El cotoner Pima (Gossypium barbadense), també conegut com a cotó extra llarg, cotó d'Amèrica del Sud, Creole o cotó egipci, és una espècie de cotoner. És una planta tropical sensible a les glaçades i perenne que produeix flors grogues i llavors negres. Creix com un petit arbre arbustiu i dóna cotó amb la fibra extraordinàriament llarga i sedosa.
El nom de Pima és en honor dels amerindis Pima, que ajudaren a cultivar el cotó als Estats Units en granges experimentals d'Arizona a principi del segle XX.
La primera evidència de domesticació d'aquesta espècie de cotoner és d'Ancón a la costa del Perú cap a 4200 aC
Cap a 1786, van començar les plantacions d'aquesta espècie a les colònies britàniques americanes de Carolina del Sud i Geòrgia amb gent provinent de Barbados.[1] Aquest cotó tenia un preu més alt però va ser substituït per l'espècie Gossypium hirsutum i el cotó Pima actualment només representa el 5% del cotó produït als Estats Units.
El cotoner Pima (Gossypium barbadense), també conegut com a cotó extra llarg, cotó d'Amèrica del Sud, Creole o cotó egipci, és una espècie de cotoner. És una planta tropical sensible a les glaçades i perenne que produeix flors grogues i llavors negres. Creix com un petit arbre arbustiu i dóna cotó amb la fibra extraordinàriament llarga i sedosa.
Barbados-Bomuld (Gossypium barbadense) stammer oprindeligt fra Ecuador, og kan kendes på, at frøulden er hvid, når den er modnet.
Gossypium barbadense ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Baumwolle (Gossypium). Sie stammt aus dem tropischen Amerika und wird inzwischen weit verbreitet zur Gewinnung von Baumwollfasern angebaut.
Gossypium barbadense wächst als ausdauernder Strauch oder Halbstrauch, der eine Wuchshöhe von 2 bis 3 m erreicht.[1] In Kultur wird die Pflanze einjährig gezogen.[2] Die Sprossachse ist dunkel rötlich und kantig. Die Behaarung kann sich auf die ganze Pflanze erstrecken oder auf die Blattstiele und die Blattadern auf der Unterseite der Blätter beschränkt sein.[1] Die Laubblätter sind drei- oder fünflappig, die Blätter der primären Sprossachse auch siebenlappig. Die Unterseite der Blätter ist mit Nektarien besetzt.[2] Die Blattlappen sind oval bis umgekehrt-eiförmig und enden lang ausgezogen. Das Blatt erreicht einen Durchmesser von 7 bis 14 cm lang, der Blattgrund ist herzförmig, der Blattstiel ist länger als die Blattspreite. Die Nebenblätter sind 1 bis 5 cm lang,[2] sie fallen meist bald ab.[1]
Die Blüten stehen einzeln in den Blattachseln oder endständig. Die Blütenstiele sind mit 1 bis 4 cm kürzer als die Blattstiele. Der Außenkelch besteht aus drei,[2] nach anderen Angaben fünf oder mehr[1] nicht miteinander verwachsenen Hüllblättern. Sie sind 6 cm lang und 4,5 cm breit, vorne mit sieben bis neun19 spitzen Zacken,[2] am Grund herzförmig.[1] Zwischen den Hüllblättern befinden sich Nektarien. Der schüsselförmige Kelch ist gerade abgeschnitten, bewimpert, auch hier befinden sich oft Nektarien.[2] Die Kronblätter sind hellgelb mit je einem dunkelroten Fleck an der Basis. Sie werden 5 bis 8 cm groß und sind auf der Außenseite behaart. Die Columna ist 3,5 bis 4 cm lang, die Staubfäden liegen ihr eng an.[1] Die Narbe überragt die Staubblattröhre deutlich.[2]
Die Kapselfrucht, die 3 bis 7 cm lang wird, ist drei-, seltener vierteilig, oval bis länglich, vorne spitz oder geschnäbelt. Die ovalen Samen sind glatt und schwarz, bis 0,8 cm groß und von langen weißen Fasern sowie, kurzen, nicht fest haftenden Fasern umgeben.[1]
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 4x = 52.[2]
Gossypium barbadense stammt aus dem tropischen Amerika. Sie wird weltweit in den Tropen und Subtropen kultiviert. Der vierfache Chromosomensatz (Tetraploidie) von Gossypium barbadense stammt von zwei unterschiedlichen Ausgangsarten (Allopolyploidie). Der eine Teil des Chromosomensatzes ähnelt dem von amerikanischen Arten, der zweite Teil allerdings dem von afrikanischen Arten. Wann die Kreuzung der beiden Ausgangsarten stattfand ist unklar: Vorgeschlagen wurde ein Zeitpunkt vor der Trennung Afrikas und Südamerikas (vor 60–100 Millionen Jahren) oder ein Austausch durch den Menschen vor wenigen hundert Jahren. Molekulargenetische Untersuchungen deuten allerdings auf ein Alter von Gossypium barbadense von 1 bis 2 Millionen Jahren; wie der Austausch der heute auf verschiedenen Kontinenten räumlich getrennten Ausgangsarten stattfand, ist unklar.[2]
Gossypium barbadense ist ein Lieferant der längsten, Extra Langstapel (ELS) Baumwollfasern; Pima-, Supima-, Ägyptische-Baumwolle (Giza), Sea Island Cotton, mit bis etwa 50 mm langen Fasern.[3] Erste Funde von Fasern, die Gossypium barbadense zugeordnet werden, stammen von Fischernetzen an der Küste Perus und datieren auf 1500 bis 2400 Jahre vor Christus. Von dort wurde die Pflanze in vorkolumbianischer Zeit in Südamerika, der Karibik und bis auf die Galápagosinseln verbreitet. Schon in dieser Zeit lassen sich züchterische Veränderungen feststellen: Die kurzen Fasern rund um die Samen wurden weniger, die langen Fasern dafür mehr und länger, zudem verlor die Samenschale an Festigkeit, so dass die Samen schneller keimen.[2]
Gossypium barbadense ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Baumwolle (Gossypium). Sie stammt aus dem tropischen Amerika und wird inzwischen weit verbreitet zur Gewinnung von Baumwollfasern angebaut.
