dcsimg

Associations

provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pholiota aurivella is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk (large) of Acer rubrum

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
BioImages
project
BioImages

Brief Summary

provided by EOL authors
Acer rubrum, a medium to large tree native to North America, is called red maple for its red buds, flowers, fruits, brilliant fall foliage, and even twigs. It is the State Tree of Rhode Island (USNA 2011).

Red maple grows up to 20 m tall, usually with a narrow compact crown, and may occur singly or in a clump of stems that resprouted from a single stump after cutting or fire. Young bark is smooth, thin, and gray; older trees develop furrowed bark with scaly or even shaggy ridges. Leaves are deciduous, opposite, with blades 6-10 cm long and usually about as wide, with 3 to 5 shallow short-pointed and serrate or toothed lobes. Flowers are pink to red, in fascicles (clusters) or drooping racemes. Individual trees are monoecious (male and female flowers on separated trees) or bisexual (male and female flowers on the same tree, or segregated by branches within the tree—technically polygamo-dioecious). Fruits are paired samaras (winged nutlets) 2-2.5 cm long, clustered on long stalks (Wikipedia 2011).

Red maple is one of the most widely distributed trees in eastern North America (see distribution map). It tolerates a wide variety of soil types and site conditions, ranging from swamps and poorly drained soils to drier uplands, savannas, sandy dunes, and barrens (Barnes and Wagner 2004, Burns and Honkala 1990, Michigan Flora Online 2011). It is widely planted as a shade tree and in parks, with more than 50 cultivars that vary in leaf shape, fall color, and tree form (Van Geldrin et al. 2010). It has various timber uses, can yield maple syrup (but less than sugar maple), and was used by Native Americans and pioneers for medicinal and other purposes (see uses).

Red maple has increased dramatically in abundance and distribution since the early 1800s, when early settlement records suggest that it was restricted to swampy sites. Fire suppression has allowed it to gain a competitive advantage and replace oaks in drier upland forests (Abrams 1998). It is a “supergeneralist” that can act as a pioneer species, quickly colonizing disturbed and cut-over sites, but capable of dominating later in succession (Abrams 1998). It is browsed less by deer and defoliated less by gypsy moths than oak species; the differential damage may indirectly benefit the red maple (Abrams 1998, Jedlicka et al. 2004). Its increased abundance may also be linked to the decline of Ulmus americana (American elm) from Dutch elm disease, and of Castanea dentata (American chestnut) from blight. By 2002, red maple was one of the 10 most abundant tree species in U.S. forests (FIA 2011). Its distribution has been further increased due to frequent naturalization from horticultural plantings.

Red maple leaves, twig, bark, and/or fruits are a food source for numerous mammals, birds, and insects. However, red maple leaves are extremely toxic to horses (Wikipedia 2011).
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
Jacqueline Courteau, modified from USDA Plants Database
original
visit source
partner site
EOL authors

Uses

provided by EOL authors
Red maple is a “soft maple,” with lower commercial value than “hard maples” (such as sugar maple), but with similar uses when its form is good: the wood can be used to make furniture, flooring, veneer, pool cues, bowling pins, and musical instruments (including violins, guitars, double basses, bassoons, and drum kits). However, red maple timber is often of low quality because of the tree’s susceptibility to disease and poor form in individuals that grow in sprout clumps (Wikipedia 2011). Poorer quality wood is used for fuel, saw timber, and pulpwood.

Red maple can be used to produce maple syrup, but because the sap contains less sucrose than sugar maple, it is not used commercially. Native Americans used red maple bark as an analgesic, an eye wash, for treating coughs and diarrhea, and as a remedy for hives and muscular aches. Pioneers made dyes and ink from bark extracts, and used maple splints for basketry (PFAF 2011).
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
Jacqueline Courteau
original
visit source
partner site
EOL authors

Broad-scale Impacts of Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: series

Season of burn:  Late spring or early summer burns are most damaging to
understory hardwoods such as red maple [48].  A series of consecutive
annual late spring and early summer burns killed the rootstocks of
progressively more individuals; however, as many as five consecutive
annual winter burns had no effect on sprouting ability of top-killed
hardwoods [48].

Bark:  Bark of red maple is intermediate in resistance to fire [46].
Mean number of seconds required for the cambium to reach 140 degrees (60
deg C) (often considered a lethal temperature) are as follows [46]:

        Bark thickness          Seconds
        0.20 inch                20.0
        0.30 inch                56.8
        0.40 inch               117.6
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: density, fire use, forest, hardwood, prescribed fire, tree

Red maple is reportedly common on burned lands in the Maritime Provinces
[82], boreal forests on northern Minnesota [12,51,96], and hardwood
forests of the Allegheny Mountains [50].  However, it is rarely observed
on burned sites in Rhode Island [14] and was reported to be greatly
reduced by prescribed fire in northern Indiana woodlands [18].

On the George Washington National Forest, West Virginia, a spring prescribed
fire increased red maple density in a mixed-hardwood forest. Average red maple
seedling densities before fire and in postfire year 5 were 132 and 368
seedlings/acre, respectively; red maple sprout densities were 1,368
sprouts/acre before and 1,395 sprouts/acre 5 years after the fire. See the
Research Paper
of Wendel and Smith's [103] study for details on the fire
prescription and fire effects on red maple and 6 other tree species.

The following Research Project Summaries
provide further information on prescribed

fire use and postfire response of plant
community species, including red

maple, that was not available when this
species review was originally

written:

license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
red maple
scarlet maple
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Value

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: cover

Maples provide cover for many species of wildlife [78].  The screech
owl, pileated woodpecker, and common flicker nest in cavities in many
species of maple [44].  Cavities in red maples in river floodplain
communities are often well suited for cavity nesters such as the wood
duck [36].  Riparian red maple communities provide autumn roosts for
blackbirds in central Ohio [75].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fruit, tree

Red maple is a deciduous tree that grows 30 to 90 feet (9-28 m) tall and
up to 4 feet (1.6 m) in diameter [16,25].  The bark is smooth and gray
but darkens and becomes furrowed in narrow ridges with age [16,38].
Twigs are stout and shiny red to grayish brown [49].

The small, fragrant flowers are borne in slender-stalked, drooping,
axillary clusters [8,16,24,49].  The fruit is a paired, winged samara,
approximately 0.75 inch (1.9 cm) long [49].  Samaras are red, pink, or
yellow [38].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: swamp

Red maple is one of the most widely distributed trees in eastern North
America [97].  Its range extends from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west
to southern Ontario, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois; south through
Missouri, eastern Oklahoma, and southern Texas; and east to southern
Florida [64].  It is conspicuously absent from the bottomland forests of
the Corn Belt in the Prairie Peninsula of the Midwest, the coastal
prairies of southern Louisiana and southeastern Texas, and the swamp
prairie of the Florida everglades [97].  It is cultivated in Hawaii [102].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire regime, fire suppression, forest, restoration, root crown

Red maple is a common fire type in the Acadian Forest of New Brunswick,
where mean fire intervals have been estimated at 370 years [32].  In the
New Jersey Pine Barrens, mean fire intervals averaged 20 years in the
early 1900's, but due to a variety of factors including fire suppression
and increased prescribed burning, now average 65 years [34].  Red maple
regeneration in the Pine Barrens is favored in the absence of fire [34].
In upland oak forests of central Pennsylvania fire suppression has led
to the replacement of oaks by red maple, beech, black cherry, and sugar
maple [71].

Red maple has also increased in the absence of fire throughout much of
the Southeast [11].  In parts of the Appalachians, fire suppression has
allowed maple stems to grow large enough and develop bark thick enough
to enable them to survive fires [47].  As a result, restoration to
presettlement conditions would be "a very long-term process" [47].

Red maple sprouts vigorously from the root crown after aboveground
vegetation is killed by fire [87].  Seedling establishment may also
occur [87].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Protein content of red maple commonly increases on burned sites[22].
Low-intensity fires produced increases in protein levels during the
first postfire season, but no increases were noted the following season.
High-intensity fires produced significant increases in protein levels
during both the first and second seasons [22].  Dills [101] reported,
however, that burning had no effect on the nutritive content of red
maple browse.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: chamaephyte, hemicryptophyte, phanerophyte

   Undisturbed State:  Phanerophyte (mesophanerophyte)
   Burned or Clipped State:  Chamaephyte
   Burned or Clipped State:  Hemicryptophyte
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: association, cover, forest, tree

Red maple grows throughout throughout much of the deciduous forest of
eastern North America and into the fringes of the boreal forest [49].
It occurs on a variety of wet to dry sites in dense woods and in
openings [25].  Red maple grows in low, rich woods, along the margins of
lakes, marshes, and swamps, in hammocks, wet thickets, and on
floodplains and stream terraces [13,17,24,79,82].  Red maple also occurs
in drier upland woodlands, low-elevation cove forests, dry sandy plains,
and on stable dunes [24,38,96].  Red maple is a common dominant in many
forest types and is considered a major species or associate in more that
56 cover types [97].  In much of the Northeast it grows as an overstory
dominant only in swamps and other wet sites [65].  Red maple grows in
association with more than 70 important tree species.

Soils:  Red maple does well on a wider range of soil types, textures,
moisture regimes, and pH than does any other forest species in North
America [97].  It develops best on moist, fertile, loamy soils [27] but
also grows on a variety of dry, rocky, upland soils [49].  Red maple
grows on soils derived from a variety of parent materials, including
granite, shales, slates, gneisses, schists, sandstone, limestone,
conlgomerates, and quartzites [97].  It also occurs on a variety of
lacustrine sediments, glacial till, and glacial outwash [53].

Elevation:  Red maple grows from sea level to 3,000 feet (0-900 m) in
elevation [97].  Elevational ranges by geographic location are as
follows:

Location                Elevation                       Authority

s Appalachians          up to 5,904 feet (1,800 m)      Duncan & Duncan 1988
White Mountains, NH     1,968 to 2,778 feet (600-850 m) Leak & Graber 1974
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the terms: hardwood, swamp

     5  Balsam fir
    12  Black spruce
    14  Northern pin oak
    16  Aspen
    17  Pin cherry
    18  Paper birch
    19  Gray birch - red maple
    20  White pine - northern red oak - red maple
    21  Eastern white pine
    22  White pine - hemlock
    23  Eastern hemlock
    24  Hemlock - yellow birch
    25  Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
    26  Sugar maple - basswood
    27  Sugar maple
    28  Black cherry - maple
    30  Red spruce - yellow birch
    31  Red spruce - sugar maple - beech
    32  Red spruce
    33  Red spruce - balsam fir
    37  Northern white-cedar
    38  Tamarack
    39  Black ash - American elm - red maple
    43  Bear oak
    44  Chestnut oak
    45  Pitch pine
    46  Eastern redcedar
    52  White oak - black oak - northern red oak
    53  White oak
    55  Northern red oak
    57  Yellow-poplar
    59  Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
    61  River birch - sycamore
    62  Silver maple - American elm
    63  Cottonwood
    65  Pin oak - sweetgum
    73  Southern redcedar
    74  Cabbage palmetto
    75  Shortleaf pine
    76  Shortleaf pine - oak
    78  Virginia pine - oak
    79  Virginia pine
    81  Loblolly pine
    82  Loblolly pine - hardwood
    85  Slash pine - hardwood
    87  Sweetgum - yellow-poplar
    88  Willow oak - water oak - diamondleaf (laurel) oak
    92  Sweetgum - willow oak
    93  Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
    95  Black willow
    96  Overcup oak - water hickory
    97  Atlantic white-cedar
    98  Pond pine
   100  Pondcypress
   101  Baldcypress
   103  Water tupelo - swamp tupelo
   104  Sweetbay - swamp tupelo - redbay
   108  Red maple
   109  Hawthorne
   110  Black oak
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

   FRES10  White - red - jack pine
   FRES11  Spruce - fir
   FRES13  Loblolly - shortleaf pine
   FRES14  Oak - pine
   FRES15  Oak - hickory
   FRES16  Oak - gum - cypress
   FRES17  Elm - ash - cottonwood
   FRES18  Maple - beech - birch
   FRES19  Aspen - birch
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

   K081  Oak savanna
   K093  Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
   K095  Great Lakes pine forest
   K096  Northeastern spruce - fir forest
   K097  Southeastern spruce - fir forest
   K098  Northern floodplain forest
   K099  Maple - basswood forest
   K100  Oak - hickory forest
   K101  Elm - ash forest
   K102  Beech - maple forest
   K103  Mixed mesophytic forest
   K104  Appalachian oak forest
   K106  Northern hardwoods (seral stages)
   K107  Northern hardwoods - fir forest (seral stages)
   K108  Northern hardwoods - spruce forest (seral stages)
   K110  Northeastern oak - pine forest
   K111  Oak - hickory - pine forest
   K112  Southern mixed forest
   K113  Southern floodplain forest
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire severity, severity

Red maple is intolerant of fire; even large individuals can be killed by
moderate fires [97].  Postfire mortality is relatively high for
saplings, but because bark becomes thicker and more fire-resistant with
age, mortality is much lower for sawtimber [98].  The effects of fire
also vary with fire severity, season of burn, and various site factors.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Red maple is browsed by some wildlife species, including white-tailed
deer, moose, elk, and snowshoe hare [97].  It is a particularly valuable
white-tailed deer browse during the late fall and winter, and is
considered an important deer food in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine,
and Minnesota [31,51,60,70,94].  Although red maple is browsed by moose,
it is often only lightly used [19].  Irwin [51], however, reported that
red maple is an important fall and winter moose browse in parts of
northeastern Minnesota.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: association, codominant, forest, mesic, swamp

Red maple occurs as a dominant or codominant in several eastern
deciduous forests and deciduous swamp communities with black ash
(Fraxinus nigra), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), northern red oak
(Quercus rubra), black oak ( Q. velutinus), aspen (Populus tremuloides),
and elm (Ulmus spp.).  In mesic upland communities of the Southeast, it
grows as an overstory dominant with sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
and water oak (Quercus palustris).  Red maple has been included as an
indicator or dominant in the following community type (cts) and plant
association (pas) classifications:

Location        Classification          Authority

AL              forest cts              Golden 1979
MA              forest pas              Spurr 1956
se MI           deciduous swamp cts     Barnes 1976       
s MI            forest cts              Hammitt & Barnes 1989
NY              forest cts              Glitzenstein & others 1990
s ON            general veg. cts        Smith & others 1975
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Tree
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Toxicity:  Red maple browse is toxic to cattle and horses, particularly
during the summer and late fall [5,15,58].

Insects/disease:  Loopers, spanworms, the gallmaking maple borer, maple
callus borer, Columbian timber borer, and various scale insects are
common damaging agents [4,97].  Red maple has experienced periodic
declines in past decades.  Although the precise pathogens have not been
identified, evidence suggests that insects can weaken the trees, making
them more vulnerable to decline [4].

Damage:  Red maple is tolerant of water-logged soils and flooding [3,6]
and is intermediately tolerant of ice damage.  Red maple is susceptible
to decay after mechanical damage.  Butt rot, trunk rot fungi, heart rot,
and stem diseases are common in damaged trees; even increment boring can
cause result in serious decay.

Pollution:  Red maple is relatively tolerant of landfill-contaminated
gases [6], but ambient air pollution can damage the foliage [57].  Red
maple persists in industrially damaged woodlands near Sudbury, Ontario,
despite the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil [52].

Chemical control:  Red maple is resistant to herbicides and girdling
[66,97].  Picloram or cacodylic acid injected directly into the stems
can control red maple.

Silviculture:  Red maple is often poorly regarded as a timber species
due to its susceptibility to defects and disease, and poor form of
individuals of sprout-clump origin [27].  Red maple usually grows
rapidly after heavy cutting or high-grading, and crop tree release may
be a low-cost management option [27].  Mechanical thinning of clumps can
produce good-quality sawlogs on good sites [26].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The nutrient content of red maple browse varies with the genetic make-up
of the individual plant, plant part, position in the crown, phenological
development, and geographic location [22,28].  Soil moisture, soil
nutrients, fire history, and climatic conditions also influence food
value [22,28,29].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
     AL  AR  CT  DE  FL  GA  HI  IL  IN  KY
     LA  ME  MA  MD  MI  MN  MS  MO  NH  NJ
     NY  NC  OH  OK  PA  RI  SC  TN  TX  VT
     VA  WV  WI  MB  NB  NF  NS  ON  PQ
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Red maple is characterized by showy fruits and flowers and colorful fall
foliage [25].  Red maple was first cultivated in 1656 [78], and many
cultivars are available [23,63,84].  Red maple can be used to make maple
syrup, although sugar maple is much more commonly used [55,97.
 
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Red maple is one of the most palatable white-tailed deer foods in
Minnesota [31]; stump sprouts are especially sought out by deer [74,92].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: fruit

Red maple is one of the first trees to flower in early spring [97].
Specific flowering dates are largely dependent on weather conditions,
and latitude and elevation [8,97].  Flowers generally appear several
weeks before vegetative buds.  Bud break may be affected by soil
factors, and is typically delayed for 7 to 10 days on copper-, lead-,
and zinc-mineralized sites [9].  Fruit matures in spring before leaf
development is complete [39,97].

Generalized fruiting and flowering dates by geographic location are as
follows:

Location             Flowering           Fruiting        Authority

Adirondack Mtns.       Apr                  June         Chapman &
                                                         Bessette 1990
Blue Ridge Mtns.      Feb-Mar               ----         Wofford 1989
FL Panhandle          Jan-Apr               ----         Clewell 1985
Gulf & Atlantic
      Coasts          Jan-May               ----         Duncan & Duncan
                                                          1987
MD                    Mar-Apr               ----         Batra 1985
MA                     ----          mid May-early June  Abbott 1974
MI               late Apr-early May         ----         Sakai 1990
NC, SC                Jan-Mar            Apr-July        Radford & others 1968
e TN                   ----          mid-May-early Apr   Farmer &
                                                         Cunningham 1981
TX                     Feb                  ----         Simpson 1988
Nova Scotia      late Apr-early May         ----         Roland & Smith 1969
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: density, root crown, seed

Fire can stimulate sprouting of dormant red maple buds located on the
root crown [97].  Trees top-killed by fire often sprout vigorously and
assume increased prominence in postfire stands [85].  Seedlings also
sprout and may produce dense sprout clumps following fire [93].

Regrowth following fire is often rapid.  Regrowth begins during the
first month following summer and fall burns, and significant increases
in stem density occur by the third and fourth postfire months.  Martin
[74] observed red maple sprouts 2 weeks after a July fire in Nova
Scotia.  Red maple establishes through seed from June through August
[33].  Postfire increases in stem density commonly promotes red maple's
dominance within a stand [68].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: caudex, root crown, seed

   survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
   off-site colonizer; seed carried by wind; postfire yrs 1 and 2
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: duff, forest, root collar, root crown, seed

Seed:  Red maple can bear seed as early as 4 years of age [78] and
produces good or better seed crops over most of its range in 1 out of 2
years [39].  Bumper seed crops do occur.  Trees are extremely prolific;
individual trees 2 to 8 inches (5-20 cm) in diameter commonly produce
12,000 to 91,000 seeds annually, and trees 12 inches (30 cm) in diameter
can produce nearly 1,000,000 seeds [1].  Seed is wind dispersed [97].

Seed banking:  In parts of Nova Scotia and Minnesota, red maple seed has
been found buried at depths of 0 to 6 inches (0-16 cm) [2,61,81], but
these seeds are usually not viable [2,61].  Up to 95 percent of viable
seed germinates with the first 10 days [1]; some seed survives within
the duff and germinates the following year [30,61].

Seedling establishment:  Seedbed requirements for red maple are minimal
[42], and a bank of persistent seedlings often accumulates beneath a
forest canopy [97].  Seedlings may number more than 11,000 per acre
(44,534/ha) [69] and can survive for 3 to 5 years under moderate shade
[73].

Vegetative regeneration:  Red maple sprouts vigorously from the stump,
root crown, or "root suckers" after fire or mechanical damage
[32,96,97].  Lees [62] observed that at least three generations of stump
sprouts can "thrive on the same regenerating root system."  Buds located
at the base of stems commonly sprout 2 to 6 weeks after the stem is cut
[97].  Mroz and others [77] reported that sprouting is generally
confined to the root collar.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, tree

Red maple is characterized by a wide ecological amplitude and occupies a
wide range of successional stages [54,83].  It is moderately tolerant of
shade in the North but intolerant of shade in the Piedmont [97].  Red
maple commonly grows as a subclimax or mid-seral species [20,97], but
characteristics such as vigorous sprouting, prolific seeding, and
ability to compete enable it to pioneer on a variety of disturbed sites
[54,97].  This tree lives longer than most seral species [97] but
generally does not persist in late successional stages [65].  In
even-aged stands which develop after clearcutting, red maple is commonly
overtopped by faster growing species such as northern red oak [65].  In
a few locations in the Southeast, it grows as a climax dominant in
wet-site communities [76].

