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Els psicrolútids o caps grossos és el nom comú amb el qual és coneguda la família Psychrolutidae de peixos marins inclosa en l'ordre Scorpaeniformes, distribuïts per l'Atlàntic, Índic i Pacífic.
Existeixen 42 espècies agrupades en 9 gèneres:
Els psicrolútids o caps grossos és el nom comú amb el qual és coneguda la família Psychrolutidae de peixos marins inclosa en l'ordre Scorpaeniformes, distribuïts per l'Atlàntic, Índic i Pacífic.
Die Dickkopf- oder Quappengroppen (Psychrolutidae) leben im Indischen Ozean, im Atlantik und im Pazifik, auf dem Bodengrund, von Küstengewässern bis in Tiefen von bis zu 2800 Metern. An den europäischen Atlantikküsten sowie in Nord- und Ostsee leben der Zwergseeskorpion (Micrenophrys lilljeborgii), der Seeskorpion (Myoxocephalus scorpius), der Vierhörnige Seeskorpion (Myoxocephalus quadricornis) und der Langstachelige Seeskorpion (Taurulus bubalis) aus dieser Familie.
Die Fische können je nach Art 7 bis 70 Zentimeter lang werden. Ihr Kopf ist mit Knochenplatten gepanzert, der Körper ist schuppenlos und teilweise mit dornigen Knochenplatten bedeckt. Die Seitenlinie ist kurz und hat höchstens 20 Poren. Die Bauchflossen sind klein und haben nur eine harte und drei weiche Flossenstrahlen.
Die Dickkopf-Groppen umfassten ursprünglich 10 Gattungen und etwa 40 Arten. Mitte 2014 wurde im Rahmen einer Revision der Cottoidei zahlreiche weitere, ursprünglich zu den Groppen (Cottidae) gehörende marine Groppengattungen, sowie die Antarktisgroppe (bisher Familie Bathylutichthyidae) in die Familie Psychrolutidae gestellt, so dass die Familie jetzt über 60 Gattungen und etwa 220 Arten umfasst.[1][2] Diese neue Zusammensetzung der Dickkopf-Groppen wurde im Januar 2022 in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes, einer Onlinedatenbank zur Fischsystematik, so übernommen und die Dickkopf-Groppen wurden in sechs Unterfamilien unterteilt:[3]
Die Dickkopf- oder Quappengroppen (Psychrolutidae) leben im Indischen Ozean, im Atlantik und im Pazifik, auf dem Bodengrund, von Küstengewässern bis in Tiefen von bis zu 2800 Metern. An den europäischen Atlantikküsten sowie in Nord- und Ostsee leben der Zwergseeskorpion (Micrenophrys lilljeborgii), der Seeskorpion (Myoxocephalus scorpius), der Vierhörnige Seeskorpion (Myoxocephalus quadricornis) und der Langstachelige Seeskorpion (Taurulus bubalis) aus dieser Familie.
The fish family Psychrolutidae (commonly known as blobfishes,[2] toadfishes,[2] flathead sculpins,[2] Carmel Binun,[2]) contains over 35 recognized species in 8 genera.[3] This family consists of bottom-dwelling marine sculpins shaped like tadpoles, with large heads and bodies that taper back into small, flat tails. The skin is loosely attached and movable, and the layer underneath it is gelatinous. The eyes are placed high on the head, focused forward closer to the tip of the snout. Members of the family generally have large, leaf-like pectoral fins and lack scales, although some species are covered with soft spines. This is important to the species as the depths in which they live are highly pressurized and they are ambush/opportunistic/foraging predators that do not expend energy unless they are forced to. The blobfish has a short, broad tongue and conical teeth that are slightly recurved and are arranged in bands in irregular rows along the premaxillaries; canines are completely absent. Teeth are nonexistent on the palatines and vomer; which make up the hard palate. The blobfish also has a set of specialized pharyngeal teeth that are well developed and paired evenly along the upper and lower portions of the pharyngeal arch. These specialized teeth may aid in the breakdown of food due to the very strategic dependency on whatever food falls from above.[4]
They are found in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. Psychrolutes phrictus have been reported near the Mexican Pacific coast, which extends the southern range by 1,733 km. [5] Myoxocephalus thompsonii, deepwater sculpin, have even been reported in Lake Ontario which were once thought to be extirpated.[6] Psychrolutidae species tend to habituate the northern most region of the Pacific ocean due to lower temperatures, and Indian Oceans. They are found in depths ranging from 300–1,700 meters. The adults live on the sea floor, between 100 and 2,800 m (330 and 9,190 ft) deep,[7][8] The intense biological pressure to conserve energy within deep sea fish seems to be true across many species; most of them are long lived, have a slow rate of reproduction, growth, and aging. In this case the blobfish can live to be roughly 130 years old. Categorized as the predator of the deep sea they have no real predatory issues; a big help to aid in their energy saving. Their diet also helps in their energy saving abilities. They feed on small crustaceans, sea pens, sea worms, and any other small organisms that swim right in front of them. Their name is derived from the Greek psychrolouteo, meaning "to have a cold bath".[8] They tend to live in colder waters, although some range into warm-temperate seas.[9]
The blob sculpin, Psychrolutes phrictus, exhibits complex nesting behaviors complete with egg guarding.[10] Reproductively the blobfish have been seen gathering in large numbers to lay their pinkish eggs in a single surrounding nesting area. The number of eggs laid within one nest can range from 9,000 to 108,000. Another observation of the parental care of the blobfish is that their eggs resemble being cleaned. It is believed that as the female blobfish hover around the nests they also clean them and remove any sand or dirt.
