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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Indriids are found in forests and scrublands throughout Madagascar. Species are found in rainforests and deciduous and evergreen forests, typically in forests with large, mature trees.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest

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Benefits ( Inglês )

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Indriids are important members of their native ecosystems. The unique nature of indriids means they are the focus of ecotourism activities that benefit local people. Indriids are also kept in zoos and are the focus of research on evolution.

Positive Impacts: ecotourism ; research and education

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Benefits ( Inglês )

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There are no known negative effects of indriids on humans.

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Comprehensive Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

There are 11 species in 3 genera in the family Indriidae. The most diverse group are the sifakas (Propithecus), with 7 species. There are also 3 species of woolly lemurs (Avahi) and 1 species of indri (Indri). As in other lemuroid families, species diversity in Indriidae has increased substantially in recent years, going from 5 species recognized in 1991 to 11 in 2005.

Indriidae includes 5 recently extinct genera, representing 7 species. These species became extinct between 500 and 1,000 years ago. The extinctions of all of these species are thought to be directly related to environmental disruptions and hunting by humans soon after their immigration and expansion on Madagascar.

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Conservation Status ( Inglês )

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All Malagasy primates are threatened, primarily by habitat destruction. Indriids are protected by law in Madagascar, but habitat destruction continues. Indris are also protected by local custom.

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Behavior ( Inglês )

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Like other primates, indriids rely heavily on vision for finding food, navigating, and in communication. Indriids have excellent, binocular vision. Woolly lemurs are nocturnal and have excellent vision in low light. Vocalizations play an important role in social communication as well. Indris sing melodious songs that can be heard up to 2 km away. Members of groups often sing together. It is thought that vocalizations serve to advertise territories, maintain contact between group members, and convey information on age, sex, and reproductive condition of individuals. Avahis and sifakas also use vocalizations extensively in territorial advertisement and distance communication. In fact, the name "sifaka" comes from the explosive sound they make in response to threats, sounding like "see-fak." The sound is accompanied by a rapid jerk of the head and is often given several times in quick succession. Scent marking has been reported in sifakas.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: choruses

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Sem título ( Inglês )

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Indriids are known from Pleistocene fossils.

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Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Indriids are important folivores in their native ecosystems, impacting plant communities.

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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

All indriids are vegetarians, eating leaves, buds, fruit, bark, and flowers. They occupy a plant-eating primate niche that is occupied by howler monkeys in the neotropics and and leaf-eating monkeys in Africa and Asia. Their salivary glands are enlarged, as in African and Asian leaf-eating monkeys.

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Indriids are endemic to Madagascar.

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

Other Geographic Terms: island endemic

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Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

A captive Propithecus coquereli lived for 30.5 years. Other Propithecus species have lived for more than 20 years in captivity.

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Morphology ( Inglês )

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Indriids are morphologically diverse, from indris, the largest living strepsirhine species at up to 10 kg, to 1 kg woolly lemurs. Indris have only a stump of a tail and silky fur, while other indriids have long tails. Woolly lemurs have thick, woolly fur and small ears almost concealed in the fur of their head. Sifakas have long, thick fur dorsally which becomes sparse on their underside. They lack fur on the face. Pelage color varies considerably among species, from striking black and whites to browns and yellows. Their faces are somewhat shorter than lemurs and the legs are about 1/3 longer than the arms. The last 4 digits of the feet are joined together with flaps of skin and they act as a single unit in opposing the first toe. Females have a single pair of mammae, a baculum is present in males, and the dental formula is: I 2/2, C 1/0, PM 2/2, M 3/3. Sometimes the dental formula is interpreted as: I 2/1, C 1/1, PM 2/2, M 3/3. The lower toothcomb is made up of 4 teeth, rather than 6 as in lemurs. There is no recognized sexual dimorphism.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

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Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The only native predator of lemuroids in Madagascar are fossas (Cryptoprocta ferox). Humans also hunt indriids.

Known Predators:

  • fossas (Cryptoprocta ferox)
  • humans (Homo sapiens)
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Reproduction ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

There is relatively little known about indriid mating systems. Males in at least some sifaka species become aggressive in breeding seasons, with fights between males sometimes resulting in serious injuries. Adult males may also exhibit "roaming" behavior during the mating season and competing for access to females. Females allow mating only by males that become dominant during the breeding season.