Peru gʻoʻzasi, Janubiy Amerika gʻoʻzasi, si-aylend goʻzasi (Gossypium barbadense L.) — madaniylashtirilgan gʻoʻza turi. Genomi (AD)2, xromosomalar soni 2p=52. K. Linney taʼriflab bergan (1753). Jan. Amerikada (Peru, Boliviya, Shim. Braziliya, Ekvador, Kolumbiya), Misr, Sudan, Nigeriyada tarqalgan. P.gʻ.ning madaniylashtirilgan shakllari koʻpgi-na mamlakatlarda uzun tolali gʻoʻza navlari sifatida ekiladi. P.gʻ. — yi-rik yoki oʻrtacha monopodial va mayda simpodial buta. Oʻsimlik poyasi tuk-siz yoki kam tukli boʻlib, qalin, qora smola bezchalari bilan qoplangan, qoramtir yoki toʻq qizil boʻladi. Barglari oʻrtacha yoki yirik, 3—7 boʻlmali. Barg boʻlmalari tuxumsimon — uchburchakli, koʻpincha qayiqchasimon va kamdan-kam tekis boʻladi. Yon barglari nashtarsimonchiziqli, yuqoriga yoʻnalgan. Gullari yirik, gulbargi limonrang , asosida yirik toʻq qizil dogʻi bor. Kosachasi yirik, toʻlqinsimon yoki tekis boʻladi. Gu-lyonbarglarida 10—15 ta uzun chiziqli tishlari bor. Koʻsaklari mayda yoki oʻrtacha kattalikda, tuxumsimon-konus shaklida, baʼzan ancha uzunchoq, 3—4 chanokli boʻladi. Koʻsagining sirti toʻq yashil, mayda chuqurchali, yaltiroq aniq koʻrinadigan qora bezchalari bor. Har bir chanogʻida 5—6 tadan chigit boʻladi. Tuki oq, qoʻngʻir yoki koʻm-koʻk, oʻrtacha uzunliqsa, chalkashib ketgan. Tolasi och sariq, baʼzan oq, ingichka, uzun, ipaksimon.
P.gʻ.ning tur ichidagi barcha xillarini F. M. Mauyer 4 ta evolyusion gu-ruhga yoki kenja turga boʻladi (1954): qadimiy yovvoyi — darvini kenja turi [ssp. darwini (Watt.) Mauer]; yarim yovvoyi yoki ruderal — ruderale kenja turi (ssp. ruderale Mauer); madaniy-tropik — vitifolium kenja turi [ssp. vitifolium (Lam.) Mauer]; madaniylashtirilgan navlar — eubarbadenze kenja turi (ssp.eubarbadense Mauer). P.gʻ.ning tropik formalari fotodavriy oʻzgarishlarga qatʼiy taʼsirchan boʻlib, issiqni yoqtiradi, kechpishar, kuz-qish-baxrr oylarida hosil beradi. Madaniylashtirilgan subtropik shakllari fotodavriy oʻzgarishlarga unchalik taʼsirchan emas, qurgʻoqchilikka chidamli, tezpishar boʻlib, yoz oylarida hosil beradi. Koʻpchilik shakllari fuzarioz vilt bilan kasallanadi, ver-titsillyoz vilt bilan kamdan-kam zararlanadi yoki mutlaqo zararlanmaydi. Nihollari ildiz chirish kasalligiga, darvini shakli esa shoʻrga chidamli. Yovvoyi shakllarining chigiti — toshchigit. Koʻpchilik madaniy navlarning chigiti yaxshi sharoitda saqlansa, unib chikish qobiliyatini 10 yil va undan ham uzoqroq muddatgacha yoʻqotmaydi. P.gʻ. Meksika va chalkash tukli gʻoʻzalar bilan erkln chatishib, meva beradigan duragaylar hosil qiladi; harkness, raymond, hindixitoy, stoke va boshqa gʻoʻzalar bilan chatishtirib olingan duragaylari bepusht boʻladi. Klotssh, davidzon turlari bilan qiyin chatishadi, ammo ulardan olingan duragaylari unib chiqishi bilan no-bud boʻladi. P.gʻ.ning namunalari qimmatli genetik fond hisoblanadi va ulardan tola-sining texnologik sifati " yuqori boʻlgan ingichka tolali gʻoʻza navlarini yaratishda foydalaniladi. Yana q. Ingichka tolali gʻoʻza.
Abdumavlon Abdullayev.[1]
Peru gʻoʻzasi, Janubiy Amerika gʻoʻzasi, si-aylend goʻzasi (Gossypium barbadense L.) — madaniylashtirilgan gʻoʻza turi. Genomi (AD)2, xromosomalar soni 2p=52. K. Linney taʼriflab bergan (1753). Jan. Amerikada (Peru, Boliviya, Shim. Braziliya, Ekvador, Kolumbiya), Misr, Sudan, Nigeriyada tarqalgan. P.gʻ.ning madaniylashtirilgan shakllari koʻpgi-na mamlakatlarda uzun tolali gʻoʻza navlari sifatida ekiladi. P.gʻ. — yi-rik yoki oʻrtacha monopodial va mayda simpodial buta. Oʻsimlik poyasi tuk-siz yoki kam tukli boʻlib, qalin, qora smola bezchalari bilan qoplangan, qoramtir yoki toʻq qizil boʻladi. Barglari oʻrtacha yoki yirik, 3—7 boʻlmali. Barg boʻlmalari tuxumsimon — uchburchakli, koʻpincha qayiqchasimon va kamdan-kam tekis boʻladi. Yon barglari nashtarsimonchiziqli, yuqoriga yoʻnalgan. Gullari yirik, gulbargi limonrang , asosida yirik toʻq qizil dogʻi bor. Kosachasi yirik, toʻlqinsimon yoki tekis boʻladi. Gu-lyonbarglarida 10—15 ta uzun chiziqli tishlari bor. Koʻsaklari mayda yoki oʻrtacha kattalikda, tuxumsimon-konus shaklida, baʼzan ancha uzunchoq, 3—4 chanokli boʻladi. Koʻsagining sirti toʻq yashil, mayda chuqurchali, yaltiroq aniq koʻrinadigan qora bezchalari bor. Har bir chanogʻida 5—6 tadan chigit boʻladi. Tuki oq, qoʻngʻir yoki koʻm-koʻk, oʻrtacha uzunliqsa, chalkashib ketgan. Tolasi och sariq, baʼzan oq, ingichka, uzun, ipaksimon.
