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Diadema antillarum Philippi 1845

Associations ( Inglês )

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The spines of Diadema antillarum are brittle and will fragmentize if wounded. The pieces are difficult to remove, and often cause infections as they carry bacteria. The mucous coating of the spines, normally used to kill organisms that live in the spines, carries a mild poison that also aids in deterring smaller predators. Diadema antillarum has been observed to gather in groups as an added protection.

Known Predators:

  • queen triggerfish (Balistes vetula)
  • Caribbean spiny lobsters (Panularis argus)
  • Caribbean helmets (Cassis turberosa)
  • two species of toadfish (Antennariidae)
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Puckett, E. 2002. "Diadema antillarum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_antillarum.html
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Erin Puckett, Southwestern University
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Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Morphology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Diadema antillarum is a regular (round) urchin, and displays the pentamerism of echinoderms. Mature individuals of D. antillarum can reach up to 500 mm in diameter. Diadema antillarum has thin spines that range from 300-400 mm in length and can be up to four times the diameter of the test (skeleton formed inside the body). The spines are thin, hollow, and break easily. The test is rigid and there is a reduced amount of soft tissue in the body wall as compared to other species in the family Diadematidae.

The test and spines of a mature adult are typically black, but lighter colored spines may be intermixed, and in rare cases the urchin will be almost entirely white. The spines of juveniles are always banded with black and white. When the urchin dies, the spines falls off and the test remains.

At the base of the urchin are branched tentacles called tube feet, which help in gathering food, respiration, locomotion, and mucous production.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; radial symmetry

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Puckett, E. 2002. "Diadema antillarum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_antillarum.html
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Erin Puckett, Southwestern University
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Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The lifespan of D. antillarum is closely related to temperatures and food availability. Populations in warmer climates tend to have a quicker rate of development and shorter lifespan than those in colder climates.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
6 years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
4 to 8 years.

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Puckett, E. 2002. "Diadema antillarum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_antillarum.html
autor
Erin Puckett, Southwestern University
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Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Animal Diversity Web

Sem título ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

In 1983 D. antillarum experienced a massive die-off all across the Caribbean; some areas lost up to 97% of mature individuals. The die-off is thought to be due to a water-borne pathogen that has not yet been identified. The great reduction of D. antillarum in the reefs caused an extreme increase in the algal cover, and thus a reduction of larval coral settlement. Microalgae has become more abundant in the time since the die-off; the greater amount of algae allows the reefs to support a greater number of herbivorous fish, which can result in more damage to the reefs.

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Puckett, E. 2002. "Diadema antillarum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_antillarum.html
autor
Erin Puckett, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Behavior ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Diadema antillarum has a highly developed light sensitivity. When a shadow appears, the urchin waves its spines in the direction of the shadow and moves away from the shadow, often into a more protected area. In this sense, D. antillarum can almost 'see' predators. It is not known how individuals communicate with each other to aggregate.

Communication Channels: chemical

Other Communication Modes: photic/bioluminescent

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical

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Puckett, E. 2002. "Diadema antillarum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_antillarum.html
autor
Erin Puckett, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
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Conservation Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

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Puckett, E. 2002. "Diadema antillarum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_antillarum.html
autor
Erin Puckett, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
visite a fonte
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Animal Diversity Web

Life Cycle ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The fertilized egg has two forms: the blastula and the gastrula. These swim close to the surface of the water with the aid of cilia, and can be dispersed quite far, depending on currents. These larvae are known as the echinopluteus, and can remain in the larval stage for an average of 4-6 weeks. As the larvae mature, a vestibule is created in what will be the oral side of the urchin. Tentacles grow from this opening, on which suction areas eventually emerge. When the tentacles have suckers, they are primary poda, which serve as locomotive tools when the larva sinks to the ocean floor. At this point the skeletal plates begin to develop. When the 5 ambulical plates are developed and the terminal plate lies next to the genital plates, the urchin is fully developed, though it will continue to grow for the rest of its life.

Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

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Puckett, E. 2002. "Diadema antillarum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_antillarum.html
autor
Erin Puckett, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The spines of D. antillarum are very sharp and can easily pierce skin, shoes, and wetsuits. Contact with a spine is not extremely painful, but the shattering of the spine leaves organic material in the wound that can cause intensely painful infections. The poisonous mucous seems to have very little effect on humans.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings)

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citação bibliográfica
Puckett, E. 2002. "Diadema antillarum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_antillarum.html
autor
Erin Puckett, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
visite a fonte
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Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The gonads of sea urchins are considered a delicacy in many coastal regions, but D. antillarum is not one of the more preferred species.

Sea urchin eggs are used extensively in embryological research.

Positive Impacts: food ; research and education

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Puckett, E. 2002. "Diadema antillarum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_antillarum.html
autor
Erin Puckett, Southwestern University
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Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
visite a fonte
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Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Diadema antillarum feeds on the algal turf of the coral reefs. The algal turf grows rapidly, and without the urchin's control, can destroy the reefs. Diadema antillarum clears the reefs, making room for coral larvae to settle and grow. However, the urchin actually wears away at the calcium carbonate of the reef, too.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Tuleariocaris neglecta, black urchin shrimp
  • Many species of cardinal fishes Apogonidae
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citação bibliográfica
Puckett, E. 2002. "Diadema antillarum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_antillarum.html
autor
Erin Puckett, Southwestern University
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Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Diadema antillarum grazes on the algal turf of coral reefs primarily during the night. Foods eaten include algal turf, young corals and zoanthids.

Animal Foods: aquatic or marine worms; cnidarians; other marine invertebrates; zooplankton

Plant Foods: algae

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats non-insect arthropods, Eats other marine invertebrates); herbivore (Algivore); omnivore

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Puckett, E. 2002. "Diadema antillarum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_antillarum.html
autor
Erin Puckett, Southwestern University
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Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
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Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Diadema antillarum is found in the shallow waters of the Atlantic Ocean, in the Bahamas, and the Western Atlantic from eastern Florida to Brazil. In the Eastern Atlantic D. antillarum is found in Madeira, the Gulf of Guinea, and the Canary, Cape Verde, and Annabon islands.

Biogeographic Regions: atlantic ocean (Native )

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Puckett, E. 2002. "Diadema antillarum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_antillarum.html
autor
Erin Puckett, Southwestern University
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Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
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Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Diadema antillarum favors quiet waters, and is found most often in coral reefs. This species can also be found in turtle grass beds and on rock bottoms.

Range depth: 0 to 400 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: reef

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Puckett, E. 2002. "Diadema antillarum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_antillarum.html
autor
Erin Puckett, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Some populations of D. antillarum have been observed to congregate during their spawning season. There is no mating of individuals as fertilization and gestation occur in the open water.

The spawning of D. antillarum appears to be connected to the lunar calendar. During the summer season, the egg and sperm are released once during each lunar month. This spawning period is dependant upon temperature; populations in different hemispheres may spawn at different times depending on when the warm season occurs.

The egg and sperm are released into the water where they are fertilized and develop into the larval echinopluteus. Egg size has also been observed to change during the month. Spawning occurs when the eggs are largest.

Breeding interval: Spawning is temperature dependent.

Breeding season: In summer, eggs and sperm are released each lunar month.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External )

There is no parental involvement post-spawning.

Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning)

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Puckett, E. 2002. "Diadema antillarum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_antillarum.html
autor
Erin Puckett, Southwestern University
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Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Renee Sherman Mulcrone
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Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Echinoderms of Panama

In Panama this species been collected in the Caribbean from:

-Galeta Island (USNM E 26602, USNM E 26687, USNM E 28260, USNM E 38607; Centroid Latitude: 9.4067, Centroid Longitude: -79.8667)

Portobelo (USNM E 11402, USNM E 27448)

-Limon Bay, Colon (USNM 39448, USNM E 26606)

-3.5 miles North of the Piedras River (USNM E 18817)

-Miria Island, San Blas (USNM E 26686)

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Coppard , Simon
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Coppard , Simon
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Echinoderms of Panama

References and links ( Inglês )

fornecido por Echinoderms of Panama

Mortensen, T. (1940). A monograph of the Echinoidea 3(1). Aulodonta. Copenhagen. 370 pp., 196 figures, 77 pls, pages: 269-275.