Psychrolutidae is divided into two subfamilies in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World as follows: [11][12]
Other authorities include many of the genera of marine sculpins from the family Cottidae in the Psychrolutidae, leaving the Cottidae as a largely freshwater family. For example, the Catalog of Fishes classifies the family as follows:[13]
Glubokov, A.I., Glubokovskii, M.K. & Kovacheva, N.P. New Data on Soft Sculpin Malacocottus zonurus (Psychrolutidae) from the Northwestern Bering Sea. J. Ichthyol. 59, 435–438 (2019). Retrieved 23 March, 2021.
The fish family Psychrolutidae (commonly known as blobfishes, toadfishes, flathead sculpins, Carmel Binun,) contains over 35 recognized species in 8 genera. This family consists of bottom-dwelling marine sculpins shaped like tadpoles, with large heads and bodies that taper back into small, flat tails. The skin is loosely attached and movable, and the layer underneath it is gelatinous. The eyes are placed high on the head, focused forward closer to the tip of the snout. Members of the family generally have large, leaf-like pectoral fins and lack scales, although some species are covered with soft spines. This is important to the species as the depths in which they live are highly pressurized and they are ambush/opportunistic/foraging predators that do not expend energy unless they are forced to. The blobfish has a short, broad tongue and conical teeth that are slightly recurved and are arranged in bands in irregular rows along the premaxillaries; canines are completely absent. Teeth are nonexistent on the palatines and vomer; which make up the hard palate. The blobfish also has a set of specialized pharyngeal teeth that are well developed and paired evenly along the upper and lower portions of the pharyngeal arch. These specialized teeth may aid in the breakdown of food due to the very strategic dependency on whatever food falls from above.
They are found in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. Psychrolutes phrictus have been reported near the Mexican Pacific coast, which extends the southern range by 1,733 km. Myoxocephalus thompsonii, deepwater sculpin, have even been reported in Lake Ontario which were once thought to be extirpated. Psychrolutidae species tend to habituate the northern most region of the Pacific ocean due to lower temperatures, and Indian Oceans. They are found in depths ranging from 300–1,700 meters. The adults live on the sea floor, between 100 and 2,800 m (330 and 9,190 ft) deep, The intense biological pressure to conserve energy within deep sea fish seems to be true across many species; most of them are long lived, have a slow rate of reproduction, growth, and aging. In this case the blobfish can live to be roughly 130 years old. Categorized as the predator of the deep sea they have no real predatory issues; a big help to aid in their energy saving. Their diet also helps in their energy saving abilities. They feed on small crustaceans, sea pens, sea worms, and any other small organisms that swim right in front of them. Their name is derived from the Greek psychrolouteo, meaning "to have a cold bath". They tend to live in colder waters, although some range into warm-temperate seas.
The blob sculpin, Psychrolutes phrictus, exhibits complex nesting behaviors complete with egg guarding. Reproductively the blobfish have been seen gathering in large numbers to lay their pinkish eggs in a single surrounding nesting area. The number of eggs laid within one nest can range from 9,000 to 108,000. Another observation of the parental care of the blobfish is that their eggs resemble being cleaned. It is believed that as the female blobfish hover around the nests they also clean them and remove any sand or dirt.
