthisch und fressen in der Regel sessile Nesseltiere. Manche Arten, so Glaucus atlanticus und Glaucilla marginata in der Familie Glaucidae, leben als pelagische Räuber von pelagischen Nesseltieren, meist koloniebildenden Hydrozoen (Portugiesische Galeere, Segelqualle). Auch diese frei schwimmenden Arten lagern Kleptocniden in ihren Cerata ab. Die ebenfalls pelagische Fiona pinnata frisst dagegen meist Entenmuscheln (Lepas) und nur gelegentlich auch pelagische Nesseltiere. Sie lagert keine Kleptocniden ab.

Die Fadenschnecken sind Zwitter, die sich mit ihren Penissen wechselseitig begatten. Jedes Tier produziert Eizellen und Spermien und hat sowohl eine weibliche als auch eine männliche Geschlechtsöffnung, die nebeneinander liegen. Die Eier werden in Eischnüren aus tausenden Eikapseln abgelegt, aus denen Veliger-Larven schlüpfen. Diese tragen während ihrer pelagischen Phase zeitweise eine winzige Schale, die später wieder verloren geht, so dass durch die Metamorphose eine gehäuselose Nacktschnecke entsteht.

Systematik

Nach Bouchet und Rocroi (2005) gehören zu den Fadenschnecken (Aeolidida) drei Überfamilien mit elf Familien. Angegeben sind auch einige Artbeispiele:

In früheren Systematiken bildeten die Fadenschnecken eine Überfamilie Aeolidiacea.[1]

Literatur

  • Luise Schmekel, Adolf Portmann: Opisthobranchia des Mittelmeeres: Nudibranchia und Saccoglossa. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York 1982. Subordo Aeolidacea Odhner, 1934: S. 183–272.
  • Adam Sedgwick, Joseph Jackson Lister, Sir Arthur Everett Shipley: A Student's Text-book of Zoology: Protozoa to Chaetognatha. S. Sonnenschein and Company, 1898. Aeolidioidea: S. 412f.
  • Philippe Bouchet & Jean-Pierre Rocroi: Part 2. Working classification of the Gastropoda. Malacologia, 47: 239–283, Ann Arbor 2005, .
  • Victor Millard: Classification of the Mollusca. A Classification of World Wide Mollusca. Rhine Road, Südafrika 1997, ISBN 0-620-21261-6.
  • Rudie H. Kuiter, Helmut Debelius: Nacktschnecken der Weltmeere: 1200 Arten weltweit. Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2007. ISBN 3-440-11133-4.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Friedrich Heinrich Wilhelm Martini, Johann Hieronymus Chemnitz, Heinrich Carl Küster, Wilhelm Kobelt: Aeolidiacea, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Verlag von Bauer & Raspe (Emile Küster), Nürnberg 1855.
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Fadenschnecken: Brief Summary ( 德语 )

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Die Fadenschnecken (Aeolidida) sind eine Teilordnung der Nacktkiemer innerhalb der Ordnung Hinterkiemerschnecken. Die in allen Weltmeeren auftretenden kleinen bis mittelgroßen gehäuselosen Schnecken sind Fleischfresser. Sie fressen meist Nesseltiere, deren Nesselkapseln sie in ihren Cerata ablagern und so als Kleptocniden selbst nutzen.

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Aeolidida ( 英语 )

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The Aeolidida is a taxonomic clade of sea slugs, specifically aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Cladobranchia.[1][2] They are distinguished from other nudibranchs by their possession of cerata containing cnidosacs. [3]

Taxonomy

References

  1. ^ Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families". Malacologia. 47 (1–2).
  2. ^ Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2014). Aeolidida. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed on 2017-11-08
  3. ^ OPK - Opisthobranquis: Aeolidida
  4. ^ Korshunova, T.; Martynov, A.; Bakken, T.; Evertsen, J.; Fletcher, K.; Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia: aeolidacean taxonomic reassessment with descriptions of several new families, genera, and species (Mollusca, Gastropoda). ZooKeys. 717: 1-139.
  5. ^ Korshunova, T.; Martynov, A.; Picton, B. (2017). Ontogeny as an important part of integrative taxonomy in tergipedid aeolidaceans (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) with a description of a new genus and species from the Barents Sea. Zootaxa. 4324(1): 1.
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Aeolidida: Brief Summary ( 英语 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The Aeolidida is a taxonomic clade of sea slugs, specifically aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Cladobranchia. They are distinguished from other nudibranchs by their possession of cerata containing cnidosacs.

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Aeolidida ( 法语 )

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Les Aeolidida forment un infra-ordre de mollusques gastéropodes de l'ordre des nudibranches.

