Accipiter melanoleucus Smith & A 1830

Die Swartsperwer (Accipiter melanoleucus) is 'n gelokaliseerde algemene standvoël wat voorkom in woude en plantasies in Suider-Afrika. Die voël is 46 – 58 cm groot, weeg 510 - 1000 g met 'n vlerkspan van 90 – 95 cm. In Engels staan die voël bekend as Black Sparrowhawk.

'n Swartsperwer smul aan 'n Groot-rooioogtortelduif.

Accipiter melanoleucus

Sien ook

• Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse voëls
• Lys van Suid-Afrikaanse voëls (Groepeer)
• Lys van Suider-Afrikaanse voëls volgens wetenskaplike name

Bron

• Sasol Voëls van Suider-Afrika. Struik Nature. Vierde Uitgawe 2011. ISBN 978-1-77007-928-1

Verwysings

Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.

Accipiter melanoleucus ye una especie d'ave accipitriforme de la familia Accipitridae.

Ye'l miembru más grande del xéneru Accipiter n'África.^[2] Preséntase principalmente nos montes y les árees non desértiques del sur del Sahara sobremanera cuando hai árboles grandes afechos p'añerar; el so hábitat preferíu inclúi paisaxes suburbanos y alteriaos pol home.^[2] Aliméntase principalmente d'aves de tamañu moderáu, como palombos.^[3]

Esta especie vive na mayor parte d'África subsaḥariana.

Referencies

Enllaces esternos

• Wikimedia Commons acueye conteníu multimedia sobre Accipiter melanoleucus .

• BirdLife Especies, Ficha téunica. (n'inglés)

Accipiter melanoleucus (lat. Accipiter melanoleucus) - əsl qırğı cinsinə aid quş növü.

Mənbə

Quş ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.

L'astor blanc-i-negre (Accipiter melanoleucus) és un ocell de la família dels accipítrids (Accipitridae) que habita els boscos de l'Àfrica Subsahariana, a les muntanyes d'Etiòpia, Eritrea i sud-est de Sudan, i des de Guinea cap a l'est fins a Kenya i cap al sud fins al sud de Sud-àfrica.

Referències

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Gwyddwalch du (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: gwyddweilch duon) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Accipiter melanoleucus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Great sparrow hawk. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Eryr (Lladin: Accipitridae) sydd yn urdd y Falconiformes.^[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn A. melanoleucus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.^[2]

Teulu

Mae'r gwyddwalch du yn perthyn i deulu'r Eryr (Lladin: Accipitridae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

Gweler hefyd

• Rhestr Goch yr IUCN

Cyfeiriadau

Der Dominohabicht (Accipiter melanoleucus), auch als Mohrenhabicht oder Trauerhabicht bekannt, ist das größte afrikanische Mitglied des Genus Accipiter.^[1] Er kommt vor allem in Wäldern und Nicht-Wüstengebieten südlich der Sahara vor, besonders dort wo es große Bäume gibt, die geeignet sind zum Brüten.^[1] Bevorzugte Habitate sind suburbane und durch Menschen beeinflusste Lebensräume. Er jagt vor allem Vögel moderater Größe, wie zum Beispiel Tauben.^[2]

Merkmale

Der Dominohabicht ist eine größere bis große Art der Habichte und Sperber, jedoch kleiner als der Habicht (Accipiter gentilis).^[3] Er kann eine Körperlänge von 40 bis 58 cm und eine Flügelspannweite von 77 bis 105 cm erreichen.^[4] Die Männchen wiegen 430 bis 490 g, die etwa 15 % größeren und wohl 55 % schwereren Weibchen^[3] 650 bis 980 g.^[4] Adulte Tiere sind gewöhnlich oberseits schwärzlich und unterseits weiß gefärbt, haben einen kräftigen Schnabel und etwas lange, dicke Beine und Zehen. Die an der Spitze rundlichen Flügel reichen angelegt bis etwas hinter die Oberschwanzdecken des ziemlich langen, an der Spitze runden Schwanzes. Bis auf die Größe, das Gewicht und die etwas schwarzbraunere Oberseite sind die Weibchen den Männchen ähnlich. Beim Dominohabicht tritt Dimorphismus auf. Neben der gewöhnlichen, gibt es eine seltenere dunkle, nur im Osten und Süden Afrikas vorkommende Farbmorphe. Bei dieser dunklen Form ist nur die Kehle und für gewöhnlich die Ränder von Bauch und Unterschwanzdecken weiß. Ihr Schwanz ist gänzlich schwarz oder nur sehr undeutlich gebändert.^[3]