Single young are born to all indriid species at intervals of 1 to 3 years. Gestation periods are from 130 to 150 days and weaning occurs at up to 180 days after birth. Births are generally seasonal. Sexual maturity occurs at up to 36 months old.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Females care for, nurse, and protect their young in small family groups. Males in family groups may also directly or indirectly care for young, but there is little information on parental investment in the literature. Males are most often responsible for territorial defense, which may impact resources available to females and their dependent offspring. Young may also remain part of family groups for extended periods.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents

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İndrilər ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

İndrilər (lat. Indridae) primatlar dəstəsinə aid heyvan fəsiləsi.

Sinonimləri

  • Lichanotina Gray, 1825
  • Indrisina Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1851
  • Indrisidae Alston, 1878
  • Indrisinae Mivart, 1864
  • Indriidae Hill, 1953
  • Indriinae Hill, 1953
  • Propitheci Winge, 1895
  • Propithecinae Trouessart, 1897

Cinsləri

Mənbə

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İndrilər: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

İndrilər (lat. Indridae) primatlar dəstəsinə aid heyvan fəsiləsi.

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Indriidae ( Bretã )

fornecido por wikipedia BR


Indriidae zo ur c'herentiad e rummatadur ar bronneged, ennañ lemured. Bevañ a ra e holl spesadoù e Madagaskar.

Genadoù

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Indriidae: Brief Summary ( Bretã )

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Indriidae zo ur c'herentiad e rummatadur ar bronneged, ennañ lemured. Bevañ a ra e holl spesadoù e Madagaskar.

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Indrier ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Indrier eller silkemakier (Indriidae) er en familie af halvaber i ordenen primater. Alle arter er endemiske for Madagaskar. Det er mellemstore eller store lemurer med kun fire tænder i tandkammen i stedet for seks, der ellers er det normale for halvaber. Tandkammen dannes af fremadrettede tænder i undermunden og bruges bl.a. til at pleje pelsen.

Beskrivelse

Størrelsen varierer fra uldmakier (slægten Avahi), der uden hale kun måler 30 cm i længden, til indrien, der er den største nulevende halvabe. Halen hos indrien er kun en kort stump, mens uldmakier og sifakaer har haler, der er så lange som kroppen. Pelsen er lang og oftest hvidlig, rødlig eller grå. Ansigtet er sort og altid ubehåret. Baglemmerne er længere end forlemmerne, hænderne er lange og slanke og deres tommelfingre er ikke helt modstillet de øvrige fingre. Indrier har færre forkindtænder end andre lemurer og mangler desuden en fortand/hjørnetand i hver halvdel af underkæben. Tandformlen kan derfor skrives enten som 2.1.2.31.1.2.3 eller 2.1.2.32.0.2.3, altså i alt 30 tænder.

Levevis

Indrier er planteædere, idet de mest æder blade, frugter og blomster. Som visse andre planteædere har de en stor blindtarm med bakterier, der hjælper med at nedbryde cellulosen.[1]

Alle arter er trælevende, men kommer dog lejlighedsvis ned på jorden. På jorden bevæger de sig i opret stilling med korte hop fremad med armene højt løftet. I træerne kan de dog foretage lange spring og er meget adrætte, når de bevæger sig fra træ til træ. Som alle bladædere holder de lange pauser, for at fordøje den næringsfattige føde. Ofte kan de ses liggende udstrakt i træerne, mens de tager solbad. Indrier lever sammen i familiegrupper på op til 15 individer. De kommunikerer med hinanden med skrig og diverse ansigtsgrimasser.

Hunner og hanner lever sammen i monogame par i årevis. Oftest ved slutningen af tørtiden føder hunnen en enkelt unge efter en drægtighedsperiode på 4-5 måneder. Ungen lever i familien i et stykke tid efter den er blevet fravænnet i en alder af 5-6 måneder.