Los cabezas gordas es el nombre común con el que es conocida la familia Psychrolutidae de peces marinos incluida en el orden Scorpaeniformes, distribuidos por el Atlántico, Índico y Pacífico.[1] Su nombre procede del griego psychrolouteo, que significa tomar un baño frío.[2]
El cuerpo tiene una longitud máxima descrita de 65 cm, pudiendo estar o no recubierto de placas óseas con espinas; espacio interorbital generalmente más amplio que el diámetro del ojo expuesto; línea lateral muy reducida, con tan sólo 20 poros o menos; la aleta pélvia tiene una espinas y 3 radios blandos; las aletas dorsales normalmente son continuas, con la porción anterior espinosa y a menudo parcialmente oculta por la piel.[1] Posee un sistema de arcos de hueso bien desarrollados (con o sin espinas) bajo la piel del hueso del cráneo.[1]
La gama de profundidades para las especies de esta familia van desde aguas poco profundas hasta 2800 m.[1]
Existen 42 especies agrupadas en 9 géneros:
Los cabezas gordas es el nombre común con el que es conocida la familia Psychrolutidae de peces marinos incluida en el orden Scorpaeniformes, distribuidos por el Atlántico, Índico y Pacífico. Su nombre procede del griego psychrolouteo, que significa tomar un baño frío.
El cuerpo tiene una longitud máxima descrita de 65 cm, pudiendo estar o no recubierto de placas óseas con espinas; espacio interorbital generalmente más amplio que el diámetro del ojo expuesto; línea lateral muy reducida, con tan sólo 20 poros o menos; la aleta pélvia tiene una espinas y 3 radios blandos; las aletas dorsales normalmente son continuas, con la porción anterior espinosa y a menudo parcialmente oculta por la piel. Posee un sistema de arcos de hueso bien desarrollados (con o sin espinas) bajo la piel del hueso del cráneo.
La gama de profundidades para las especies de esta familia van desde aguas poco profundas hasta 2800 m.
Psychrolutidae arrain eskorpeniformeen familia bat da, mundu osoko ozeano epeletan bizi direnak.[1]
FishBasek honako generoak dituela dio:
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Psychrolutidae arrain eskorpeniformeen familia bat da, mundu osoko ozeano epeletan bizi direnak.
Pallosimput (Psychrolutidae) on simppukaloihin kuuluva heimo. Heimon kaloja tavataan syvistä vesistä kaikista lauhkeista ja lämpimistä valtameristä.
Pallosimppujen heimo jaetaan 9 sukuun ja 40 lajiin.[1][2]Ruumiinrakenteeltaan ne ovat pallomaisia ja suuripäisiä ja ruumis suippenee pyrstöä kohden. Suurimmat heimon lajeista voivat saavuttaa 65 cm pituuden, mutta yleensä pallosimppulajit jäävät noin 20 cm mittaisiksi. Ensimmäinen ja toinen selkäevä ovat yhtyneet ja selkäevän takaosa on piikikäs. Heimon kalojen rintaevät ovat kookkaat. Pallosimpuilla ei ole suomuja, mutta ruumiissa voi olla piikkejä.[3][4]
Pallosimppulajeja tavataan Atlantista, Intian valtamerestä ja Tyynestämerestä. Ne ovat syvän veden kaloja ja elävät yleensä noin 100–2 000 metrin syvyydestä, mutta Psychrolutes phrictus-lajia on tavattu aina 2 800 metrin syvyydestä.[3][5]
Pallosimput (Psychrolutidae) on simppukaloihin kuuluva heimo. Heimon kaloja tavataan syvistä vesistä kaikista lauhkeista ja lämpimistä valtameristä.
Les Psychrolutidae (en français Psychrolutidés) sont une famille de poissons téléostéens.
Certaines espèces de cette famille, et en particulier celles du genre Psychrolutes (comme Psychrolutes marcidus), sont connues du grand public pour certaines photos cocasses voire répugnantes qui ont créé le buzz sur internet (souvent sous le nom de « blobfish »), qui les ont valu le surnom d'« animaux les plus laids du monde »[1]. Leur peau épaisse et molle en est la cause, ainsi que l'énorme différentiel de pression que subissent ces animaux quand on les remonte brutalement des milliers de mètres de profondeur où ils vivent : dans leur environnement, leur aspect est beaucoup moins comique. Inversement, n'importe quel animal terrestre soumis à un traitement aussi brutal en termes de pression et de gravité aurait lui aussi de fortes chances de gagner un aspect comique, y compris les humains.
Selon FishBase (12 février 2016)[2] :
Les Psychrolutidae (en français Psychrolutidés) sont une famille de poissons téléostéens.
Psychrolutidae, porodica morskih riba iz sva tri velika oceana. Porodica pripada redu Scorpaeniformes a sastoji se od zasada 9 rodova i 40 priznatih vrsta koje žive od priobalnih plitkih voda sve do dubina od 2 800 metara. Prva riba opisna u ovoj porodici je Psychrolutes paradoxus (još 1861 godine), a najneobičnija među njima je tzv riba blobfish (Psychrolutes marcidus), želatinoznog tijela i dosta velike izrasline u obliku nosa, a obitava u priobalju Tasmanije i obližnjeg australskog kontinenta.