Juvenile Tiere sind oberseits dunkelbraun mit schwarz gestricheltem Kopf, hellem Überaugenstreif und Nacken und undeutlich gebändertem Schwanz. Die Unterseite ist entweder rotbraun oder weißlich, variabel braun gestrichelt, insbesondere an Kehle, Brust, Flanken und Oberschenkel. Juvenile Weibchen sind unterseits kräftiger gezeichnet. Farbunterschiede (junvenile Männchen sind mehr rotbraun als die Weibchen) werden als geschlechtsspezifisch angesehen, allerdings wurden blasse und rotbraune Jungvögel beider Geschlechter im gleichen Nest gefunden, wobei sich ein rotbrauner Jungvogel zur dunklen Farbmorphe und die anderen zur gewöhnlichen mit weißer Brust entwickelten.^[3]

Die Iris adulter Tiere ist dunkelrot bis dunkelgelb. Bei juvenilen Tieren ist sie graubraun und wir am Ende des ersten Jahres braun und zur Mitte des zweiten Jahres rot. Die Wachshaut adulter Vögel ist gelb, die von Jungvögeln grünlich gelb. Die Beine sind gelb, bei Jungvögelb heller.^[3]

Dominohabicht, dunkle Farbmorphe

Accipiter melanoleucus

Unterarten

Es sind zwei Unterarten bekannt:^[5]

• Accipiter melanoleucus temminckii (Hartlaub, 1855)^[6] kommt von Liberia bis in den Norden Angolas vor.
• Accipiter melanoleucus melanoleucus Smith, A, 1830^[7] ist vom Sudan und Äthiopien über den Osten Afrikas bis Südafrika verbreitet.

Die Nominatform ist größer als Accipiter melanoleucus temminckii. Bei Accipiter melanoleucus temminckii sind außerdem die Flanken stärker meliert, die dunkle Farbmorphe tritt bei dieser Unterart nicht auf.^[3]

Lebensweise

Dominohabichte leben Solitär oder als Paar. Ihre Nahrung besteht fast nur aus Vögeln, wenigen Nagetieren und vereinzelt aus Mangusten. Im Kropf von Jungtieren fanden sich Drosseleier und kleine Schlangen. Die Beutevögel wiegen in der Regel 80 bis 300 g und werden im Flug getötet. Das Brutgeschäft erfolgt in Westafrika von August bis Januar, fast das janze Jahr über in Ostafrika, von Juli bis Februar in Sambia und von Mai bis März (hauptsächlich Juli bis Januar) im südlichen Afrika. Das umfangreiche Nest ist eine Plattform aus Zweigen die einen Durchmesser von 50 bis 70 cm und eine Höhe von 30 bis 75 cm erreichen kann, wobei größere Nester von anderen Greifvögeln übernommen sein können. In der Regel ist das Nest dick mit grünen Blättern ausgelegt. Es befindet sich gewöhnlich in der Hauptgabel unter der Baumkrone, manchmal in einem Seitenast. Es werden alle verfügbaren Baumarten genutzt, im südlichen Afrika oft Eukalypten. Selten befindet sich das Nest am Boden an der Baumbasis. Das Gelege besteht aus 2 bis 3 (1 bis 4) Eiern, die Brutzeit beträgt 34 bis 38 Tage, die Jungen werden nach 37 bis 50 oder mehr Tagen flügge.^[3]

Etymologie und Forschungsgeschichte

Andrew Smith beschrieb den Dominohabicht unter dem heutigen Namen Accipiter melanoleucus. Das Typusexemplar stammte aus Südafrika.^[7] Bereits im Jahr 1760 führte Mathurin-Jacques Brisson den neuen Gattungsnamen Accipiter ein.^[8] Dieser Name leitet sich vom lateinischen »accipiter, accipitris« für »Falke, Habicht« bzw. »accipere« für »greifen« ab.^[9] Der Artname ist ein griechisches Wortgebilde aus »melas, melanos μελας, μελανος« für »schwarz« und »leukos λευκος« für »weiß«.^[10] Schließlich ist »temminckii« dem Ornithologen Coenraad Jacob Temminck gewidmet.^[6]