Description et caractéristiques

 src=
En Méditerranée, l'espèce Cratena peregrina est assez commune et se nourrit principalement d'hydraires.

Les nudibranches éolidiens ont pour la plupart le corps allongé, et dorsalement couvert d’appendices fuselés appelés « cérates », qui remplacent le panache branchial[1]. Ceux-ci jouent un rôle à la fois respiratoire, digestif et défensif, en concentrant les cellules urticantes des animaux venimeux qu’elles consomment (principalement des cnidaires, notamment des hydraires). Les cérates sont simples, et peuvent être alignés ou former des touffes. Sur la tête se trouve, en plus de la paire de rhinophores, une paire de tentacules buccaux assez longs, qui sont portés recourbés vers le haut chez de nombreuses espèces à la manière de défenses d’éléphant[2].

Classification

Selon World Register of Marine Species (7 novembre 2013)[3], prenant pour base la taxinomie de Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), on compte 12 familles réparties en trois super-familles :

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

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Aeolidida: Brief Summary ( 法语 )

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Les Aeolidida forment un infra-ordre de mollusques gastéropodes de l'ordre des nudibranches.

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Cleioprocta ( 意大利语 )

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Cleioprocta: Brief Summary ( 意大利语 )

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Cleioprocta è una superfamiglia di molluschi nudibranchi.

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Aeolidioidea ( 荷兰语;弗莱芒语 )

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Aeolidioidea is een superfamilie van weekdieren uit de klasse van de Gastropoda (slakken).

Families

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Aeolidioidea: Brief Summary ( 荷兰语;弗莱芒语 )

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Aeolidioidea is een superfamilie van weekdieren uit de klasse van de Gastropoda (slakken).

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Aeolidioidea ( 波兰语 )

由wikipedia POL提供

Aeolidioideanadrodzina ślimaków nagoskrzelnych (Nudibranchia), obejmująca rodziny[1]:

Przypisy

  1. P. Bouchet: Aeolidioidea (ang.). World Register of Marine Species, 2011. [dostęp 26 października 2011].
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Aeolidioidea: Brief Summary ( 波兰语 )

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Aeolidioidea – nadrodzina ślimaków nagoskrzelnych (Nudibranchia), obejmująca rodziny:

Aeolidiidae Notaeolidiidae Facelinidae Glaucidae Piseinotecidae
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Aeolidida ( 葡萄牙语 )

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Aeolidida é um clado taxonómico de lesmas do mar, conhecidos por nudibrânquios eolídios, um agrupamento de gastrópodes marinhos do clade Cladobranchia.[1]

Taxonomia

Notas

  1. Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). «Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families». Malacologia. 47 (1-2)
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Aeolidida: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙语 )

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Aeolidida é um clado taxonómico de lesmas do mar, conhecidos por nudibrânquios eolídios, um agrupamento de gastrópodes marinhos do clade Cladobranchia.

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Aeolidioidea ( 俄语 )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Надтип: Спиральные
Класс: Брюхоногие
Подкласс: Heterobranchia
Надотряд: Nudipleura
Подотряд: Cladobranchia
Надсемейство: Aeolidioidea
Международное научное название

Aeolidioidea Gray, 1827

Синонимы
по данным MolluscaBase[1]:
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Систематика
на Викивидах
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Поиск изображений
на Викискладе
NCBI 71481EOL 9100737

Aeolidioidea (лат.) — надсемейство брюхоногих моллюсков из отряда голожаберных (Nudibranchia)[1]. Спинная сторона покрыта неветвящимися цератами, в которые через выросты пищеварительной железы поступают клептокниды[2].

Классификация

На декабрь 2018 года в надсемейство включают 8 семейств[1]:

См. также

Примечания

  1. 1 2 3 Aeolidioidea (англ.) в базе данных MolluscaBase. (Проверено 5 января 2019).
  2. Рупперт Э. Э., Фокс Р. С., Барнс Р. Д. Низшие целомические животные // Зоология беспозвоночных. Функциональные и эволюционные аспекты = Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach / пер. с англ. Т. А. Ганф, Н. В. Ленцман, Е. В. Сабанеевой; под ред. А. А. Добровольского и А. И. Грановича. — 7-е издание. — М.: Академия, 2008. — Т. 2. — 448 с. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-7695-2740-1.


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Aeolidioidea: Brief Summary ( 俄语 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

Aeolidioidea (лат.) — надсемейство брюхоногих моллюсков из отряда голожаберных (Nudibranchia). Спинная сторона покрыта неветвящимися цератами, в которые через выросты пищеварительной железы поступают клептокниды.

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cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Авторы и редакторы Википедии