Klassifikation

De 19 nulevende arter i familien deles i tre slægter.[2][3]

  • Slægt Indri
  • Slægt Avahi
    • Avahi cleesei
    • Uldmaki Avahi laniger
    • Avahi mooreorum
    • Avahi occidentalis
    • Avahi unicolor
    • Avahi peyrierasi
    • Avahi meridionalis
    • Avahi ramanantsoavani
    • Avahi betsileo
  • Slægt Sifakaer Propithecus
    • Østlig sifaka Propithecus diadema
    • Propithecus edwardsi
    • Propithecus candidus
    • Propithecus perrieri
    • Propithecus coquereli
    • Vestlig sifaka Propithecus verreauxi
    • Propithecus deckenii
    • Propithecus coronatus
    • Propithecus tattersalli

Noter

  1. ^ Pollock, J.I. (1984). Macdonald, D., (red.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. s. 327-329. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
  2. ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 119–121. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
  3. ^ Mittermeier, R. A.; et al. (2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology. 29 (6): 1607-1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y.

Eksterne henvisninger

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Indrier: Brief Summary ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Indrier eller silkemakier (Indriidae) er en familie af halvaber i ordenen primater. Alle arter er endemiske for Madagaskar. Det er mellemstore eller store lemurer med kun fire tænder i tandkammen i stedet for seks, der ellers er det normale for halvaber. Tandkammen dannes af fremadrettede tænder i undermunden og bruges bl.a. til at pleje pelsen.

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Indriartige ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src=
Der Seidensifaka, ein Vertreter der Sifakas

Die Indriartigen (Indriidae) sind eine Primatenfamilie aus der Gruppe der Lemuren. Sie umfassen drei lebende Gattungen – Wollmakis, Sifakas und Indris.[1]

Merkmale

Hinsichtlich der Körpergröße unterscheiden sich die Mitglieder dieser Familie beträchtlich. So erreichen die Wollmakis eine Kopfrumpflänge von 25 bis 30 Zentimetern und ein Gewicht von 0,6 bis 1,6 Kilogramm, während der Indri mit bis zu 90 Zentimetern Kopfrumpflänge und einem Gewicht von bis zu 10 Kilogramm der größte lebende Lemur ist. Gemeinsames Merkmal der Indriartigen ist der Verlust eines Schneidezahns pro Kieferhälfte im Unterkiefer, sodass der bei nahezu allen Lemuren vorkommende Zahnkamm nur aus vier und nicht aus sechs Zähnen gebildet wird. Die Zahnformel lautet: I2/1-C1/1-P2/2-M3/3, insgesamt also 30 Zähne. Die oberen Schneidezähne sind vergrößert, die oberen Eckzähne verlängert und scharf. Das Fell ist lang und oft weich, die Färbung reicht von weißlich über graubraun bis schwarz, einige Arten sind gemustert. In ihrem Körperbau haben sich die Gruppen an unterschiedliche Lebensweisen angepasst: die Indriinae haben stark verlängerte Hinterbeine und sind so für eine springende Fortbewegung spezialisiert. Die erste Zehe ist vergrößert, die übrigen vier Zehen sind durch eine Hautfalte verbunden und bilden so eine Einheit, die der ersten Zehe gegenübergestellt werden kann und einen festen Griff am Ast ermöglicht. Ihre Hände sind lang und dünn, und der Daumen kann den anderen Fingern nicht richtig gegenübergestellt werden. Der Schwanz ist bei den Wollmakis und Sifakas gleich lang oder länger als der Rumpf, während der Indri der einzige schwanzlose Lemur ist.

Verbreitung

Indriartige leben wie alle Lemuren nur auf der Insel Madagaskar. Sie bewohnen sowohl die Trockenwälder der Westküste als auch die Regenwälder der Ostküste, im zentralen unbewaldeten Hochland fehlen sie allerdings.

Lebensweise

Alle Arten der Indriinae sind Baumbewohner, die gelegentlich auch auf den Boden kommen. Sie bewegen sich im Geäst senkrecht kletternd und springend fort, am Boden hüpfen sie mit den Hinterbeinen und halten die Arme in die Höhe. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten Lemuren sind die Indriartigen tagaktiv, lediglich die Wollmakis haben sich – vermutlich sekundär – an eine nachtaktive Lebensweise angepasst. Alle Arten errichten keine Nester, sondern schlafen auf Astgabeln. Sie leben in Gruppen von zwei bis 15 Tieren, dies sind entweder Familiengruppen mit einem ausgewachsenen Paar (bei den Wollmakis) oder Gruppen aus mehreren Männchen und Weibchen sowie den gemeinsamen Jungtieren. Es sind territoriale Tiere, die Reviere werden mit Drüsensekreten und manchmal mit Lauten markiert.