Literatur

• Andrew Smith: A description of the Bird inhabiting the South of Africa. In: South African quarterly journal. Band 1, Nr. 3, 1830, S. 225–241 (biodiversitylibrary.org).
• Gustav Hartlaub: Beschreibung einiger neuen, von Herrn H. S. Pel, holländischem Residenten an der Goldküste, daselbst gesammelten Vögelarten. In: Journal für Ornithologie. Band 3, Nr. 17, 1855, S. 353–360 (biodiversitylibrary.org).
• James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
• Mathurin-Jacques Brisson: Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés: a laquelle on a joint une description exacte de chaque espèce, avec les citations des auteurs qui en ont traité, les noms quils leur ont donnés, ceux que leur ont donnés les différentes nations, & les noms vulgaires. Band 1. Ad Ripam Augustinorum, apud Cl. Joannem-Baptistam Bauche, bibliopolam, ad Insigne S. Genovesae, & S. Joannis in Deserto, Paris 1760 (biodiversitylibrary.org).

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ ^{a b} Accipiter melanoleucus Smith. Black Sparrowhawk; Great Sparrowhawk. Autour noir. In: The Birds of Africa. Academic Press Limited, ISBN 978-0-12-137301-6, doi:10.5040/9781472926982.0231 (bloomsburycollections.com [abgerufen am 21. Mai 2018]).
2. ↑ Odette E. Curtis, Philip A. R. Hockey, Ann Koeslag: Competition with Egyptian Geese Alopochen aegyptiaca overrides environmental factors in determining productivity of Black Sparrowhawks Accipiter melanoleucus. In: Ibis. Band 149, Nr. 3, 2. März 2007, ISSN 0019-1019, S. 502–508, doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2007.00675.x (wiley.com [abgerufen am 21. Mai 2018]).
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} James Ferguson-Lees, David A. Christie: Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, 2001, ISBN 0-7136-8026-1, S. 592–594.
4. ↑ ^{a b} A. C. Kemp, G. M. Kirwan: Black Sparrowhawk (Accipiter melanoleucus). In: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, E. de Juana (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018. (online)
5. ↑ IOC World Bird List New World vultures, Secretarybird, kites, hawks, eagles
6. ↑ ^{a b} Gustav Hartlaub, S. 353–354.
7. ↑ ^{a b} Andrew Smith, S. 229–230.
8. ↑ Mathurin-Jacques Brisson, S. 28 & 310f.
9. ↑ James A. Jobling, S. 30.
10. ↑ James A. Jobling, S. 247.

The black sparrowhawk (Accipiter melanoleucus), sometimes known as the black goshawk or great sparrowhawk, is the largest species of True hawk in Africa.^[3] It occurs mainly in forest and non-desert areas south of the Sahara, particularly where there are large trees suitable for nesting; favored habitat includes suburban and human-altered landscapes.^[3] It preys predominantly on birds of moderate size, such as pigeons and doves, in suburban areas.^[4]

Taxonomy

There are 2 subspecies of black sparrowhawk: Accipiter melanoleucus melanoleucus, which was named by A. Smith in 1830, and Accipiter melanoleucus temminckii, which was named by Hartlaub in 1855.^[5] As described in the next section, the 2 subspecies occur in different regions of Africa and both belong to the genus Accipiter in the family Accipitridae along with other well-known members such as hawks and eagles, all of which are part of the order Accipitriformes.^[6]

Description

A dark morph black sparrowhawk in flight

A subadult black sparrowhawk

Typically, both sexes of the black sparrowhawk have a predominantly black plumage with a white throat, breast and belly.^[7] These white-breasted individuals are known as "white morphs" which are in the majority over most of the birds' range. The "black morph" variety is generally rare,^[3][7][5] except along the coastal regions of South Africa, including the Cape Peninsula where they constitute 80% of the population.^[8][9] (Black sparrowhawks do not occur more than about 200–300 km north of Cape Town along the South African west coast, where there are almost no trees.) These "black (or dark) morphs", when seen perched, can be black all over, but more commonly have a few white spots on the breast or a white throat of variable size. In flight both morphs show white and black barring on the underside of the wings and tail (see picture). The black morphs are not melanistic, as commonly alleged, as their plumage is not completely black, nor are they black as chicks or juveniles. There is no noticeable difference between the plumage of mature females and males, which can only be distinguished by size.^[7] The tails are cross-barred with about three or four paler stripes, and the undersides of the wings with perhaps four or five. The legs are yellow, with large feet and talons.^[5]

