Trichocephalida

Life cycle of Trichinella nematodes (roundworms), the cause of trichinellosis (trichinosis) in humansDepending on the classification used, there are several species of Trichinella (the nematode parasites responsible for trichinellosis): T. spiralis, T. pseudospiralis, T. nativa, T. murelli, T. nelsoni, T. britovi, T. papuae, and T. zimbabwensis, all but the last of which have been implicated in human disease. Adult worms and encysted larvae develop within a single vertebrate host and an infected animal serves as a definitive host and potential intermediate host. A second host is required to perpetuate the life cycle. The domestic cycle most often involved pigs and anthropophilic rodents, but other domestic animals such as horses can be involved. In the sylvatic cycle, the range of infected animals is great, but animals most often associated as sources of human infection are bear, moose, and wild boar. Trichinellosis is caused by the ingestion of undercooked meat containing encysted larvae (except for T. pseudospiralis and T. papuae, which do not encyst) of Trichinella species (1). After exposure to gastric acid and pepsin, the larvae are released from the cysts (2) and invade the small bowel mucosa where they develop into adult worms (3). Females are 2.2 mm in length; males 1.2 mm. The life span in the small bowel is about four weeks. After 1 week, the females release larvae (4) that migrate to striated muscles, where they encyst (5). Diagnosis is usually made based on clinical symptoms and is confirmed by serology or identification of encysted or non-encysted larvae in biopsy or autopsy specimens.From Centers for Disease Control Parasites and Health website.

This is an illustration of the life cycle of Trichuris trichiura, the causal agent of Trichuriasis.Created: 2002

Magnified 128X, this photomicrograph revealed some of the ultrastructural features displayed by a Trichuris trichiura egg. The nematode, or roundworm, is also called the human whipworm. T. trichiura eggs are 50µm-55µm by 20µm-25µm. As is exemplified by this specimen, eggs are football-shaped, thick-shelled, and possess a pair of polar plugs at each end. Eggs are passed unembryonated in stool.Created: 1979

This diagram depicts the various stages in the life cycle of the nematode Trichinella spiralis.Created: 1982

Magnified 500X, this photomicrograph of an unstained, formalin-preserved stool specimen mount, revealed the presence of a Trichuris vulpis nematode egg. T. vulpis is a whipworm that is common to dogs.Adult worms are 30 – 50nm in length, and as parasites, reside in the ceceum, a region of the large intestine where it is joined by the small intestine or ileum. This specie of whipworm, though common to canines, has been found in the human digestive tract.Created: 1973

Trichinella larvae in pressed bear meat, partially digested with pepsin.From DPDx

Description: Eggs of Capillaria hepatica in liver stained with H&E. synonym: Calodium hepaticum. Source: https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/hepaticcapillariasis/ https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/hepaticcapillariasis/images/1/C_hepatica_eggs_HE.jpg. Author: DPDx is an educational resource designed for health professionals and laboratory scientists. For an overview including prevention, control, and treatment visit www.cdc.gov/parasites/.

Description: One of the two plates published in the original description of Trichocephalus hepaticus = Calodium hepaticum. Date: 1893. Source: On the whip-worm of the Rats liver, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. 27. Author: Thomas L. Bancroft (1860-1933). Other versions: : This file has been extracted from another file: Trichocephalus hepaticus Bancroft 1893 - Plate VIII.jpg : .

Description: Eggs of Capillaria hepatica in liver stained with H&E. synonym: Calodium hepaticum. Source: https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/hepaticcapillariasis/ https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/hepaticcapillariasis/images/1/C_hepatica_tissue_HB.jpg. Author: DPDx is an educational resource designed for health professionals and laboratory scientists. For an overview including prevention, control, and treatment visit www.cdc.gov/parasites/.

Description: : Eggs of Capillaria hepaticain liver stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Source: https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/hepaticcapillariasis/ https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/hepaticcapillariasis/images/1/C_hepatica_eggs_200x_HB.jpg synonym: Calodium hepaticum. Author: DPDx is an educational resource designed for health professionals and laboratory scientists. For an overview including prevention, control, and treatment visit www.cdc.gov/parasites/.