Ribe ove porodice maksimalno narastu do 65 centimetara. Posljednja novootkrivena vrsta koja se pripisuje ovoj porodici je Cottunculus tubulosus Byrkjedal & Orlov, 2007.[1]
U ovu porodicu nekada je je bila uključivana i Mycteroperca rubra koja se sada vodi pod porodicom serranidae.
Psychrolutidae, porodica morskih riba iz sva tri velika oceana. Porodica pripada redu Scorpaeniformes a sastoji se od zasada 9 rodova i 40 priznatih vrsta koje žive od priobalnih plitkih voda sve do dubina od 2 800 metara. Prva riba opisna u ovoj porodici je Psychrolutes paradoxus (još 1861 godine), a najneobičnija među njima je tzv riba blobfish (Psychrolutes marcidus), želatinoznog tijela i dosta velike izrasline u obliku nosa, a obitava u priobalju Tasmanije i obližnjeg australskog kontinenta.
Ribe ove porodice maksimalno narastu do 65 centimetara. Posljednja novootkrivena vrsta koja se pripisuje ovoj porodici je Cottunculus tubulosus Byrkjedal & Orlov, 2007.
U ovu porodicu nekada je je bila uključivana i Mycteroperca rubra koja se sada vodi pod porodicom serranidae.
Gli Psychrolutidae sono una famiglia di pesci appartenente all'ordine degli Scorpaeniformes.
Sono diffusi nel Pacifico, nell'Atlantico e nell'Oceano Indiano, in profondità che variano dai 100 ai 1.600 metri.[1]
È una famiglia poco conosciuta, composta da pesci di profondità caratterizzati perlopiù da grandi teste e corpi dal profilo triangolare, che si restringono poi in una coda piatta. Solitamente hanno grandi pinne pettorali ed alcune specie sono anche ricoperte di aculei.
Al suo interno sono individuati nove generi:
Gli Psychrolutidae sono una famiglia di pesci appartenente all'ordine degli Scorpaeniformes.
Buožgalvinės plernės (Psychrolutidae) – skorpenžuvių (Scorpaeniformes) būrio žuvų šeima. Paplitusios Atlanto, Indijos ir Ramiajame vandenynuose. Gyvena gelmėse arba netoli kranto.
Šeimoje 9 gentys, apie 30 rūšių.
Buožgalvinės plernės (Psychrolutidae) – skorpenžuvių (Scorpaeniformes) būrio žuvų šeima. Paplitusios Atlanto, Indijos ir Ramiajame vandenynuose. Gyvena gelmėse arba netoli kranto.
Šeimoje 9 gentys, apie 30 rūšių.
Psychrolutiden (Psychrolutidae) zijn een familie van straalvinnige vissen uit de orde van Schorpioenvisachtigen (Scorpaeniformes).[1]
Psychrolutiden (Psychrolutidae) zijn een familie van straalvinnige vissen uit de orde van Schorpioenvisachtigen (Scorpaeniformes).
Paddeulkefamilien (Psychrolutidae) er en gruppe ulkefisker. Den består av 9 undergrupper og omtrent 30 arter.
Paddeulkefamilien (Psychrolutidae) er en gruppe ulkefisker. Den består av 9 undergrupper og omtrent 30 arter.
Họ cá Psychrolutidae (tiếng Anh có tên là Fatheads) có khoảng 40 loài được nhận dạng thuộc 9 chi cá.[2] Họ cá ít được biết này bao gồm các loài (cá bống biển) sống ở đáy đại dương có hình dạng như nòng nọc, với đầu lớn và mình nhỏ với đuôi dẹt. Con trưởng thành sống ở đáy biển, giữa độ sâu 100 mét (330 ft) và 2.800 mét (9.200 ft).[3][4] Tên của nó có từ tiếng Hy Lạp psychrolouteo, có nghĩa là "tắm lạnh".[4]
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Bài viết Lớp Cá vây tia này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Họ cá Psychrolutidae (tiếng Anh có tên là Fatheads) có khoảng 40 loài được nhận dạng thuộc 9 chi cá. Họ cá ít được biết này bao gồm các loài (cá bống biển) sống ở đáy đại dương có hình dạng như nòng nọc, với đầu lớn và mình nhỏ với đuôi dẹt. Con trưởng thành sống ở đáy biển, giữa độ sâu 100 mét (330 ft) và 2.800 mét (9.200 ft). Tên của nó có từ tiếng Hy Lạp psychrolouteo, có nghĩa là "tắm lạnh".