Black sparrowhawk nestling at about 3-4 weeks old

Young chicks have mid-grey eyes and white down, but when the feathers erupt they are predominantly brown. The full plumage of juveniles is a range of browns and russets with dark streaks along the head and, more conspicuously, down the chest. Commonly there are white or light-colored spots and streaks as well, mainly on the wings.^[3] The brown plumage being a sign of immaturity, it does not attract as dangerously aggressively territorial behavior as a mature black-and-white bird would. As the young birds mature, their eyes change in color from mid-grey, through light brown, to dark red.^[3]

Size

The black sparrowhawk is one of the world's largest Accipiters, only the Henst's, Meyer's and northern goshawk can match or exceed its size. As is common in the genus Accipiter, male black sparrowhawks are smaller than females. Typically the weights of males lie between 450 and 650 g (0.99 and 1.43 lb) while that of females lies in the 750 to 1,020 g (1.65 to 2.25 lb) range.^[10][11][12] The typical total length is about 50 cm (20 in) and wingspan about 1 m (39 in).^[4][11][13] As in most Accipiters, the tails are long (about 25 cm (9.8 in)), as are the tarsi (about 8 cm (3.1 in).^[13] The features of the black sparrowhawk (and Accipiters in general) are reflective of the necessity to fly through dense arboreal habitats, although this species does most of its hunting in open areas (usually from a concealed perch in a tree).^[11][12]

Colour polymorphism

The two different colour morphs (light and dark) exhibited by black sparrowhawks are inherited in a typical Mendelian manner, that suggests a one-locus, two-allele system in which the allele coding for the light morph is dominant.^[8] The frequency of the morphs varies gradually throughout the South African range of black sparrowhawks, with the frequency of dark morphs declining from over 80% in the Cape Peninsula to under 20% in the northeast.^[9] However, there are no differences of the morph distribution in relation to levels of urbanization.^[14]

Dark morph black sparrowhawks might be more common on the Cape Peninsula due to pleiotropic properties of the genes that code for dark colouration, meaning that they code for an apparently unrelated trait. In the dark morph black sparrowhawk, those genes are also responsible for an improved blood parasite resistance compared to the light morph. The species breeds during the dry season in most parts of South Africa, but during the wet season on the Cape Peninsula, where blackflies and biting midges which transmit the haematozoan blood parasites (Leucocytozoon toddi and Haemoproteus nisi), may be more abundant. So, on the Cape Peninsula, black sparrowhawks gain a selective advantage from a dark colouration.^[15]

When it comes to breeding on the Cape Peninsula, the morph combination of the parents also influences their productivity. Mixed‐pairs produce more offspring per year than pairs of the same morph, but this happens at the expense of the chicks' body condition.^[16]

It has also been observed that dark morph black sparrowhawks have a higher hunting success in lower light conditions, while white morphs catch more prey in brighter conditions. This suggests, that the different morphs have a better crypsis (so that prey cannot detect them) at different light levels.^[17]

Distribution and habitat

Black sparrowhawks are relatively widespread and common in sub-Saharan Africa and listed as not globally threatened by CITES.^[5] Densities range from one pair per 13 square kilometers in Kenya to one pair per 38-150 square kilometers in South Africa.^[5] On the Cape Peninsula, however, in the southwestern corner of South Africa, the nest are typically only 500 m (550 yds) apart in the pine plantations and other continuous or semi-continuous belts of trees.^[10]

Both subspecies are only found in sub-Saharan Africa; A. m. temminckii inhabit much of the northwestern section including Senegal, the DRCongo, and Central African Republic, while A. m. melanoleucus is found from northeastern Africa southwards to South Africa.^[3] They naturally inhabit patches of forest, rich woodlands and riverine strips extending into dry bush areas.^[13] They can be found in many areas as long as they have large trees, including mangrove forest in coastal Kenya. Especially in southern Africa, black sparrowhawks have adapted to stands of the non-indigenous eucalyptus, poplar, and pine, all of which are grown commercially and are able to grow up to 15 m (49 ft) taller than native trees.^[12][13] Their adaptability to secondary forest and cultivation (they are not uncommon around homesteads now) is one of the reasons why they are not as greatly impacted by deforestation as many African forest birds, and may actually increase in numbers where such stands have been placed in otherwise open country.^[5][13] They are found in elevations from sea-level to 3,700 m (12,100 ft).^[13]