Lessios, H. A. (1988). Population dynamics of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) following mass mortality in Panamá. Marine Biology 99: 515-526.

Lessios, H. A., Robertson, D. R. & Cubit, J. D. (1984). Spread of Diadema mass mortality through the Caribbean. Science 226: 335-337.

Lessios, H.A., Kessing, B.D. & Pearse, J.S. (2001). Population structure and speciation in tropical seas: global phylogeography of the sea urchin Diadema. Evol. 55: 955-975.

Coppard, S. E. & Campbell, A. C. (2004). Taxonomic significance of spine morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema and Echinothrix. Invertebrate Biology, 123 (4), 357-371.

Coppard, S. E. & Campbell, A. C. (2006a). Taxonomic significance of test morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema Gray, 1825 and Echinothrix Peters 1853 (Echinodermata). Zoosystema 28(1), 93-112.

Coppard, S. E. & Campbell, A.C. (2006b). Systematic significance of tridentate pedicellariae in the echinoid genera Diadema and Echinothrix. Invertebrate Biology 125(4), 363-378.

Barcode of Life

GenBank

The Echinoid Directory

World Echinoidea Database

LSID urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:124332
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Echinoderms of Panama

Synonymised taxa ( Inglês )

fornecido por Echinoderms of Panama

Centrechinus antillarum (Philippi, 1845) (transferred to Diadema)
Centrechinus setosus Jackson, 1912 (subjective junior synonym)
Cidaris (Diadema) antillarum Philippi, 1845 (transferred to Diadema)

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Comprehensive Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Diadema antillarum Philippi

Cidaris antillarum Philippi, 1845:355. [For a synonymy, see Mortensen, 1940:269. For the biology of this species see Lewis, 1964, and Randall, Schroeder, and Starck, 1964. For illustrations, see Kier and Grant, 1965, pi. 2: figs. 4–7.]

This urchin occurs both on the reef and in the lagoon. It lives throughout the length of the transect in cavities in the coral or rock. It is most common in the Patch Reef Zone with a density of 6–7 per square meter. Rare at greater depths, no specimens were observed deeper than 40 meters. However, it has been reported elsewhere at far greater depths. Large herds of 20–40 specimens occur in profusion in the lagoon’s Thalassia beds.
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citação bibliográfica
Kier, Porter M. 1975. "The echinoids of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-45. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.206

Diadema antillarum ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Diadema with unusual grey spines at Snapper Ledge

Diadema antillarum, also known as the lime urchin, black sea urchin, or the long-spined sea urchin,[2] is a species of sea urchin in the family Diadematidae.

This sea urchin is characterized by its exceptionally long black spines.

It is the most abundant and important herbivore on the coral reefs of the western Atlantic and Caribbean basin. When the population of these sea urchins is at a healthy level, they are the main grazers which prevent algae overgrowth of the reef.

Anatomy

Diadema antillarum has a "shell," similar to most other sea urchins. What distinguishes the Diadema is the length of its spines. Most sea urchin spines are 1–3 cm, but the spines in this species are usually 10–12 cm in length, and can grow as long as 30 cm in very large individuals.

Life habits

This species usually lives at 1–10 metres in depth on coral reefs. They will often lodge themselves in a crevice, so that only their spines can be seen, but individual urchins who can't find a suitable crevice will live in more exposed situations. Individuals that have been able to find a crevice usually will roam about one metre from their crevice at night during feeding. Diadema is very sensitive to light, and will often pick its crevice or resting place based on how much shade there is.

Diadema mostly eat algae, and sometimes seagrass. Starving urchins have been known to become carnivorous.

Ecological importance

Diadema antillarum is still, in some tropical areas, one of the most abundant, widespread, and ecologically-important shallow-water sea urchins. It is found in the tropical Western Atlantic Ocean, including the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the northern and eastern coasts of South America (as far south as Brazil). It is also found in the East Atlantic at the Canary Islands and the Indian Ocean. This species is ecologically important because it consumes algae that can otherwise grow to such an extent that they can smother coral reefs. They live in holes that are in the reef.