Red maple commonly increases after disturbances such as windthrow,
clearcutting, or fire [97].  In many locations, red maple has increased
in importance since presettlement times.  Dutch elm disease and chestnut
blight have led to increases in the number of red maple stems in many
stands [97].  In many parts of the East, red maple has increased in gaps
resulting from oak decline and gypsy moth infestations [43,65].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Synonyms

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Acer rubrum f. tomentosum (Tausch) Siebert & Voss
Acer rubrum f. rubrum
Acer rubrum f. pallidum
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: natural

Red maple is a member of the maple family Aceraceae [97]. It exhibits
great morphological variation and has been included in a highly variable
complex of related taxa [79,97]. The currently accepted scientific name
of red maple is Acer rubrum L. [97]. Many varieties and forms have been
identified, but most are no longer recognized. The following varieties
are commonly recognized [38,86]:

Acer rubrum var. drummondii (Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.) Sarg., Drummond's maple
Acer rubrum var. rubrum, red maple
Acer rubrum var. trilobum Torr. & Gray ex K. Koch, Carolina maple

Red maple hybridizes with silver maple (A. saccharinum) under natural
conditions [64]. A hybrid product of this cross has been identified:
Acer X freemanii E. Murray, Freeman maple [64].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: seed

Red maple can be planted onto many types of disturbed sites.  It can be
propagated by seed or by various vegetative techniques. Cleaned seed
averages approximately 23,000 per pound (51,100/kg).  Red maple is
reported to be somewhat tolerant of municipal landfill leachates [41].
Seedlings have been observed colonizing strip mine spoils in parts of
Maryland, West Virginia, and Florida [45,72], but seedlings transplanted
onto strip-mine spoil banks often do poorly [97].  Direct seeding in
old-field communities has not been successful [97].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Red maple is an important source of sawtimber and pulpwood [42] but is
often overlooked as a wood resource [100].  The wood is used for
furniture, veneer, pallets, cabinetry, plywood, barrels, crates,
flooring, and railroad ties [25,49,62].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by IABIN
Chile Central
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Universidad de Santiago de Chile
author
Pablo Gutierrez
partner site
IABIN

Associated Forest Cover

provided by Silvics of North America
Red maple is a major or an associated species in 56 of the 88 nontropical forest cover types recognized for the eastern United States (13). Red maple forms a pure cover type (Society of American Foresters Type 108) because it makes up at least 80 percent of the stand basal area. The species is also at least 20 percent of Gray Birch-Red Maple (Type 19), White Pine-Northern Red Oak-Red Maple (Type 20), Black Cherry-Maple (Type 28), and Black Ash-American Elm-Red Maple (Type 39).

The red maple is most common in New England, Middle Atlantic States, upper Michigan, and northeast Wisconsin. It is rare farther west and south. Recognition of red maple as a separate cover type generally is attributed to disturbances that allowed red maple residuals to respond rapidly. The elimination of elm (Ulmus americana and U. thomasii) by Dutch elm disease and of the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) by the blight, and selective removal of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) have contributed to increasing the proportion of red maple stocking in many stands (13,40,48).

Throughout its range, red maple is associated with more than 70 different commercial tree species (26). Its more common associates from the north to the south include red spruce (Picea rubens), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), white pine (Pinus strobus), sugar maple, beech (Fagus grandifolia), yellow birch, paper birch (Betula papyrifera), gray birch (B. populifolia), sweet birch (B. lenta), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis), aspen (Populus grandidentata and P. tremuloides), black ash (Fraxinus nigra), pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica), black cherry (P serotina), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), American elm, chestnut oak (Q. prinus), Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), silver maple (Acer saccharinum), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) (13).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Climate

provided by Silvics of North America
The northern extent of the red maple range coincides with the -40° C (-40° F) mean minimum isotherm in southeastern Canada (11). The western range is limited by the dry climate of the Prairie States. Of all the maples, it has the widest tolerance to climatic conditions. The absence of red maple in the Prairie Peninsula does not seem to be related to precipitation amount because the tree grows elsewhere with similar or less annual precipitation.

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Damaging Agents

provided by Silvics of North America
Red maple is generally considered very susceptible to defect. Especially on poor sites, red maple often has poor form and considerable internal defect. Discoloration and decay advance much faster in red maple than in sugar maple (43). In northeastern Pennsylvania, average cull ranged from 13 percent in 30 cm (12 in) diameter red maple trees to 46 percent in 61 cm (24 in) diameter trees. Only associated beech and black birch were more defective (26).

Sprout clumps present some serious problems. More defects originate from branch stubs on the sprout stems than from the parent stump (43). Inonotus glomeratus can infect branch stubs and wounds above the butt in red maple. Nevertheless, a red maple sprout with only a slightly defective base and small and well-healed branch stubs has a potential for high future value. Criteria for selecting red maple sprouts for thinning are (1) select only stems with small, well-healed branch stubs, (2) reject sprout clumps with defective bases, and (3) cut all but one or two of the best dominant stem sprouts (50).

Many trunk rot fungi and stem diseases attack red maple. Inonotus glomeratus infects branch stubs and wounds on the stem and is most important. Second in importance is Oxyporus populinus, which forms a small, white fruit body that often has moss growing on top. Phellinus igniarius is another leading heart rot of red maple. Red maple may also be cankered by species of Nectria, Eutypella, Hypoxylon, Schizoxylon, Strumella, and others (48).

Red maple is susceptible to many leaf diseases, generally of minor importance. It is seldom or seriously damaged by root diseases, although Armillana mellea can enter through root or butt wounds. However, A. mellea kills only trees already weakened from other causes (18).

Mechanical injury is a common source of defect in hardwoods, and red maple is especially sensitive to wounding. Often, large areas of cambium surrounding the wound will die back. In shade tree maintenance, wound dressings have not proven effective in stimulating wound closure or internal compartmentalization of the damaged area (44). Increment boring causes discoloration and may lead to decay in red maple. Callus growth, when established, is reasonably rapid, but an extra year or two often is needed if cambial dieback has been extensive around the wound (26). Red maple was rated intermediate with respect to amount of damage after a severe glaze storm in Pennsylvania. In one study, major damage was sustained by 41 percent of the black cherry, 16 percent of the red maple, and 5 percent of the hemlock (18).

Many different insects feed on red maple, but probably none of them kill healthy trees. They do reduce vigor and growth leaving the tree more susceptible to attack from fungi. Insect feeding also may hasten the death of weakened trees. Susceptibility to insect attack is illustrated by a study in the Piedmont. Of 40 species investigated, red maple had the highest percentage (79 percent) of insect attacks. Among the more important borers attacking red maple were the gallmaking maple borer (Xylotreehus aceris), the maple callus borer (Synanthedon acerni), and the Columbian timber beetle (Corthylus columbianus). The common scale insects included the cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria vitis), the maple leaf scale (P acericola), and the oystershell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi). The common leaf feeding moths were the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), the linden looper (Erannis tiliaria), the elm spanworm (Ennomos subsignaria), and the red maple spanworm (Itame pustularia). The forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) avoids red maple, however (26).

Red maple is very sensitive to fire injury, and even large trees can be killed by a fire of moderate intensity. The fire-killed trees sprout vigorously, however, and red maple may become a more important stand component after a fire than before one (26).

Red maple is a desirable deer food and reproduction may be almost completely suppressed in areas of excessive deer populations. Snowshoe hares may also reduce the amount of red maple reproduction (26).

If sapsuckers attack red maple, ringshake may develop (42). Sapsucker damage may also result in mortality Healthy as well as unhealthy trees are attacked and nearly 40 percent of the trees attacked may be killed (41).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Genetics

provided by Silvics of North America
As might be expected from its wide range, red maple shows great variation in height, cold hardiness, straightness, time of flushing, onset of dormancy, and other traits. In general, red maples in the north show the most reddish autumn color, earliest flushing and bud set, and least winter injury. Seeds from the north-central and east-central range produce the tallest seedlings. Genetic potential has been found for breeding and selecting red maple against three major urban stresses: verticillium wilt, air pollution, and drought (52,53). Red maple fruits also exhibit geographical variation. The more northerly sources, from locations with short frost-free periods, produced samaras that are shorter but heavier than those from southern sources (51,66).

Experimental crosses of red and silver maple have been made (26). Also, red maple is known to hybridize naturally with silver maple (33).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Growth and Yield

provided by Silvics of North America
Red maple is a short- to medium-lived tree and seldom lives longer than 150 years. It reaches maturity in 70 to 80 years. Average mature trees are 18 to 27 m (60 to 90 ft) in height and 46 to 76 cm (18 to 30 in) in diameter (26). The largest registered living red maple is growing near Armada, MI. It is 38.1 m (125 ft) tall and has a bole circumference, at breast height, of 4.95 m (16.25 ft) (38).

Although red maple height growth starts relatively early in the spring, radial growth starts late in the season. Radial growth then proceeds rapidly, becoming half complete in 50 to 59 days and fully complete in 70 to 79 days. In a New York study, red maple total height growth was somewhat better than that of the other species studied (26).

Growth during early life is rapid but slows after trees pass the pole stage. Red maple responds well to thinning. In upper Michigan, thinning was more effective than fertilization for stimulating red maple growth (49). In the Canadian Maritimes, a 35-year-old coppice red maple stand was thinned by reducing each sprout clump to one of the better stems. The number of red maple stems was reduced from 2,610 to 560/ha (1,057 to 227/acre). Ten years later, these residual trees had more than doubled their volume to 63.8 m³/ha (911 ft³/acre). In another study, a partial cutting was made on a 40-year-old stand of Allegheny northern hardwoods. Of all the species, red maple grew best. In the 10-year period after cutting, dominant red maple trees grew an average of 5.7 cm (2.25 in) in diameter. In the north, the young red maple trees grow faster than sugar maple, beech, or yellow birch, but slower than aspen, paper birch, or white ash. In southern bottom lands, the growth rate of red maple compares favorably with that of other hardwood species. An average diameter growth of 7.5 to 9 cm (3.0 to 3.5 in) in 10 years is possible (26).

Early crop tree release of red maple seedlings and sprouts is feasible in young, even-aged stands. It should be done when the new stand has crown closure and crown dominance is being expressed. This occurred on 9- to 12-year-old trees in West Virginia (56,57). Only 10 percent of red maple sprout clumps did not have a sprout of potential crop tree quality (29). Released red maple trees have a low susceptibility to epicormic sprouting (46).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Reaction to Competition

provided by Silvics of North America
Red maple is a pioneer or subclimax species that is more shade tolerant and longer lived than the usual early successional species, such as poplar (aspen) and pin cherry. It compares in shade tolerance with sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), silver maple, American basswood (Tilia americana), common persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), black gum, and rock elm (Ulmus thomasii). It is not as tolerant as sugar maple, American beech, eastern hophornbeam, and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) (26). Red maple can most accurately be classed as tolerant of shade. Seedlings are more shade tolerant than larger trees and can exist in the understory for several years. They respond rapidly to release and can occupy over-story space. Disturbances such as fire, disease, hurricanes, and harvesting have caused red maple to increase in stocking where it previously occurred as only scattered trees (19,31,35,40,48,55). As these stands mature and the canopy closes, red maple growth slows due to competition for light (9).

Following a hurricane in central New England, the site was soon dominated by pin cherry, with red maple, northern red oak, paper birch, and a few eastern white pine. After 10 years, the pin cherry was giving way to dominance by red maple. After 40 years, however, northern red oak and paper birch had assumed dominance over the now codominant red maple (19). In northern hardwood types, red maple begins to give way to sugar maple and more tolerant hardwoods after about 80 years (26), but on certain wet sites, red maple can probably maintain itself indefinitely as an edaphic climax (13).

Red maple is generally very resistant to herbicides (28). Also, diffuse porous species such as red maple are difficult to kill by girdling. For example, 3 years after treatment, 70 percent of the girdled trees had live crowns (63). Stem injection, using cacodylic acid(12) and picloram (61), did successfully control red maple as did glyphosate applied by hydraulic sprayer; but not when applied by a mist blower (16). Generally, if treatment of red maple is planned, it is wise to consult current labels or experts in the field of chemical control to determine the latest allowable chemicals and the best methods of application.

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Rooting Habit

provided by Silvics of North America
Red maple trees grow well and are generally capable of growing as well as or better than their associates on sites with less than optimum moisture conditions, either too wet or too dry. In Michigan, red maple sprouts grew about twice as fast on wet organic soils as on mineral soils or drier organic soils (26). Roots of maple seedlings are capable of developing differently in response to various environments, so that the seedlings can survive in situations ranging from swamp to dry upland. This characteristic root system adaptability is maintained as the trees grow older. Under flood conditions, many adventitious roots develop, but the root systems recover quickly upon drainage (24). Red maples seem to tolerate drought through their readiness to stop growing under dry conditions (52) and by producing a second growth flush when conditions improve again, even after growth has stopped for 2 weeks (27).

Red maple roots are primarily horizontal and form in the upper 25 cm (10 in) of soil. After germination, a taproot develops until it is about 2 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) long, then it turns and grows horizontally. As the woody roots extend sideways, nonwoody fans of feeder roots extend upward, mostly within the upper 8 cm (3 in) of mineral soil. The woody roots may be 25 m (80 ft) long (34). Although red maple trees and seedlings tolerate flooding, they can be damaged if silt and sand layers 7.6 cm (3 in) or more are deposited over their roots (6).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Seed Production and Dissemination

provided by Silvics of North America
A seed crop occurs almost every year, and on an average, a good to bumper crop occurs once in every 2 years (14). Red maple is generally very fruitful. Trees 5 to 20 cm in d.b.h. (2 to 8 in) can yield seed crops of 12,000 to 91,000 seeds. A 30-cm (12-in) tree yielded nearly a million seeds (1). It is possible to stimulate red maple seed production through fertilization. The stimulation often lasts 2 years and may yield up to 10 times more seeds than an unfertilized stand (4).

The fruit, a double samara, ripens from April to June before leaf development is complete. After ripening, seeds are dispersed for a 1- to 2-week period during April through July. The seed does not require pregermination treatment and can germinate immediately after ripening. The fruits are among the lightest of the maple fruits, averaging about 51,000 cleaned seeds per kilogram (23,OOOflb). In general, fruits are heavier in northern latitudes. Red maple fruit from Canada, Wisconsin, and Michigan, where the normal growing season is 80 to 150 days, averaged 23 gr (1.5 g)/100 fruits. On the other hand, in Rhode Island, Kentucky, and South Carolina, with a frost-free period of 180 to 240 days, the weight averaged 17 gr (1.1 g)/100 fruits. Because the fruits are small and winged, they disperse efficiently in the wind. Germination may be 75 to 80 percent in 2 to 6 days. Total germination is often 85 to 91 percent (59,66).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Seedling Development

provided by Silvics of North America
Red maple has few germination requirements. The seed can germinate with very little light (26), given proper temperature and some moisture. Most seeds generally germinate in the early summer soon after dispersal. Shading by a dense overstory canopy can depress first-year germination; then second-year germination is common (36). Germination is epigeal (59).

Moist mineral soil seems the best seedbed for red maple, and a thin layer of hardwood leaf litter does not hinder germination and early survival. Many red maple seeds germinate each year in abandoned old fields, in cutover areas and burns, and in the forest. Reproduction has also been observed on strip-mine Spoil banks in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio (26). Not many new seedlings can survive under a closed forest canopy, but enough do survive to perpetuate the species in abundance.

Presently, red maple is important in many stands where it was formerly a limited associate; it is enabled to increase by disturbances such as disease, windthrow, fire, and harvesting (5,15,19,3740). In southeastern Ohio, 6 years after clearcutting a 3.4 ha (8.5 acre) mature oak-hickory stand, the new stand contained more than 2,200 red maple seedlings per hectare (900/acre) taller than 1.4 m (4.5 ft), together with many yellow-poplar and oak seedlings (Unpub. data, Vinton Furnace Experimental Forest, McArthur, OH). The original stand on the plot contained no red maple. There were occasional red maples in nearby stands. Red maple does not show a strong affinity for either northern or southern exposures (48), but its best growth form is often found on northeast slopes (40). The young seedlings are shade tolerant, and abundant 1- to 4-year-old seedlings are often found under the canopy of older stands. Many of these seedlings die each year if they are not released by opening of the main crown canopy, but new ones replace them. Thus, a reservoir of seedlings and ungerminated seed is available to respond to increased sunlight resulting from disturbance. Pre-existing red maples in a cut stand add greatly to the new stand stocking through stump sprouts (21). In some species, disturbances of small areas often restrict development of new age classes because the canopy over small areas closes in from the side too quickly. Red maple, however, is sufficiently shade tolerant to respond and may increase in prominence after small disturbances (20,37).

Red maple shows an early tendency to develop root system characteristics according to soil conditions, enabling it to grow on greatly different sites ranging from swamp to dry upland (62). On wet sites, red maple seedlings produce short taproots with long, well-developed laterals. On dry sites, they develop long taproots with much shorter laterals (26). Red maple seedlings are classified as moderately tolerant of soil saturation. In one study, their growth was only slightly retarded after 60 days in saturated soils (24). Red maple seedlings were very tolerant of flooding, showing no sign of stem or leaf damage after 60 days of flooding (7). This capacity to withstand conditions of wetness or dryness enables survival and growth on a wide variety of site conditions where red maple grows naturally.

Throughout the northern portion of its range, with respect to shade, red maple seedlings are rated moderately tolerant to tolerant and are often abundant in the understory advance reproduction. In the Piedmont, red maple seedlings were found to be shade intolerant however; and, in the lower Mississippi Basin, red maple seedlings grow well only in openings. The species was found to be more shade tolerant on good sites than on poor sites. Overall, it ranks more shade tolerant than yellow birch or white ash (Fraxinus americana) but less so than sugar maple, American beech, or eastern hophornbeam (26).

Sugar maple is one of the first species to start stem elongation in the spring, and red maple starts only a few days later. In one study, red maple stem elongation was one-half completed in 1 week. Growth then slowed and was 90 percent completed in 54 days (27). Under favorable light and moisture, red maple seedlings can grow 0.3 m (1 ft) the first year and as much as 0.6 m (2 ft) each year for the next few years. Some sprouts can grow 0.9 m (3 ft) or more the first year (26), but they soon slow to about the same rate as seedlings.

Although red maple naturally germinates and becomes established on many types of seedbeds, direct seeding in an old field failed. Survival was only 37 percent after the first year (2). Planting of seedlings has not succeeded on strip-mine spoil banks (26) or old fields (45). First year survival generally is low and survivors may show poor growth rate and form. Planted red maple infected with mycorrhizae may grow somewhat better, especially on strip-mine spoil banks (10). In the nursery, red maple seedling growth was increased when 4 hours of supplemental light and an aluminum foil soil mulch were provided, and when the soil was treated with the insecticide Disulfoton. In 1 year, these seedlings compared favorably with 2- to 3-year-old seedlings grown by conventional methods (8). If planting of red maple is desired, container-grown stock seems to offer some promise. Ninety-eight percent of the red maple tubelings planted in a New Hampshire forest clearcutting during August survived. The stock had been grown for 8 weeks in containers. Two container sizes-41 cm³ (2.5 in³) and 125 cm³ (7.6 in³) were compared, with no difference in results (17).

Red maple is a common associate in second-growth cherry-maple Allegheny hardwood stands. But after clearcutting, red maple seedlings often grow poorly, whereas the black cherry seedlings do well. A chemical from black cherry, perhaps benzoic acid, may interfere with red maple development (22). Black cherry leaves have been identified as a source of benzoic acid and as a potential allelopathic inhibitor of red maple (23).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Soils and Topography

provided by Silvics of North America
Red maple can probably thrive on a wider range of soil types, textures, moisture, pH, and elevation than any other forest species in North America (18). Its range covers soils of the following orders: Entisols, Inceptisols, Ultisols, Alfisols, Spodosols, and Histosols. It grows on both glaciated and nonglaciated soils derived from granite, gneisses, schists, sandstone, shales, slates, conglomerates, quartzites, and limestone (26).

Red maple grows on diverse sites, from dry ridges and southwest slopes to peat bogs and swamps. It commonly grows under the more extreme soil-moisture conditions either very wet or quite dry. The species does not show a strong affinity for either a north or a south aspect (48). Although it develops best on moderately well-drained, moist sites at low to intermediate elevations, it is common in mountainous country on the drier ridges and on south and west exposures of upper slopes. It is also common, however, in swampy areas, on slow-draining flats and depressions, and along small sluggish streams (26). In upper Michigan and New England, red maple grows on ridge tops and dry sandy or rocky upland soils and in almost pure stands on moist soils and swamp borders (13,40). In the extreme south, red maple is almost exclusively a swamp species.

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Special Uses

provided by Silvics of North America
Red maple is known in the lumber industry as soft maple. The wood is close grained and resembles sugar maple but is softer in texture, not as heavy, lacks the figure, and has somewhat poorer machining qualities. Red maple in the better grades is substituted for hard maple, particularly for furniture. Red maple lumber shrinkage from green to oven-dry moisture content is slightly more than shrinkage for hard maple in radial, tangential, and volumetric measurements (60).

Brilliant fall coloring is one of the outstanding features of red maple. In the northern forest, its bright red foliage is a striking contrast against the dark green conifers and the white bark and yellow foliage of the paper birches. Red maple is widely used as a landscape tree.

Although the hard maples-sugar and black maple (Acer nigrum) are principally used for syrup production, red maple is also suitable. When sap and syrup from sugar maple were compared with those of red and silver maple, boxelder (A. negundo), and Norway maple (A. platanoides), they were found to be equal in sweetness, flavor, and quality (30). The buds of red and silver maple and boxelder break dormancy much earlier in the spring than sugar maple, however, and the chemical content of the sap changes, imparting an undesirable flavor to the syrup. Consequently, the tapping season for red and silver maple is shorter than that for sugar maple.

Red maple is a highly desirable wildlife browse food. Elk and white-tailed deer especially use the current season's growth of red maple and aspen as an important source of winter food (25). Timber harvesting slash can provide an important source of browse to help sustain the animals. Red maple, sugar maple, and paper birch trees cut any time after leaf fall provide browse as nutritious as, and more acceptable than, trees cut immediately before leaf fall (3).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Vegetative Reproduction

provided by Silvics of North America
Red maple stumps sprout vigorously. Inhibited, dormant buds are always present at the base of red maple stems. Within 2 to 6 weeks after the stem is cut, these inhibited buds begin to extend (65). Fire can also stimulate these buds. The number of sprouts per stump increases with stump diameter to a maximum of 23 to 30 cm (9 to 12 in), and then decreases among larger trees. Stumps of younger trees tend to produce taller sprouts (39,47). Sprouts grow faster than seedlings, and leaf and internode size is greater. As competition increases, growth rates slow (65). Many of the sprouts have rot and poor form (58). Also, the attachment of a sprout to the stump is often weak because the base of the sprout grows over the stump bark and the vascular connection between them is constricted (65). Regeneration by seedling sprout may be especially successful (19). Generally, the species' great sprouting capacity makes it suitable for coppicing and accounts for its tendency to be found in sprout clumps.