In some areas, especially on the Cape Peninsula, these sparrowhawks face habitat competition with Egyptian geese (Alopochen aegyptiaca), an aggressive species known to steal the nests of the sparrowhawks.^[4] This results in a costly loss for the sparrowhawks after the time and energy spent building the nest and may also lead to the death of current offspring.^[4] However, sparrowhawks occasionally have more than 1 nest at a time, or they can readily build a new nest, so, in the event that one is usurped by an Egyptian goose, the pair will sometimes start breeding again in a nearby alternative nest; or they might wait until the geese have left the nest with their goslings, or they abandon breeding for that year.^[4]

Urban habitats

Following a south and westwards range expansion of black sparrowhawks in South Africa, they also colonised the urban and suburban areas of Cape Town where they have thrived in the 21st century, with none of the expected negative impacts on their health that might have been expected from the disturbances associated with a novel climate (from a subtropical, summer rainfall regimen to a Mediterranean, winter rainfall region), or other possible sources of stress in their newly urbanised environments. This is probably due to the abundance of prey, mainly various species of Columbidae (the wide variety of pigeons and doves) in these urban areas, and, therefore, their lack of nutritional stress.^[18] The level of urbanisation does not have a negative impact on their breeding success, either. Black sparrowhawks in more urbanised habitats are however more successful early in the season, while black sparrowhawks in less urbanised habitats perform better later in the breeding season.^[19]

Behaviour

Vocalizations

They are mostly silent except during the breeding season.^[20] Males make short, sharp "keeyp" contact calls when arriving with prey, to which the females respond with lower pitched "kek" sounds.^[11][20] Before the male arrives with food, however, the female will solicit food with loud, high pitched drawn out "kweeeeee-uw" sounds.^[11] Both sexes produce alarm calls, and characteristic mating cries. The chicks, but especially the juveniles, are very noisy, making high pitched "weeeeeeeeh" sounds, especially when soliciting food.

Diet

Black sparrowhawks prey primarily on mid-sized birds.^[13] Most prey is spotted from a foliage-concealed perch, which is then killed in flight during a short flying dash. Less often, they stoop or chase prey seen during low or high flight over open country or near the canopy of trees and, in some cases, may even pursue prey on foot.^[13] Although kills are often made in under a minute after the initial attack, occasionally this species may engage in a prolonged pursuit lasting several minutes.^[21] They have been known to scan for ant swarms in order to predate birds that are attracted to these.^[13] Most birds preyed on by this species are in the size range of 80–300 g (2.8–10.6 oz).^[5] Doves are the primary prey of males, whereas females take a greater quantity of larger prey such as pigeons and francolins.^[13] They also feed on poultry found in rural villages,^[22] which have inadvertently been made available by humans. They also often take species such as rock pigeons that have flourished due to urban growth and settlement.^[4] It is, in fact, one of the species that have been able to adapt to a changing habitat due to afforestation and urbanization by taking advantage of the increase in dove and pigeon populations.^[4] With some regularity, they prey on other raptor species, including shikra, Ovambo sparrowhawk, African goshawk and wood owl.^[13] Very occasionally, they may supplement their diet with small mammals, such as bats,^[23] rodents and juvenile mongooses.^[13] Black sparrowhawks can carry their plucked and decapitated prey over a distance of up to 12 km (7.5 mi), usually well above the canopy.^[5][11]

Reproduction

Accipiter melanoleucus - MHNT

A. m. temminckii usually breed between August and November while A. m. melanoleucus breed between May and October.^[3] In Zambia, they breed at an intermediate time, between July and February. Black sparrowhawks in eastern Africa seemingly breed at almost any time of the year. These birds are particular about their nest sites; they prefer sites within the tree canopy to protect their offspring from adverse weather conditions and other predators.^[12] Nests have been found from 7 to 36 m (23 to 118 ft) high in trees, though (in rare cases) have been found on the ground between large tree trunks.^[13] However, the nests are usually not deep within the forest in order to stay within close proximity of the hunting habitat outside of the forest.^[12]

The nests are made up of thousands of sticks collected by both parents and are usually lined with green eucalyptus leaves, pine needles, camphor leaves or other aromatic greenery possibly to deter carriers of diseases, such as mites and insects, due to the repelling smell of the leaves,^[24] though greenery is often put in place weeks before the first egg is laid.^[11] The nests can measure from 50 to 70 cm (20 to 28 in) in width and 30–75 cm (12–30 in) deep.^[13]