P.gʻ.ning tur ichidagi barcha xillarini F. M. Mauyer 4 ta evolyusion gu-ruhga yoki kenja turga boʻladi (1954): qadimiy yovvoyi — darvini kenja turi [ssp. darwini (Watt.) Mauer]; yarim yovvoyi yoki ruderal — ruderale kenja turi (ssp. ruderale Mauer); madaniy-tropik — vitifolium kenja turi [ssp. vitifolium (Lam.) Mauer]; madaniylashtirilgan navlar — eubarbadenze kenja turi (ssp.eubarbadense Mauer). P.gʻ.ning tropik formalari fotodavriy oʻzgarishlarga qatʼiy taʼsirchan boʻlib, issiqni yoqtiradi, kechpishar, kuz-qish-baxrr oylarida hosil beradi. Madaniylashtirilgan subtropik shakllari fotodavriy oʻzgarishlarga unchalik taʼsirchan emas, qurgʻoqchilikka chidamli, tezpishar boʻlib, yoz oylarida hosil beradi. Koʻpchilik shakllari fuzarioz vilt bilan kasallanadi, ver-titsillyoz vilt bilan kamdan-kam zararlanadi yoki mutlaqo zararlanmaydi. Nihollari ildiz chirish kasalligiga, darvini shakli esa shoʻrga chidamli. Yovvoyi shakllarining chigiti — toshchigit. Koʻpchilik madaniy navlarning chigiti yaxshi sharoitda saqlansa, unib chikish qobiliyatini 10 yil va undan ham uzoqroq muddatgacha yoʻqotmaydi. P.gʻ. Meksika va chalkash tukli gʻoʻzalar bilan erkln chatishib, meva beradigan duragaylar hosil qiladi; harkness, raymond, hindixitoy, stoke va boshqa gʻoʻzalar bilan chatishtirib olingan duragaylari bepusht boʻladi. Klotssh, davidzon turlari bilan qiyin chatishadi, ammo ulardan olingan duragaylari unib chiqishi bilan no-bud boʻladi. P.gʻ.ning namunalari qimmatli genetik fond hisoblanadi va ulardan tola-sining texnologik sifati " yuqori boʻlgan ingichka tolali gʻoʻza navlarini yaratishda foydalaniladi. Yana q. Ingichka tolali gʻoʻza.
Pye koton se yon pyebwa.
Gossypium barbadense (gos-SIP-pee-um bar-ba-DEN-see) is one of several species of cotton. It is in the mallow family. It has been cultivated since antiquity, but has been especially prized since a form with particularly long fibers was developed in the 1800s. Other names associated with this species include Sea Island, Egyptian, Pima, and extra-long staple (ELS) cotton.
The species is a tropical, frost-sensitive perennial that produces yellow flowers and has black seeds. It grows as a bush or small tree and yields cotton with unusually long, silky fibers.
G. barbadense originated in southwest Ecuador and northwest Peru. It is now cultivated around the world, including China, Egypt, Sudan, India, Australia, Peru, Israel, the southwestern United States, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It accounts for about 5% of the world's cotton production.
Linnaeus is given credit for describing Gossypium barbadense ("cotton encountered in Barbados"). Today, this name is universally accepted; however, there is some question whether the modern definition matches what Linnaeus described. Paul A. Fryxell argues, although the evidence surviving from Linnaeus's time is less than ideal, the name is applied correctly. On the other hand, Y. I. Prokhanov and G. K. Brizicky argue that Linnaeus never actually saw any examples of the species we now call G. barbadense.[1]
The species is a member of the mallow family, Malvaceae.[note 1] Authors differ on the ranks between family and genus. A recent example that considers cladistics is Bayer et al. (1999).[2] In this system, G. barbadense and other cottons fall in the subfamily Malvoideae and tribe Gossypiae.[4] The tribe Gossypiae includes the cottons and other species that produce the substance gossypol.[5]
The genus Gossypium encompasses the cottons. The genus can be divided by chromosome count. Subgenus Karpas has 52 chromosomes (four sets of 13). This subgenus encompasses G. barbadense, along with G. hirsutum and a few other New World cottons. In comparison, the commercially important Old World cottons have 26 chromosomes.[6] Most botanists that study Gossypium believe the group of cottons with 52 chromosomes form a clade. In other words, G. barbadense, G. hirsutum, and a few other New World cotton species arose from the same ancestor.[7]
One form of G. barbadense has been recognized as a variety. Var brasiliense is called "kidney seed cotton" because its seeds are fused together into somewhat kidney-shaped masses.[7]
G. barbadense, like other cottons, forms a small bush in its first year. In cultivation, it is treated as an annual. If allowed to, it can grow into a large bush or even a small tree of height 1–3 m.[8] Leaves are mostly 8–20 cm long, with 3-7 lobes.[8] One distinction between G. barbadense and the more commonly cultivated G. hirsutum is that G. barbadense has three to five lobes whereas G. hirsutum has only three. The lobes of G. barbadense's are also more deeply cut, about ⅔ the length of the leaf, as opposed to ½ for G. hirsutum.[9]
Cotton flowers are showy, with five petals that open only partially.[10] The petals are up to 8 cm long, usually yellow.[8] The petals of Sea Island cultivars typically are creamy yellow with a red spot at the base, and as they wither, they turn rose pink. Like other members of the mallow family, the flowers have many stamens, which are merged to form a cylinder around the style.[5]
The seeds and fiber form in a capsule called a "bole". Each bole is divided into three parts, each of which produce 5-8 seeds.[11][note 2] The seeds are 8-10 mm long.[8] [note 3]
Thousands of years of cultivation have dramatically changed the fiber in cotton plants. Wild cottons have very little fiber, so little it might not be noticed. The fiber emanates from each seed. The purpose of the fiber to wild plants is unknown. Domesticated cottons have much more fiber. Besides for the more obvious long fibers, domesticated cotton seeds have short fibers called "linters". Some cultivars of G. barbadense have so few of these short hairs they are often called "lintless".[14] They can also be called "smooth-seeded" as opposed to "fuzzy-seeded" G. hirsutum.
As with all cottons, the bolls open when they mature, revealing showy "snowballs" of fiber.[15]
All cottons contain gossypol, although some cultivars of G. hirsutum have been selected to minimize this chemical. Those cultivars are more susceptible to insect pests, which suggests the natural purpose of gossypol is to deter pests. The impact of gossypol in agriculture is it makes cotton plants poisonous to non-ruminant animals.[16]
Wild forms of G. barbadense have been found in a small area near the Guayas Estuary in Ecuador and an island off of Manta, Ecuador.[17] It can be grown as a perennial throughout the tropics. It is sensitive to frost. Nevertheless, it can be grown as an annual in regions where the summers are long enough for the bolls to mature.
The first clear sign of domestication of this cotton species comes from the Early Valdivia phase site of Real Alto on the coast of Ecuador (4400 BCE; calibrated radiocarbon dates) and from Ancon, on the Peruvian coast, where cotton bolls dating to 4200 BCE were found.
According to other accounts, Real Alto cotton is dated to 3500–3000 BCE (uncalibrated radiocarbon years), and the oldest Cueva de Guitarrero in Anchash, Peru cotton is dated 8000 BCE.[18]
By 1000 BCE, Peruvian cotton bolls were indistinguishable from modern cultivars of G. barbadense. Native Americans grew cotton widely throughout South America and in the West Indies, where Christopher Columbus encountered it. The advent of worldwide trade resulted in many kinds of plants being introduced to new places (see Columbian exchange). In the case of cotton, this exchange happened in all directions, new world cottons to the old world, old world cottons to the new world, and cottons to places which they had never grown before. In some cases, this resulted in multiple kinds of cotton growing in the same region. Since then, most of these regions have transitioned to specialize in a particular kind of cotton, resulting in the distinctive market classes of today.