Indriartige sind Pflanzenfresser, wobei Blätter häufig den Hauptbestandteil ihrer Nahrung ausmachen. In unterschiedlichem Ausmaß nehmen sie auch Früchte, Knospen, Blüten und andere Pflanzenteile zu sich. Die Zusammensetzung der Nahrung kann auch nach Lebensraum und Jahreszeit stark variieren. Gelegentlich fressen sie am Boden Erde, dies kann dazu dienen, sie mit Spurenelementen zu versorgen oder die in den Blättern enthaltenen Giftstoffe zu neutralisieren. Wie viele andere blätterfressende Säugetiere gleichen sie den niedrigen Nährwert ihrer Nahrung mit langen Ruhepausen aus.

Weibchen und Männchen leben meist in langjährigen monogamen Beziehungen. Meistens am Ende der Trockenzeit kommt nach vier-bis fünfmonatiger Tragzeit meist ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt. Dieses wächst im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Lemuren nicht in einem Nest auf, sondern wird von der Mutter zunächst am Bauch und später auf ihrem Rücken getragen. Nach einigen Monaten wird es entwöhnt, bleibt aber noch einige Zeit in seiner Geburtsgruppe.

Gefährdung

Viele Arten sind in ihrem Bestand bedroht. Die Gründe dafür liegen zum einen in der Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums durch Brandrodungen, Abholzungen, Holzkohleerzeugung oder Bergbau, zum anderen in der Bejagung. Einige Arten wie der Indri waren zwar aus Tabugründen vor der Bejagung geschützt, durch Umsiedlungen und Verlust der Traditionen fällt dieser Schutz jedoch immer mehr weg.

Systematik

Die Indriartigen werden in die Teilordnung der Lemuren (Lemuriformes) eingeordnet, ihre Schwestergruppe sind vermutlich die Gewöhnlichen Makis.

Sie werden in drei Gattungen eingeteilt.[1]

Die ausgestorbenen Palaeopropithecidae („Faultier-Lemuren“) und Archaeolemuridae („Pavian-Lemuren“), die in Walker’s Mammals of the World noch als Unterfamilien der Indriartigen geführt werden, gelten heute als eigenständige Familien.[2][3]

Innerhalb der Indriartigen bilden die Wollmakis die Schwestergruppe eines gemeinsamen Taxons aus Sifakas und Indri.

Literatur

  • Nick Garbutt: Mammals of Madagascar. A Complete Guide. Yale University Press, New Haven & London 2007, ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4.
  • Thomas Geissmann: Vergleichende Primatologie. Springer, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-540-43645-6.
  • Russell A. Mittermeier, Jörg U. Ganzhorn, William R. Konstant, Kenneth Glander, Ian Tattersall, Colin P. Groves, Anthony B. Rylands, Andreas Hapke, Jonah Ratsimbazafy, Mireya I. Mayor, Edward Louis jr, Yves Rumpler, Christoph Schwitzer, Rodin Rasoloarison: Lemur Diversity in Madagascar. In: International Journal of Primatology. 29, 2008, , S. 1607–1656.
  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker’s mammals of the world. 6. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 (englisch).

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson: Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Primates: 3. ISBN 978-8496553897. S. 50–175.
  2. James P. Herrera und Liliana M. Dávalos: Phylogeny and Divergence Times of Lemurs inferred with Recent and Ancient Fossils in the Tree. Systematic Biology 65 (5), 2016, S, 772–791, doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw035
  3. Ludovic Orlando, Sébastien Calvignac, Céline Schnebelen, Christophe J Douady, Laurie R Godfrey und Catherine Hänni: DNA from extinct giant lemurs links archaeolemurids to extant indriids. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8, 2008, S. 121, doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-121
 title=
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Indriartige: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src= Der Seidensifaka, ein Vertreter der Sifakas

Die Indriartigen (Indriidae) sind eine Primatenfamilie aus der Gruppe der Lemuren. Sie umfassen drei lebende Gattungen – Wollmakis, Sifakas und Indris.

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Indridae ( Occitano (desde 1500) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

La familha dels Indrids o Indridae es una de las cinc familhas actualas de primats lemurifòrmes originaris de las zònas de bòsques de Madagascar. Aquesta familha compta 7 espècias repartidas en 3 genres. 5 genres an desaparegut uèi, i a relativament pauc de temps (qualques milièrs o quitament qualques centenats d'annadas), probablament jos l'accion de l'òme.