Red maple is difficult to propagate from cuttings and success varies considerably. Some rooting has been obtained by treating cuttings with a concentration of 200 mg per liter (200 p/m) of indolebutyric acid for 3 hours. Cuttings collected in June seem to root better than those taken later in the growing season. Cuttings from the lower part of the crown root better than those from the upper part, and cuttings from male clones or female clones, which fruit sparingly, root better. Successful bud grafting on an experimental basis has been reported with red maple and with sugar maple on red maple stocks, and layering has been observed in central Pennsylvania. For the most part, however, the species is difficult to propagate vegetatively, except by means of stump sprouts (26).

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Brief Summary

provided by Silvics of North America
Red Maple

Aceraceae -- Maple family

Russell S. Walters and Harry W. Yawney

Red maple (Acer rubrum) is also known as scarlet maple, swamp maple, soft maple, Carolina red maple, Drummond red maple, and water maple (33). Many foresters consider the tree inferior and undesirable because it is often poorly formed and defective, especially on poor sites. On good sites, however, it may grow fast with good form and quality for saw logs. Red maple is a subclimax species that can occupy overstory space but is usually replaced by other species. It is classed as shade tolerant and as a prolific sprouter. It has great ecological amplitude from sea level to about 900 m (3,000 ft) and grows over a wide range of microhabitat sites. It ranks high as a shade tree for landscapes.

license
cc-by-nc
copyright
USDA, Forest Service
original
visit source
partner site
Silvics of North America

Acer rubrum ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST

Acer rubrum, el pládanu coloráu americanu,[1] pládanu coloráu o pládanu de Canadá ye unu de los árboles caducos más comunes y estendíos del este de Norteamérica. La so distribución va dende'l llagu de los Montes na frontera ente Ontario y Minnesota, al este hasta Terranova, al sur hasta cerca de Miami (Florida), y al sudoeste hasta l'este de Texas. Ye llargamente cultiváu en parques y xardinos, onde esiste una gran variedá de cultivares. La so cazumbre tamién s'utiliza pa producir xarabe de pládanu .

 src=
Fueya de pládanu coloráu d'un exemplar del norte de Florida.
 src=
Flores.
 src=
Sámaras en Milford (Nuevu Hampshire). El frutu del pládanu coloráu madura y cai en primavera.
 src=
Vista del árbol.
 src=
Ilustración.
 src=
Como bonsái.

Distribución y hábitat

Na mayoría de la so estensión, el pládanu coloráu afacer a un ampliu rangu de condiciones nel so allugamientu. Puede atopase creciendo en barraqueres, en tierres grebes, y seya que non ente mediu. Tamién tolera un ampliu rangu de pH, anque la clorosis puede asoceder en tierres más alcalines.

Descripción

Ye un árbol de tamañu mediu-grande qu'algama altores de 20-30 m (raramente más de 40 m), un diámetru de 0,5 a cerca de 2 m, y puede vivir mientres 100-200 años, dacuando más tiempu.

Anque ye xeneralmente abondo bono d'identificar, el pládanu coloráu ye probablemente'l pládanu más altamente variable nes sos carauterístiques morfolóxiques de tolos de Norteamérica. Les fueyes son la meyor manera d'estremalo d'otros pládanos. Como otros pládanos americanos, son caducifolios y ordenaos en direición contraria a la caña. Les fueyes de los pládanu coloráu tienen típicamente un llargor de 5-10 cm y la mesma amplitú con 3-5 lóbulos dentaos irregulares (sicasí, les fueyes del cercanamente rellacionáu pládanu plateado (Acer saccharinum) tienen mozquetes muncho más fondes y carauterísticamente tien 5 lóbulos). La parte cimera de la fueya ye verde claru y la parte inferior ye ablancazada. Los tarmos de les fueyes son de normal coloraos, como lo son les cañes. Les fueyes camuden a un colloráu brillosu na seronda.

Les cañes del pládanu coloráu van de colloráu a buxu marrón y son lampiñas. Los biltos nanos tán presentes en munches cañes. Pel iviernu, les cañes lleven grupos de brotos de flores, fácilmente vistos a distancia. Les cañes del pládanu coloráu son cuasi imposible d'estremar d'eses del pládanu plateáu, sacante que'l postreru tienen un desagradable golor cuando s'estropien.

Les flores son d'un únicu sexu, con flores masculines y femenines en grupos separaos, anque de normal nel mesmu árbol. Na femenina (grana), les flores son coloraes con 5 pétalos bien pequeños y sépalos los terminales en grupos, de normal na punta de les cañes. Les flores masculines (polen) nun son más qu'estames mariellos salientes de biltos nanos nes cañes. Dambos tipos de flores atopar nel mesmu árbol, pero los árboles nuevos pueden producir namái un tipu. El floriamientu empieza a primeros d'añu dempués de 1-30 sumes térmiques.

El frutu ye una sámara, variable en color dende colloráu a marrón hasta mariellu. Les sámaras tienen un llargor de 15-25 mm y terminen en pareyes nun ángulu de 50-60 graos. Maurecen a finales de mayu o principios de xunu.

El pládanu coloráu frecuentemente hibrida col pládanu plateado; l'híbridu, conocíu como Acer x freemanii, ye l'entemediu ente los padres.

Cultivu y usos

Crez llargamente como un árbol ornamental en parques y grandes xardinos, sacante onde les tierres son alcalines o salaes. En partes del noroeste del Pacíficu, ye unu de los más árboles más comúnmente introducíos. Numberosos cultivares fueron escoyíos, de cutiu pola so intensidá de color de cayida, tando 'October Glory' y 'Rede Sunset' ente los más populares. Escontra la so llende del sur, 'Fireburst', 'Florida Flame', y 'Gulf Ember' son los preferíos. Munchos cultivares del Acer x freemanii tamién crecen llargamente.

Ye una bona opción d'árbol pa les árees urbanes cuando hai un ampliu espaciu pa los sos raigaños. Ye escelente aguantando dures condiciones urbanes, incluyendo la tolerancia tantu de tierres seques como húmedes, y una mayor tolerancia a la contaminación qu'el pládanu azucreru. Como otros pládanos, el so raigaños pueden ser invasivas, lo que lo convierte nuna mala eleición pa plantíos n'estreches franxes ente la cera y la cai, anque ye probablemente una meyor opción que los pládanos plateaos o azucreros. Como'l Pládanu plateado, atrai esguiles, que comen los sos biltos a principios de primavera, anque los esguiles prefieren los más grandes biltos del pládanu plateáu.

Usos

La so cazumbre puede usase pa producir xarabe de pládanu o azucre, pero ye menos duce que la del pládanu azucreru. Sicasí, produz xeneralmente xarabe de pládanu de sabor más fuerte.

Taxonomía

Acer rubrum describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 2: 1055. 1753.[2]

Etimoloxía

Acer: nome xenéricu que procede del llatín ǎcěr, -ĕris = (afiláu), referíu a les puntes carauterístiques de les fueyes o a la durez de la madera que, supuestamente, utilizar pa fabricar llances. Yá citáu en, ente otros, Pliniu'l Vieyu, 16, XXVI/XXVII, refiriéndose a unes cuantes especies de Pládanu.[3]

rubrum: epítetu llatín que significa "de color coloráu".[4]

Sinonimia
  • Acer palmifolium Borkh. [1795]
  • Acer palliderubrum Weston [1775]
  • Acer glaucum Marshall [1785]
  • Acer eriocarpum Michx. [1803]
  • Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. [1789]
  • Acer collinsonia Thunb. [1793]
  • Sacchrosphendamnus saccharina (L.) Nieuwl. [1914]
  • Argentacer saccharinum (L.) Small[5]
  • Acer carolinianum Walter
  • Acer coccineum F.Michx.
  • Acer drummondii Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.
  • Acer fulgens Dippel
  • Acer hypoleucum K.Koch
  • Acer microphyllum Pax
  • Acer sanguineum Spach
  • Acer semiorbiculatum Pax
  • Acer splendens Dippel
  • Acer wagneri Wesm.
  • Rufacer carolinianum (Walter) Small
  • Rufacer drummondii (Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.) Small
  • Rufacer rubrum (L.) Small[6]

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. Nome vulgar preferíu en castellán, en Árboles: guía de campu; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1. Versión n’español de la Collins Tree Guide.
  2. Acer rubrum en Trópicos
  3. Testu Llatín de Pliniu'l Vieyu, Llibru 16 - En Pliny the Elder: the Natural History, Chicago University, 2006
  4. N'Epítetos Botánicos
  5. En Tela Botánico
  6. Acer rubrum en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Bailey, L.H. & Y.Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third i–xiv, 1–1290. MacMillan, New York.
  2. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  3. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  4. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.Y. O.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  5. Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.Y. O.S. Dicot. 1–944. Univ. Xeorxa Press, Athens.
  6. Long, R. W. & O. K. Lakela. 1971. Fl. Trop. Florida i–xvii, 1–962. University of Miami Press, Coral Cables.

Reference article Radford, A. Y., H. Y. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

  1. Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3: 547–1115. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
  2. Voss, Y. G. 1985. Michigan Flora. Part II Dicots (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 59. xix + 724.
  3. Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Enllaces esternos

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AST

Acer rubrum: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST

Acer rubrum, el pládanu coloráu americanu, pládanu coloráu o pládanu de Canadá ye unu de los árboles caducos más comunes y estendíos del este de Norteamérica. La so distribución va dende'l llagu de los Montes na frontera ente Ontario y Minnesota, al este hasta Terranova, al sur hasta cerca de Miami (Florida), y al sudoeste hasta l'este de Texas. Ye llargamente cultiváu en parques y xardinos, onde esiste una gran variedá de cultivares. La so cazumbre tamién s'utiliza pa producir xarabe de pládanu .

 src= Fueya de pládanu coloráu d'un exemplar del norte de Florida.  src= Flores.  src= Sámaras en Milford (Nuevu Hampshire). El frutu del pládanu coloráu madura y cai en primavera.  src= Vista del árbol.  src= Ilustración.  src= Como bonsái.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AST

Qırmızı ağcaqayın ( Azerbaijani )

provided by wikipedia AZ

Təbii yayılması

Vətəni Şimali Amеrikadır. Cənubi Avrоpada və Yaхın Şərqdə mədəni əkin şəraitində bеcərilir.

Botaniki təsviri

Hündürlüyü 15-18 m-ə çatan, enli, yumru və möhkəm çətirli ağacdır. Yarpaqları üzbəüzdür, 5-7 ədəddir, ucu biz, uzunluğu 8-14 sm-dir. Yarpaqlarının rəngi qırmızıdır, yayda yaşıl, payızda isə sarı rəng alır. Maydan iyuna qədər çiçəkləyir. Açıq sarı rəngli çiçəkləri süpürgə çiçək qrupuna yığılmışdır. Mеyvələri uzunluğu 3 sm-dən 5 sm-ə qədər оlan qanadcıqlardır. Tохumlarla, kök zоğları ilə çохalır.

Ekologiyası

Sоyuğa davamlı, işıqsеvən, quru, məhsuldar tоrpaqlarda yaхşı bitən, yarımkölgəyə dözən bitkidir. Əhəngli, turşulu tоrpaqlarda yaхşı inkişaf еdir.

Azərbaycanda yayılması

Respublikanın bir çox rayonlarında təbii və mədəni şəraitdə rast gəlinir.

İstifadəsi

Gözəl dekorativ bitkidir, şosse ətrafı ərazilərin yaşıllaşdırılmasında geniş istifadəsi məqsədyönlüdür.

Mənbə

  • Tofiq Məmmədov, “Azərbaycan dendroflorasi” V cild, Baki, “Elm”, 2019, 370 səh.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AZ

Acer rubrum ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

Acer rubrum (Auró roig), és un dels arbres caducifolis més comuns de l'est d'Amèrica del Nord.[1] Les seves fulles són de formes molt variades. Fa al voltant de 15 m d'alt. Rep el seu nom del color vermell de les seves flors, pecíols, brots i llavors. A la tardor les seves fulles prenen un color escarlata brillant.

S'adapta a diversos hàbitats i es pot trobar creixent des de sòls pantanososa sòls pobres i secs i des del nivell del mar fins als 900 m d'altitud. Sovint es planta en jardineria. A petita escala se'n fa xarop d'auró. És oficialment l'arbre de l'estat de Rhode Island. El seu linatge es Magnoliophyta i es de classe Magnoliopsida.[2]

Referències

  1. Nix, Steve. «Ten Most Common Trees in the United States». About.com Forestry. [Consulta: 11 gener 2013].
  2. «NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Version 6.1.». NatureServe [Arlington, Virginia], 2006. «Acer rubrum»

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Acer rubrum Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata  src= Podeu veure l'entrada corresponent a aquest tàxon, clade o naturalista dins el projecte Wikispecies.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CA

Acer rubrum: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

Acer rubrum (Auró roig), és un dels arbres caducifolis més comuns de l'est d'Amèrica del Nord. Les seves fulles són de formes molt variades. Fa al voltant de 15 m d'alt. Rep el seu nom del color vermell de les seves flors, pecíols, brots i llavors. A la tardor les seves fulles prenen un color escarlata brillant.

S'adapta a diversos hàbitats i es pot trobar creixent des de sòls pantanososa sòls pobres i secs i des del nivell del mar fins als 900 m d'altitud. Sovint es planta en jardineria. A petita escala se'n fa xarop d'auró. És oficialment l'arbre de l'estat de Rhode Island. El seu linatge es Magnoliophyta i es de classe Magnoliopsida.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CA

Rød løn ( Danish )

provided by wikipedia DA

Rød løn (Acer rubrum) er et stort træ med én eller flere stammer og en kegleformet og efterhånden bred vækst. Bladene er håndlappede og får kraftige, røde efterårsfarver. Derfor bruges træet en del i større haver og parker.

Beskrivelse

Rød løn er et stort træ med én eller flere stammer og en kegleformet eller (senere) bred vækst. Hovedgrenene er opstigende til overhængende. Barken er først glat og lysegrøn til rødlig. Senere bliver den ru og mørkegrøn. Gamle stammer får furet og afskallende bark.

Knopperne sidder mod­sat, og de er vinrøde med meget fin hår­klædning. Bladene er bredt hjerteformede og trelappede med grove takninger langs randen. Oversiden er glat og lysegrøn, mens undersiden er sølvhvid (senere dog mat grågrøn). Høstfarven er gul, orange eller vinrød.

Blomstringen sker i for­bindelse med løvspringet, og selv om de enkelte blomster er uanselige, ses blom­stringen tydeligt på grund af de røde hylsterblade. Frugterne er de velkendte, vin­gede nødder.

Rodnettet er hjerteformet, men hovedsa­geligt vandret i mad­jordslaget. Inden for 2–3 m radius fin­des dog enkelte lod­rette sænkere, som når ned i råjorden. Træet har samliv med flere svampe, både af VAM- og ekto-­mykorrhizatypen.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 20 x 15 m (50 x 35 cm/år). Disse mål kan fx anvendes, når arten udplantes.

Hjemsted

Rød løn forekommer i et meget stort område af USA og Canada, spændende fra de store søer og Newfoundland til Texas og Florida. Mest mod nord foretrækker arten tørre, grusede og sydvendte ste­der. I hele området optræ­der arten som pioner- og ungskovstræ. Til trods for dette er træet meget skyggetolerant, især i ungdom­men.

I området omkring Roosevelt i New Jersey, USA, findes arten i skove og som pionertræ sammen med bl.a. Konvalbusk, robinie, tulipantræ, amerikansk bøg, amerikansk knapbusk, amerikansk nældetræ, amerikansk platan, amerikansk vin, blyantene, brunfrugtet surbær, glansbladet hæg, hvid ask, hvid hickory, klatrevildvin, koralsumak, pennsylvansk vokspors, skovtupelotræ, sukkerbirk, sumpeg, sumprose, virginsk ambratræ, virginsk troldnød, virginsk vinterbær, weymouthfyr og østamerikansk hemlock[1]

Se også

Bregnepors for oplysninger om buske og flerårige urter i plantesamfundet.




Note

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DA

Rød løn: Brief Summary ( Danish )

provided by wikipedia DA

Rød løn (Acer rubrum) er et stort træ med én eller flere stammer og en kegleformet og efterhånden bred vækst. Bladene er håndlappede og får kraftige, røde efterårsfarver. Derfor bruges træet en del i større haver og parker.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DA

Rot-Ahorn ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Rot-Ahorn (Acer rubrum) ist eine Pflanzenart innerhalb der Familie der Seifenbaumgewächse (Sapindaceae). Er hat ein großes Verbreitungsgebiet in der gemäßigten Zone des östlichen Nordamerikas. Namensgebend für Trivialnamen und wissenschaftlichen Namen „Rot-Ahorn“ (Acer rubrum) ist die leuchtend rote Herbstfärbung. Wie beim Zucker-Ahorn wird das Holz für Möbel, Parkett, Drechselarbeiten usw. verwendet, ist jedoch weicher als dieses und wird entsprechend in Nordamerika als „American soft maple“ vermarktet.

1964 ernannte der US-Bundesstaat Rhode Island Acer rubrum zu seinem Wahrzeichen (State Tree).[1]

Beschreibung

 src=
Zweige und Laubblätter
 src=
Blütenstand

Erscheinungsbild, Wurzeln und Blatt

Der Rotahorn wächst als Baum und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 20 bis 27 Metern, in Ausnahmefällen auch bis zu 38 Metern. Bei freistehenden Bäumen ist die Baumkrone hochoval und nicht sehr dicht. Die Rinde junger Zweige ist grün und färbt sich später glänzend braun. An dickeren Ästen und Stämmen ist die Rinde erst graubraun und glatt, bei älteren Exemplaren entwickelt sich eine Borke mit schmalen Längsfurchen. Bis zum Herbst sind die jungen Sämlinge schon bis zu 30 Zentimeter hoch.

Das Wurzelsystem bleibt flach unter der Erdoberfläche. Bei Sämlingen krümmt sich die Wurzel schon nach 5 Zentimeter senkrechten Wachstums seitwärts. Die meisten Wurzeln reichen nicht tiefer als 25 Zentimeter, allerdings sind sie weitstreichend und können noch in 25 Meter Entfernung vom Stamm gefunden werden. Von den verholzenden, horizontalen Wurzeln entwickeln sich Faserwurzeln nach oben, die die oberste Bodenschicht intensiv durchwurzeln. Das Wurzelsystem ist sehr anpassungsfähig an unterschiedliche Bodenbedingungen und erträgt sowohl Trockenheit als auch Überschwemmungen. Gegen Einschütten und Verdichten ist der Rot-Ahorn aber empfindlich.

Die relativ kleinen, schmalen Laubblätter sind fünflappig, wobei die untersten zwei Blattlappen nur undeutlich ausgebildet sein können. Die Blattlappen sind nach vorn gerichtet. Der Durchmesser der Blattspreite beträgt etwa 10 Zentimeter. Der Blattrand ist gesägt, die Blattoberseite ist dunkelgrün gefärbt, die Unterseite heller und etwas bläulich oder weißlich.

Blütenstand, Blüte und Frucht

Die Blüten erscheinen deutlich vor dem Blattaustrieb. Die Blütezeit beginnt im Süden des Verbreitungsgebietes im Januar, im äußersten Norden Ende April bis Anfang Mai. Schon sehr junge Pflanzen beginnen zu blühen. Es gibt Pflanzen, die einhäusig sind, andere tragen exklusiv weibliche oder männliche Blüten. Die Blüten sind rot und stehen an schlanken Stielen in dichten Blütenständen beisammen. Die Früchte reifen schon kurz nach dem Laubaustrieb und sind nur für kurze Zeit keimfähig.

Chromosomensatz

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 78, 104[2] oder 26.[3]

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet des Rot-Ahorns

Verbreitung

Der Rotahorn ist im östlichen Nordamerika verbreitet; dort hat er ein sehr großes Areal von Florida und der Küste des Golfs von Mexiko im Süden bis zu den Großen Seen und nach Neufundland. Von der Atlantikküste im Osten ist er über die Appalachen bis an den Rand der Prärie verbreitet. Im Süden der Appalachen steigt er bis auf 1800 Meter Höhe, im Norden seines Verbreitungsgebietes nur noch auf 600 Meter. In der Nordhälfte seines Areals ist er häufiger als im Süden und am Rand der Prärie. Der Rotahorn ist Bestandteil der Ordnung der Eichen-Hickory-Wälder (Querco-Caryetalia), kommt aber auch in Wäldern der Klasse Pinetea strobi vor.[2]

Entsprechend vielfältig sind die Wälder, in denen der Rotahorn vorkommt. Im Norden sind es Mischwälder, wo er zusammen mit dem Zucker-Ahorn und zahlreichen Nadelgehölzen wie der Amerikanischen Rot-Fichte (Picea rubens), der Balsam-Tanne (Abies balsamea) und der Weymouths-Kiefer (Pinus strobus) vorkommt. Weiter südlich schließen sich sommergrüne Laubwälder an, etwa mit der Amerikanischen Buche (Fagus grandifolia), der Rot-Eiche (Quercus rubra) und dem Tulpenbaum (Liriodendron tulipifera). Im Süden kommen halb-immergrüne Laubbäume und verschiedene Kiefernarten wie Pinus taeda hinzu.

Literatur

  • Helmut Pirc: Ahorne. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1994, ISBN 3-8001-6554-6, S. 201.
  • D. A. Tirmenstein (1991): Acer rubrum. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Online, abgerufen am 6. Dezember 2007.
  • Russell S. Walters, Harry W. Yawney (1990): Acer rubrum. In: R. M. Burns & B. H. Honkala (Hrsg.): Silvics of North America, U.S. Department of Agriculture Online, abgerufen am 6. Dezember 2007.