At the time of Columbus, indigenous peoples of the West Indies raised G. barbadense as a dooryard crop, single plants near residences.[19]
English colonists established cotton in the West Indies as a commercial plantation crop tended by enslaved workers trafficked from West Africa. By the 1650s, Barbados had become the first British West Indies colony to export cotton to England and Europe.[20]
By the late 1700s and early 1800s, G. barbadense was a major commercial crop in the West Indies.[21] After that, it was all but replaced by sugar cane. There have been a few periods since the early 1800s when cotton production has been attractive in the West Indies, but generally sugar cane has been more profitable.[22]
Cotton traders use many systems to classify the quality of cotton fiber. One of the most significant distinctions is "staple length", length of the individual fibers. Traditionally, cultivars of Gossypium barbadense fall into the "long-staple" category. The term extra-long-staple (ELS) first came into use in 1907. The International Cotton Advisory Committee, in an attempt to standardize classification, defined extra-long-staple as 1⅜ inches (34.9mm) or longer, and long-staple as 1⅛ to 1 5/16 inches (28.6 to 33.3 mm). Under this classification scheme, most cultivars of G. barbadense produce extra-long-staple fibers, but some cultivars qualify as long-staple.[23]
G. barbadense is now cultivated around the world, including China, Egypt, Sudan, India, Australia, Peru, Israel, the southwestern United States, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.[24] The species accounts for about 5% of the world's cotton production.[25] Certain regions specialize in G. barbadense. One reason is to prevent different species of cotton from hybridizing with each other. If a field of G. barbadense is too close to a field of a different species, the result is generally poor quality of the fiber.[26]
Traders in cotton have developed several broad categories called market classes. These categories are based on the characteristics of the fiber and the region where they are produced. In the United States, some market classes have been formalized in law.
Sea Island is a historical market class. It was actively marketed from 1790[27] to 1920.[28] It was grown on the Sea Islands, islands off the coast of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.[29] It once was an important market class. In the markets of Europe, it suffered little competition from cottons with similar characteristics from its inception until the interruption of trade resulting from the U.S. Civil War.[30]
The origins of Sea Island cotton has been the subject of considerable controversy. Nevertheless, developing the market class required developing cultivars that would be productive in the Sea Islands, and developing a product that was distinct from other kinds of cotton.[31] It also required at least some producers and consumers to agree "Sea Island" was a useful category.
One of the challenges explaining the development of a long fiber cotton that would thrive in the Sea Islands is that the cotton in the Sea Islands came from the West Indies, an area where all the cultivated cotton was short fiber (by today's standards) and required a long growing season. A distinctive cotton could not be developed in the Sea Islands, at least not by the methods of hybridization or selection, because frost killed the plants before they had a chance to produce seed.[32]
One possible explanation, the changes happened accidentally in a region with long growing season and then were introduced to the Sea Islands. In the 1960s and 1970s, S. G. Stephens performed an experiment where he hybridized a G. barbadense with short coarse fibers and long growing season with a wild form of G. hirsutum that had the same short fiber and long growing season, but the fibers were fine. It seemed reasonable the resulting plant produced fine fibers, but was surprised to find it also had long fiber and short growing season. He then demonstrated this could be rather easily back-hybridized (see introgression) to form a cotton that retained these desirable characteristics, yet was almost entirely G. barbadense. He argued that such an event could have happened accidentally in the 18th century, resulting in the long, fine fiber G. barbadense of today. However, since this event could not have happened in the Sea Islands, it is not sufficient to explain the Sea Islands' distinctive product.[32]
Unusual weather in 1785 and 1786 helped develop a G. barbadense productive in the Sea Islands. According to historical records, planters in Georgia were trying to introduce G. barbadense, but the plants would die from frost before they could produce seed or fiber. However, the winter of 1785-1786 was particularly mild, so a few plants did succeed in producing seed. The next generation of plants was able to produce seed and fiber before the winter.[33]
Historical records credit Kinsey Burden of developing the particularly high-quality cotton that came to be associated with the Sea Islands. He accomplished this in the first decade of the 1800s via seed selection on Burden's Island and Johns Island in South Carolina.[34] The Sea Islands region parted ways with the rest of the southeastern United States, specializing in this high-quality G. barbadense. Meanwhile, the rest of the southeastern United States developed its own market class "upland".
By 1803, the Charleston SC market recognized class distinctions of Sea Island, South Carolina upland, West Indian, and Mississippi.[35]
What was called Sea Island cotton was cultivated on the Sea Islands, along the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia, especially by the late 18th century. Sea Island cotton commanded the highest price of all the cottons because of its long staple (1.5 to 2.5 inches, 35 to 60 mm) and silky texture; it was used for the finest cotton counts and often mixed with silk.
Although planters tried to grow it on the uplands of Georgia, the quality was inferior,[36] and it was too expensive to process. The invention of the cotton gin by the end of the 18th century utterly changed the production of cotton as a commodity crop. It made processing of short-staple cotton profitable. This cotton, known as upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), could be grown successfully in the interior uplands. Short-staple cotton became the prime commodity crop of the developing Deep South, and King Cotton was the basis of southern wealth in the antebellum years. This cotton in the early 21st century represents about 95% of U.S. production.
Among the earliest planters of Sea Island cotton in North America was an Englishman, Francis Levett. Other cotton planters came from Barbados. At the outbreak of the American Revolution, Levett left his Georgia plantation and went to the Bahamas. He attempted to introduce cotton production, but failed. Sugar cane had been a more important commodity crop.
Sea Island planters could buy seed to plant each year, or they could plant seed saved from the previous year. Named cultivars resulted when particular planters gained a reputation for selecting the best seed to replant. Examples include "Seabrook", named after plantation proprietor William Seabrook, and "Bleak Hall", named after the plantation John Townsend managed.[37] An incident in the early 20th century illustrates the importance of seed selection. The best seed selectors, in order to stop planters in the West Indies from benefiting from their work, they quit selling seed, even to their neighbors. This resulted in a decline in quality across the Sea Island region.[38]
Sea island never fully recovered from the disruptions of the U.S. Civil War.[39] In the early 20th century, the boll weevil caused tremendous damage in the traditional cotton-growing regions of the United States. Sea Island cultivars were particularly susceptible. Also, wet conditions on the islands moderated soil temperatures, further favoring the insect.[40] Production of Sea Island on a commercial scale ended in 1920.[28]
Egyptian is a market class representing G. barbadense grown in Egypt. It also includes crops in Sudan, as Sudan was once part of Egypt. Sometimes the terms "Egyptian long-staple" and Egyptian extra-long staple" are used, as Egypt and Sudan produce cottons with a variety of fiber lengths.