Classificacion

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Индри сымалдуулар ( Quirguiz )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
Indri indri.

Индри сымалдуулар (лат. Indriidae) — маймылдардын бир тукуму, булардын төмөнкү уруулары жана түрлөрү белгилүү: чолок куйрук кара индрилер (уруу) (лат. Indri), чолок куйрук индри (I. indri), үрпөк индрилер (уруу) (Propithecus).

Колдонулган адабияттар

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Индри сымалдуулар: Brief Summary ( Quirguiz )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src= Indri indri.

Индри сымалдуулар (лат. Indriidae) — маймылдардын бир тукуму, булардын төмөнкү уруулары жана түрлөрү белгилүү: чолок куйрук кара индрилер (уруу) (лат. Indri), чолок куйрук индри (I. indri), үрпөк индрилер (уруу) (Propithecus).

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Indriidae ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Indriidae (sometimes incorrectly spelled Indridae[4]) are a family of strepsirrhine primates. They are medium- to large-sized lemurs, with only four teeth in the toothcomb instead of the usual six. Indriids, like all lemurs, live exclusively on the island of Madagascar.

Classification

The 19 living species in the family are divided into three genera.[1][5]

Family Indriidae

Characteristics

The 19 extant Indriidae species vary considerably in size. Not counting the length of their tails, the avahis are only 30 cm (12 in) in length, while the indri is the largest extant strepsirrhine. The tail of the indri is only a stub, while avahi and the sifaka tails are as long as their bodies. Their fur is long and mostly from whitish over reddish up to grey. Their black faces, however, are always bald. The hind legs are longer than their fore limbs, their hands are long and thin, and their thumbs cannot be opposed to the other fingers correctly.

All species are arboreal, though they do come to the ground occasionally. When on the ground, they stand upright and move with short hops forward, with their arms held high. In the trees, though, they can make extraordinary leaps and are extremely agile, able to change direction from tree to tree. Like most leaf eaters, they adjust for the low nutrient content of their food by long rests. Often, they can be seen lying stretched on trees sunning themselves. Indriidae live together in family federations up to 15 animals, communicating with roars and facial expressions.

Indriidae are herbivores, eating mostly leaves, fruits, and flowers. Like some other herbivores, they have a large cecum, containing bacteria that ferment cellulose, allowing for more efficient digestion of plant matter.[6] They have fewer premolar teeth than other lemurs, with the dental formula of: 2.1.2.32.1.2.3

Females and males usually mate monogamously for many years. Mostly at the end of the dry season, their four- to five-month gestation ends with the birth of a single offspring, which lives in the family for a while after its weaning (at the age of five to six months).

See also

References

Wikispecies has information related to Indriidae.
  1. ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 119–121. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  3. ^ McKenna, MC; Bell, SK (1997). Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. p. 336. ISBN 0-231-11013-8.
  4. ^ "Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology" (PDF). International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. p. 132. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2010.
  5. ^ Mittermeier, R. A.; et al. (2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology. 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y. hdl:10161/6237. S2CID 17614597.
  6. ^ Pollock, J.I. (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 327–329. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
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Indriidae: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Indriidae (sometimes incorrectly spelled Indridae) are a family of strepsirrhine primates. They are medium- to large-sized lemurs, with only four teeth in the toothcomb instead of the usual six. Indriids, like all lemurs, live exclusively on the island of Madagascar.

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Indriidae ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

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Los índridos (Indriidae) —en ocasiones denominado incorrectamente «Indridae»—,[2]​ son una familia de primates estrepsirrinos que contiene a los indris, que son los miembros más grandes de estrepsirrinos. Son endémicos de Madagascar.