Die-off of urchins

In 1983, throughout the Caribbean faunal zone as far south as South America and north to the Bahamas, Diadema antillarum underwent mass mortality, with more than 97% of the urchins dying.[3] Since this time some Caribbean reefs have been overgrown by foliose macroalgae. This inhibits coral growth and has further compounded the ongoing decline of scleractinian corals. It also has an overall negative effect on coral reef resilience, which encompasses the ability of a system to resist and recover from changes stemming from perturbation events. Recent studies done in Discovery Bay, Jamaica,[4] and other locations[5] appear to show a massive comeback of Diadema, and great regeneration of the reefs. As of 2015 populations are densest in the eastern Caribbean at Jamaica, Barbados, Dominica, and Puerto Rico, while either remaining virtually stable at low values or showing small increases on the coast of Central America and in Cuba, Florida, the Bahamas, the Virgin Islands, and Curaçao. The highest rate of increase has been on the north coast of Jamaica, and the lowest in Florida, Cuba, and the Bahamas. Two populations, in Venezuela and the San Blas Islands, Panama, have actually continued to decline with time. In 2022, another die-off was reported in the Caribbean, specifically the U.S. Virgin Islands, Saba, and St. Eustatius.[6]

Human relevance

When the sea urchins died due to an unknown disease, the biodiversity of the marine life of the coral reefs suffered a great deal. The resulting lush algae growth stunted and even reversed the development of coral, and the fish and other animals living on the reefs declined in numbers due to less food and shelter.

The reduced biodiversity of the coral reefs affected tourism in several small countries, which depended on the natural beauty of their reefs to help attract visitors, and because tourism was a major part of the income for these countries, the decreased flow of guests stressed their economy.

Low-density populations, predators, and waves from high-powered storms tends to impede the repopulation of Diadema antillarum. In the fertilization process, male and female urchins excrete fluid to alert other urchins to respond by releasing their eggs and sperm in mass reproduction. With more gametes available, there is a higher chance of fertilization. However, in areas of low-population, a few sea urchins may not be enough to initiate fertilization. After fertilization, there is still a high chance that predators may consume the vulnerable juveniles. Because of the movement of water in powerful storms, urchins can get swept away from their habitat and expire. It is possible to aid the increase in population growth of the urchin with more research and volunteers.

Research on re-population of the species

Long-spined sea urchin.jpg

Research on the species Diadema antillarum is still in its early stages. The urchins can be grown in laboratories and then relocated. Returning the mature individuals into the wild can have a positive effect on the urchin density of the reef. The increase in population can also be aided by the artificial building of reefs: material such as concrete can encourage the growth of coral, and provide more niches for the urchins to hide from predators such as larger fish.

When there are still some areas of high-density urchins, it is possible to relocate urchins to other, low-density reefs. With these methods and the help of volunteer workers, it seems that the shift back to coral-dominated reefs and away from algae-dominated reefs is possible.

References

  1. ^ a b Kroh, Andreas (2013). Kroh A, Mooi R (eds.). "Diadema antillarum Philippi, 1845". World Echinoidea Database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
  2. ^ Farland, K. Clay. Wood, James B. (ed.). "Long-spined Sea Urchin". Marine Invertebrates of Bermuda. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  3. ^ Osborne, Patrick L. (2000). Tropical Ecosystem and Ecological Concepts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 464. ISBN 0-521-64523-9.
  4. ^ Edmunds, Peter J.; Robert C. Carpenter (April 2001). "Recovery of Diadema antillarum reduces macroalgal cover and increases abundance of juvenile corals on a Caribbean reef" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (9): 5067–5071. doi:10.1073/pnas.071524598. PMC 33164. PMID 11274358.
  5. ^ Lessios, H.A. (2016). "The Great Diadema antillarum Die-Off: 30 Years Later". Annual Review of Marine Science. 8: 267–283. Bibcode:2016ARMS....8..267L. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-033857.
  6. ^ "Diadema Response Network". AGRRA. Retrieved 2022-10-26.

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Diadema antillarum: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN
Diadema with unusual grey spines at Snapper Ledge

Diadema antillarum, also known as the lime urchin, black sea urchin, or the long-spined sea urchin, is a species of sea urchin in the family Diadematidae.