Description: One of the two plates published in the original description of Trichocephalus hepaticus = Calodium hepaticum Plate VII Fig. 1—Mature eggs (alive) x 160. Fig. 2—The same, cover glass pressed down to expel embryos. Fig. 3—A mature egg (alive) x 650. Fig. 7—Is a photograph of a section of the diseased liver hardened in. Muller's fluid, stained by logwood and mounted in canada balsam; it was. taken by Zeiss' apochromatic objective 2.0 mm. 1.40 apert. and the No. 2: projection eye-piece on an Ilford isochromatic plate, x 270. Date: 1893. Source: On the whip-worm of the Rats liver, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. 27. Author: Thomas L. Bancroft (1860-1933).

Description: One of the two plates published in the original description of Trichocephalus hepaticus = Calodium hepaticum Plate VIII. Fig. 4—A section of liver showing masses of eggs x 50. Figs. 5 and 6—Eggs from liver (alive), some with divided yelk not quite developed, magnified respectively 300 and 400 diameters. Date: 1893. Source: On the whip-worm of the Rats liver, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. 27. Author: Thomas L. Bancroft (1860-1933). Other versions: This file has an extracted image: File:Trichocephalus hepaticus Bancroft 1893 - Plate VIII - eggs.jpg..

Description: : Cross section of C. hepatica in liver tissue, stained with H&E. Note the presence of the intestine (blue arrow) and bacillary bands (black arrows). Source: https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/hepaticcapillariasis/ https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/hepaticcapillariasis/images/2/C_hepatica_500x_liver.jpg. Author: DPDx is an educational resource designed for health professionals and laboratory scientists. For an overview including prevention, control, and treatment visit www.cdc.gov/parasites/.

Description: : Cross section of a male Capillaria hepatica in liver tissue, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Note the presence of the intestine (blue arrow) and the coiled sections of the testes (black arrows). Source: https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/hepaticcapillariasis/ https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/hepaticcapillariasis/images/1/C_hepatica_eggs_200x_HB.jpg synonym: Calodium hepaticum. Author: DPDx is an educational resource designed for health professionals and laboratory scientists. For an overview including prevention, control, and treatment visit www.cdc.gov/parasites/.

Description: : Cross-section of C. hepatica in liver tissue, stained with H&E. Note the presence of a stichocyte (black arrow) and bacillary bands (blue arrows). Image taken at 200x magnification. Source: https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/hepaticcapillariasis/ https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/hepaticcapillariasis/images/2/C_hepatica_adult_200x_HB.jpg. Author: DPDx is an educational resource designed for health professionals and laboratory scientists. For an overview including prevention, control, and treatment visit www.cdc.gov/parasites/.

Summary.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;padding:5px;font-size:95%;border-spacing:2px;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:4px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{background:#ccf;text-align:right;padding-right:0.4em;width:15%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{border-top:0;padding-top:0;margin-top:-8px}@media only screen and (max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table.fileinfotpl-type-information{border-spacing:0;padding:0;word-break:break-word;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody{display:block}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:left;text-align:start}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{box-sizing:border-box;flex:1 0 100%;width:100%}} Description: English: Trichuris Suis. Date: 8 December 2010. Source: http://www.uco.es/dptos/zoologia/zoolobiolo_archivos/practicas/practica_4/practica4_botton.htm. Author: Universidad de Córdoba.

Summary.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;padding:5px;font-size:95%;border-spacing:2px;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:4px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{background:#ccf;text-align:right;padding-right:0.4em;width:15%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{border-top:0;padding-top:0;margin-top:-8px}@media only screen and (max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table.fileinfotpl-type-information{border-spacing:0;padding:0;word-break:break-word;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody{display:block}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:left;text-align:start}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{box-sizing:border-box;flex:1 0 100%;width:100%}} Description: Eucoleus boehmi egg. Date: 27 May 2016. Source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-016-5145-8 High prevalence of Eucoleus boehmi (syn. Capillaria boehmi) in foxes from western Austria. Author: Adnan HodžićPia Bruckschwaiger Georg Gerhard Duscher Walter Glawischnig Hans-Peter Fuehrer.