Психролютовые (лат. Psychrolutidae) — семейство лучепёрых рыб.
Кожа у большинства психролютовых подвижная, голая, лишённая каких-либо костных шипиков или пластинок, а у наиболее уклонившихся видов от рогаткоподобных тело рыхлое, студенистое. У менее специализированных родов (Dasycottus, Malacocottus, Cottunculus) имеются шипы на предкрышке, пропадающие у родов, уклоняющихся от исходного типа (Ebinania, Neophrynichthys); первый спинной плавник хорошо развит и отделён от второго, но у сильно специализированных родов один сплошной плавник (Eurymen) или первый спинной плавник у взрослых зарастает мягкими тканями спины и не виден (Ebinania). У всех видов очень слабо развиты брюшные плавники.
В семействе психролютовых выделяют два подсемейства и 8 родов[1][2]:
Подсемейство Cottunculinae
Подсемейство Psychrolutinae
Психролютовые (лат. Psychrolutidae) — семейство лучепёрых рыб.
隱棘杜父魚科下分8個屬，如下：
ウラナイカジカ科（占鰍、学名：Psychrolutidae）は、カサゴ目に所属する魚類の分類群の一つ。アカドンコ・ニュウドウカジカなど、底生魚を中心に2亜科8属35種が記載される[1]。科名の由来は、ギリシア語の「psychrolouteo（冷水浴）」から[2]。
ウラナイカジカ科の魚類はすべて海水魚で、インド洋・太平洋・大西洋など世界中の海に幅広く分布する[1]。海底からあまり離れずに生活する、底生性魚類のグループである。沿岸付近の浅い海で暮らすものから、水深2,800mからの採取記録があるニュウドウカジカのような深海魚まで、その生息水深は幅広い[1]。
ウラナイカジカ科の仲間は大きく丸みを帯びた頭部とやや側扁した体部をもち、その体型はしばしばオタマジャクシに類似する[3]。左右の眼が離れていることが本科魚類の特徴で、多くの種類では眼窩の間隔が眼球の直径よりも大きくなっている[1]。
体表は滑らかで、頭部や口の周囲はいぼ状の甲板あるいは皮弁に覆われる[1]。体長は種によってさまざまで、最大種のニュウドウカジカでは全長70cmに達することもある[2]。側線は退化的で、孔は20以下にとどまる[1]。
背鰭は1つであることが多いが、ガンコ属・コブシカジカ属では基底が2つに分かれる[1]。背鰭の基部はしばしば皮膚に埋もれ、体部との境界は不明瞭となる[4]。腹鰭は1棘3軟条[1]。
鋤骨の歯の有無はさまざまで、口蓋骨の歯を欠く[1]。後眼窩骨は1-2個で、2個の場合はリング状となる[1]。鰓条骨は7本で、椎骨は28-38個[1]。
ウラナイカジカ科にはNelson（2006）の体系において2亜科8属35種が認められている[1]。本稿では、FishBaseに記載される9属41種についてリストする[2]。
コブシカジカ亜科 Cottunculinae は5属からなる。頭部は骨化が顕著に進み、眼窩間には硬くごつごつした突起が存在する[1]。眼窩の間隔は比較的狭く、通常は眼径の2倍以下である[1]。体部および鰭の色は単色ではない[1]。
ウラナイカジカ亜科 Psychrolutinae は3属（FishBaseでは4属）を含む。頭部は骨化せず滑らかで、眼窩領域に突起はもたない[1]。両眼の間隔は広く、眼径の2倍以上[1]。体部および鰭は単色である[1]。
ウラナイカジカ科（占鰍、学名：Psychrolutidae）は、カサゴ目に所属する魚類の分類群の一つ。アカドンコ・ニュウドウカジカなど、底生魚を中心に2亜科8属35種が記載される。科名の由来は、ギリシア語の「psychrolouteo（冷水浴）」から。
물수배기과(Psychrolutidae)는 페르카목에 속하는 조기어류 물고기 과의 하나이다.[1] 9개 속에 약 40여 종으로 이루어져 있다.[1][2] 대서양과 태평양 그리고 인도양에서 발견된다. 수심 100~2800m 사이의 해저에서 서식한다.[3][1] 고무꺽정이, 주먹물수배기, 얼룩수배기, 광대물수배기, 털수배기 등을 포함하고 있다.
다음은 베탕쿠르(Betancur) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[4][5]
둑중개아목 은대구하목 자니올레피스하목 쥐노래미하목 둑중개하목 도치상과 둑중개상과
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