Einzelnachweise

  1. State Trees & State Flowers (Memento des Originals vom 6. Dezember 2010 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.usna.usda.gov, The United States National Arboretum.
  2. a b Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. 8. Auflage. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5. Seite 646.
  3. Acer rubrum bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

Weblinks

 src=
– Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Rot-Ahorn: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Rot-Ahorn (Acer rubrum) ist eine Pflanzenart innerhalb der Familie der Seifenbaumgewächse (Sapindaceae). Er hat ein großes Verbreitungsgebiet in der gemäßigten Zone des östlichen Nordamerikas. Namensgebend für Trivialnamen und wissenschaftlichen Namen „Rot-Ahorn“ (Acer rubrum) ist die leuchtend rote Herbstfärbung. Wie beim Zucker-Ahorn wird das Holz für Möbel, Parkett, Drechselarbeiten usw. verwendet, ist jedoch weicher als dieses und wird entsprechend in Nordamerika als „American soft maple“ vermarktet.

1964 ernannte der US-Bundesstaat Rhode Island Acer rubrum zu seinem Wahrzeichen (State Tree).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Acer rubrum ( Javanese )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Rubrum Acer, maple abang, uga dikenal minangka rawa, banyu utawa maple alus, minangka sawijining wit deciduous wétan lan tengah Amérika Lor. A.S. Layanan alas AS nganggep minangka wit asli kang paling akèh ing Amèrika Lor. Mapel abang ing sisih kidul wètan Manitoba ing panggenan Lake of the Woods ing tapel wates karo Ontario lan Minnesota, ing wétan menyang Newfoundland, sisih kidul ing Florida, lan sisih kidul-kulon tekan sisih wètan Texas. Akèh prantiné, utamané godhongé, beda-beda bentuk. Nalika diwasa, asring tekan dhuwur kira-kira 30 m (100 ft). Kembang, petioles, ranting, lan wiji-wiji kabèh kalebu werna-werna. Nanging ing antarané fitur kasebut, luwih dikenal amarga godhong-godhongan abang ing musim gugur. Swara paling akèh, maple abang bisa dicocogaké karo kahanan situs kang amba, bisa uga kalebu wit liya ing sisih Lor Amérika Lor. Bisa ditemokaké ing tlatah rawa, ing lemah kang kurang garing, lan mèh ana ing endi waé. [4]

Tanduran apik ing papan panggenan saka segara nganti udakara 900 m (3,000 ft). Amarga godhong-godhongan musim gugur kang apik, asring digunakaké minangka wit naungan kanggo sesawangan. Iki digunakaké kanthi komersial ing skala cilik kanggo prodhuksi sirup mapel uga kanggo kayu kanggo mèdhium kwalitas kang apik. Iki uga minangka wit negara ing Pulau Rhode. Ing mapel abang bisa dianggep ganas utawa malah invasif ing alas kang enom, kaganggu, utamané alas kang dipasang. Mapel abang dianggep dèning pirang-pirang Hama, lan akèh. Precaya yèn njupuk alas lan pindhah wit-witan asli liyané, Kayata mapel gula, nanging iki mung bener nalika enom alas kang ana gangguan manungsa. Wutah kayu kang diwasa utawa tuwa, mapel abang mung duwé kebatinan, déné wit toleran kayata mapel gula, beeches, lan hemlocks berkembang. Kanthi ngilangi mapel abang saka alas enom kang pulih saka gangguan, siklus alami regenerasi alas iki diowahi, ngganti bhinéka alas nganti pirang-pirang abad kang bakal teka.[5]

Dèskripsi

Sanajan A. rubrum biasané gampang dingerteni, owah-owahan banget ing karakteristik morfologis. Iki minangka wit ukuran mèdium, tekan dhuwur saka 27 nganti 38 meter (90 nganti 120 kaki) lan ora biasa luwih saka 41 meter (135 kaki) ing sisih kidul Appalachia ing endi kahanan milih luwih gedhé. Godhong biasané 9 nganti 11 sentimeter (3 1⁄2 nganti 4 1⁄4 ing) dawa ing wit kang wis kebak. Diamèteripun batang biasané ana ing antarané 46 nganti 88 cm (18 nganti 35 ing); Nanging gumantung karo kahanan mundhak, wit kang wis thukul bisa tekan diameter nganti 153 sentimeter (60 in). Payon kasebut bakal tetep bebas cabang nganti sawetara wit ing wit-witan kang tuwuh, déné wong kang lagi thukul ing omah luwih cendhek lan luwih kandel kanthi makutha kang luwih bunder. Wit-witan ing situs kang mlarat asring dadi cacad lan ora apik.[6]Umumé makutha ora ana ovoid kanthi pucuk sudhut mlengkung kaya pucuk. Kulit kasebut awarna abu-abu lancip nalika individu kasebut isih enom. Nalika wit tuwuh kulit kulit dadi luwih peteng lan retak dadi piring sing rada dawa. Maple abang sing paling misuwur yaiku dumunung ing cedhak Armada, Michigan, kanthi dhuwur 38.1 m (125 ft) lan kurungan bole, ing dhuwur payudara, 4,95 m (16 ft 3 in).[7]

Potènsi alèrgi

Potènsi alergèn saka mapel abang bèda-bèda gumantung karo kultivar. Kultivar ing ngisor iki pancèn lanang lan akèh alergenik, kanthi peringkat alèrgi OPALS, urutané mangkéné.[8]

  • 'Autumn Flame' ('Flame')
  • 'Autumn Spire'
  • 'Columnare' ('Pyramidale')
  • 'Firedance' ('Landsburg')
  • 'Karpick'
  • 'Northwood'
  • 'October Brilliance'
  • 'Sun Valley'
  • 'Tiliford

Kultivar ing ngisor iki duwé daya alèrgi skala OPALS kurang saka telu. Padha-padha dadi wit wadon, lan nduwèni potènsi kang kurang nyebabaké alergèn.[8]

'Kamulyan Autumn'

'Bowhall'

'Davey Red'

'Doric'

'Ember'

'Festival'

'Kamulyan Oktober'

'Kulit Merah'

'Red Sunset' ('Franksred')

Ekologi

Umur maksimal abang maple yaiku 150 taun, nanging paling ora urip kurang saka 100 taun. Wit lancip kasebut gampang rusak saka es lan badai, kèwan, lan nalika digunakaké ing landskap, disabetaké lebu mabur saka tukang kebon pekarangan, supaya jamur bisa nembus lan nyebabaké rot jantung. habitat umumé amarga kemampuane ngasilake oyod sing cocog karo sawijining situs wiwit umure isih enom. Ing lokasi udan, tunas maple abang ngasilaké taproots cekak kanthi akar lateral sing dawa lan apik; nalika ing situs garing, dheweke ngembang taproots dawa kanthi lateral luwih cendhek. Akar utamane horisontal, nanging mbentuk ing ndhuwur 25 cm (9.8 ing) lemah. Wit diwasa duwé oyod sing garing nganti 25 m (82 ft). Dhèwéké ora sabar banget amarga ana banjir, kanthi siji panalitèn nuduhaké yèn banjir 60 dina ora nyebabaké kerusakan godhong. Ing wektu kang padha, padha sabar mandheg amarga kahanan garing kanggo mandheg ing kahanan garing kanthi ngasilake siram tuwuh kaping pindho nalika kahanan mundhak, sanajan tuwuh mandheg 2 minggu.[9] wit-witan iku duwé khas dhèwe-dhèwe.

Wit-witan kang tuwuh ing lorida biasane bakal mati amarga ngrusak kadhemen yen pindhah menyang sisih lor, umpamane menyang Kanada, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire lan New York, sanajan wit-witan kidul ditandur karo maple abang sisih lor. Amarga akeh, genetik wit wis adaptasi karo beda iklim.

Kembang wadon nganggo pistol abang protruding

Maple abang bisa nambah nomer kanthi signifikan nalika wit gandhengane rusak amarga penyakit, potong, utawa geni. Siji panaliten nemokake manawa 6 taun sawise ngilangi alas 3.4 hektar (8,4 hektar) alas Oak-Hickory sing ora ana maple abang, plot kasebut ngemot luwih saka 2,200 tunas maple abang saben hektar (900 saben hektar) luwih dhuwur tinimbang 1,4 m (4.6 ft). 9] Salah sawijining gandhengane, ceri ireng (Prunus serotina), ngemot asam benzoik, sing dituduhake minangka inhibitor allelopathic potensial saka pertumbuhan maple abang. Maple abang minangka salah sawijining spesies pisanan sing miwiti elongasi batang. Ing siji panaliten, elongasi batang rampung setengah saka 1 minggu, sawise tuwuhe saya suwe lan 90% rampung sajrone mung 54 dina. Ing kahanan cahya lan kelembapan sing apik, tunas bisa tuwuh 30 cm (0.98 ft) ing taun kapisan lan nganti 60 cm (2.0 ft) saben taun suwene sawetara taun, nggawe grower sing cepet.

Rujukan

  1. NatureServe (2006). "Acer rubrum". NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Version 6.1. Arlington, Virginia.
  2. "Acer rubrum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN) 2019. 2019. Dijupuk 16 June 2019.old-form url
  3. "Acer rubrum L.". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – lumantar The Plant List.
  4. Nix, Steve (2019-06-25). "Ten Most Common Trees in the United States". ThoughtCo. Dijupuk 2020-04-21.
  5. "Index_ENTS_Main". www.nativetreesociety.org. Dijupuk 2020-04-21.
  6. John R, Seiler. "Acer rubrum Fact Sheet".
  7. Mitchell, Alan F. (1978). A field guide to the trees of Britain and northern Europe (ed. 2nd ed). London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-219213-6. OCLC 5355142. CS1 dandani: Tèks keluwihen (link)
  8. a b Ogren, Thomas Leo. The allergy-fighting garden : stop asthma and allergies with smart landscaping (ed. First edition). Berkeley. ISBN 978-1-60774-491-7. OCLC 883207189. CS1 dandani: Tèks keluwihen (link)
  9. Walters, R. S.; Yawney, H. W. (1990). "Acer rubrum". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Penulis lan editor Wikipedia

Acer rubrum: Brief Summary ( Javanese )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Rubrum Acer, maple abang, uga dikenal minangka rawa, banyu utawa maple alus, minangka sawijining wit deciduous wétan lan tengah Amérika Lor. A.S. Layanan alas AS nganggep minangka wit asli kang paling akèh ing Amèrika Lor. Mapel abang ing sisih kidul wètan Manitoba ing panggenan Lake of the Woods ing tapel wates karo Ontario lan Minnesota, ing wétan menyang Newfoundland, sisih kidul ing Florida, lan sisih kidul-kulon tekan sisih wètan Texas. Akèh prantiné, utamané godhongé, beda-beda bentuk. Nalika diwasa, asring tekan dhuwur kira-kira 30 m (100 ft). Kembang, petioles, ranting, lan wiji-wiji kabèh kalebu werna-werna. Nanging ing antarané fitur kasebut, luwih dikenal amarga godhong-godhongan abang ing musim gugur. Swara paling akèh, maple abang bisa dicocogaké karo kahanan situs kang amba, bisa uga kalebu wit liya ing sisih Lor Amérika Lor. Bisa ditemokaké ing tlatah rawa, ing lemah kang kurang garing, lan mèh ana ing endi waé.

Tanduran apik ing papan panggenan saka segara nganti udakara 900 m (3,000 ft). Amarga godhong-godhongan musim gugur kang apik, asring digunakaké minangka wit naungan kanggo sesawangan. Iki digunakaké kanthi komersial ing skala cilik kanggo prodhuksi sirup mapel uga kanggo kayu kanggo mèdhium kwalitas kang apik. Iki uga minangka wit negara ing Pulau Rhode. Ing mapel abang bisa dianggep ganas utawa malah invasif ing alas kang enom, kaganggu, utamané alas kang dipasang. Mapel abang dianggep dèning pirang-pirang Hama, lan akèh. Precaya yèn njupuk alas lan pindhah wit-witan asli liyané, Kayata mapel gula, nanging iki mung bener nalika enom alas kang ana gangguan manungsa. Wutah kayu kang diwasa utawa tuwa, mapel abang mung duwé kebatinan, déné wit toleran kayata mapel gula, beeches, lan hemlocks berkembang. Kanthi ngilangi mapel abang saka alas enom kang pulih saka gangguan, siklus alami regenerasi alas iki diowahi, ngganti bhinéka alas nganti pirang-pirang abad kang bakal teka.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Penulis lan editor Wikipedia

ᏧᏩᎩ

provided by wikipedia emerging_languages
 src=
ᏂᎦᏓ ᏕᏧᎬᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏑᏫᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎭᏂ ᏧᏩᎩ.

ᏧᏩᎩ, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏥᎶᏍᎩ, ᏃᎴ ᎧᎳᏩᎩ ᏂᎦᏓ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏐᏱ ᏧᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᎢ ᏎᎦᏨ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢ ᏃᎴ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎬᏩᏛᏗ. ᏧᏩᎩ ᎤᎦᎿᏩ-ᎧᎸᎬ Manitoba Ontario ᎾᎥ ᎠᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ, Newfoundland ᏗᏣ ᎤᏪᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ. Newfoundland Florida ᏩᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᏍᏉ ᏃᎴ ᎧᎸᎬ TexasᏍᏉ ᎠᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ. ᏧᏆᎶᎦ, ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᏃᎴ ᎤᏯᎷᎦ ᎨᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᏐᏱ ᏱᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᏧᏩᎩ Florida ᏯᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪ ᏰᎵᏉ ᏙᏳ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᏩᎩ ᎧᏍᏚᏱ ᎾᎥ ᏯᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ. ᎤᎵᏰᏅ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᎭ ᏧᏩᎩ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ 100' ᎢᏂ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᏧᏩᎪ ᏓᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎦᎾᏍᏓ, ᏃᎴ ᎠᏂᏤᎢ ᏧᏆᎶᎦ ᏂᎦᏓ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ. ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᎭ, ᏙᏳ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏑᏫᏓ ᎾᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ ᏧᏩᎩ ᏧᏆᎶᎦ.

ᏧᏩᎩ ᎬᏩᏛᏗ ᏌᎷᏱ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏓ, ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎧᏲᏓ, ᏃᎴ ᏎᎦᏨ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᏰᏗᎢ ᎠᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ. ᎠᎹᎡᏉ ᎾᎥ ᎠᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ ᏃᎴ ᎦᏚᏏᏍᏉ ᎡᎯ. ᎤᏰᏟᏛ ᏙᏳ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏧᏆᎶᎦ ᎾᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᎭ ᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏧᏩᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎸᏉᏗ.

ᏙᎩᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ

 src=
ᏧᏩᎩ ᏧᏆᎶᎦ Florida ᏧᏩᏛᎮᎢ

ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏧᏩᎩ ᎬᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗᎢ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᎠᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏧᎬᎢ. ᎤᎵᏰᏃᏅ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᎭ ᏧᏩᎩ ᏧᎬᎢ, ᎡᎵᏉ 90' 120' ᏩᏍᏗ ᎢᏂ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ. ᏧᏩᎩ ᎤᏴᏣ ᎧᎴᎾ ᎦᏚᏏ ᎠᏁᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏙᏳ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ - ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ 135' ᎢᏂ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. ᏧᏩᎩ ᏧᏆᎶᎦ ᎠᎾᏥᎶᏍᎪᎢ 3.5" 4.25" ᏩᏍᏗ. ᎤᎵᏰᏃᏅ ᏧᏩᎩ ᏧᎬᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏌᏆᎵ ᎤᏥᎶᎥ 18" 35" ᏩᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ 60". ᎠᏙᎯ ᏯᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ ᏧᏩᎩ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏩᏂᎦᎳᏅ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏧᏩᎩ ᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᏯᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ, ᎡᎳᏗᎨᎢ ᏧᏩᏂᎦᎳᏅ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ. ᏧᏩᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᎢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸᎦ ᎤᏯᎷᎦ ᎤᎭ. ᏧᎬᎢ ᏯᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ, ᎬᏂᎨᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎷᎦ ᏃᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᏨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ. ᏭᏔᎾᎨ ᏧᏩᎩ ᏃᏉᏃ ᎠᎾᎧᏔᎭ 125' ᎢᏂ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. Michigan ᎠᎵᏰᎲᏍᎦ.

ᏧᏩᎩ ᏗᎦᎾᏍᏓ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏑᏫᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏃᎴ ᎦᏲᏟ ᎤᎸᏌᏗᏳᏍᏗᏍᏉ. ᏧᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎫᏓᏔᏍᎩ ᎨᏍᏗ ᏍᏓᏱ ᏱᎩ. ᎠᏤᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏩᏍᏗ ᎤᏑᏫᏓ. ᎪᎳ ᏱᎨᏐᎢ, ᏕᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎫᏓᏔᏍᎩ ᎤᏰᏟᏛ ᏧᎾᏔᏅ ᏃᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.

 src=
ᏧᏩᎩ ᏗᏥᎶᏍᏓᏅ

ᏧᏩᎩ ᏧᎬᎢ ᎠᎾᏥᎸᏍᎪᎢ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ ᏕᎷᏱ ᏩᏍᏗ. 8 ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎥ ᏧᏩᎩ ᏧᎬᎢ ᎤᏥᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᎴᏂᏍᎪᎢ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏅᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎥ ᎠᎾᎴᏂᏍᎪᎢ. ᎩᎦᎨ ᏓᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎭ ᏧᏩᎩ.

ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors

ᏧᏩᎩ: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia emerging_languages
 src= ᏂᎦᏓ ᏕᏧᎬᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏑᏫᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎭᏂ ᏧᏩᎩ.

ᏧᏩᎩ, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏥᎶᏍᎩ, ᏃᎴ ᎧᎳᏩᎩ ᏂᎦᏓ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏐᏱ ᏧᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᎢ ᏎᎦᏨ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢ ᏃᎴ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎬᏩᏛᏗ. ᏧᏩᎩ ᎤᎦᎿᏩ-ᎧᎸᎬ Manitoba Ontario ᎾᎥ ᎠᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ, Newfoundland ᏗᏣ ᎤᏪᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ. Newfoundland Florida ᏩᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᏍᏉ ᏃᎴ ᎧᎸᎬ TexasᏍᏉ ᎠᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ. ᏧᏆᎶᎦ, ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᏃᎴ ᎤᏯᎷᎦ ᎨᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᏐᏱ ᏱᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᏧᏩᎩ Florida ᏯᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪ ᏰᎵᏉ ᏙᏳ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᏩᎩ ᎧᏍᏚᏱ ᎾᎥ ᏯᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ. ᎤᎵᏰᏅ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᎭ ᏧᏩᎩ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ 100' ᎢᏂ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᏧᏩᎪ ᏓᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎦᎾᏍᏓ, ᏃᎴ ᎠᏂᏤᎢ ᏧᏆᎶᎦ ᏂᎦᏓ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ. ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᎭ, ᏙᏳ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏑᏫᏓ ᎾᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ ᏧᏩᎩ ᏧᏆᎶᎦ.

ᏧᏩᎩ ᎬᏩᏛᏗ ᏌᎷᏱ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏓ, ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎧᏲᏓ, ᏃᎴ ᏎᎦᏨ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᏰᏗᎢ ᎠᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ. ᎠᎹᎡᏉ ᎾᎥ ᎠᎵᏰᎲᏍᎪᎢ ᏃᎴ ᎦᏚᏏᏍᏉ ᎡᎯ. ᎤᏰᏟᏛ ᏙᏳ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏧᏆᎶᎦ ᎾᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᎭ ᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏧᏩᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎸᏉᏗ.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors

Acer rubrum

provided by wikipedia EN

Acer rubrum, the red maple, also known as swamp maple, water maple, or soft maple, is one of the most common and widespread deciduous trees of eastern and central North America. The U.S. Forest Service recognizes it as the most abundant native tree in eastern North America.[4] The red maple ranges from southeastern Manitoba around the Lake of the Woods on the border with Ontario and Minnesota, east to Newfoundland, south to Florida, and southwest to East Texas. Many of its features, especially its leaves, are quite variable in form. At maturity, it often attains a height around 30 m (100 ft). Its flowers, petioles, twigs, and seeds are all red to varying degrees. Among these features, however, it is best known for its brilliant deep scarlet foliage in autumn.

Over most of its range, red maple is adaptable to a very wide range of site conditions, perhaps more so than any other tree in eastern North America. It can be found growing in swamps, on poor, dry soils, and almost anywhere in between. It grows well from sea level to about 900 m (3,000 ft). Due to its attractive fall foliage and pleasing form, it is often used as a shade tree for landscapes. It is used commercially on a small scale for maple syrup production and for its medium to high quality lumber. It is also the state tree of Rhode Island. The red maple can be considered weedy or even invasive in young, highly disturbed forests, especially frequently logged forests. In a mature or old-growth northern hardwood forest, red maple only has a sparse presence, while shade-tolerant trees such as sugar maples, beeches, and hemlocks thrive. By removing red maple from a young forest recovering from disturbance, the natural cycle of forest regeneration is altered, changing the diversity of the forest for centuries to come.[5]

Description

Typical fall foliage in red maple country

Though A. rubrum is sometimes easy to identify, it is highly changeable in morphological characteristics. It is a medium to large sized tree, reaching heights of 27 to 38 m (90 to 120 ft) and exceptionally over 41 m (135 ft) in the southern Appalachians where conditions favor its growth. The leaves are usually 9 to 11 cm (3+12 to 4+14 in) long on a full-grown tree. The trunk diameter often ranges from 46 to 88 cm (18 to 35 in); depending on the growing conditions, however, open-grown trees can attain diameters of up to 153 cm (60 in). The trunk remains free of branches until some distance up the tree on forest grown trees, while individuals grown in the open are shorter and thicker with a more rounded crown. Trees on poorer sites often become malformed and scraggly.[6] Generally the crown is irregularly ovoid with ascending whip-like curved shoots. The bark is a pale grey and smooth when the individual is young. As the tree grows the bark becomes darker and cracks into slightly raised long plates.[7] The largest known living red maple is located near Armada, Michigan, at a height of 38.1 m (125 ft) and a bole circumference, at breast height, of 4.95 m (16 ft 3 in).[8]

Leaves on a branchlet from a specimen in northern Florida

The leaves of the red maple offer the easiest way to distinguish it from its relatives. As with all North American maple trees, they are deciduous and arranged oppositely on the twig. They are typically 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long and wide with three to five palmate lobes with a serrated margin. The sinuses are typically narrow, but the leaves can exhibit considerable variation.[6] When five lobes are present, the three at the terminal end are larger than the other two near the base. In contrast, the leaves of the related silver maple, A. saccharinum, are much more deeply lobed, more sharply toothed, and characteristically have five lobes. The upper side of A. rubrum's leaf is light green and the underside is whitish and can be either glaucous or hairy. The leaf stalks are usually red and are up to 10 cm (4 in) long. The leaves can turn a characteristic brilliant red in autumn, but can also become yellow or orange on some individuals. Soil acidity can influence the color of the foliage and trees with female flowers are more likely to produce orange coloration while male trees produce red. The fall colors of red maple are most spectacular in the northern part of its range where climates are cooler.