This sea urchin is characterized by its exceptionally long black spines.

It is the most abundant and important herbivore on the coral reefs of the western Atlantic and Caribbean basin. When the population of these sea urchins is at a healthy level, they are the main grazers which prevent algae overgrowth of the reef.

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wikipedia EN

Diadema antillarum ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Diadema antillarum, también conocido como erizo de lima, erizo de mar negro o erizo de mar de espinas largas,[1]​ es una especie de erizo de mar de la familia Diadematidae.

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Diadema con espinas grises inusuales en Snapper Ledge

Este erizo de mar se caracteriza por sus espinas negras excepcionalmente largas.

Es el herbívoro más abundante e importante de los arrecifes de coral de la cuenca del Atlántico occidental y el Caribe. Cuando la población de estos erizos de mar está en un nivel saludable, son los principales herbívoros que evitan el crecimiento excesivo de algas en el arrecife.

Anatomía

Diadema antillarum tiene una "concha", similar a la mayoría de los otros erizos de mar. Lo que distingue al Diadema es la longitud de sus espinas. La mayoría de las espinas de los erizos de mar miden de 1 a 3 cm, pero las espinas de esta especie suelen tener de 10 a 12 cm de longitud y pueden crecer hasta 30 cm en individuos muy grandes.

Hábitos de vida

Esta especie suele vivir entre 1 y 10 metros de profundidad en los arrecifes de coral. A menudo se alojan en una grieta, de modo que solo se pueden ver sus espinas, pero los erizos individuales que no pueden encontrar una grieta adecuada vivirán en situaciones más expuestas. Los individuos que han podido encontrar una grieta generalmente deambularán aproximadamente a un metro de su grieta durante la noche durante la alimentación. El diadema es muy sensible a la luz y, a menudo, elegirá su grieta o lugar de descanso en función de la cantidad de sombra que haya.

Los diadema comen principalmente algas y, a veces, pastos marinos. Se sabe que los erizos hambrientos se vuelven carnívoros.

Importancia ecológica

Diadema antillarum es todavía, en algunas áreas tropicales, uno de los erizos de mar de aguas poco profundas más abundantes, extendidos y ecológicamente importantes. Se encuentra en el Océano Atlántico occidental tropical, incluido el Mar Caribe, el Golfo de México y las costas norte y este de América del Sur (tan al sur como Brasil). También se encuentra en el Atlántico este en las Islas Canarias y el Océano Índico. Esta especie es ecológicamente importante porque consume algas que de otra manera pueden crecer hasta tal punto que pueden sofocar los arrecifes de coral. Viven en agujeros que hay en el arrecife.

Muerte de erizos

En 1983, en toda la zona de fauna del Caribe hasta el norte de América del Sur y el norte de las Bahamas, Diadema antillarum sufrió una mortalidad masiva, con más del 97% de los erizos muriendo.[2]​ Desde entonces, algunos arrecifes del Caribe han sido cubiertos por macroalgas foliosas. Esto inhibe el crecimiento de los corales y ha agravado aún más la disminución en curso de los corales escleractinios. También tiene un efecto negativo general sobre la resiliencia de los arrecifes de coral, que abarca la capacidad de un sistema para resistir y recuperarse de los cambios derivados de los eventos de perturbación. Estudios recientes realizados en Discovery Bay, Jamaica,[3]​ y otros lugares parecen mostrar un regreso masivo de Diadema y una gran regeneración de los arrecifes.

Relevancia humana

Cuando los erizos de mar murieron debido a una enfermedad desconocida, la biodiversidad de la vida marina de los arrecifes de coral sufrió mucho. El crecimiento exuberante de algas resultante atrofió e incluso revirtió el desarrollo del coral, y los peces y otros animales que viven en los arrecifes disminuyeron en número debido a la menor cantidad de comida y refugio.

La reducida biodiversidad de los arrecifes de coral afectó al turismo en varios países pequeños, que dependían de la belleza natural de sus arrecifes para ayudar a atraer visitantes, y debido a que el turismo era una parte importante de los ingresos de estos países, la disminución del flujo de huéspedes acentuó su economía.