The development of the market class started in 1820, when Jumel's cotton entered commercial production. This was a type of cotton that had been growing in the region for some time, but a French engineer named Jumel recognized its potential as a source of fiber when he saw it growing as an ornamental in a garden in Cairo. Based on its description, it seems likely it was the recently developed long fiber kind of G. barbadense from the New World. Encouraged by the success of Jumel's cotton, Egyptians tested other seeds, including Sea Island. The next major cultivar in Egypt, "early Ashmouni," likely was a hybrid between Jumel and a Sea Island cultivar. Likewise, the following major cultivar, "Mit Afifi," likely was a hybrid between early Ashmouni and a Sea Island cultivar. Many more cultivars followed.[41]
In the last half of the 19th century, cotton production in Egypt grew dramatically because of expansion of irrigation and increased demand because of the United States civil war. Egyptian cotton has been important ever since.[41]
Pima is a name often used for cotton grown in the Southwestern United States. This market class consists of extra-long G. barbadense. It was originally known as "American Egyptian", but eventually the name "Pima" became more popular. Since the name "Pima" also has been applied to extra-long staple cotton growing in countries such as Peru, Australia, and Israel,[42] sometimes the name "American Pima" is used to clarify the origin. The name "American Pima" was formally adopted by the United States Government in 1970.[43]
The American Pima market class was the result of government efforts to enable United States farmers to compete in the "Egyptian cotton" market. Circa 1900, the United States led in production of all the major market classes except Egyptian. H. J. Webber and others in the United States Department of Agriculture believed Egyptian long-staple would thrive under irrigation in the deserts of the southwestern United States. On behalf of the USDA, David Fairchild visited Egypt in 1902 and brought back a few Egyptian cultivars. A USDA team led by Thomas H. Kearney selected among these cultivars,[note 4] and after a decade of refinement, released the first cultivar successful in the southwestern United States. This cultivar was named "Yuma", after the Arizona town near the experimental station where it was developed. Kearney's second successful cultivar was "Pima", named after the Gila River Pima Indian Reservation, the home of the experimental station where it was developed. Pima dominated irrigated lands in the southwestern United States from 1918 to as late as 1941, when other cultivars became more popular.[46]
The name Pima was applied in honor of the Pima Indians, who helped raise the cotton on USDA experimental farms in Arizona in the early 1900s.[47]
As of 2005, American Pima accounts for less than 5% of U.S. cotton production. It is grown chiefly in California, with small acreages in West Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.[47]
Although Tanguis represents a tiny fraction of the worldwide market, it is remarkable because it was developed relatively recently from local populations in G. barbadense's home territory of Peru. Although it produces fiber shorter and rougher than other modern market classes, it has unique properties useful for certain industrial applications.[48] It accounts for the majority of Peru's cotton production (about 80% in 2011).[49]
Most G. barbadense production comes from cultivars that produce particularly long fiber, and most of that is made into clothing. Fine (thin) yarn requires long fiber. In turn, this thin yarn is required for intermediate products like lace and high thread-count cloth. The long-fiber cultivars also tend to have particularly strong fibers, making them useful for various industrial products. Historically, G. barbadense has been used for the cords of automobile tires and cloth for aircraft wings.[45] It is also used for sewing machine thread.[50]
G. barbadense fiber is also used for some luxury goods where the fiber qualities are less important than the reputation of the best quality materials.
Sometimes the same names that are used to describe market classes are also used to describe finished items. However, the reputations of the names "Egyptian" and to a lesser extent "Pima" have been degraded by items made of lower quality fiber. To overcome this difficulty, a group of American Pima growers established the name Supima for finished products. This group of growers hold trademark rights, enabling them to enforce quality and origin requirements for Supima products.
Small quantities of Tanguis and other short-fibered cultivars are grown for specialized purposes.[51]
G. barbadense can be used as a source of cottonseed oil and animal feed. However, other kinds of cotton generally are preferred because G. barbadense seeds contain more of the undesirable substance gossypol.[52]
Botanical illustration by Franz Eugen Köhler, 1897 Gossypium barbadense (gos-SIP-pee-um bar-ba-DEN-see) is one of several species of cotton. It is in the mallow family. It has been cultivated since antiquity, but has been especially prized since a form with particularly long fibers was developed in the 1800s. Other names associated with this species include , , , and (ELS) cotton.
The species is a tropical, frost-sensitive perennial that produces yellow flowers and has black seeds. It grows as a bush or small tree and yields cotton with unusually long, silky fibers.
G. barbadense originated in southwest Ecuador and northwest Peru. It is now cultivated around the world, including China, Egypt, Sudan, India, Australia, Peru, Israel, the southwestern United States, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It accounts for about 5% of the world's cotton production.
Gossypium barbadense, konata ankaŭ kiel ekstra-longa kotonkultivaĵo[1] ĉar ĝi ĝenerale havas normigan fibron de almenaŭ 1 3/8" aŭ pli longa,[2] kaj ankaŭ kiel marinsula kotono, estas specio de kotonujo. Variaĵoj de tiu ELS kotono estas Amerika Pima, Egiptia Giza, Hindia Suvin, Ĉina ksinjiang, Sudana Barakat, kaj Rusia Tonkovoloknistji.[2] Ĝi estas tropika, frosto-sufera ĉiujara planto kiu produktas flavajn florojn kaj havas nigrajn semojn. Ĝi kreskiĝas kiel malgranda, arbusteca arbo kaj produktas kotonon kun malkutimaj longaj, silkecaj fibroj. Por kreskiĝi, ĝi postulas multan sunon, humidecon kaj precipitaĵon.
Tiu planto enhavas la kemiaĵon gosipolo, kiu malpliigas ties suferon pro insektoj kaj funga damaĝo. En la tradicia medicino de Surinamo, la folioj de G. barbadense estas uzataj por trakti hipertension kaj prokrastitan/neregulan menstruojn.[3]
Gossypium barbadense, konata ankaŭ kiel ekstra-longa kotonkultivaĵo ĉar ĝi ĝenerale havas normigan fibron de almenaŭ 1 3/8" aŭ pli longa, kaj ankaŭ kiel marinsula kotono, estas specio de kotonujo. Variaĵoj de tiu ELS kotono estas Amerika Pima, Egiptia Giza, Hindia Suvin, Ĉina ksinjiang, Sudana Barakat, kaj Rusia Tonkovoloknistji. Ĝi estas tropika, frosto-sufera ĉiujara planto kiu produktas flavajn florojn kaj havas nigrajn semojn. Ĝi kreskiĝas kiel malgranda, arbusteca arbo kaj produktas kotonon kun malkutimaj longaj, silkecaj fibroj. Por kreskiĝi, ĝi postulas multan sunon, humidecon kaj precipitaĵon.