A. rubrum leaf in the autumn, top, compared to striped maple, which turns yellow, and sugar maple, which tends to orange.

The twigs of the red maple are reddish in color and somewhat shiny with small lenticels. Dwarf shoots are present on many branches. The buds are usually blunt and greenish to reddish in color, generally with several loose scales. The lateral buds are slightly stalked, and in addition, collateral buds may be present, as well. The buds form in fall and winter and are often visible from a distance due to their large size and reddish tint. The leaf scars on the twig are V-shaped and contain three bundle scars.[6]

Drawing showing male and female flower, leaf and samara

The flowers are generally unisexual, with male and female flowers appearing in separate sessile clusters, though they are sometimes also bisexual. They appear in late winter to early spring, from December[9] to May depending on elevation and latitude, usually before the leaves. The tree itself is considered polygamodioecious, meaning some individuals are male, some female, and some monoecious.[8] Under the proper conditions, the tree can sometimes switch from male to female, male to hermaphroditic, and hermaphroditic to female.[10] The red maple will begin blooming when it is about 8 years old, but it significantly varies between tree to tree: some trees may begin flowering when they are 4 years old. The flowers are red with 5 small petals and a 5-lobed calyx, usually at the twig tips. The staminate flowers are sessile. The pistillate flowers are borne on pedicels that grow out while the flowers are blooming, so that eventually the flowers are in a hanging cluster with stems 1 to 5 cm (12 to 2 in) long.[11] The petals are lineal to oblong in shape and are pubescent. The pistillate flowers have one pistil formed from two fused carpels with a glabrous superior ovary and two long styles that protrude beyond the perianth. The staminate flowers contain between 4 and 12 stamens, often with 8.[12]

The fruit is a samara 15 to 25 mm (58 to 1 in) long that grows in pairs with somewhat divergent wings at an angle of 50 to 60°. They are borne on long slender stems and are variable in color from light brown to reddish.[6] They ripen from April through early June, before even the leaf development is altogether complete. After they reach maturity, the seeds are dispersed for a 1- to 2-week period from April through July.[8]

Distribution and habitat

Acer rubrum, flowers, Quebec, Canada

Acer rubrum is one of the most abundant and widespread trees in eastern North America. It can be found from the south of Newfoundland, through Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and southern Quebec to the southwest west of Ontario, extreme southeastern Manitoba and northern Minnesota; southward through Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas in its western range; and east to Florida. It has the largest continuous range along the North American Atlantic Coast of any tree that occurs in Florida. In total it ranges 2,600 km (1,600 mi) from north to south.[8] The species is native to all regions of the United States east of the 95th meridian. The tree's range ends where the −40 °C (−40 °F) mean minimum isotherm begins, namely in southeastern Canada. A. rubrum is not present in most of the Prairie Peninsula of the northern Midwest (although it is found in Ohio), the coastal prairie in southern Louisiana and southeastern Texas and the swamp prairie of the Florida Everglades.[8] Red maple's western range stops with the Great Plains where conditions become too dry for it. The absence of red maple from the Prairie Peninsula is most likely due to the tree's poor tolerance of wildfires. Red maple is most abundant in the Northeastern US, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and northeastern Wisconsin, and is rare in the extreme west of its range and in the Southeastern US.[8]

In several other locations, the tree is absent from large areas but still present in a few specific habitats. An example is the Bluegrass region of Kentucky, where red maple is not found in the dominant open plains, but is present along streams.[13] Here the red maple is not present in the bottom land forests of the Grain Belt, despite the fact it is common in similar habitats and species associations both to the north and south of this area. In the Northeastern US, red maple can be a climax forest species in certain locations, but will eventually give way to sugar maple.[8]

A. rubrum does very well in a wide range of soil types, with varying textures, moisture, pH, and elevation, probably more so than any other forest tree in North America. A. rubrum's high pH tolerance means that it can grow in a variety of places, and it is widespread along the Eastern United States.[14] It grows on glaciated as well as unglaciated soils derived from granite, gneiss, schist, sandstone, shale, slate, conglomerate, quartzite, and limestone. Chlorosis can occur on very alkaline soils, though otherwise its pH tolerance is quite high. Moist mineral soil is best for germination of seeds.[8]

Red maple can grow in a variety of moist and dry biomes, from dry ridges and sunny, southwest-facing slopes to peat bogs and swamps. While many types of tree prefer a south- or north-facing aspect, the red maple does not appear to have a preference.[8] Its ideal conditions are in moderately well-drained, moist sites at low or intermediate elevations. However, it is nonetheless common in mountainous areas on relatively dry ridges, as well as on both the south and west sides of upper slopes. Furthermore, it is common in swampy areas, along the banks of slow moving streams, as well as on poorly drained flats and depressions. In northern Michigan and New England, the tree is found on the tops of ridges, sandy or rocky upland and otherwise dry soils, as well as in nearly pure stands on moist soils and the edges of swamps. In the far south of its range, it is almost exclusively associated with swamps.[8] Additionally, red maple is one of the most drought-tolerant species of maple in the Carolinas.[15]

Red maple is far more abundant today than when Europeans first arrived in North America. It only contributed minimally to old-growth upland forests, and would only form same-species stands in riparian zones.[8] The density of the tree in many of these areas has increased six- to seven-fold, and this trend seems to be continuing, all of which is due to human factors, mainly loss of forest management by Native Americans who managed the forests to enhance acorn production and oak tree growth.[16] This loss of management has been further enhanced by continued heavy logging and a recent trend of young, shrubby forests recovering from past human disturbances. Also, the decline of American elm and American chestnut due to introduced diseases has contributed to its spread. Red maple dominates such sites, but largely disappears until it only has a sparse presence by the time a forest is mature. This species is in fact a vital part of forest regeneration in the same way that paper birch is.

Because it can grow on a variety of substrates, has a high pH tolerance, and grows in both shade and sun, A. rubrum is a prolific seed producer and highly adaptable, often dominating disturbed sites. While many believe that it is replacing historically dominant tree species in the Eastern United States, such as sugar maples, beeches, oaks, hemlocks and pines, red maple will only dominate young forests prone to natural or human disturbance. In areas disturbed by humans where the species thrives, it can reduce diversity, but in a mature forest, it is not a dominant species; it only has a sparse presence and adds to the diversity and ecological structure of a forest. Extensive use of red maple in landscaping has also contributed to the surge in the species' numbers as volunteer seedlings proliferate. Finally, disease epidemics have greatly reduced the population of elms and chestnuts in the forests of the US. While mainline forest trees continue to dominate mesic sites with rich soil, more marginal areas are increasingly being dominated by red maple.[17]

Ecology

Red maple's maximum lifespan is 150 years, but most live less than 100 years. The tree's thin bark is easily damaged from ice and storms, animals, and when used in landscaping, being struck by flying debris from lawn mowers, allowing fungi to penetrate and cause heart rot.[8] Its ability to thrive in a large number of habitats is largely due to its ability to produce roots to suit its site from a young age. In wet locations, red maple seedlings produce short taproots with long, well-developed lateral roots; while on dry sites, they develop long taproots with significantly shorter laterals. The roots are primarily horizontal, however, forming in the upper 25 cm (9.8 in) of the ground. Mature trees have woody roots up to 25 m (82 ft) long. They are very tolerant of flooding, with one study showing that 60 days of flooding caused no leaf damage. At the same time, they are tolerant of drought due to their ability to stop growing under dry conditions by then producing a second-growth flush when conditions later improve, even if growth has stopped for 2 weeks.[8]

Samaras from a specimen in Milford, New Hampshire

A. rubrum is one of the first plants to flower in spring. A crop of seeds is generally produced every year with a bumper crop often occurring every second year. A single tree between 5 and 20 cm (2.0 and 7.9 in) in diameter can produce between 12,000 and 91,000 seeds in a season. A tree 30 cm (0.98 ft) in diameter was shown to produce nearly a million seeds.[8] Red maple produces one of the smallest seeds of any of the maples.[15] Fertilization has also been shown to significantly increase the seed yield for up to two years after application.

The seeds are epigeal and tend to germinate in early summer soon after they are released, assuming a small amount of light, moisture, and sufficient temperatures are present. If the seeds are densely shaded, then germination commonly does not occur until the next spring. Most seedlings do not survive in closed forest canopy situations. However, one- to four-year-old seedlings are common under dense canopy. Though they eventually die if no light reaches them, they serve as a reservoir, waiting to fill any open area of the canopy above.

Trees growing in a Zone 9 or 10 area such as Florida will usually die from cold damage if transferred up north, for instance to Canada, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire and New York, even if the southern trees were planted with northern red maples. Due to their wide range, genetically the trees have adapted to the climatic differences.

Female flowers with red pistils protruding

Red maple is able to increase its numbers significantly when associate trees are damaged by disease, cutting, or fire. One study found that 6 years after clearcutting a 3.4 hectares (8.4 acres) Oak-Hickory forest containing no red maples, the plot contained more than 2,200 red maple seedlings per hectare (900 per acre) taller than 1.4 m (4.6 ft).[8] One of its associates, the black cherry (Prunus serotina), contains benzoic acid, which has been shown to be a potential allelopathic inhibitor of red maple growth. Red maple is one of the first species to start stem elongation. In one study, stem elongation was one-half completed in 1 week, after which growth slowed and was 90% completed within only 54 days. In good light and moisture conditions, the seedlings can grow 30 cm (0.98 ft) in their first year and up to 60 cm (2.0 ft) each year for the next few years, making it a fast grower.[8]

Flowerbuds in spring before blooming

The red maple is used as a food source by several forms of wildlife. Elk and white-tailed deer in particular use the current season's growth of red maple as an important source of winter food. Several Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) utilize the leaves as food, including larvae of the rosy maple moth (Dryocampa rubicunda); see List of Lepidoptera that feed on maples.

Due to A. rubrum's very wide range, there is significant variation in hardiness, size, form, time of flushing, onset of dormancy, and other traits. Generally speaking, individuals from the north flush the earliest, have the most reddish fall color, set their buds the earliest and take the least winter injury. Seedlings are tallest in the north-central and east-central part of the range. In Florida, at the extreme south of the red maple's range, it is limited exclusively to swamplands. The fruits also vary geographically with northern individuals in areas with brief, frost-free periods producing fruits that are shorter and heavier than their southern counterparts. As a result of such variation, there is much genetic potential for breeding programs with a goal of producing red maples for cultivation. This is especially useful for making urban cultivars that require resistance from verticillium wilt, air pollution, and drought.[8]

Acer × freemanii 'Jeffersred' in Toronto

Red maple frequently hybridizes with silver maple; the hybrid, known as Freeman's maple, Acer × freemanii, is intermediate between the parents.

Allergenic potential

Male flowers

The allergenic potential of red maples varies widely based on the cultivar.

The following cultivars are completely male and are highly allergenic, with an OPALS allergy scale rating of 8 or higher:[18]

  • 'Autumn Flame' ('Flame')
  • 'Autumn Spire'
  • 'Columnare' ('Pyramidale')
  • 'Firedance' ('Landsburg')
  • 'Karpick'
  • 'Northwood'
  • 'October Brilliance'
  • 'Sun Valley'
  • 'Tiliford'

The following cultivars have an OPALS allergy scale rating of 3 or lower; they are completely female trees, and have low potential for causing allergies:[18]

  • 'Autumn Glory'
  • 'Bowhall'
  • 'Davey Red'
  • 'Doric'
  • 'Embers'
  • 'Festival'
  • 'October Glory'
  • 'Red Skin'
  • 'Red Sunset' ('Franksred')

Toxicity

The leaves of red maple, especially when dead or wilted, are extremely toxic to horses. The toxin is unknown, but believed to be an oxidant because it damages red blood cells, causing acute oxidative hemolysis that inhibits the transport of oxygen. This not only decreases oxygen delivery to all tissues, but also leads to the production of methemoglobin, which can further damage the kidneys. The ingestion of 700 grams (1.5 pounds) of leaves is considered toxic and 1.4 kilograms (3 pounds) is lethal. Symptoms occur within one or two days after ingestion and can include depression, lethargy, increased rate and depth of breathing, increased heart rate, jaundice, dark brown urine, colic, laminitis, coma, and death. Treatment is limited and can include the use of methylene blue or mineral oil and activated carbon in order to stop further absorption of the toxin into the stomach, as well as blood transfusions, fluid support, diuretics, and anti-oxidants such as Vitamin C. About 50% to 75% of affected horses die or are euthanized as a result.[19]

Cultivation

Mature bark, at Hemingway, South Carolina

Red maple's rapid growth, ease of transplanting, attractive form, and value for wildlife (in the eastern US) has made it one of the most extensively planted trees. In parts of the Pacific Northwest, it is one of the most common introduced trees. Its popularity in cultivation stems from its vigorous habit, its attractive and early red flowers, and most importantly, its flaming red fall foliage. The tree was introduced into the United Kingdom in 1656 and shortly thereafter entered cultivation. There it is frequently found in many parks and yards.[7]

Red maple is a good choice of a tree for urban areas when there is ample room for its root system. Forming an association with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi can help A. rubrum grow along city streets.[20] It is more tolerant of pollution and road salt than sugar maples, although the tree's fall foliage is not as vibrant in this environment. Like several other maples, its low root system can be invasive and it makes a poor choice for plantings near paving. It attracts squirrels, who eat its buds in the early spring, although squirrels prefer the larger buds of the silver maple.[21]

Red maples make vibrant and colorful bonsai, and have year around attractive features for display.[22]

Specimen showing variation of autumn leaf coloration

Cultivars

Numerous cultivars have been selected, often for intensity of fall color, with 'October Glory' and 'Red Sunset' among the most popular. Toward its southern limit, 'Fireburst', 'Florida Flame', and 'Gulf Ember' are preferred. Many cultivars of the Freeman maple are also grown widely. Below is a partial list of cultivars:[23][24]

  • 'Armstrong' – Columnar to fastigate in shape with silvery bark and modest orange to red fall foliage.
  • 'Autumn Blaze' – Rounded oval form with leaves that resemble the silver maple. The fall color is orange red and persists longer than usual.
  • 'Autumn Flame' – A fast grower with exceptional bright red fall color developing early. The leaves are also smaller than the species.
  • 'Autumn Radiance' – Dense oval crown with an orange-red fall color.
  • 'Autumn Spire' – Broad columnar crown; red fall color; very hardy.
  • 'Bowhall' – Conical to upright in form with a yellow-red fall color.
  • 'Burgundy Bell' – Compact rounded uniform shape with long lasting, burgundy fall leaves.
  • 'Columnare' – An old cultivar growing to 20 metres (66 feet) with a narrow columnar to pyramidal form with dark green leaves turning orange and deep red in fall.
  • 'Gerling' – A compact, slow growing selection, this individual only reaches 10 metres (33 feet) and has orange-red fall foliage.
  • 'Northwood' – Branches are at a 45 degree angle to the trunk, forming a rounded oval crown. Though the foliage is deep green in summer, its orange-red fall color is not as impressive as other cultivars.
  • 'October Brilliance' – This selection is slow to leaf in spring, but has a tight crown and deep red fall color.
  • 'October Glory' – Has a rounded oval crown with late developing intense red fall foliage. Along with 'Red Sunset', it is the most popular selection due to the dependable fall color and vigorous growth. This cultivar has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[25]
  • 'Redpointe' – Superior in alkaline soil, strong central leader, red fall color.
  • 'Red Sunset' – is also a recipient of the Award of Garden Merit.[26] The other very popular choice, this selection does well in heat due to its drought tolerance and has an upright habit. It has very attractive orange-red fall color and is also a rapid and vigorous grower.
  • 'Scarlet Sentinel' – A columnar to oval selection with 5-lobed leaves resembling the silver maple. The fall color is yellow-orange to orange-red and the tree is a fast grower.
  • 'Schlesingeri' – A tree with a broad crown and early, long lasting fall color that is a deep red to reddish purple. Growth is also quite rapid. The original tree grew at the home of Barthold Schlesinger in Brookline, Massachusetts.[27]
  • 'Shade King' – This fast growing cultivar has an upright-oval form with deep green summer leaves that turn red to orange in fall.
  • 'V.J. Drake' – This selection is notable because the edges of the leaves first turn a deep red before the color progresses into the center.

Other uses

Red maple may be used for syrup, but its short harvest season reduces its commercial viability

In the lumber industry Acer rubrum is considered a "soft maple", a designation it shares, commercially, with silver maple (A. saccharinum). In this context, the term "soft" is more comparative, than descriptive; i.e., "soft maple", while softer than its harder cousin, sugar maple (A. saccharum), is still a fairly hard wood, being comparable to black cherry (Prunus serotina) in this regard. Like A. saccharum, the wood of red maple is close-grained, but its texture is softer, less dense, and has not as desirable an appearance, particularly under a clear finish. However, the wood from Acer rubrum while being typically less expensive than hard maple, also has greater dimensional stability than that of A. saccharum, and also machines and stains easier. Thus, high grades of wood from the red maple can be substituted for hard maple, particularly when it comes to making stain/paint-grade furniture. Red maple lumber also contains a greater percentage of "curly" (aka "flame"/"fiddleback") figure, which is prized by musical instrument/custom furniture makers, as well as the veneer industry. As a soft maple, the wood tends to shrink more during the drying process than with the hard maples.

Red maple is also used for the production of maple syrup, though the hard maples Acer saccharum (sugar maple) and Acer nigrum (black maple) are more commonly utilized. One study compared the sap and syrup from the sugar maple with those of the red maple, as well as those of the Acer saccharinum (silver maple), Acer negundo (boxelder), and Acer platanoides (Norway maple), and all were found to be equal in sweetness, flavor, and quality. However, the buds of red maple and other soft maples emerge much earlier in the spring than the sugar maple, and after sprouting chemical makeup of the sap changes, imparting an undesirable flavor to the syrup. This being the case, red maple can only be tapped for syrup before the buds emerge, making the season very short.[8]

Native Americans used red maple bark as a wash for inflamed eyes and cataracts, and as a remedy for hives and muscular aches. They also would brew tea from the inner bark to treat coughs and diarrhea. Pioneers made cinnamon-brown and black dyes from a bark extract, and iron sulphate could be added to the tannin from red maple bark in order to make ink.[28]

Red maple is a medium quality firewood,[29] possessing less heat energy, nominally 5.4 gigajoules per cubic metre (18.7 million British thermal units per cord) , than other hardwoods such as ash: 7.0 GJ/m3 (24 million British thermal units per cord), oak: 7.0 GJ/m3 (24 million British thermal units per cord), or birch: 6.1 GJ/m3 (21 million British thermal units per cord).