Las poblaciones de baja densidad, los depredadores y las olas de tormentas de gran potencia tienden a impedir la repoblación de Diadema antillarum. En el proceso de fertilización, los erizos machos y hembras excretan líquido para alertar a otros erizos para que respondan liberando sus óvulos y espermatozoides en la reproducción masiva. Con más gametos disponibles, hay una mayor probabilidad de fertilización. Sin embargo, en áreas de baja población, algunos erizos de mar pueden no ser suficientes para iniciar la fertilización. Después de la fertilización, todavía existe una alta probabilidad de que los depredadores consuman a los juveniles vulnerables. Debido al movimiento del agua en tormentas poderosas, los erizos pueden ser arrastrados fuera de su hábitat y morir. Es posible ayudar al aumento del crecimiento de la población del erizo con más investigación y voluntarios.

Investigación sobre repoblación de la especie

Long-spined sea urchin.jpg

La investigación sobre la especie Diadema antillarum aún se encuentra en sus primeras etapas. Los erizos pueden cultivarse en laboratorios y luego reubicarse. Devolver a los individuos maduros a la naturaleza puede tener un efecto positivo en la densidad de erizos del arrecife. El aumento de la población también puede ser ayudado por la construcción artificial de arrecifes: materiales como el concreto pueden estimular el crecimiento de coral y proporcionar más nichos para que los erizos se escondan de depredadores como los peces más grandes.

Cuando todavía hay algunas áreas de erizos de alta densidad, es posible reubicar a los erizos en otros arrecifes de baja densidad. Con estos métodos y la ayuda de trabajadores voluntarios, parece que es posible volver a los arrecifes dominados por corales y alejarse de los arrecifes dominados por algas.

Al reubicar Diadema, es necesario eliminar la mayoría de las algas maduras del área de reubicación, ya que hay toxinas en las algas maduras que matan al Diadema.

Referencias

  1. Long-spined Sea Urchin
  2. Osborne, Patrick L. (2000). Tropical Ecosystem and Ecological Concepts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 464. ISBN 0-521-64523-9.
  3. Edmunds, Peter J.; Robert C. Carpenter (April 2001). «Recovery of Diadema antillarum reduces macroalgal cover and increases abundance of juvenile corals on a Caribbean reef». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (9): 5067-5071. PMC 33164. PMID 11274358. doi:10.1073/pnas.071524598.

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Diadema antillarum: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Diadema antillarum, también conocido como erizo de lima, erizo de mar negro o erizo de mar de espinas largas,​ es una especie de erizo de mar de la familia Diadematidae.

 src= Diadema con espinas grises inusuales en Snapper Ledge

Este erizo de mar se caracteriza por sus espinas negras excepcionalmente largas.

Es el herbívoro más abundante e importante de los arrecifes de coral de la cuenca del Atlántico occidental y el Caribe. Cuando la población de estos erizos de mar está en un nivel saludable, son los principales herbívoros que evitan el crecimiento excesivo de algas en el arrecife.

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Diadema antillarum ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

L’oursin-diadème des Antilles (Diadema antillarum), ou « oursin noir [des Antilles] » ou « oursin à longues épines » est une espèce d'oursin régulier tropical de la famille des Diadematidae, caractérisé par des épines exceptionnellement longues[1].

Description

 src=
En groupe.
Diadema antillarum.jpg

Son test (coquille) est rond et légèrement aplati (jusqu'à 10 cm de large[2] pour 5 cm de haut[3]), mais ses épines fines, fragiles et creuses peuvent mesurer jusqu'à 30 cm, lui assurant une bonne défense et une locomotion rapide, et un diamètre total pouvant dépasser 50 cm. Ces épines (« radioles ») sont généralement noires comme le test, mais certaines (et plus rarement toutes) peuvent parfois être grises voire blanches[4]. Celles des juvéniles sont annelées de blanc et de noir, et ce trait peut parfois perdurer chez les adultes[1]. Le plus souvent, on peut distinguer cinq paires de bandes bleues iridescentes délimitant les plaques ambulacraires sur la partie aborale du test, reliant le pôle du test à un disque situé sous l'anus, qui est bordé par les organes photosensibles, puis de là à cinq taches claires plus ou moins en forme de chevrons, visibles surtout de nuit mais absentes chez certains individus[3]. La papille anale est bien visible, souvent assez détachée, généralement noire mais parfois grise (exceptionnellement mouchetée de points violets), avec un orifice noir rarement bordé de gris clair[2].