Tiu planto enhavas la kemiaĵon gosipolo, kiu malpliigas ties suferon pro insektoj kaj funga damaĝo. En la tradicia medicino de Surinamo, la folioj de G. barbadense estas uzataj por trakti hipertension kaj prokrastitan/neregulan menstruojn.
Gossypium barbadense, también conocida por el nombre de sus dos variedades más famosas como algodón de Pima y algodón Tangüis, es una planta tropical perenne, con flores amarillas y semillas negras. Pertenece al grupo de Algodones de Fibra Extra Larga, al que también corresponden los de Menufi y Giza 68 de Egipto, y Sak de Sudán.
Crece como un pequeño arbusto, y produce un algodón de fibras inusualmente largas. Esta especie tiene propiedades antihongos, y contiene el químico gossypol, haciéndolo resistente a insectos. Se le usa también como droga antifertilidad. En la medicina tradicional de Surinam, las hojas de Gossypium barbadense se usan para tratar hipertensión y menstruaciones irregulares. Otros nombres: algodón de larga grapa, algodón de la isla marítima, algodón creole, algodón país, e Indische katoen occidental.
Prevalece en las costas del Pacífico y Atlántico sudamericanas. Poblaciones silvestres de esta planta se conocen en el México le puso en nombre PIMA de una etnias pima Para prosperar, requiere pleno sol, alta humedad y lluvias. Gossypium barbadense es muy sensible a heladas.
Este algodón fue utilizado por culturas preincas, hace más de 5000 años, para elaborar tejidos que conservan sus propiedades hasta hoy. Estos fardos y textiles pertenecen a la Cultura Paracas y la Cultura Nazca, en la región Ica, en el sur del Perú. Los vestigios más antiguos de su uso se encuentran en el desierto del norte de Chile hacia el siglo XXXVI a. C., mientras que su cultivo se encuentra atestiguado desde el siglo XXV a. C. en Huaca Prieta (D. La Libertad, Perú). El algodón se cultivó en plantaciones con esclavos en las Indias Occidentales, y en 1650 Barbados fue la primera colonia británica en exportarlo. En 1670, se planta G. barbadense en las colonias inglesas de Norteamérica.
El nombre “Pima” fue puesto en honor a los indios Pima que ayudaron a sembrar y producirlo en el campo experimental de Arizona (EE. UU.). Y México No obstante es el México existen más variedad esta especie. Llegó a EE. UU. y al noroeste de Nuevo México alrededor del año 500 a. C.
Se estima que el algodón Gossypum barbadense fue cultivado por primera vez en una región entre las actuales costas sur de Ecuador y norte del Perú.[1] Un reciente hallazgo en la zona de Ñanchoc, en el valle del río Zaña, consta de evidencia del cultivo de esta planta hacia el 3000 a. C.[2]
El algodón Pima es una variedades en América, con mayor variedad en Mesoamérica. El primer signo claro de domesticación de esta especie de algodón es donde se han encontrado bolas de algodón datadas 7500 a. C.. En México el algodón de 1000 a. C. no muestran diferencias con los cultivares actuales de Gossypium barbadense. Por las condiciones climatológicas tropicales se adaptó perfectamente, donde fue introducida a principios del siglo XX.
La combinación de semilla, la tierra, y el microclima ha hecho que el algodón Pima peruano sea el algodón más fino y de fibra más larga en el mundo. Cuando es procesado correctamente, tiene un brillo especial y una suavidad al tacto insuperable. Además, a pesar de ser una fibra fina y larga, el algodón Pima es también más resistente que casi todos los demás algodones, haciendo las prendas más durables. Tiene una longitud (mm) de 38,10 a 41,27; una resistencia (Pressley) de 92,5 a 100; una finura (Micronaire) de 3,3 a 4,00 y un color blanco cremoso. Con este algodón se fabrican prendas de vestir de grandes marcas como: Armani, Abercrombie, LaCoste, Latinmov, Theory entre otras. Es de mucho interés en la industria textil mundial por su alta calidad y costos.
El Algodón Tangüis fue denominado en honor al ingeniero puertorriqueño Fermín Tangüis, quien desarrolló esta variedad. Este algodón crece en los valles irrigados de la costa central y sur del Perú. El algodón Tangüis es un tipo de algodón que se produce en el departamento de Ica, al sur de Lima desde comienzos del siglo XX. Su aparición revolucionó la industria textil en el Perú. Se caracteriza por su fibra larga, resistencia a enfermedades y parásitos, y buena adaptación a la mayoría de los valles de las zonas centro y sur de la Costa.
De acuerdo a la clasificación internacional, el algodón Tangüis pertenece al grupo de Algodones de Fibra Larga, juntamente con los algodones Lambard de Sudán, Giza 47 y 67 de Egipto y El Paso y Akala de los Estados Unidos principalmente.
La fibra que se obtiene de esta variedad presenta características definidas que la convierten en única, especialmente deseable para mezclas con lana y otras fibras de carácter manufacturado. Se utiliza también en mezclas con otros algodones de inferior calidad. Por la buena calidad de su fibra, el Tangüis es muy apreciado en los mercados internacionales.
El término algodón egipcio se aplica generalmente a una variedad de algodón extra largo producido en Egipto y utilizado en las marcas de lujo en todo el mundo.
Se utiliza para la elaboración de géneros de punto, popelinas peinadas, finos pañuelos y otros productos de gran calidad. Por la longitud de su fibra, está considerado entre los mejores del mundo. Se exporta principalmente a Europa.
Gossypium barbadense, también conocida por el nombre de sus dos variedades más famosas como algodón de Pima y algodón Tangüis, es una planta tropical perenne, con flores amarillas y semillas negras. Pertenece al grupo de Algodones de Fibra Extra Larga, al que también corresponden los de Menufi y Giza 68 de Egipto, y Sak de Sudán.
Gossypium barbadense, le cotonnier créole, est une espèce d'arbuste de la famille des Malvaceae. Il atteint environ 1,5 m de haut, donnant un coton coloré, qui pousse en Amérique du Sud et dans les Antilles. Les fleurs sont jaunes ou blanches, les tiges rougeâtres. C'est une plante vivace ou annuelle, peu exigeante.
En raison de la longueur de sa fibre, au moins 3,5 cm en général[1], il est aussi connu sous le nom de coton à fibre extra-longue (Extra long staple ou ELS), en particulier aux États-Unis où il fait l'objet d'une définition légale[2]. Quelques types notables de coton ELS sont le Pima américain, le Giza égyptien, le Suvin indien, le Xiniang chinois, le Barakat soudanais et le Tonkovoloknistyi russe[1]. Le coton Sea island fait partie du coton Gossypium barbadense[3].