See also

References

  1. ^ Crowley, D.; Barstow, M. (2017). "Acer rubrum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T193860A2287111. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T193860A2287111.en. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  2. ^ NatureServe (2 June 2023). "Acer rubrum". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  3. ^ "Acer rubrum L.". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  4. ^ Nix, Steve. "Ten Most Common Trees in the United States". About.com Forestry. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  5. ^ Stevens, William K. (27 April 1999). "Eastern Forests Change Color As Red Maples Proliferate". New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d Seiler, John R.; Jensen, Edward C.; Peterson, John A. "Acer rubrum Fact Sheet". Virginia Tech Dendrology Tree Fact Sheets. Virginia Tech. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  7. ^ a b Mitchell, A. F. (1974). Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. London: Harper Collins Publishers. p. 347. ISBN 0-00-219213-6.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Walters, R. S.; Yawney, H. W. (1990). "Acer rubrum". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2. Retrieved 9 May 2007 – via Southern Research Station.
  9. ^ Gilman, Edward F.; Watson, Dennis G.; Klein, Ryan W.; Koeser, Andrew K.; Hilbert, Deborah R.; McLean, Drew C. "Acer rubrum: Red Maple" (PDF). Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension, University of Florida. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
  10. ^ Primack, R.B.; McCall, C. (1986). "Gender Variation in Red Maple Populations (Acer rubrum; Aceraceae): A Seven-Year Study of a "Polygamodioecious" Species". American Journal of Botany. 73 (9): 1239–1248. doi:10.2307/2444057. JSTOR 2444057.
  11. ^ Hilty, John (2020). "Red Maple (Acer rubrum)". Illinois Wildflowers. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  12. ^ Goertz, D. "Acer rubrum plant description". Northern Ontario Plant Database. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
  13. ^ Campbell, J. (1985). The Land of Cane and Clover: Pre-settlement Vegetation in the So-called Bluegrass Region of Kentucky (Report). Lexington: The Herbarium, University of Kentucky. p. 25. Unpublished manuscript.
  14. ^ DeForest, Jared L.; McCarthy, Brian C. (2011). "Diminished Soil Quality in an Old-Growth, Mixed Mesophytic Forest Following Chronic Acid Deposition Diminished Soil Quality in an Old-growth, Mixed Mesophytic Forest Following Chronic Acid Deposition". Northeast Naturalist. 18 (2): 177–184. doi:10.1656/045.018.0204. S2CID 84557378.
  15. ^ a b Miller, J.H., & Miller, K.V. (1999). Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Champaign, IL: Kings Time Printing.
  16. ^ Oaster, Brian (21 October 2020). "Native land management could save us from wildfires, experts say". Street Roots. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  17. ^ Abrams, Marc D. (May 1998). "The Red Maple Paradox". BioScience. 48 (5): 335–364. doi:10.2307/1313374. JSTOR 1313374.
  18. ^ a b Ogren, Thomas (2015). The Allergy-Fighting Garden. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-1-60774-491-7.
  19. ^ Goetz, R. J. "Red Maple Toxicity". Indiana Plants Poisonous to Livestock and Pets. Purdue University. Archived from the original on May 5, 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
  20. ^ Appleton, Bonnie; Koci, Joel (2003). "Mycorrhizal Fungal Inoculation of Established Street Trees". Journal of Arboriculture. 29 (2): 107–110.
  21. ^ Reichard, Timothy A. (October 1976). "Spring Food Habits and Feeding Behavior of Fox Squirrels and Red Squirrels". American Midland Naturalist. 96 (2): 443–450. doi:10.2307/2424082. JSTOR 2424082.
  22. ^ D'Cruz, Mark. "Acer Rubrum Bonsai Care Guide". Ma-Ke Bonsai. Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  23. ^ Evans, E. "Select Acer rubrum Cultivars". North Carolina State University.
  24. ^ Gilman, E. F.; Watson, Dennis G. "Acer rubrum 'Gerling'". University of Florida.
  25. ^ "RHS Plant Selector Acer rubrum 'October Glory' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
  26. ^ "Acer rubrum Red Sunset ('Franksred')". RHS. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  27. ^ Dosmann, Michael S. (2009). "Autumn's Harbinger: Acer rubrum 'Schlesingeri'". Arnoldia. 67 (2): 32–33. Retrieved 6 June 2023 – via Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.
  28. ^ Nesom, Guy (24 May 2006). "Plant Guide: Red Maple, Acer rubrum L." (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  29. ^ Michael Kuhns and Tom Schmidt (n.d.). "Heating With Wood: Species Characteristics and Volumes". UtahState University Cooperative Extension.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Acer rubrum: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Acer rubrum, the red maple, also known as swamp maple, water maple, or soft maple, is one of the most common and widespread deciduous trees of eastern and central North America. The U.S. Forest Service recognizes it as the most abundant native tree in eastern North America. The red maple ranges from southeastern Manitoba around the Lake of the Woods on the border with Ontario and Minnesota, east to Newfoundland, south to Florida, and southwest to East Texas. Many of its features, especially its leaves, are quite variable in form. At maturity, it often attains a height around 30 m (100 ft). Its flowers, petioles, twigs, and seeds are all red to varying degrees. Among these features, however, it is best known for its brilliant deep scarlet foliage in autumn.

Over most of its range, red maple is adaptable to a very wide range of site conditions, perhaps more so than any other tree in eastern North America. It can be found growing in swamps, on poor, dry soils, and almost anywhere in between. It grows well from sea level to about 900 m (3,000 ft). Due to its attractive fall foliage and pleasing form, it is often used as a shade tree for landscapes. It is used commercially on a small scale for maple syrup production and for its medium to high quality lumber. It is also the state tree of Rhode Island. The red maple can be considered weedy or even invasive in young, highly disturbed forests, especially frequently logged forests. In a mature or old-growth northern hardwood forest, red maple only has a sparse presence, while shade-tolerant trees such as sugar maples, beeches, and hemlocks thrive. By removing red maple from a young forest recovering from disturbance, the natural cycle of forest regeneration is altered, changing the diversity of the forest for centuries to come.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Acer rubrum ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Acer binzayedii, el arce rojo americano,[1]arce de Virginia,[2]arce rojo o arce de Canadá es uno de los árboles caducos más comunes y extendidos del este de Norteamérica. Su distribución va desde el lago de los Bosques en la frontera entre Ontario y Minnesota, al este hasta Terranova, al sur hasta cerca de Miami (Florida), y al sudoeste hasta el este de Texas, hasta el centro y sur del oeste de México mayormente en el estado de Tamaulipas. Es ampliamente cultivado en parques y jardines, en donde existe una gran variedad de cultivares. Su savia también se utiliza para producir jarabe de arce.

 src=
Hoja de arce rojo de un ejemplar del norte de Florida.
 src=
Flores.
 src=
Sámaras en Milford (Nuevo Hampshire). El fruto del arce rojo madura y cae en primavera.
 src=
Vista del árbol.
 src=
Ilustración.
 src=
Como bonsái.

Distribución y hábitat

En la mayoría de su extensión, el arce rojo se adapta a un amplio rango de condiciones en su emplazamiento. Se puede encontrar creciendo en ciénagas, en tierras áridas, y en cualquier caso entre medio. También tolera un amplio rango de pH, aunque la clorosis puede ocurrir en tierras más alcalinas.

Descripción

Es un árbol de tamaño medio-grande que alcanza alturas de 20-30 m (raramente más de 40 m), un diámetro de 0,5 a cerca de 2 m, y puede vivir durante 100-200 años, ocasionalmente más tiempo.

Aunque es generalmente bastante fácil de identificar, el arce rojo es probablemente el arce más altamente variable en sus características morfológicas de todos los de Norteamérica. Las hojas son la mejor manera de distinguirlo de otros arces. Como otros arces americanos, son caducifolios y ordenados en dirección contraria a la rama. Las hojas de los arce rojo tienen típicamente una longitud de 5-10 cm y la misma amplitud con 3-5 lóbulos dentados irregulares (en cambio, las hojas del cercanamente relacionado arce plateado (Acer saccharinum) tienen muescas mucho más profundas y característicamente tiene 5 lóbulos). La parte superior de la hoja es verde claro y la parte inferior es blanquecina. Los tallos de las hojas son normalmente rojos, como lo son las ramas. Las hojas cambian a un rojo brillante en otoño.

Las ramas del arce rojo van de rojo a grisáceo-marrón y son lampiñas. Los brotes enanos están presentes en muchas ramas. En invierno, las ramas llevan grupos de capullos de flores, fácilmente vistos a distancia. Las ramas del arce rojo son casi imposible de distinguir de esas del arce plateado, excepto que el último tienen un desagradable olor cuando se estropean.

Las flores son de un único sexo, con flores masculinas y femeninas en grupos separados, aunque normalmente en el mismo árbol. En la femenina (semilla), las flores son rojas con 5 pétalos muy pequeños y sépalos terminales en grupos, normalmente en la punta de las ramas. Las flores masculinas (polen) no son más que estambres amarillos salientes de brotes enanos en las ramas. Ambos tipos de flores se encuentran en el mismo árbol, pero los árboles jóvenes pueden producir solo un tipo. La floración comienza a principios de año después de 1-30 sumas térmicas.

El fruto es una sámara, variable en color desde rojo a marrón hasta amarillo. Las sámaras tienen una longitud de 15-25 mm y terminan en parejas en un ángulo de 50-60 grados. Maduran a finales de mayo o principios de junio.

El arce rojo frecuentemente híbrida con el arce plateado; el híbrido, conocido como Acer x freemanii, es el intermedio entre los padres.

Cultivo y usos

Crece ampliamente como un árbol ornamental en parques y grandes jardines, excepto donde las tierras son alcalinas o saladas. En partes del noroeste del Pacífico, es uno de los más árboles más comúnmente introducidos. Numerosos cultivares han sido seleccionados, a menudo por su intensidad de color de caída, estando 'October Glory' y 'Red Sunset' entre los más populares. Hacia su límite del sur, 'Fireburst', 'Florida Flame', y 'Gulf Ember' son los preferidos. Muchos cultivares del Acer x freemanii también crecen ampliamente.

Es una buena opción de árbol para las áreas urbanas cuando hay un amplio espacio para sus raíces. Es excelente resistiendo duras condiciones urbanas, incluyendo la tolerancia tanto de tierras secas como húmedas, y una mayor tolerancia a la contaminación que el arce azucarero. Como otros arces, su raíces pueden ser invasivas, lo que lo convierte en una mala elección para plantaciones en estrechas franjas entre la acera y la calle, aunque es probablemente una mejor opción que los arces plateados o azucareros. Como el Arce plateado, atrae ardillas, que comen sus brotes a principios de primavera, aunque las ardillas prefieren los más grandes brotes del arce plateado.

Usos

Su savia puede usarse para producir jarabe de arce o azúcar, pero es menos dulce que la del arce azucarero. Sin embargo, produce generalmente jarabe de arce de sabor más fuerte.

Taxonomía

Acer rubrum fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 1055. 1753.[3]

Etimología

Acer: nombre genérico que procede del latín ǎcěr, -ĕris = (afilado), referido a las puntas características de las hojas o a la dureza de la madera que, supuestamente, se utilizaría para fabricar lanzas. Ya citado en, entre otros, Plinio el Viejo, 16, XXVI/XXVII, refiriéndose a unas cuantas especies de Arce.[4]

rubrum: epíteto latíno que significa "de color rojo".[5]

Sinonimia
  • Acer palmifolium Borkh. [1795]
  • Acer palliderubrum Weston [1775]
  • Acer glaucum Marshall [1785]
  • Acer eriocarpum Michx. [1803]
  • Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. [1789]
  • Acer collinsonia Thunb. [1793]
  • Sacchrosphendamnus saccharina (L.) Nieuwl. [1914]
  • Argentacer saccharinum (L.) Small[6]
  • Acer carolinianum Walter
  • Acer coccineum F.Michx.
  • Acer drummondii Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.
  • Acer fulgens Dippel
  • Acer hypoleucum K.Koch
  • Acer microphyllum Pax
  • Acer sanguineum Spach
  • Acer semiorbiculatum Pax
  • Acer splendens Dippel
  • Acer wagneri Wesm.
  • Rufacer carolinianum (Walter) Small
  • Rufacer drummondii (Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.) Small
  • Rufacer rubrum (L.) Small[7]

Referencias

  1. Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. 978-84-282-1400-1. Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.
  2. Colmeiro, Miguel: «Diccionario de los diversos nombres vulgares de muchas plantas usuales ó notables del antiguo y nuevo mundo», Madrid, 1871.
  3. Acer rubrum en Trópicos
  4. Texto Latín de Plinio el Viejo, Libro 16 - En Pliny the Elder: the Natural History, Chicago University, 2006
  5. En Epítetos Botánicos
  6. En Tela Botánica
  7. Acer rubrum en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Bailey, L.H. & E.Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third i–xiv, 1–1290. MacMillan, New York.
  2. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  3. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  4. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  5. Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.E. U.S. Dicot. 1–944. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens.
  6. Long, R. W. & O. K. Lakela. 1971. Fl. Trop. Florida i–xvii, 1–962. University of Miami Press, Coral Cables.

Reference article Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

  1. Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3: 547–1115. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
  2. Voss, E. G. 1985. Michigan Flora. Part II Dicots (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 59. xix + 724.
  3. Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Acer rubrum: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Acer binzayedii, el arce rojo americano,​ arce de Virginia,​ arce rojo o arce de Canadá es uno de los árboles caducos más comunes y extendidos del este de Norteamérica. Su distribución va desde el lago de los Bosques en la frontera entre Ontario y Minnesota, al este hasta Terranova, al sur hasta cerca de Miami (Florida), y al sudoeste hasta el este de Texas, hasta el centro y sur del oeste de México mayormente en el estado de Tamaulipas. Es ampliamente cultivado en parques y jardines, en donde existe una gran variedad de cultivares. Su savia también se utiliza para producir jarabe de arce.

 src= Hoja de arce rojo de un ejemplar del norte de Florida.  src= Flores.  src= Sámaras en Milford (Nuevo Hampshire). El fruto del arce rojo madura y cae en primavera.  src= Vista del árbol.  src= Ilustración.  src= Como bonsái.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Astigar gorri ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Astigar gorria (Acer rubrum) Sapindaceae familiako zuhaitz espezie bat da, hosto erorkorrekoa.

Jatorriz Kanadakoa, XVII. mendearen erdialdean ekarri zuten Europara.

Ezaugarriak

Loreak helikopteroko formakoak dira. Bere izerdia Kanadan erabiltzen zuten zauriak sendatzeko. Bere jatorria Kanada da eta horregatik Kanadako banderan horrelako hosto gorri bat agertzen da. Enborra gris iluna eta leuna du. Loreak udaberrian agertzen dira, txikiak eta gorriak, hostoak baino lehen. Fruituak samarrak dira.

Bere zur gogorra oso preziatua da marketeria egiteko.

Hostoak

Hosto erorkorrekoa da. Hasieran berde ilunak dira gainaldetik eta zurizkoak azpialdetik, gorrira mudatzen dira udazkenean.

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Astigar gorri: Brief Summary ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Astigar gorria (Acer rubrum) Sapindaceae familiako zuhaitz espezie bat da, hosto erorkorrekoa.

Jatorriz Kanadakoa, XVII. mendearen erdialdean ekarri zuten Europara.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Punavaahtera ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Punavaahtera (Acer rubrum)[2][3] on saippuamarjakasveihin kuuluva puulaji vaahteroiden suvussa. Se kasvaa luontaisena suuressa osaa Pohjois-Amerikan itäosia. Laji on saanut nimensä kirkkaanpunaisista kukistaan ja syysväristään, joiden vuoksi se on suosittu koristepuu.[4][5]

Kuvaus

 src=
Punavaahteran lehtiä.

Punavaahtera on keskisuuri kesävihanta puu. Se kasvaa noin 25 metriä korkeaksi.[6] Latvus on epäsäännöllisen pyöreähkö.[4] Oksat ovat kohenevia tai harittavia. Runko on usein puolivälistään alaspäin oksaton. Nuoret versot ovat kiiltävän punapintaisia. Kaarna on nuorilla yksilöillä vaaleanharmaata ja sileää, vanhemmiten tummempaa ja kapean uurteista.[6] Puun juuristo on suurimmaksi osaksi pinnanmyötäinen.[7]

Lehdet ovat kolmi- tai viisiliuskaisesti sormijakoisia. Ne ovat ruodillisia, vastakkaisesti asettuneita, kaljuja ja sahalaitaisia. Lehtiruoti on noin 10 senttimetriä pitkä ja lehtilapa enimmillään 15 senttimetriä pitkä.[6] Lehtilapa on päältä vihreä ja alta hopeanharmahtava, puhjetessaan lehdet ovat punertavia. Lehtien syysväritys on punainen, oranssi tai kullankeltainen.[4] Silmut ovat punaisia ja kaljuja.[6]

Kukat kasvavat varrettomissa ryppäissä. Yhdellä puuyksilöllä on tavallisesti sekä kaksineuvoisia kukkia että joko yksineuvoisia hedekukkia tai emikukkia. Kukat puhkeavat huhti-toukokuussa ennen lehtiä. Sekä verho- että terälehtiä on viisi. Teriö on punainen. Heteitä on 4–12. Kukassa on kaksi emiä. Sikiäin on kehänpäällinen.[6]

Hedelmä on kaksilohkoinen siivekäs lohkohedelmä. Se on enimmillään noin 2,5 senttimetriä pitkä.[6] Puu alkaa kukkia ja tuottaa siemeniä varhain ja jo nelivuotiaiden puiden tiedetään tuottaneen hedelmiä. Hedelmät kypsyvät yleensä loppukeväällä tai alkukesällä.[7]

 src=
Punavaahteran kukkia.

Punavaahtera on suhteellisen lyhytikäinen puu. Se kasvaa täyteen mittaansa yleensä noin 70–80 vuodessa ja harvoin elää yli 150 vuotta vanhaksi. Laji on hyvin nopeakasvuinen nuorena, mutta kasvunopeus hidastuu huomattavasti vanhemmiten. Kaadetun puun kanto tuottaa yleensä runsaasti kantovesoja. Puu ei kuitenkaan muuten tavallisesti lisäänny kasvullisesti.[7]

Levinneisyys

Punavaahteraa esiintyy luonnonvaraisena laajalla alueella itäisessä Pohjois-Amerikassa Itä-Kanadasta Yhdysvaltain Floridaan asti.[6] Se on yksi itäisen Pohjois-Amerikan yleisimmistä ja laajalle levinneimmistä puulajeista.[7]

Punavaahteralla esiintyy laajan levinneisyysalueensa eri osissa suurta lajinsisäistä geneettistä vaihtelua. Lajin tiedetään risteytyvän luonnossa hopeavaahteran (Acer saccharinum) kanssa.[7]

Elinympäristö

Punavaahtera menestyy hyvin monentyyppisillä maaperillä ja vaihtelevissa ilmasto-olosuhteissa. Laji ei kuitenkaan kestä erittäin kuivia alueita. Punavaahtera kasvaa monentyyppisissä metsissä. Se saattaa muodostaa lähes yksilajisia metsiköitä varsinkin levinneisyysalueensa koillisosissa. Se kasvaa usein myös monilajissa lehtimetsissä ja havupuuvaltaisissa sekametsissä. Laji sietää jonkin verran varjostusta, mutta ei yleensä pysty itämään ja kasvamaan tiheän metsän täydessä varjostuksessa. Puuta pidetään usein varsin alttiina monenlaisille kasvitaudeille.[7]

Käyttö

 src=
Bonsaiksi kasvatettuja punavaahteroita.

Punavaahteraa käytetään paljon koristepuuna, varsinkin puistopuuna. Sitä arvostetaan varsinkin kirkkaan syysvärityksensä vuoksi.[7] Lajista on kehitetty useita viljelylajikkeita koristekäyttöön.[5] Se soveltuu myös bonsaiksi.[8]

Punavaahteran puuta käytetään rakentamiseen ja huonekalujen valmistukseen. Sen puuainesta pidetään kuitenkin useiden muiden vaahteralajien puuta teknisesti heikompilaatuisena.[7]

Punavaahteran mahlaa voidaan käyttää vaahterasiirapin valmistukseen, joskin yleensä tähän tarkoitukseen käytetään sokerivaahteraa (Acer saccharum) ja mustavaahteraa. (Acer nigrum). Koska punavaahteran silmut puhkeavat aikaisemmin keväällä kuin useimpien muiden vaahteralajien ja koska mahlan kemiallinen koostumus muuttuu silmujen puhjetessa siirapinvalmistukseen sopimattomaksi, punavaahteran mahlan keräämisen kausi on huomattavasti lyhyempi kuin sokeri- tai mustavaahteralla.[7]

Lähteet

  • Alan Mitchell & John Wilkinson: Euroopan puuopas. Suomentanut Arto Kurtto. Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, 2009. ISBN 951-1-14705-6.
  • Russell S. Walters & Harry W. Yawney: Red Maple, Acer rubrum Silvics Manual, vol. 2. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Viitattu 14.10.2012. (englanniksi)
  • Derek Goertz: Acer rubrum Northern Ontario Plant Database. Algoma University College and Great Lakes Forestry Centre. Viitattu 14.10.2012. (englanniksi)

Viitteet

  1. Acer rubrum L. GRIN Taxonomy for Plants. Germplasm Resources Information Network. Viitattu 14.10.2012. (englanniksi)
  2. Ella Räty: Viljelykasvien nimistö, s. 15. Helsinki: Puutarhaliiton julkaisuja, 2012. ISBN 978-951-8942-92-7.
  3. ONKI-ontologiapalvelu, Kassu (suomenkieliset nimet) Suomen Biologian Seura Vanamon putkilokasvien nimistötoimikunta. Viitattu 14.10.2012.
  4. a b c Mitchell & Wilkinson, s. 221.
  5. a b Acer rubrum - punavaahtera Arboretum Mustila. Viitattu 14.10.2012.
  6. a b c d e f g Goertz.
  7. a b c d e f g h i Walters & Yawney.
  8. Jim Lewis: The Red Maple as Bonsai evergreengardenworks.com. Viitattu 14.10.2012.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FI

Punavaahtera: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Punavaahtera (Acer rubrum) on saippuamarjakasveihin kuuluva puulaji vaahteroiden suvussa. Se kasvaa luontaisena suuressa osaa Pohjois-Amerikan itäosia. Laji on saanut nimensä kirkkaanpunaisista kukistaan ja syysväristään, joiden vuoksi se on suosittu koristepuu.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FI

Érable rouge ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Acer rubrum

L'Érable rouge (Acer rubrum) est une espèce d'arbres de la famille des Sapindaceae[1], originaire de l’est du Canada et des États-Unis, et largement cultivé comme arbre d'ornement. Il est l'arbre-emblème de l'État de Rhode Island. Il a pour synonymes le plaine ou plaine rouge au Canada et il est parfois appelé l’érable de Virginie en France.

Description

 src=
Feuille d'érable rouge en automne.
 src=
Feuilles d'érable rouge en début d'automne.
 src=
Écorce d'érable rouge à Hemingway (Caroline du Sud).
 src=
Bisamares d'érables rouges à Milford (New Hampshire) en 2004.

L'Érable rouge est un arbre de taille moyenne, possédant une écorce gris foncé et lisse, pouvant atteindre des hauteurs de 15 à 30 mètres[2] (jusqu'à 40 m), un diamètre de 0,5 à près de 2 m, et peut vivre de 100 à 200 ans, parfois plus.

Bien qu'il soit généralement assez facile à identifier, l'érable rouge est, de tous les érables d'Amérique du Nord, le plus sujet à des variations de ses caractéristiques morphologiques[3].

Les feuilles de l'érable rouge sont les plus aisées à distinguer de celles des autres érables. Comme chez tous les érables américains, elles sont caduques et disposées en opposition sur la tige. Elles font en moyenne 5 à 10 cm de long pour une largeur identique, et sont divisées en trois à cinq lobes irrégulièrement dentés[3]. La face supérieure des feuilles est vert clair tandis que la face inférieure est blanchâtre. Les feuilles prennent de belles couleurs à l'automne, du jaune à l'orange, au rouge vif, cette coloration étant plus accentuée en sol humide qu'en sol sec[3]. La coloration automnale dépend en grande partie de la génétique de l'arbre.