Il ressemble dans sa silhouette à son cousin de l'Indo-Pacifique Diadema setosum, mais leur aire de répartition bien différente empêche toute confusion. Deux espèces très proches (parfois considérées comme des sous-espèces) se partagent le reste de l'océan Atlantique chaud : Diadema ascensionis et Diadema africanum.

Répartition

Son aire de répartition s'étend dans la zone intertropicale de l'océan Atlantique : principalement dans le bassin caraïbe (Golfe du Mexique et Mer des Caraïbes, des côtes d'Amérique centrale à la Floride et au Brésil), mais aussi sur les côtes africaines, des Canaries au Golfe de Guinée[1].

On peut le trouver dans de nombreux biotopes liés aux lagons coralliens, entre 0 et 400 m de profondeur, mais le plus souvent entre 0 et 10 m. C'est un animal principalement grégaire, qui peut atteindre des densités de 20 individus/m²[1].

Il fréquente des substrats meubles ou durs, sur le sable, les herbiers, les rochers et les récifs de corail. On le trouve généralement dans des eaux calmes, et il passe le plus souvent la journée caché dans des failles dont il sort la nuit pour se nourrir.

Écologie et comportement

Il se nourrit principalement d'algues, qu'il broute de nuit, mais est aussi un omnivore opportuniste, pouvant consommer certains invertébrés sessiles, des débris et des charognes[1]. Comme tous les Diadematidae, il est pourvu d'organes photosensibles sur la partie aborale du test, lui permettant de voir au-dessus de lui afin d'orienter ses radioles (épines) vers d'éventuelles menaces[5],[1].

La reproduction est gonochorique, et mâles et femelles relâchent leurs gamètes en même temps en pleine eau, où œufs puis larves vont évoluer parmi le plancton pendant quelques semaines avant de se fixer[1].

De nombreux petits poissons et invertébrés peuvent vivre en symbiose ou en commensalisme avec cet oursin dont les longues épines assurent une excellente protection, comme les juvénile des poissons de la famille des Apogonidae (le poisson cardinal), ou encore des copépodes, des crevettes nettoyeuses (comme Tuleariocaris neglecta), et des crabes (comme Percnon gibbesi, appelé d'ailleurs « crabe d'oursin » en Martinique)[1].

Il peut également être l'hôte de plusieurs parasites : Onychocheres alatus (ectoparasite), Parametopus circumlabens, Biggaria echinometris, Metanophrys elongata et Trimyema echinometrae (endocommensaux)[6].

En 1983, une épidémie d'origine toujours mystérieuse décima la population de cet oursin dans des proportions extraordinaires : plus de 97 % des individus périrent en quelques mois. L'épidémie ne dura pas, et les oursins recommencèrent à se multiplier dès l'année suivante, mais ils n'avaient toujours pas atteint leur population habituelle en 2006[7].

L'espèce et l'Homme

Diadema antillarum est un bel oursin, apprécié des aquariophiles malgré sa morphologie peu adaptée aux petits bassins.

L'oursin diadème a une assez bonne vue, procurée par les photorécepteurs disposés sur son test : cela lui permet d'orienter efficacement ses épines vers les menaces potentielles, comme la main d'un plongeur, afin d'en optimiser l'angle de pénétration. Une fois à l'intérieur d'un tissu étranger, ces épines se brisent très facilement en plusieurs morceaux très difficiles à retirer et peuvent entraîner un risque d'infection.

Comme chez tous les Diadematidae, une partie de ses épines (les plus courtes) sont pourvues de venin dans leur matrice, mais celui-ci n'a pas d'effet significatif sur l'homme[1]. Heureusement, sa taille et ses couleurs le rendent généralement suffisamment visible aux nageurs, qui peuvent l'éviter facilement.