Gossypium barbadense, le cotonnier créole, est une espèce d'arbuste de la famille des Malvaceae. Il atteint environ 1,5 m de haut, donnant un coton coloré, qui pousse en Amérique du Sud et dans les Antilles. Les fleurs sont jaunes ou blanches, les tiges rougeâtres. C'est une plante vivace ou annuelle, peu exigeante.
En raison de la longueur de sa fibre, au moins 3,5 cm en général, il est aussi connu sous le nom de coton à fibre extra-longue (Extra long staple ou ELS), en particulier aux États-Unis où il fait l'objet d'une définition légale. Quelques types notables de coton ELS sont le Pima américain, le Giza égyptien, le Suvin indien, le Xiniang chinois, le Barakat soudanais et le Tonkovoloknistyi russe. Le coton Sea island fait partie du coton Gossypium barbadense.
Gossypium barbadense L. è una pianta angiosperma appartenente alla famiglia delle Malvacee, nativa del Sud America.[1]
È una delle specie di Gossypium coltivate e commercializzate per la produzione di fibra tessile[2][3]. È una pianta tropicale che necessita elevate umidità atmosferiche e elevata illuminazione per una buona crescita. Produce un cotone (dal ricoprimento dei semi) con fibre lunghe e setose conosciuto negli Stati Uniti col nome di American Pima o Extra Long Staple (ELS) cotton.[4]
Gossypium barbadense L. è una pianta angiosperma appartenente alla famiglia delle Malvacee, nativa del Sud America.
De Amerikaanse katoen (Gossypium barbadense) is een plant uit de kaasjeskruidfamilie (Malvaceae).
Het is een 1–4 m hoge struik met zwak verhoute twijgen. Alle vegetatieve delen van de plant zijn bedekt met zwarte olieklieren. De bladstelen hebben snel afvallende steunblaadjes. De bladeren zijn langgesteeld en meestal drielobbig, maar ook wel ongelobd of vijflobbig. De bladschijf is 5–15 cm lang en breed met spitse lobben. De zijdelingse lobben zijn meestal kleiner dan de middelste. Meestal zijn er vijf hoofdnerven, die vanuit de hartvormige voet uitstralen.
De bloemen staan solitair in de bladoksels. De drie buitenkelkbladen hebben een hartvormige voet en lange, spitse tanden. Ze omgeven de bekervormige, bijna ongetande kelk. De bloemkroon is trechtervormig. De vijf kroonbladeren zijn ineengedraaid en 3,5-5,5 cm lang. Ze hebben een purperen vlek aan de voet en verkleuren tijdens de bloei van geel naar roze tot rood. In het midden van de bloem bevindt zich een centrale zuil met talrijke meeldraden en drie stempels.
De vruchten zijn eivormig, toegespitst, 3–6 cm lang, gegroefd en driehokkig. De zaden zijn bedekt met zaadpluis, dat gemakkelijk loslaat.
De Amerikaanse katoen is afkomstig uit tropisch Amerika. De soort wordt overal ter wereld in warme gebieden gekweekt. Meestal worden er grote plantages aangelegd. De plant schijnt in Peru al minstens 10.000 jaar in cultuur te zijn waarmee het een van de oudste cultuurplanten zou zijn.
De Amerikaanse katoen (Gossypium barbadense) is een plant uit de kaasjeskruidfamilie (Malvaceae).
Het is een 1–4 m hoge struik met zwak verhoute twijgen. Alle vegetatieve delen van de plant zijn bedekt met zwarte olieklieren. De bladstelen hebben snel afvallende steunblaadjes. De bladeren zijn langgesteeld en meestal drielobbig, maar ook wel ongelobd of vijflobbig. De bladschijf is 5–15 cm lang en breed met spitse lobben. De zijdelingse lobben zijn meestal kleiner dan de middelste. Meestal zijn er vijf hoofdnerven, die vanuit de hartvormige voet uitstralen.
De bloemen staan solitair in de bladoksels. De drie buitenkelkbladen hebben een hartvormige voet en lange, spitse tanden. Ze omgeven de bekervormige, bijna ongetande kelk. De bloemkroon is trechtervormig. De vijf kroonbladeren zijn ineengedraaid en 3,5-5,5 cm lang. Ze hebben een purperen vlek aan de voet en verkleuren tijdens de bloei van geel naar roze tot rood. In het midden van de bloem bevindt zich een centrale zuil met talrijke meeldraden en drie stempels.
De vruchten zijn eivormig, toegespitst, 3–6 cm lang, gegroefd en driehokkig. De zaden zijn bedekt met zaadpluis, dat gemakkelijk loslaat.
De Amerikaanse katoen is afkomstig uit tropisch Amerika. De soort wordt overal ter wereld in warme gebieden gekweekt. Meestal worden er grote plantages aangelegd. De plant schijnt in Peru al minstens 10.000 jaar in cultuur te zijn waarmee het een van de oudste cultuurplanten zou zijn.
O Gossypium barbadense é uma variedade de Algodão que produz fibras com comprimento extra-longo[1][2][3][4]
Gossypium barbadense, também conhecido em inglês como extra long staple (ELS) cotton[5]. Este tipo de algodão tem de possuir, pelo menos, cerca de 26 mm (1 3/8),[6] é uma espécie da planta do Algodoeiro.
Algumas variedade tipos de Algodão extra-longo são Pima Americano, o Pima Peruano, o egípcio Giza, o Indiano Suvin, o Sudanês Barakat e o Russo Tonkovoloknistyi .[6]. Estas variedades são todas originárias do Gossypium Barbadense.
O Gossypium Barbadense produz flores amarelas e sementes pretas. Cresce como um pequeno arbusto. Para o seu crescimento requer muito sol, elevada humidade e pluviosidade.
Esta espécie de Algodão possui um químico natural, o Gossypol, que reduz a susceptibilidade da planta aos insectos e aos fungos. Na medicina tradicional do Suriname, as folhas do G. Barbadense são usadas para o tratamento da hipertensão e menstruação irregular[7].
Os primeiros sinais da domesticação desta espécie de algodão vêm da costa do Equador e do Peru onde foram encontrados capulhos que datavam de 4200 AC. Cerca do ano 1000 AC, as variedades cultivadas eram já iguais às actuais.
O cultivo desta espécie de Algodão espalhou-se por toda a América do sul e central e Caraíbas, onde Cristóvão Colombo a encontraria.