Les pétioles sont habituellement rouges, de même que les rameaux.

En comparaison, les feuilles de l'espèce apparentée proche, l'érable argenté (Acer saccharinum), sont plus profondément lobées et ont presque toujours cinq lobes. Le pétiole de la feuille d'érable rouge est beaucoup plus court et d'un rouge plus vif ; les lobes sont plus trapus et les dents beaucoup plus régulières et rapprochées[3].

Les rameaux de l'érable rouge ont une écorce rouge à gris-brun et glabre. Des pousses naines sont présentes sur de nombreuses branches. En hiver, les rameaux portent des bouquets de bourgeons floraux. Les rameaux de l'érable rouge sont pratiquement impossibles à distinguer de ceux de l'érable argenté, sauf que ces derniers exhalent une odeur désagréable quand ils sont froissés[3].

Les fleurs sont unisexuées, les fleurs mâles et femelles se trouvant dans des inflorescences distinctes, sur le même arbre ou sur des arbres différents selon les régions. Les fleurs femelles (graines) sont rouges avec cinq pétales très petits. Les fleurs mâles (pollen) ne comportent que des étamines jaunes et sont portées par de courtes pousses sur les branches. La floraison commence tôt dans l'année, après une période de 1 à 30 jours à température croissante[3].

Le fruit est une samare, de couleur variant du rouge au brun et au jaune. Les samares sont portées par paires (disamares) avec un angle de 50 à 60 degrés. Elles mûrissent de fin mai à début juin[3] et demeurent sur l'arbre jusqu'au cœur de l'hiver. Selon les régions, et la génétique de l'arbre, elles peuvent avoir besoin ou non d'une stratification, par exemple au Québec dans le Haut-Saint-Laurent, en Montérégie, elles germent immédiatement, par rapport aux populations de l'Abitibi qui vont germer l'année suivante. L'érable rouge est une espèce très adaptable, ce qui lui a permis de pousser de Terre-Neuve au golfe du Mexique dans le sud-est des États-Unis.

L'Érable rouge s'hybride facilement avec l'érable argenté ; l'hybride, connu sous le nom d'érable de Freeman, Acer × freemanii, présente des caractères intermédiaires entre ceux des deux parents (croissance rapide et adaptabilité de l'érable argenté, belles colorations automnales, résistance au vent et au verglas de l'érable rouge, sans les racines invasives de l'érable argenté). Ces hybrides sont sélectionnés pour leur coloration automnale bien définie, comme Autumn blaze, qui devient rouge à l'automne.

Distribution et habitat

 src=
Aire de répartition de Acer rubrum

L'Érable rouge est l'un des arbres caducs les plus communs et les plus répandus dans l'Est de l'Amérique du Nord. On le trouve à l'état naturel au nord-ouest depuis le lac des Bois , à la frontière de l'Ontario et du Minnesota, jusqu'à Terre-Neuve au nord-est. Sa limite méridionale va de la Floride jusqu’à l'est du Texas[3] et parfois même au Mexique.

L’arbre peut vivre dans des milieux naturels très différents allant des terrains marécageux jusqu’aux sols plus secs. Il tolère également une large gamme de pH, bien que la chlorose puisse l'affecter en condition de sols alcalins[2]. Il pousse en général dans des zones dont l’altitude est inférieure à 900 mètres[3].

C'est la première espèce d'érable américain qui fut introduite en Europe. C'est probablement John Tradescant le Jeune qui le rapporta de Virginie dans les années 1650 dans son jardin près de Londres[4].

Toxicité

Les feuilles de l’érable rouge sont très toxiques pour les chevaux. Elles comportent une toxine qui cause des problèmes aux globules rouges et qui induit une mauvaise oxygénation des cellules. L’ingestion de 700 grammes est déjà considérée comme toxique et l’absorption du double de la quantité est mortelle. Les symptômes apparaissent un jour ou deux après l’ingestion. Le cheval a des difficultés à respirer, les battements de son cœur augmentent. Cela peut mener au coma et à la mort. Le traitement peut passer par l’utilisation du bleu de méthylène ou de l’huile minérale ou du charbon activé afin de stopper l’absorption des toxines au niveau de l’estomac. 50 à 75 % des chevaux touchés périssent ou doivent être euthanasiés[5].

Utilisation et culture

 src=
Récolte de l'eau d'érable qui une fois chauffée se transformera en sirop d'érable.

L'érable rouge est largement cultivé comme arbre d'ornement dans les parcs et les grands jardins en Amérique du Nord[6]. C’est l'un des arbres introduits les plus communs dans les régions du nord-ouest des États-Unis. Sa popularité provient des couleurs rougeâtres de ses fleurs au printemps et de ses feuilles en automne. L'érable rouge est un bon choix comme arbre à planter dans les zones urbaines sous réserve : il préfère un sol frais, sa croissance peut stagner en sol sec, au plein soleil, dans ces conditions la croissance sera meilleure à la mi-ombre (il est cependant intolérant à l'ombre totale, contrairement à l'érable à sucre). L'érable rouge aime être entouré par d'autres arbres. Les hybrides de Freeman sont mieux adaptés aux conditions urbaines chaudes et sèches. Il est plus tolérant à la pollution de l'air que l'érable à sucre, mais moins que l'érable argenté. Cependant, il ne supporte pas les sols alcalins ou salés, ce qui peut fortement limiter son utilisation : présence fréquente de chaux ou de calcaire dans les sols urbains, due aux anciens débris de construction et aux matériaux utilisés dans les aménagements, auxquels s'ajoute le salage des voiries, quand ce n'est pas le sol naturellement calcaire due à la géologie locale.

L’arbre fut introduit en Grande-Bretagne dans les années 1650 (il apparait dans les listes d'inventaire des pépinières de John Tradescant le Jeune vers 1656[7]) et fut rapidement cultivé ensuite pour être planté en Europe. Mais son utilisation en Europe reste bien moindre qu'en Amérique du Nord, notamment à cause des sols urbains trop souvent alcalins.

En milieu naturel, c'est un arbre de succession intermédiaire. Il se développe à l'ombre légère des essences de lumière tels le peuplier faux tremble et le bouleau gris, devient dominant par la suite, pour finalement céder la place aux essences d'ombre, souvent l'érable à sucre, le hêtre à grandes feuilles, la pruche du Canada et le bouleau jaune entre autres. S'il est éclairci trop brutalement, il peut très mal réagir avec des insolations sur le tronc, causant des zones mortes propices aux champignons, ainsi qu'une descente de cime, comme pour l'érable à sucre.

Comme l'érable argenté, il attire les écureuils, qui consomment ses bourgeons au début du printemps, bien que ceux-ci préfèrent les plus gros bourgeons de l'érable argenté[8].

Dans l’industrie forestière, il est considéré comme un arbre à bois de qualité mais néanmoins de moins bonne qualité que celui de l'érable à sucre. Son bois est ainsi plus tendre, plus coloré, plus difficile à travailler et il travaille plus lors de son séchage après traitement mécanique. On préfèrera employer par conséquent d’autres érables à bois plus durs pour beaucoup d’applications mais il est toutefois utilisé dans la fabrication de meubles, de palettes en bois mais également pour fabriquer du papier[9].

La sève de l'érable rouge peut aussi être utilisée pour produire du sirop d'érable ou du sucre, mais elle est moins riche en sucre que celle de l'érable à sucre et de l’érable noir[10], plus de sève est nécessaire par litre de sirop. Le sirop de l'érable rouge est plus foncé que le sirop de l'érable à sucre, avec une teinte rougeâtre. Certaines personnes préfèrent ce sirop, au gout plus soutenu que celui de l'érable à sucre.

Cultivars

De nombreux cultivars ont été sélectionnés, souvent pour l'intensité du coloris du feuillage en automne, dont 'October Glory' et 'Red Sunset' sont parmi les plus populaires. Vers la limite de sa zone de culture, les cultivars 'Fireburst', 'Florida Flame' et 'Gulf Ember' sont préférés. De nombreux cultivars de l'érable de Freeman sont également largement cultivés[11],[12] :

  • Armstrong
  • Autumn Blaze
  • Autumn Flame[2]
  • Autumn Radiance
  • Autumn Spire
  • Bowhall
  • Burgundy Bell
  • Columnare
  • Gerling
  • Morgan
  • Northwood
  • October Brilliance
  • October Glory
  • Red Sunset [2]
  • Redpointe
  • Scarlet Sentinel[2]
  • Schlesingeri [2]
  • Shade King
  • V.J. Drake

Ennemis

Les feuilles peuvent être atteintes de galles provoquées par un acarien, Vasates quadripedes.

Notes et références

  1. Aurélien Peronnet, « France métropolitaine », sur Tela Botanica (consulté le 14 mars 2017)
  2. a b c d e et f « L’érable rouge », sur nature.jardin.free.fr (consulté le 7 décembre 2007)
  3. a b c d e f g h et i (en) « Acer Rubrum », USDA (consulté le 7 décembre 2007).
  4. (en) « Plant Hunters », sur nynjctbotany.org (consulté le 7 décembre 2007)
  5. (en) Lenz T., « Red Maple Poisoning », American Association of Equine Practitioners (consulté le 24 mai 2020)
  6. (en) Mitchell A. F. et Alan Mitchell, Trees of Britain & Northern Europe, Harper Collins Publishers, 1974, Londres, p. 347 (ISBN 0-00-219213-6)
  7. Yve-Marie Allain, D'où viennent nos plantes ?, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, septembre 2004, 223 p. (ISBN 2-7021-3444-0), p. 143
  8. (en) Reichard Timothy A., Spring Food Habits and Feeding Behavior of Fox Squirrels and Red Squirrels, American Midland Naturalist, octobre 1976, vol. 96, 2e éd., p. 443-450,
  9. « L’érable rouge », sur sympathico.ca (consulté le 7 décembre 2007)
  10. « L’industrie du sirop en Ontario », ministère de l'Agriculture (consulté le 7 décembre 2007)
  11. (en) Evans E., « Select Acer rubrum Cultivars », North Carolina State University (consulté le 7 décembre 2007)
  12. (en) Gilman E. F. et Watson, Dennis G., « Acer rubrum 'Gerling' », University of Florida (consulté le 7 décembre 2007)

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Érable rouge: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Acer rubrum

L'Érable rouge (Acer rubrum) est une espèce d'arbres de la famille des Sapindaceae, originaire de l’est du Canada et des États-Unis, et largement cultivé comme arbre d'ornement. Il est l'arbre-emblème de l'État de Rhode Island. Il a pour synonymes le plaine ou plaine rouge au Canada et il est parfois appelé l’érable de Virginie en France.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Pradairo vermello ( Galician )

provided by wikipedia gl Galician

O pradairo vermello ou pradairo rubio (Acer rubrum ) é unha das árbores caducifolias máis comúns e espalladas do leste de América do Norte. A súa distribución vai desde o lago dos Bosques na raia entre Ontario e Minnesota, ao leste até a Terranova, ao sur até preto de Miami (Florida), e ao suroeste até o leste de Texas. É amplamente cultivado en parques e xardíns, onde existe unha gran variedade de cultivares. O seu zume tamén se utiliza para producir xarope de pradairo. Atopámolo en Galiza coma ornamental en xardíns urbanos.

 src=
Folla de pradairo rubio dun exemplar do norte da Florida.
 src=
Flores.
 src=
Sámaras en Milford (Novo Hampshire). O froito do pradairo vermello madurece e cae na primavera.
 src=
Vista da árbore.
 src=
Ilustración.
 src=
Coma bonsai.

Distribución e hábitat

Na maioría da súa extensión, o pradairo vermello adáptase a un amplo rango de condicións no seu emprazamento. Pódese atopar crecendo en lameiros, en terras áridas, e en calquera caso entre medio. Tamén atura un amplo rango de pH, aínda que a clorose pode ocorrer en terras máis alcalinas.

Descrición

É unha árbore de tamaño medio-grande que alcanza alturas de 20–30 m (raramente máis de 40 m), un diámetro de 0,5 a preto de 2 m, e pode vivir durante 100-200 anos, ocasionalmente máis tempo.

Aínda que é xeralmente bastante doado de identificar, o pradairo vermello é probabelmente o pradairo máis altamente variábel nas súas características morfolóxicas de todos os de América do Norte. As follas son a mellor maneira de distinguilo doutros pradairos. Como outros pradairos americanos, son caducifolios e ordenados en dirección contraria á póla. As follas dos pradairos vermellos teñen tipicamente unha lonxitude de 5–10 cm e a mesma amplitude con 3-5 lóbulos dentados irregulares (pola contra as follas do achegado pradairo prateado (Acer saccharinum) teñen amosegas moito máis profundas e característicamente ten 5 lóbulos). A parte superior da folla é verde clara e a parte inferior é esbrancuxada. Os talos das follas son normalmente vermellos, como o son as pólas. As follas cambian a un vermello brillante polo outono.

As pólas do pradairo rubio van de vermello a cinsento-acastañado e son lampinas. Os gomos ananos están presentes en moitas pólas. Polo inverno, as pólas levan grupos de casulos de flores, facilmente vistos a distancia. As pólas do pradairo vermello son case imposible de distinguir das do pradairo prateado, agás que o último teñen un desagradábel cheiro cando se estragan.

As flores son dun único sexo, con flores masculinas e femininas en grupos separados, aínda que normalmente na mesma árbore. Na feminina (semente), as flores son vermellas con 5 pétalos moi pequenos e sépalos terminais en grupos, normalmente na punta das pólas. As flores masculinas (pole) non son máis que estames amarelos saíntes de gomos ananos nas pólas. Ambos os dous tipos de flores atópanse na mesma árbore, mais as árbores novas poden producir só un tipo. A floración comeza no principio do ano despois de 1-30 sumas térmicas.

O froito é unha sámara, variábel en cor desde vermella a marrón até amarela. As sámaras teñen unha lonxitude de 15–25 mm e terminan en parellas nun ángulo de 50-60 graos. Madurecen a finais de maio ou principios de xuño.

O pradairo vermello frecuentemente hibrida co pradairo prateado; o híbrido, coñecido como Acer x freemanii, é o intermedio entre os pais.

Cultivo e usos

Medra amplamente como unha árbore ornamental en parques e grandes xardíns, agás onde as terras son alcalinas ou salgadas. En partes do noroeste do Pacífico, é unha das árbores máis comunmente introducidas. Numerosos cultivares foron seleccionados, a miúdo pola súa intensidade de cor outoniza, estando 'October Glory' e 'Rede Sunset' entre os máis populares. Cara ao seu límite do sur, 'Fireburst', 'Florida Flame', e 'Gulf Ember' son os preferidos. Moitos cultivares do Acer x freemanii tamén crecen amplamente.

É unha boa opción de árbore para as áreas urbanas cando hai un amplo espazo para as súas raíces. É excelente resistindo duras condicións urbanas, incluíndo a tolerancia tanto de terras secas como húmidas, e unha maior tolerancia á contaminación que o pradairo azucreiro. Como outros pradairos, as súas raíces poden ser invasivas, o que o converte nunha mala elección para plantacións en estreitas franxas entre a beirarrúa e a rúa, aínda que é probabelmente unha mellor opción ca os pradairos prateados ou azucreiros. Como o pradairo prateado, atrae esquíos, que comen os seus gomos a principios de primavera, aínda que os esquíos prefiren os máis gomos maiores do pradairo prateado.

Usos

O zume pode usarse para producir xarope de pradairo ou azucre, porén é menos doce ca a do pradairo azucreiro. Con todo, produce xeralmente xarope de sabor máis forte.

Taxonomía

Acer rubrum foi descrita por Carl von Linné e publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 1055. 1753.[1]

Acer: nome xenérico que procede do latín ǎcěr, -ĕris = (afiado), referido ás puntas características das follas ou á dureza da madeira que, supostamente, utilizaríase para fabricar lanzas. Xa citado en, entre outros, Plinio o Vello, 16, XXVI/XXVII, referíndose a unhas cantas especies de pradairo.[2]

rubrum: epíteto latíno que significa "de cor rubia ou vermella".[3]

Sinonimia
  • Acer palmifolium Borkh. [1795]
  • Acer palliderubrum Weston [1775]
  • Acer glaucum Marshall [1785]
  • Acer eriocarpum Michx. [1803]
  • Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. [1789]
  • Acer collinsonia Thunb. [1793]
  • Sacchrosphendamnus saccharina (L.) Nieuwl. [1914]
  • Argentacer saccharinum (L.) Small[4]
  • Acer carolinianum Walter
  • Acer coccineum F.Michx.
  • Acer drummondii Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.
  • Acer fulgens Dippel
  • Acer hypoleucum K.Koch
  • Acer microphyllum Pax
  • Acer sanguineum Spach
  • Acer semiorbiculatum Pax
  • Acer splendens Dippel
  • Acer wagneri Wesm.
  • Rufacer carolinianum (Walter) Small
  • Rufacer drummondii (Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.) Small
  • Rufacer rubrum (L.) Small[5]

Notas

Véxase tamén

Outros artigos

Bibliografía

  1. Bailey, L.H. & E.Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third i–xiv, 1–1290. MacMillan, New York.
  2. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  3. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  4. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. Ou.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  5. Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.E. Ou.S. Dicot. 1–944. Univ. Xeorxia Press, Athens.
  6. Long, R. W. & Ou. K. Lakela. 1971. Fl. Trop. Florida i–xvii, 1–962. University of Miami Press, Coral Cables.

Reference article Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

  1. Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3: 547–1115. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
  2. Voss, E. G. 1985. Michigan Flora. Part II Dicots (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 59. xix + 724.
  3. Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia gl Galician

Pradairo vermello: Brief Summary ( Galician )

provided by wikipedia gl Galician

O pradairo vermello ou pradairo rubio (Acer rubrum ) é unha das árbores caducifolias máis comúns e espalladas do leste de América do Norte. A súa distribución vai desde o lago dos Bosques na raia entre Ontario e Minnesota, ao leste até a Terranova, ao sur até preto de Miami (Florida), e ao suroeste até o leste de Texas. É amplamente cultivado en parques e xardíns, onde existe unha gran variedade de cultivares. O seu zume tamén se utiliza para producir xarope de pradairo. Atopámolo en Galiza coma ornamental en xardíns urbanos.

 src= Folla de pradairo rubio dun exemplar do norte da Florida.  src= Flores.  src= Sámaras en Milford (Novo Hampshire). O froito do pradairo vermello madurece e cae na primavera.  src= Vista da árbore.  src= Ilustración.  src= Coma bonsai.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia gl Galician

Čerwjeny klon ( Upper Sorbian )

provided by wikipedia HSB

Čerwjeny klon (Acer rubrum) je štom ze swójby mydłowcowych rostlin (Sapindaceae).

Po druhich žórłach zarjaduje so do swójskeje swójby klonowych rostlinow (Aceraceae).

Wopisanje

Čerwjeny klon je štom, kotryž docpěwa wysokosć wot 7 hač 15 (30) m. Rostlina je zmjerzkokruta.

Króna je kehelojta hač kulojta.

Łopjena

Łopjena su třilapate hač pjećlapate a sćeńka rězane. Wone su na delnim boku módrozelene a docpěwaja dołhosć wot 6 hač do 10 cm. Wobě delnjej lapje so jenož słabje jewitej. Nazymske barbjenje je intensiwnje čerwjene.

Kćenja

Kćěje wot měrca hač do apryla. Błyšćace čerwjene kćenja so před zazelenjenju lisća jewja. Wone steja na krótkich stołpikach w promjenjach.

Płody

Płody so hižo zahe wuwiwaja. Jich křidleška su čerwjene, wuske a tupokućikaće jednym k druhemu steja.

Stejnišćo a rozšěrjenje

Pochadźa z wuchodneje sewjerneje Ameriki. Preferuje słónčne stejnišća a swětłe sćiny. Potrjebuje čerstwe hač włóžne, bjezwapnowe pódy.

Wužiwanje

Sorty

Wažne sorty su 'Bowhall', 'Red Sunset', 'Schlesingeri', 'Scanlon' a 'October Glory'.

Nóžki

  1. Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2005, ISBN 3-7420-1920-1, str. 196.
  2. W internetowym słowniku: Ahorn

Žórła

  • Botanica, Bäume und Sträucher, Über 2000 Pflanzenporträts, ISBN 978-3-8331-4467-7, strona 63 (němsce)
  • Bruno P. Kremer: Steinbachs Naturführer Bäume & Sträucher, ISBN 978-3-8001-5934-5, strona 142 (němsce)
  • Mayer, Schwegler: Welcher Baum ist das?, Bäume, Sträucher, Ziergehölze, ISBN 978-3-440-11273-1, strona 74 (němsce)
  • Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
  • Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
  • Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
  • Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia HSB

Čerwjeny klon: Brief Summary ( Upper Sorbian )

provided by wikipedia HSB

Čerwjeny klon (Acer rubrum) je štom ze swójby mydłowcowych rostlin (Sapindaceae).