Los nombres vernáculos de los géneros actuales son lémures lanudos (Avahi), indris (Indri) y sifacas (Propithecus).[3]​ Los sifacas e indris están tradicionalmente protegidos de la caza por «fadys» (tabúes), pues los nativos de la isla creen que representan los espíritus de sus antepasados.[3]

Clasificación

Referencias

  1. McKenna, MC; Bell, SK (1997). Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. p. 336. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6.
  2. Official Lists and Indexes of Names and Works in Zoology. Comisión Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica. pp. 432-433.
  3. a b Michael Hutchins, Devra G. Kleiman, Valerius Geist, y Melissa C. McDade, ed. (2003). «Avahis, sifakas, and indris (Indriidae)». Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia, Volume 14: Mammals III (Segunda Edición edición). Farmington Hills, Canadá: Gale Group. pp. 63-73. ISBN 0-7876-5790-5.
  4. Horvath, J.E.; Weisrock, D.W.; Embry, S.L.; Fiorentino, I.; Balhoff, J.P.; Kappeler, P.; Wray, G.A.; Willard, H.F. et al. (2008). "Development and application of a phylogenomic toolkit: Resolving the evolutionary history of Madagascar's lemurs". Genome Research 18 (3): 490.
  5. Orlando, L.; Calvignac, S.; Schnebelen, C.; Douady, C.J.; Godfrey, L.R.; Hänni, C. (2008). "DNA from extinct giant lemurs links archaeolemurids to extant indriids". BMC Evolutionary Biology 8 (121).

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Indriidae: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Los índridos (Indriidae) —en ocasiones denominado incorrectamente «Indridae»—,​ son una familia de primates estrepsirrinos que contiene a los indris, que son los miembros más grandes de estrepsirrinos. Son endémicos de Madagascar.

Los nombres vernáculos de los géneros actuales son lémures lanudos (Avahi), indris (Indri) y sifacas (Propithecus).​ Los sifacas e indris están tradicionalmente protegidos de la caza por «fadys» (tabúes), pues los nativos de la isla creen que representan los espíritus de sus antepasados.​

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Indrilased ( Estônio )

fornecido por wikipedia ET

Indrilased (Indriidae) on sugukond strepsiriinsete primaatide alamseltsist.

Süstemaatika

Viited

  1. Colin Groves (16. november 2005). Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds). ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd edition ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 119-121. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
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Indrilased: Brief Summary ( Estônio )

fornecido por wikipedia ET

Indrilased (Indriidae) on sugukond strepsiriinsete primaatide alamseltsist.

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Indriidae ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Indriidae Lemuriformes taldeko primate Strepsirrhini familia bat da. Familia honetako generoen artean Indri dago, bere azpiordenako animaliarik handienak. Madagaskarren baino ez dira bizi, lemure guztiak bezala.

Gaur egun Indriinae azpifamiliako espezieak baino ez dira geratzen eta bertan avahiak, indriak eta sifakak (Propithecus) generoetako animaliak. Madagaskarreko biztanleek ez dituzte sifakak eta indriak ehizatzen, "fady" izeneko tabu bat dagoelako: euren arbasoen arimak direla uste dute.

Desagertutako taldeen artean gehienak lemur nagiak ziren, oso geldoak eta handiak eta euren haragia jateko ehizatuak ziurrenik.

Ezaugarriak

Espezie bakoitzak tamaina ezberdina du eta nahiko aldakorra da familia osoan zehar. Indriek isatsa motza dute eta avahi eta sifakek euren gorputzaren erdia. Avahiek 30 bat zentrimetro neurtzen dituzte. Ile luzea dute, batez ere txuritik arre-grixera doana. Aurpegiak beltzak izaten dira eta batzuetan ilerik gabekoak. Atzeko hankak luzeagoak dira aurrekoak baino, eskuak luzeak dira eta erpurua ezin dute beste behatzen aurka jarri.

Batez ere zuhaitzetan bizi dira baina batzuetan lurrera ere jaisten dira. Lurrean bi hanken gainean mugitzen dira eta besoak gorantz jartzen dituzte. Familia federaziotan bizi dira, 15 kideko taldeak osatuz.

Hortzeria

Indriidae guztiak belarjaleak dira, batez ere hostoak, fruituak eta loreak jaten dituztelarik. Beste belarjale batzuek bezlaa zelulosa metabolizatu ahal izateko sistema bat dute. Beste lemureek baino aurrehagin gutxiago dituzte:

Hortzeri-formula 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Indriidae: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Indriidae Lemuriformes taldeko primate Strepsirrhini familia bat da. Familia honetako generoen artean Indri dago, bere azpiordenako animaliarik handienak. Madagaskarren baino ez dira bizi, lemure guztiak bezala.