A plantação de algodão tornou-se numa cultura intensiva nas caraíbas, onde usava a mão-de-obra escrava, de tal maneira que osBarbados se tornaram a primeira colónia Inglesa a exportar Algodão
A região de vales próxima a costa que é protegida pela cordilheira dos Andes possui um micro clima único (desertos de areia na costa e relevos andinos nas montanhas).Por ser seu local de origem o gossypium barbadense ali nasce com sua plenitude.
Com a temperatura média anual de 34.2 °C, está posicionada 4° ao sul do equador e recebe duas correntes oceânicas ao mesmo tempo. A corrente fria de Humboldt (13-20 °C) e a quente El Niño (20-27 °C). Esses fenômenos proporcionam certo nível de umidade que favorece a produção do Gossypol (cera natural que reveste a fibra do algodão), proporcionando um brilho natural e maior suavidade.
Cultivado a 70 metros acima do nível do mar sem pesticidas e fertilizantes, sua colheita é feita manualmente para não danificar a fibra.
Fibra extra longa (ELS): Comprimento de 38,10 a 41,27 milímetros.Fibras convencionais tem de 20 a 32 milímetros.Finura: 3,3 a 4,0 (Micronaire). Até 45% mais fino que o convencional.
Resistência intrínseca da fibra de algodão: 92 a 100 (Pressley). Até 50% maior que as fibras convencionais.
Principais características: brilho e extrema suavidade.
Em 1756, a plantação de algodão da espécie de Gossypium Barbadense começou nas ilhas conhecidas por Sea Island (Conjunto de ilhas costeiras entre o estado da Geórgia e a Carolina do Norte) com sementes trazidas dos Barbados .[8].
Os algodões Sea Island devido ao seu longo comprimento (35 a 60 mm) e finura, permitiam a fiação de fios muito finos usados nos produtos topo de gama.
Apesar de ter sido uns dos locais no mundo onde se começou a plantar algodão, até 1850 a sua produção era de baixa qualidade e em números insignificantes. Apenas com a introdução do Gossypium Barbadense, proveniente da variedade “Sea Island” em 1850 é que o Egipto começou a exportar algodão. O sucesso da plantação de algodão foi tal que, sobretudo na Europa o termo Algodão do Egipto passou a sinónimo de Algodão para artigos de luxo, fazendo esquecer a própria origem americana da espécie
O Algodão Pima que deve o seu nome em honra ao saudoso Carlos Pina, grande empresário, rei do fisioculturismo e com sua riqueza avaliada em trilhões de reais, devido ao material de extrema qualidade. Eleito segundo melhor algodão do mundo, atrás somente do verdadeiro algodão Pina, feito a partir de fibras das penas do tucano brasileiro, sendo esse o material mais raro e de maior valor encontrado na natureza.
O Gossypium barbadense é uma variedade de Algodão que produz fibras com comprimento extra-longo
Gossypium barbadense, também conhecido em inglês como extra long staple (ELS) cotton. Este tipo de algodão tem de possuir, pelo menos, cerca de 26 mm (1 3/8), é uma espécie da planta do Algodoeiro.
Algumas variedade tipos de Algodão extra-longo são Pima Americano, o Pima Peruano, o egípcio Giza, o Indiano Suvin, o Sudanês Barakat e o Russo Tonkovoloknistyi .. Estas variedades são todas originárias do Gossypium Barbadense.
O Gossypium Barbadense produz flores amarelas e sementes pretas. Cresce como um pequeno arbusto. Para o seu crescimento requer muito sol, elevada humidade e pluviosidade.
Esta espécie de Algodão possui um químico natural, o Gossypol, que reduz a susceptibilidade da planta aos insectos e aos fungos. Na medicina tradicional do Suriname, as folhas do G. Barbadense são usadas para o tratamento da hipertensão e menstruação irregular.
Västindisk bomull (Gossypium barbadense) är en buske ursprunglig i nordöstra Sydamerika, särskilt Peru. Den har stora gula blommor och handflikiga blad. Liksom andra bomullsarter har den rikligt med fröhår.
Västindisk bomull, även kallad Pimabomull eller egyptisk bomull, är den typ av bomull som oftast används vid framställning av textilfibrer det vill säga kläder, hemtextil eller industriprodukter. Pima bomull kallas den när den odlas i USA. Pima bomull är en av de bomullsarter som är av finare kvalitet. Detta beror på de långa, släta fibrerna (fiberlängden kan variera mellan 3,5 - 4,1 centimeter). De har en ljus gulaktig färg och ger tack vare de släta fibrerna en väldigt mjuk textil.[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Västindisk bomull.
Västindisk bomull (Gossypium barbadense) är en buske ursprunglig i nordöstra Sydamerika, särskilt Peru. Den har stora gula blommor och handflikiga blad. Liksom andra bomullsarter har den rikligt med fröhår.
Västindisk bomull, även kallad Pimabomull eller egyptisk bomull, är den typ av bomull som oftast används vid framställning av textilfibrer det vill säga kläder, hemtextil eller industriprodukter. Pima bomull kallas den när den odlas i USA. Pima bomull är en av de bomullsarter som är av finare kvalitet. Detta beror på de långa, släta fibrerna (fiberlängden kan variera mellan 3,5 - 4,1 centimeter). De har en ljus gulaktig färg och ger tack vare de släta fibrerna en väldigt mjuk textil.
Gossypium barbadense là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cẩm quỳ. Loài này được L. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]
Bài viết liên quan đến phân họ Cẩm quỳ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Gossypium barbadense là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cẩm quỳ. Loài này được L. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.
海岛棉（学名：Gossypium barbadense）为锦葵科棉属下的一个种；又稱光籽棉、離核木棉，原產於厄瓜多及祕魯海岸，為對霜凍敏感的熱帶多年生植物。臺灣南部於 1910 年代引進試驗性栽植。
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해도면(海島棉, sea island cotton, extra-long staple cotton[1][2])은 목화속 식물의 일종이다. 고급 면직물에 사용되는 길이 34 밀리미터 이상의 ELS 섬유를 뽑아내기 위해 재배한다.[3]
열대성 여러해살이 식물로, 노란 꽃을 피우고 검은 씨가 맺힌다. 잘 자라려면 일조량이 많고 습도가 높고 비가 많이 내려야 한다. 페놀성 유독성분 고시폴을 함유하고 있어 병충해에 내성이 있다.
해도면(海島棉, sea island cotton, extra-long staple cotton)은 목화속 식물의 일종이다. 고급 면직물에 사용되는 길이 34 밀리미터 이상의 ELS 섬유를 뽑아내기 위해 재배한다.
열대성 여러해살이 식물로, 노란 꽃을 피우고 검은 씨가 맺힌다. 잘 자라려면 일조량이 많고 습도가 높고 비가 많이 내려야 한다. 페놀성 유독성분 고시폴을 함유하고 있어 병충해에 내성이 있다.