Black sparrowhawks form monogamous pairs, though extra-pair matings are not uncommon.^[25] A nesting pair will mate regularly throughout the breeding season, starting during courtship and continuing till after the chicks have fledged.^[10] Once nest building or refurbishing starts the female becomes lethargic, and the male does nearly all the hunting and provisioning of the female and the chicks when they hatch.^[11] Typically, the female will lay 2-4 eggs and the pair will incubate them for about 34–38 days until they hatch.^[13][26] Most of the incubating is done by the female, but the male will take over after he has brought in prey. The female will then eat the food, and possibly bathe in a nearby stream, before taking over the incubation once again. This behavior persists into the brooding period,^[10][11] with intense brooding by the female lasting up to 21 days^[27] after which the female may also start to hunt for food, but only if the nest is left largely undisturbed by other predators. She remains the chief defender of the nest and the chicks.^[10][11] The newly hatched chicks are semialtricial in that they are fully covered in white down feathers but cannot leave the nest since they rely on the parents for food, warmth, and protection.^[26] After 37 to 50 days, the juveniles are fledged but the parents will continue to care for them for the next 37 to 47 days.^[5][11][13] The entire time from egg-laying to the juvenile independence can, therefore, be 20 weeks, or 5 months.

Black sparrowhawks are known to attempt multiple brooding on occasions.^[26] This behavior is exceeding rare in birds of prey. The second brood may be raised in the same nest, or in a second nest nearby, where the fledglings from the first brood will continue to be fed by the parents.^[26] In the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, they are also known to build multiple nests in a season, and this behaviour is thought to be an adaptation to dealing with usurpation by Egyptian Geese.^[28]

Nests are usually re-used year after year, frequently by the same pair. One nest is, in fact, known to have been used continuously for 32 years by a succession of pairs.^[11][26]

References

La Blankanigra akcipitro aŭ pli simple Nigra akcipitro (Accipiter melanoleuca) estas taga rabobirdo el familio de Akcipitredoj kiu inkludas ankaŭ multajn aliajn tagajn rabobirdojn kiel agloj, buteoj kaj cirkuoj.

Ĝi troviĝas en arbaroj tra granda parto de subsahara Afriko.

Ĝi estas relative granda membro de la genro Accipiter, kaj la plumaro de la Blankanigra akcipitro, kiel la komuna nomo sugestas, estas ĉefe nigra, sed kun varia kvanto de blanka sube, game el preskaŭ tute blanka, al nigra escepte pro blankaj gorĝo kaj subvosto. Ankaŭ la latina scienca nomo spegulas tiun kombinon de blanka kaj nigra per latinigita kunmetaĵo de du radikoj el la antikva greka en melanoleucus signife la unua fakte "nigra" kaj la dua "blanka". Junulo estas pli bruna kaj havas striecon en subaj partoj. La vaksaĵo, iome de suba brido, mallarĝa ĉirkaŭokulo kaj kruroj estas flavaj.

Referencoj

Portalo pri Birdoj

Accipiter melanoleucus - MHNT

El azor blanquinegro^[2]​^[3]​ (Accipiter melanoleucus) es una especie de ave accipitriforme de la familia Accipitridae.

Es el miembro más grande del género Accipiter en África.^[4]​ Se presenta principalmente en los bosques y las áreas no desérticas del sur del Sahara, en particular cuando hay árboles grandes adecuados para anidar; su hábitat preferido incluye paisajes suburbanos y alterados por el hombre.^[4]​ Se alimenta principalmente de aves de tamaño moderado, como palomas.^[5]​

Esta especie vive en la mayor parte de África subsahariana.

Referencias

Aztore beltz (Accipiter melanoleucus) Accipiter generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Accipitridae familian sailkatua dago.

Saharatik hegoaldean bizi da.

Erreferentziak

• World Bird Names

Ikus, gainera

• Accipiter
• Accipitridae

Mustakanahaukka (Accipiter melanoleucus) on haukkojen heimoon kuuluva lintu. Sitä tavataan Saharan eteläpuolisessa Afrikassa seuraavissa maissa: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Etelä-Afrikka, Kamerun, Keski-Afrikan tasavalta, Norsunluurannikko, Päiväntasaajan Guinea, Etiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenia, Kongo, Kongon demokraattinen tasavalta, Liberia, Malawi, Mosambik, Namibia, Nigeria, Ruanda, Sambia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Swazimaa, Tansania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe sekä lisäksi vaelluslintuna seuraavissa maissa:Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Lesoto, Mali, Niger, Somalia.^[1]

Sen kanta on pienenemässä mutta se on edelleen elinvoimainen.^[1] Sen esiintymistiheys vaihtelee suuresti, sillä esimerkiksi Keniassa sitä tavataan yksi pari 13 neliökilometrillä, kun taas Etelä-Afrikassa niitä voi olla yksi pari 38–150 neliökilometrillä.