Gaur egun Indriinae azpifamiliako espezieak baino ez dira geratzen eta bertan avahiak, indriak eta sifakak (Propithecus) generoetako animaliak. Madagaskarreko biztanleek ez dituzte sifakak eta indriak ehizatzen, "fady" izeneko tabu bat dagoelako: euren arbasoen arimak direla uste dute.

Desagertutako taldeen artean gehienak lemur nagiak ziren, oso geldoak eta handiak eta euren haragia jateko ehizatuak ziurrenik.

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Indriidae ( Francês )

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IndridaeIndriidés, Indridés

La famille des Indriidés ou Indridés est une des cinq familles actuelles de primates lemuriformes originaires des forêts décidues sèches de Madagascar.

Caractéristiques

Formule dentaire mâchoire supérieure 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 0 2 2 0 2 3 mâchoire inférieure Total : 30 dentition atypique

Cette famille comprend les indris, les plus gros des lémuriens actuels, des animaux diurnes, sans queue ou avec une queue très courte, au pelage noir et blanc, les avahis, des petits lémuriens nocturnes à la fourrure laineuse uniformément brune et à la longue queue, et les sifakas, des lémuriens diurnes de taille moyenne, à la fourrure soyeuse, brun et blanc, eux aussi avec une longue queue.

Leur museau large et leur face plus aplatie les distinguent des Lemuridae.

Liste des genres et espèces

Notes et références

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Indriidae: Brief Summary ( Francês )

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Indridae • Indriidés, Indridés

La famille des Indriidés ou Indridés est une des cinq familles actuelles de primates lemuriformes originaires des forêts décidues sèches de Madagascar.

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Vunasti lemuri ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Vunasti lemuri (Indriidae) su porodica iz reda primata. Obuhvaća tri roda s ukupno jedanaest vrsta.

Rasprostranjenost

Vunasti lemuri žive isključivo na Madagaskaru.

Opis

Članovi ove porodice se veličinom tijela međusobno značajno razlikuju. Dok su vunasti makiji bez repa dugi samo 30 cm, indri je najveća živuća vrsta poderda Strepsirrhini unutar reda primata. Kod indrija je rep samo mali batrljak, a rep vunastog makija i sifaka je jednako dugačak kao tijelo. Dlaka krzna je duga i često šarena, uglavnom od bjelkaste preko crvenkaste do sivo crne. Ali zato su njihova uvijek crna lica bez dlaka. Zadnje noge su im duže od prednjih koje su duge i tanke, a palac ne mogu potpuno okrenuti nasuprot ostalim prstima prednjih ekstremiteta.

Način života

Sve vrste žive na drveću, ali i silaze na tlo. Na tlu stoje uspravno, a kreću se kratkim skokovima pri čemu drže prednje ekstremitete dignute u zrak. Često ih se vidi kako leže ispruženi na drveću i sunčaju se trbuhom okrenutim prema suncu. Kao većina životinja koje se hrane lišćem izravnavaju nisku hranjivu vrijednost te hrane dugim pauzama mirovanja. Indriji žive u u grupama od dvije do petnaest jedinki, a sporazumijevaju se glasanjem, ali i izrazima lica.

Ishrana

Sve vrste ove porodice su isključivo biljožderi. Hrane se samo lišćem, voćem i cvjetovima.

Razmnožavanje

ženke i mužjaci uglavnom žive u dugogodišnjim monogamnim vezama. Nakon skotnosti od četiri do pet mjeseci, najčešće krajem sušnog razdoblja, na svijet dolazi jedno mladunče. Dojenje traje pet do šest mjeseci, a nakon tog razdoblja mladunac nastavlja živjeti još duže vrijeme u porodičnoj zajednici.

Ugroženost

Kao i sve vrste primata na Madagaskaru, ali i drugdje, i ova je porodica ugrožena prije svega uništavanjem šuma na područjima gdje obitavaju.

Rodovi

  • Indri indri je najveći rod ove porodice.
  • Propithecus obuhvaća sedam vrsta.
  • Avahi odnosno vunasti maki su najmanji rod ove porodice.
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Vunasti lemuri: Brief Summary ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Vunasti lemuri (Indriidae) su porodica iz reda primata. Obuhvaća tri roda s ukupno jedanaest vrsta.