Summary.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;padding:5px;font-size:95%;border-spacing:2px;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:4px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{background:#ccf;text-align:right;padding-right:0.4em;width:15%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{border-top:0;padding-top:0;margin-top:-8px}@media only screen and (max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table.fileinfotpl-type-information{border-spacing:0;padding:0;word-break:break-word;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody{display:block}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:left;text-align:start}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{box-sizing:border-box;flex:1 0 100%;width:100%}} Description: Helminth eggs found in stool samples from persons in Lofa County, Liberia. A, B) Eggs of Trichuris trichiura in samples positive for T. trichiura by Kato-Katz smear and by qPCR. C–F) Eggs of Capillaria spp. in samples positive for T. trichiura by Kato-Katz smear but negative for T. trichiura by qPCR. G) Egg of Capillaria spp. in sample positive for Ascaris lumbricoides by Kato-Katz smear but negative for A. lumbricoides by qPCR. H) Egg of A. lumbricoides in sample positive for A. lumbricoides by Kato-Katz smear and qPCR. Scale bars indicate 20 µm. qPCR, quantitative PCR. Source: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/18-0184-f1. Author: Kerstin Fischer, Abakar Gankpala, Lincoln Gankpala, Fatorma K. Bolay, Kurt C. Curtis, Gary J. Weil, and Peter U. Fischer. Other versions: Trichuris trichiura only.

Description: Capillaria triloba = Eucoleus trilobus. Male tail. Date: 1936. Source: Species of Capillaria Parasitic in the Upper Digestive Tract of Birds. Author: Eloise Blaine Cram (1896–1957) . . Alternative names: E.B. Cram. Description: American zoologist and parasitologist. Date of birth/death: 11 June 1896 9 February 1957 . Location of birth/death: Davenport San Diego. Authority control: : Q18715710 VIAF: 47143010 ISNI: 0000 0000 4398 4258 LCCN: no2004108166 Open Library: OL2443640A Koninklijke: 108227375 WorldCat. creator QS:P170,Q18715710.

Description: Capillaria lophortygis = Eucoleus lophortygis. Tail of male, lateral view, showing papillae. Date: 1936. Source: Species of Capillaria Parasitic in the Upper Digestive Tract of Birds. Author: Eloise Blaine Cram (1896–1957) . . Alternative names: E.B. Cram. Description: American zoologist and parasitologist. Date of birth/death: 11 June 1896 9 February 1957 . Location of birth/death: Davenport San Diego. Authority control: : Q18715710 VIAF: 47143010 ISNI: 0000 0000 4398 4258 LCCN: no2004108166 Open Library: OL2443640A Koninklijke: 108227375 WorldCat. creator QS:P170,Q18715710.

Description: Capillaria vanelli SUR VN CAPILLARIA DU VANNEAU 401double ; l’oviducte fait une boucle à concavité antérieure à 12 mm. de la pointe caudale ; l’extrémité postérieure de l’oviducte n’a pas été repérée avec certitude. La pointe caudale est arrondie et l’anus est exactement terminal. Les œufs ont un aspect très comparableCapillaria vanelli (Rud.)Fig. 1. — Extrémité postérieure du mâle ; vue latérale Fig. 2. — Détail du fond de la gaine et de la portion distaie du spicule Fig. 3. — Pointe caudale du mâle ; vue ventrale Fig. 4. — Pointe caudale du mâle ; vue latérale Fig. 5. — Région vulvaire ; vue ventrale Fig. 6. — Œuf.1 échelle, 0-200 μ ; 2 échelle, 0-30 ;3-4-6 échelle, 0-50 μ ; 5 échelle, 0-100. Date: 1952. Source: https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/pdf/1952/04/parasite1952274p400.pdf https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/1952/04/parasite1952274p400/parasite1952274p400.html. Author: Alain O. Chabaud.