Onomastique

« Diadema » vient du grec diadema, « diadème » (évoquant le port et la beauté de l'animal) ; « antillarum » vient de son aire de répartition principale : les Antilles. Son nom vernaculaire en Français en est la traduction, et il est parfois aussi appelé plus simplement « oursin à longues épines » ou « oursin noir ». En anglais, il est appelé « Diadem urchin », « Long-spined sea urchin », « lime urchin » ou encore « black sea urchin ». En espagnol, on le nomme « Erizo de lima » et en allemand, il est un « Diademseeigel ».

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

  1. a b c d e f g h et i DORIS, consulté le 12 juin 2013
  2. a et b Jack Harrang, « Oursin diadème des Antilles », sur SousLesMers.
  3. a et b (en) Simon E. Coppard et Andrew C. Campbell, « Taxonomic significance of test morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema Gray, 1825 and Echinothrix Peters, 1853 », Zoosystema, vol. 28, no 1,‎ 2006, p. 93-112 (lire en ligne).
  4. (en) Simon E. Coppard et Andrew C. Campbell, « Taxonomic significance of spine morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema and Echinothrix », Invertebrate Biology, vol. 123, no 4,‎ 2004, p. 357-371 (lire en ligne).
  5. Source : Fiche sur le site de l'université de Jussieu.
  6. World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 19 avril 2014
  7. (en) Adriana Rodriguez, José Carlos Hernandez, Sabrina Clemente et Simon Edward Coppard, « A new species of Diadema (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Diadematidae) from the eastern Atlantic Ocean and a neotype designation of Diadema antillarum (Philippi, 1845) », Zootaxa, vol. 3636, no 1,‎ 2013, p. 144-170 (lire en ligne).
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Diadema antillarum: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

L’oursin-diadème des Antilles (Diadema antillarum), ou « oursin noir [des Antilles] » ou « oursin à longues épines » est une espèce d'oursin régulier tropical de la famille des Diadematidae, caractérisé par des épines exceptionnellement longues.

licença
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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Diadema antillarum ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Diadema antillarum is een zee-egel uit de familie Diadematidae.

De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd in 1845 gepubliceerd door Rodolfo Amando Philippi. Deze tropische zee-egel kan tot 10 centimeter breed worden, exclusief stekels. Hij eet 's nachts algen en koraal en verschuilt zich overdag in spleten.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De soort komt voor in de tropische westelijke Atlantische Oceaan, de Caraïbische Zee, de Golf van Mexico en de noordelijke en oostelijke kusten van Zuid-Amerika. In de oostelijke Atlantische Oceaan komt de soort voor bij de Canarische Eilanden. De soort wordt aangetroffen in ondiepe wateren bij koraalriffen, meestal tussen de 1 en 10 meter diepte.

Afbeeldingen

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Geplaatst op:
15-12-2011
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Diadema antillarum: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Diadema antillarum is een zee-egel uit de familie Diadematidae.

De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd in 1845 gepubliceerd door Rodolfo Amando Philippi. Deze tropische zee-egel kan tot 10 centimeter breed worden, exclusief stekels. Hij eet 's nachts algen en koraal en verschuilt zich overdag in spleten.

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Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NL

Diadema antillarum ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Опис

Цей вид характеризується виключно довгими чорними голками.

Особини цього виду здатні змінювати своє забарвлення в залежності від освітлення.[1]

Ці морські їжаки є своєрідними природними регуляторами чисельності водоростей, оскільки живляться ними.

Розповсюдження

Це один з найбільш поширених і важливих видів на коралових рифах у західній частині Атлантичного океану і Карибського басейну.

Поширений у тропіках західної Атлантики, у Карибському морі, Мексиканській затоці і поблизу північних і східних берегів Південної Америки. У східній частині Атлантичного океану, вид зустрічається на Канарських островах. Зустрічається на мілководді, поблизу коралових рифів, як правило, на глибині від 1 до 10 метрів.

Інше

У 1983–1984 роках цей вид майже повністю вимер у Карибському морі. Проте зараз вид поступово відновлюється і зустрічається дедалі частіше. Зображений на поштовій марці Британських Віргінських островів 1998 року випуску.[2]

Галерея

Примітки

Посилання

Головань Г.А. По дну тропического моря: Рассказы. — М. : Мысль, 1978. — 160 с.(рос.)

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