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Indriidae ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Gli Indridi (Indriidae Burnett, 1828) sono una famiglia di lemuri endemici del Madagascar.

Descrizione

Sono lemuri di taglia variabile: alcune specie di Avahi misurano solo 30 cm di lunghezza, mentre l'Indri indri è uno dei più grandi strepsirrini esistenti. In alcune specie (tra cui l'Indri indri) la coda è solo un abbozzo mentre in altre (p.es Propithecus spp.) la lunghezza della coda può superare quella del corpo.

Il colore della pelliccia va dal bianco del Propithecus candidus, sino al grigio-nerastro, passando per le varie sfumature del marrone. Una caratteristica comune alle differenti specie è la faccia nera e glabra.

Gli arti posteriori sono più lunghi degli anteriori; le mani sono lunghe e sottili, e il pollice non può essere opposto correttamente alle altre dita.

Biologia

Tutte le specie di questa famiglia sono prevalentemente arboricole, anche se spesso si muovono sul terreno. A terra mantengono la stazione eretta muovendosi lateralmente con una caratteristica andatura saltellante, con gli arti anteriori tenuti sollevati [1] Archiviato il 31 maggio 2008 in Internet Archive.. Sugli alberi sono in grado di fare grandi salti, muovendosi con estrema agilità da un albero all'altro.

Sono essenzialmente erbivori, nutrendosi di foglie, fiori e frutti. Come molti erbivori compensano il basso valore nutritivo della loro dieta con lunghi periodi di riposo. Spesso capita di osservarli giacere allungati sugli alberi a prendere il sole.

Vivono in piccoli gruppi da 2 a 15 esemplari, che comunicano fra di loro con versi e anche con espressioni di mimica facciale. Sono in genere monogamici.

La gestazione dura da quattro a cinque mesi e si conclude in genere al termine della stagione secca con la nascita di un singolo piccolo, che continua a vivere con la famiglia di origine per un po' di tempo dopo lo svezzamento, che in genere avviene verso i 5-6 mesi di vita.

Tassonomia

La famiglia degli Indriidae comprende le seguenti sottofamiglie e generi:

† = Taxon estinto.

Conservazione

Secondo la IUCN delle tredici specie di Indridi viventi 3 sono considerate in pericolo critico di estinzione (Propithecus candidus, Propithecus tattersalli, Propithecus perrieri), 4 in pericolo (Indri indri, Propithecus diadema, Propithecus edwardsi, Propithecus coquereli), 3 sono considerate vulnerabili (Avahi occidentalis, Propithecus verreauxi, Propithecus deckenii) e una specie (Avahi laniger) a basso rischio. Le restanti due specie, descritte in epoca relativamente recente, (Avahi unicolor e Avahi cleesei) non sono classificate per mancanza di dati.

Bibliografia

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Indriidae: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

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Gli Indridi (Indriidae Burnett, 1828) sono una famiglia di lemuri endemici del Madagascar.

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Indriniai ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT

Indriniai (Indriidae) – primatų (Primates) šeima. Tai Madagaskare gyvenanti lemūrų atšaka. Išore labiau panašūs į beždžiones. Kojos gerokai ilgesnės už rankas, pėdų I pirštas labai didelis, atlenkiamas. Galva maža, apvali, veidas plikas. Patelės turi porą spenių ant krūtinės. Aktyvūs dieną. Minta lapais, vaisiais.

Paplitę Madagaskare.

Šeimoje trys gentys ir 12 rūšių:

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Indriidae ( Português )

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Indridae é uma família de primatas estrepsirrinos. Os indrídeos estão distribuídos em 3 gêneros e 12 espécies.

Taxonomia

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Indriidae: Brief Summary ( Português )

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Indridae é uma família de primatas estrepsirrinos. Os indrídeos estão distribuídos em 3 gêneros e 12 espécies.

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인드리과 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

인드리과(Indriidae)는 중대형 여우원숭이로 보통 6개의 이빨이 아닌 빗살 치아 구조의 4개 이빨만을 갖고 있다. 다른 모든 여우원숭이와 마찬가지로 마다가스카르섬에서만 서식한다. 여우원숭이상과에 속하는 3개 과 중 하나로 1개 아과에 3개 속으로 분류한다.[1]

하위 분류

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). 〈FAMILY Indridae〉. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 119-121쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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