Sen elinpiiriä on subtrooppiset ja trooppiset kosteat ja vuoristometsät, subtrooppiset ja trooppiset kuivat pensastoalueet, kosteikot, viljelmät ja kaupunkialueet.^[1]

Sen ravintoa ovat lähinnä kohtuullisen kokoiset linnut, kuten esikaupunkialueiden kyyhkyset. Se on afrikkalaisista lintuhaukoista suurin.^[3] Koiras on naarasta pienempi. Koiraat painavat 450–650 g, naaraat 750–980 g, Pituus on yleensä 40–54 cm. Niiden, kuten useimpien lintuhaukkojen, siivet ovat melko lyhyet. Siiven pituus on 25,1–34,4 cm ja kärkiväli 77–105 cm.

Alalajit

Sillä on kaksi alalajia:^[2]

• Accipiter melanoleucus melanoleucus A. Smith, 1830
• Accipiter melanoleucus temminckii (Hartlaub, 1855)

Lähteet

Aiheesta muualla

• Mustakanahaukka (Accipiter melanoleucus) BirdLife species factsheet. (englanniksi)

Accipiter melanoleucus

Accipiter melanoleucus - MHNT

L'Autour noir (Accipiter melanoleucus) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Accipitridae.

Répartition

Cet oiseau vit dans une majeure partie de l'Afrique subsaharienne.

Sous-espèces

D'après Alan P. Peterson, cette espèce est constituée des deux sous-espèces suivantes :

• Accipiter melanoleucus melanoleucus A. Smith 1830 ;
• Accipiter melanoleucus temminckii (Hartlaub) 1855.

Voir aussi

Références taxinomiques

• (en) Référence Congrès ornithologique international :
• (en) Référence Zoonomen Nomenclature Resource (Alan P. Peterson) : Accipiter melanoleucus dans Accipitriformes
• (en) Référence Catalogue of Life : Accipiter melanoleucus A. Smith, 1830 (consulté le 19 décembre 2020)
• (en) Référence CITES : espèce Accipiter melanoleucus Smith, 1830 (+ répartition sur Species+) (consulté le 30 juin 2015)
• (fr+en) Référence ITIS : Accipiter melanoleucus Smith, 1830

L'astore nero (Accipiter melanoleucus A.Smith, 1830) è un uccello rapace della famiglia degli Accipitridi, diffuso in Africa.^[1][2]

Descrizione

È un rapace di grande taglia, lungo 40–58 cm e con un'apertura alare di 77–105 cm.^[3]

Entrambi i sessi hanno un piumaggio prevalentemente nero, con una area bianca in corrispondenza della gola, del petto e della pancia. È questa la forma tipica, più comune, nota come white morph. Un'altra forma, nota come black morph, con piumaggio uniformemente nero, è più rara e localizzata lungo le aree costiere del Sudafrica.^[4]

• White morph

• Black morph

• Juvenile

• Museum specimen

Biologia

Si nutre prevalentemente di altri uccelli, in particolare columbidi e fagianidi.^[3]

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie ha un ampio areale subsahariano.^[1]

Nella gran parte del suo areale è comune la forma white morph mentre la black morph è rara, eccetto che nelle aree costiere del Sudafrica, inclusa la Penisola del Capo dove rappresenta l'80% della popolazione.^[4][5][6]

Tassonomia

Sono state descritte due sottospecie:^[2]

• Accipiter melanoleucus melanoleucus A. Smith, 1830
• Accipiter melanoleucus temminckii Hartlaub, 1855

Note

De zwarte havik (Accipiter melanoleucus) is een roofvogel uit de familie van de havikachtigen (Accipitridae). Het is de grootste Afrikaanse soort uit dit geslacht.

Leefwijze

Hij jaagt vaak op duiven in landbouwgebieden en dorpen.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Hij leeft in bossen en savannes ten zuiden van de Sahara in Afrika, en broedt in grote bomen.

De soort telt 2 ondersoorten:

• A. m. temminckii: van Liberia tot noordelijk Angola.
• A. m. melanoleucus: van Soedan en Ethiopië via oostelijk Afrika tot Zuid-Afrika.

Accipiter melanoleucus - MHNT

O açor-preto (Accipiter melanoleucus) é uma espécie de ave de rapina da família Accipitridae.

Distribuição geográfica

Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Camarões, República Centro-Africana, República do Congo, República Democrática do Congo, Costa do Marfim, Guiné Equatorial, Etiópia, Gabão, Gambia, Gana, Guiné, Guiné-Bissau, Quénia, Lesoto, Libéria, Malawi, Mali, Moçambique, Namíbia, Níger, Nigéria, Ruanda, Senegal, Serra Leoa, Somália, África do Sul, Sudão, Essuatíni, Tanzânia, Togo, Uganda, Zâmbia e Zimbabwe.

Referências

• BirdLife International (2012). Accipiter melanoleucus (em inglês). IUCN 2012. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2012 . Página visitada em 17 de Outubro de 2015.

Svart duvhök^[2] (Accipiter melanoleucus) är en fågel i familjen hökartade rovfåglar inom ordningen hökfåglar.^[3]

Utbredning och systematik

Arten lever i Afrika och delas upp i två underarter. A. m. temminckii förekommer från Senegal och Gambia till Gabon, Kongo-Kinshasa och Centralafrikanska republiken medan nominatformen förekommer från östra Sudan till nordvästra Etiopien, och från Kenya till Angola och Sydafrika.^[3]

Släktestillhörighet

Subadult hona som fångat en rödögd duva.

DNA-studier visar att kärrhökarna i Circus är inbäddade i Accipiter så som släktet ser ut idag.^[4][5][6][7] Det medför att antingen flyttas de distinkta kärrhökarna till Accipiter eller så delas Accipiter upp i flera mindre släkten. Om det senare blir fallet kommer svart duvhök med största sannolikhet att flyttas till ett annat släkte, eftersom denna troligen står närmare kärrhökarna än typarten i Accipiter sparvhök (A. nisus).

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, men tros minska i antal, dock inte tillräckligt kraftigt för att den ska betraktas som hotad.^[1] IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som livskraftig (LC).^[1]

Noter

1. ^ [a b c] Birdlife International 2012 Accipiter melanoleucus Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2014) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter Arkiverad 18 oktober 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., <www.sofnet.org Arkiverad 26 december 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine.>, läst 2014-12-09
3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11
4. ^ Kocum, A. (2006), “Phylogenie der Accipitriformes (Greifvögel) anhand verschiedener nuklearer und mitochondrialer DNA-Sequenzen”, Dissertation, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald.
5. ^ Griffiths, C.S., G.F. Barrowclough, J.G. Groth and L.A. Mertz (2007), Phylogeny, diversity, and classification of the Accipitridae based on DNA sequences of the RAG-1 exon, J. Avian Biol. 38, 587-602.
6. ^ Lerner, H.R.L., M.C. Llaver, and D.P. Mindell (2008), Molecular Phylogenetics of the Buteonine Birds of Prey (Accipitridae), Auk 304, 304-315.
7. ^ Breman, F.C., K. Jordaens, G. Sonet, Z.T. Nagy, J. Van Houdt, and M. Louette (2013), DNA barcoding and evolutionary relationships in Accipiter Brisson, 1760 (Aves, Falconiformes: Accipitridae) with a focus on African and Eurasian representatives, J. Ornithol. 154, 265-287.

Externa länkar

• Wikimedia Commons har media som rör svart duvhök.
  Bilder & media
• Wikispecies har information om Accipiter melanoleucus.
  Artförteckning

Посилання

• The Black Sparrowhawk Project on the Cape Peninsula
• Black Sparrowhawk — Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
• Pictures of Black Sparrowhawks
• Sounds of Black Sparrowhawks
• Videos of Black Sparrowhawks
• The Black Sparrowhawk Project on the Cape Peninsula

Ó choàng đen (Accipiter melanoleucus) là một loài chim trong họ Ưng.^[2] Ó choàng đen chủ yếu xuất hiện ở các rừng và các khu vực không sa mạc phía nam Sahara, đặc biệt là nơi có cây lớn thích hợp cho việc làm tổ, chúng ưa thích môi trường sống bao gồm các cảnh quan ngoại ô và cảnh quan thay đổi bởi con người.^[3] Nó chủ yếu săn các con chim có kích cỡ vừa như bồ câu ở các vùng ngoại ô.^[4]

Chú thích

Tham khảo

• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Ó đen tại Wikispecies

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