Po druhich žórłach zarjaduje so do swójskeje swójby klonowych rostlinow (Aceraceae).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia HSB

Acer rubrum ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

Acer rubrum (acero rosso, noto anche come acero scarlatto) è una delle specie di alberi decidui più comune e diffusa nella parte orientale e centrale dell'America del Nord. Il servizio forestale degli Stati Uniti lo riconosce come l'albero nativo più abbondante nell’area orientale dell’America del Nord.[1] L'areale dell’acero rosso si estende dal Manitoba sudorientale, nei dintorni del Lago dei Boschi, al confine con Ontario e Minnesota, ad est di Terranova, a sud della Florida e da sud-ovest ad est del Texas.[2] Molte sue caratteristiche, in particolare le foglie, sono piuttosto variabili per quanto riguarda la forma. Alla maturità raggiunge un'altezza di circa 15 m. I suoi fiori, piccioli, ramoscelli e semi posseggono un caratteristico colore rosso in misura varia. È tuttavia più conosciuto per il suo fogliame di colore rosso scarlatto che si presenta durante il periodo autunnale. L'acero rosso è adattabile ad un'ampia gamma di condizioni climatiche, forse più di qualsiasi altro albero presente nel Nord America orientale. Si può trovare su terreni paludosi, su terreni poveri e secchi e quasi in qualunque altro suolo che spazi tra di essi. Cresce bene a partire dal livello del mare fino a circa 900 m slm. A causa del suo caratteristico fogliame autunnale e della sua piacevole forma, è spesso utilizzato come albero paesaggistico. Viene usato commercialmente su piccola scala per la produzione di sciroppo d'acero e per il legname di media e di alta qualità. È anche l'albero simbolo dello Stato del Rhode Island. L'acero rosso può essere considerato come una specie infestante che si sta rapidamente espandendo negli Stati Uniti orientali, sostituendo alberi autoctoni come la quercia, il noce americano ed il pino.[3]

Descrizione

 src=
Tipica colorazione autunnale dell’acero rosso.

Benché A. rubrum sia relativamente facile da riconoscere, esso è molto variabile per quanto concerne le caratteristiche morfologiche. È un albero di dimensioni medio-grandi, che raggiunge altezze che vanno dai 18 ai 27 m, eccezionalmente oltre i 35 m. Le foglie di un albero adulto hanno una lunghezza che va dai 9 agli 11 cm. Il diametro del tronco può variare dai 46 ai 76 cm, a seconda delle condizioni di crescita. La larghezza della chioma è di circa 12 m. Un alberello di 10 anni sarà alto circa 6 m. In ambiente forestale, il fusto tenderà a rimanere privo di rami nella parte bassa, mentre gli individui coltivati singolarmente, presentano una chioma più bassa e densa, con forma più arrotondata. In generale, però, la chioma ha forma irregolare e ovoidale con rami che tendono ad assumere crescita ascendente. Quando la pianta è giovane, la corteccia è di colore grigio pallido e liscia. Crescendo, la corteccia diventa più scura e si solleva formando delle crepe sul tronco. Il più antico albero di acero rosso conosciuto, e attualmente vivente, si trova vicino ad Armada, in Michigan, e ha un'altezza di 38,1 m e una circonferenza del tronco, all'altezza del petto, di 4,95 m.[4]

 src=
Foglia di esemplare di acero rosso proveniente dal nord della Florida.

La foglia dell'acero rosso è il tratto più caratteristico che permette di distinguere questa specie dai suoi simili. Come quasi tutti gli aceri nordamericani, le foglie di quest’albero sono decidue e disposte in modo opposto. Hanno una lunghezza e larghezza media di 5–10 cm con 3-5 lobi palmati e con margine dentellato. La dentellatura è tipicamente serrata, ma le foglie possono presentare notevoli variazioni. Quando sono presenti 5 lobi, i tre terminali sono più grandi degli altri due vicini alla base. Al contrario, le foglie della specie più vicina, A. saccharinum (acero saccarino), presentano 5 lobi molto più marcati, con dentellatura più netta. Il lato superiore della foglia di A. rubrum è verde chiaro, mentre la parte inferiore è biancastra e può essere sia glauca che tomentosa. Il picciolo della foglia è solitamente rosso e con lunghezza fino ai 10 cm. Inoltre, le foglie possono trasformarsi di un rosso brillante in autunno, anche se, in alcuni individui possono assumere colorazione gialla o arancione.

 src=
Fogliame di Acer rubrum in formazione.

I giovani rami dell’acero rosso sono rossastri e lucenti e presentano piccole lenticelle. Alcuni getti risultano nanificati e appaiono frequentemente su alcuni rami. Le gemme sono solitamente arrotondate con un colore che va dal verde al rossastro, generalmente con molte perule blandamente serrate. Le gemme laterali sono leggermente allungate e presentano eventuali gemme collaterali. Le gemme si formano in autunno o in inverno e sono spesso visibili a distanza grazie alla loro caratteristica tonalità rossa. Le cicatrici fogliari presenti sul ramo hanno una forma a V e sono caratterizzate da 3 segni che si generano dalla chiusura dei vasi linfatici.

 src=
Disegno che mostra i fiori maschili e femminili, la foglia e il frutto dell’acero rosso.

I fiori sono generalmente unisessuati, con fiori maschili e femminili che si formano in gruppi separati, anche se talvolta possono presentare entrambi i sessi. Fanno la loro comparsa in primavera, da aprile a maggio (ma anche dalla fine di gennaio nelle aree meridionali di origine), generalmente prima della comparsa delle foglie. Questa pianta è considerata poligamo-dioica, ovvero alcuni individui sono maschi, altri femmina e altri presentano fiori ermafroditi e femminili o fiori ermafroditi e maschili. In condizioni particolari, questa pianta può variare il proprio sesso da maschio a femmina, da maschio a ermafrodita e da ermafrodita a femmina. L’acero rosso comincia a fiorire a partire da un’età di circa 8 anni, anche se questo aspetto è altamente variabile da pianta a pianta, infatti alcune piante sono in grado di fiorire già a partire dai 4 anni di età. I fiori sono rossi con 5 petali di piccole dimensioni e 5 sepali lobati, portati in grappoli peduncolati, solitamente all’estremità dei rami. Essi hanno forma regolare o oblunga e presentano pubescenza. I fiori con pistillo presentano un unico pistillo formato dalla fusione di due carpelli, con ovario superiore glabro e due lunghi stili che protrudono oltre il perianzio. I fiori che posseggono stami, ne portano da 4 a 12, con una media di 8. Il frutto è una samara di lunghezza variabile tra i 15 e i 25 mm che cresce a coppie con ali divergenti e aventi un angolo che va dai 50 ai 60 gradi. Essi sono supportati da un picciolo lungo e slanciato, con colore variabile dal marrone chiaro al rossastro. Maturano nel periodo che va da aprile ai primi di giugno, prima che lo sviluppo fogliare sia completato del tutto. Dopo aver raggiunto la maturità, i semi sono dispersi per 1 o 2 settimane nel periodo aprile-giugno.[4]

Distribuzione e habitat

L’acero rosso è una delle specie di albero più abbondanti e diffuse nella parte orientale del Nord America. Si può ritrovare a partire dal sud della provincia di Terranova, in Nuova Scozia, nel sud del Québec fino a sud-ovest dell’Ontario, nel Manitoba sud-orientale e nel nord del Minnesota. Inoltre si ritrova a sud del Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, nell’Oklahoma orientale, nella parte occidentale del Texas orientale e in Florida. In Nord America copre un’ampia area sulla costa dell’Oceano Atlantico, con una estensione di 2 600 km da nord a sud. Questa specie è originaria di tutte le regioni degli Stati Uniti che si pongono ad est rispetto al 95simo meridiano. La sua diffusione si interrompe nelle aree in cui la temperatura media minima raggiunge i −40 °C, ovvero nella parte sud-orientale del Canada. L’acero rosso non è presente in alcune regioni del nord degli Stati Uniti medio-occidentali caratterizzate da praterie, nella parte sud della Louisiana, nella parte sud-orientale del Texas e nelle aree paludose delle Everglades, in Florida. L’assenza di questa specie nella regione cosiddetta della Prairie Peninsula è probabilmente dovuta all’intolleranza verso i danni causati da incendi. In molte altre aree, questo albero è presente solo in piccoli gruppi. Un esempio è la regione del Bluegrass in Kentucky, dove l’acero rosso non è presente nelle vaste pianure ma lo si ritrova lungo i corsi d’acqua. L’acero rosso cresce molto bene in suoli di vario tipo, con vari gradi di tessitura, umidità, pH e altitudine, probabilmente molto meglio di altre specie forestali del Nord America. A. rubrum ha un’elevata tolleranza a valori di pH alti; ciò lo rende molto diffuso nella parte est degli Stati Uniti. È capace di crescere sia su suoli di origine glaciale che non, derivanti dalle seguenti rocce: granito, gneiss, scisto, arenaria, shale, ardesia, conglomerato, quarzite e calcare. Fenomeni di clorosi si possono verificare qualora il terreno presenti forte alcalinità, tuttavia la sua tolleranza al pH è molto alta. Un suolo minerale umido è l’ideale per la germinazione dei semi. L’acero rosso può crescere sia in climi umidi che aridi, dalle dorsali montuose aride e assolate fino a torbiere e zone di paludose. Nonostante molti alberi preferiscano una posizione settentrionale o meridionale, l’acero rosso sembra non avere preferenze in tal senso. Le condizioni ideali di crescita per questo albero sono siti moderatamente drenanti e umidi, con elevazione bassa o intermedia. È tuttavia comune nelle aree montuose su dorsali relativamente aride. Lo si può poi ritrovare in aree paludose, lungo gli argini di corsi d’acqua a lento scorrimento e in aree depresse o pianeggianti scarsamente drenanti. Nel nord del Michigan e nel New England, l’acero rosso si può ritrovare sulle cime dei crinali, sia su terreni rocciosi che sabbiosi, in suoli aridi o su terreni umidi posti in prossimità di zone paludose. Nelle zone meridionali in cui questo albero si estende, lo si ritrova quasi esclusivamente associato ad aree paludose. Inoltre, l’acero rosso è una delle specie di acero più tolleranti alla siccità presenti in Carolina. L’acero rosso è molto più abbondante oggi rispetto a quando gli europei approdarono in Nord America, dove, assieme alla specie vicina, A. saccharinum, comprendeva appena il 5% dell’area forestale, confinato principalmente alle zone ripariali. Da allora, la densità di questa specie in molte di queste aree è aumentata da 6 a 7 volte, con una tendenza in aumento che sembra essere favorita dalla presenza dell’uomo, specialmente a causa della riduzione degli incendi boschivi che tendono a uccidere alberi con un apparato radicale superficiale come l’acero rosso, lasciando invece in vita alberi con un apparato radicale più profondo, come la quercia e il noce americano. Inoltre, azioni volte alla conservazione dell’acero rosso hanno portato ad un aumento nella popolazione dei cervi della Virginia dalla metà del 20simo secolo. I cervi consumano ghiande in grande quantità, evitando però i semi di acero e riducendo in tal modo la presenza delle querce a favore degli aceri. Grazie alla possibilità di crescere su diversi substrati, all’elevata resistenza a valori di pH alti, alla possibilità di crescere sia in zone ombrose che assolate, A. rubrum è un ottimo candidato a sostituire specie che storicamente dominano la parte orientale degli Stati Uniti (quercia, noce americano, pino).[5] L’utilizzo dell’acero rosso in paesaggistica ha inoltre contribuito alla sua proliferazione negli Stati Uniti. Infine, alcuni patogeni hanno drasticamente diminuito la popolazione di olmi e noci nelle foreste statunitensi, che continuano a dominare le aree più piovose e ricche di nutrienti, al contrario delle aree più marginali, dominate dalla presenza dell’acero rosso.[4]

Ecologia

A. rubrum solitamente vive per un periodo non superiore ai 150 anni e raggiunge la maturità dopo 70 – 80 anni. La sua capacità di proliferare in un gran numero di habitat è in larga parte dovuta alla sua abilità di produrre radici che si adattano al sito di crescita fin dalla giovane età. In aree umide, le plantule di acero rosso producono un corto fittone sviluppando prevalentemente lunghe radici laterali. In aree caratterizzate da aridità, il fittone risulta invece più lungo con radici laterali significativamente più corte. Le radici sono principalmente orizzontali, tuttavia si formano nei primi 25 cm di suolo. Gli alberi adulti presentano radici legnose che possono avere una lunghezza fino a 25 m; esse sono molto tolleranti all’allagamento, infatti è stato dimostrato che anche dopo 60 giorni di allagamento le foglie non subiscono alcun danno. Allo stesso tempo, le radici di questa pianta sono tolleranti alla siccità grazie alla loro abilità di bloccare la crescita in condizioni siccitose, riprendendo a crescere successivamente, quando le condizioni lo permettono, anche se la loro crescita si è arrestata per un periodo di 2 settimane.

 src=
Frutti di acero rosso di un esemplare proveniente da Milford, nel New Hampshire.

L’acero nero è una delle prime piante a fiorire in primavera. I semi sono prodotti annualmente, con quantità più abbondanti ogni due anni circa. Un singolo albero di 5 – 20 cm di diametro può produrre tra i 12 000 e i 91 000 semi a stagione. Un albero di 30 cm di diametro può produrre anche un milione di semi in un solo anno. Le dimensioni del seme dell’acero rosso sono molto più piccole se comparate a quelle degli altri aceri. È stato inoltre dimostrato che la fertilizzazione aumenta significativamente il numero dei semi prodotti, fino ai due anni successivi al trattamento. I semi sono epigei e germinano all’inizio dell’estate, poco dopo il loro rilascio e in condizioni di luminosità, umidità e temperatura sufficientemente elevate. Se i semi sono molto ombreggiati, generalmente la germinazione non avviene fino all’anno successivo. Molte plantule non sopravvivono in ambienti in cui la vegetazione è molto fitta, tuttavia, plantule di 1 – 4 anni di età crescono spesso nel sottobosco, pur andando comunque incontro alla morte se nel periodo immediatamente successivo non ricevono abbastanza luce. Queste piante fungono così da sorgente di nuova biodiversità, in attesa di riempire un’area di foresta libera. Piante che crescono in aree come la Florida, tenderanno a morire per danni da freddo se trasferire in aree settentrionali come Canada, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire e New York, anche se gli alberi provenienti dal sud sono piantati assieme a quelli provenienti dal nord. Grazie alla loro ampia distribuzione, infatti, gli alberi si sono geneticamente adattati a sopravvivere alle varie condizioni climatiche.

 src=
Fiori femminili di acero rosso.

L’acero rosso è capace di incrementare la sua popolazione significativamente dopo che altre specie di alberi sono stati danneggiati da malattie, tagliati o incendiati. Uno studio ha rivelato che, a 6 anni dall’abbattimento di 3,4 ettari di una foresta di querce e noci americani in cui non era presente alcun acero rosso, sul territorio erano presenti più di 2200 plantule di acero rosso per ettaro, più alte di 1,4 metri. La ragione è probabilmente da ricercare nel fatto che molte piante, come per esempio il ciliegio tardivo (Prunus serotina), producono sostanze allelopatiche che inibiscono la crescita dell’acero rosso. Quest’ultimo è poi una specie che è capace di crescere più velocemente delle altre in altezza. In condizioni di luce e umidità favorevoli, le giovani piante possono crescere di 30 cm durante il loro primo anno di vita e fino a 60 cm per ogni anno successivo, rendendo questa pianta una delle più competitive in termini di velocità di crescita. L’acero rosso è usato come fonte di cibo da parte di molti animali selvatici. Il wapiti e il cervo della Virginia si nutrono della vegetazione dell’anno, rendendo l’albero un’importante fonte di cibo per l’inverno. Inoltre, molti lepidotteri (farfalle e falene) utilizzano le sue foglie come nutrimento.

 src=
Fiori maschili di acero rosso.

Dal momento che A. rubrum risulta ampiamente distribuito su varie latitudini, la resistenza al freddo, la grandezza, la forma, la caduta delle foglie, la dormienza e altri tratti sono ampiamente variabili. Generalmente gli individui che si trovano a latitudini più settentrionali sono anche i primi a perdere le foglie, avendo anche colori rossi più accesi. Inoltre formano le gemme dell’anno seguente più precocemente degli alberi che crescono nelle zone meridionali di origine e subiscono meno danni da freddo. Le plantule che crescono al centro-nord e nelle zone centro-orientale sono più alte. Per quanto riguarda i frutti, invece, le piante che crescono al nord e sono soggette a brevi periodi di gelate producono frutti più corti e pesanti rispetto a quelli prodotti dalle piante presenti a sud. Data la grande variabilità, le potenzialità per la selezione genetica di nuovi individui è molto alta, con l’obiettivo di produrre individui adatti alla coltivazione. Ciò è specialmente importante per produrre cultivar urbane che richiedono resistenza alla verticillosi, all’inquinamento atmosferico e alla siccità. L’acero rosso forma spesso incroci con A. saccharinum; l’ibrido, noto come Acer x freemanii, ha caratteristiche intermedie tra i due genitori.[4]

Tossicità

Le foglie dell’acero rosso, specialmente quando sono morte o appassite, sono estremamente tossiche per i cavalli. La tossina è sconosciuta ma si crede possa essere un agente ossidante, dal momento che danneggia gli eritrociti, causando un’emolisi ossidativa acuta che inibisce il trasporto di ossigeno. Ciò non soltanto porta ad una diminuzione della quantità di ossigeno trasportata ai tessuti, ma porta anche alla produzione di metaemoglobina, che può ulteriormente danneggiare il fegato. L’ingestione di 700 g di foglie è considerata tossica e 1,4 kg sono letali. I sintomi si presentano dopo 1 o 2 giorni dall’ingestione e includono depressione, letargia, incremento nella frequenza e nella profondità dei respiri, incremento del battito cardiaco, ittero, urine marrone scuro, coliche, laminite, coma e morte. Il trattamento è limitato e include l’uso del blu di metilene o di olio minerale e carbone attivo per ridurre l’ulteriore assorbimento della tossina da parte dello stomaco; inoltre è possibile eseguire trasfusioni di sangue, apporto di fluidi, diuretici e antiossidanti come l’acido ascorbico. Dal 50 al 70% dei cavalli affetti da tale patologia muore o gli viene applicata l’eutanasia.[6]

Potenziale allergenico

Il potenziale allergenico dell’acero rosso varia ampiamente a seconda della cultivar considerata. Le seguenti cultivar sono di sesso completamente maschile e sono altamente allergeniche, con un valore allergenico sulla scala allergenica OPALS (Ogren Plant Allergy Scale) di 8 o più, su un massimo di 10[7]:

  • 'Autumn Flame' ('Flame')
  • 'Autumn Spire'
  • 'Columnare' ('Pyramidale')
  • 'Firedance' ('Landsburg')
  • 'Karpick'
  • 'Northwood'
  • 'October Brilliance'
  • 'Sun Valley'
  • 'Tiliford'

Le seguenti cultivar hanno un valore allergenico di 3 o inferiore. Sono piante completamente femminili e hanno la potenzialità di causare reazioni allergiche:

  • 'Autumn Glory'
  • 'Bowhall'
  • 'Davey Red'
  • 'Doric'
  • 'Embers'
  • 'Festival'
  • 'October Glory'
  • 'Red Skin'
  • 'Red Sunset' ('Franksred')

Coltivazione

 src=
Corteccia matura di acero rosso.

La rapidità di accrescimento dell’acero rosso, la sua facilità di attecchimento e il suo valore per la fauna selvatica, ne ha fatto, negli USA orientali, uno degli alberi che più è stato propagato negli ultimi anni. In alcune parti del nord-ovest del Pacifico, è uno degli alberi maggiormente introdotti. In particolare, la popolarità dell’acero rosso è dovuta alla sua vigoria, ai suoi fiori rossi e, soprattutto, alla colorazione rosso fiammante che assume il fogliame in autunno. L’albero è stato introdotto nel Regno Unito nel 1656 per poi entrare, qualche anno dopo, in coltivazione. In questo Paese è spesso presente in molti parchi e giardini, così come nei cimiteri nei pressi di alcune chiese.[8] L’acero rosso è un albero adatto alla crescita urbana, dove trova abbondante spazio per la crescita dell’apparato radicale. La formazione di un’associazione con funghi micorrizici arbuscolari, aiuta l’A. rubrum a crescere nelle strade di città[9]. È poi un albero più tollerante all’inquinamento e alla salinità rispetto ad A. saccharinum, anche se, nel periodo autunnale, in ambiente cittadino, le foglie non si colorano in modo appariscente come in natura. Come molti altri aceri, il suo apparato radicale può risultare invasivo, così che il suo impianto nei pressi di pavimentazioni dovrebbe essere evitato. Questo albero attira gli scoiattoli, che si nutrono delle giovani gemme primaverili, anche se tendono a preferire le gemme più grandi di A. saccharinum[10]. Infine, l’acero rosso, grazie ai suoi vivaci colori e alle sue pregiate caratteristiche estetiche, si presta bene alla coltivazione come bonsai.[11]

 src=
Esemplare di acero rosso in autunno.

Cultivar

Numerose cultivar sono state selezionate, spesso con lo scopo di intensificare i colori autunnali, con la cultivar 'October Glory' e 'Red Sunset' tra le più diffuse e conosciute. Anche molte cultivar di Acer x freemanii sono ampiamente coltivate. Di seguito è riportata una lista contenente alcune cultivar di acero rosso[12]:

  • Armstrong – Di forma da colonnare a fastigiata con corteccia argentea e colorazione fogliare in autunno di un arancione modesto.
  • Autumn Blaze – Forma rotondeggiante-ovale con foglie che ricordano A. saccharinum. La colorazione autunnale è arancione rosso ed è più persistente rispetto alle altre cultivar.
  • Autumn Flame – Cultivar di crescita veloce con colorazione autunnale di un rosso eccezionalmente brillante, che si sviluppa precocemente. Le foglie sono più piccole se comparate alla specie.
  • Autumn Radiance – Chioma densa e ovale con colore arancione-rosso durante l’autunno.
  • Autumn Spire – Chioma ampia e colonnare, colorazione autunnale rossa; molto robusta.
  • Bohall – Forma da conica a eretta, con colorazione gialla in autunno.
  • Burgundy Bell – Forma compatta rotondeggiante con foglie autunnali color bordeaux molto persistenti.
  • Columnare – Cultivar di vecchia data che cresce fino a 20 m di altezza con forma da colonnare a piramidale e foglie verde scuro che diventano da arancioni a rosso intenso in autunno.
  • Gerling – Cultivar compatta e a crescita lenta che raggiunge al massimo i 10 m e possiede colorazione autunnale arancione-rosso.
  • Northwood' – Le branche sono inclinate rispetto al tronco di 45°, formando una chioma ovale rotondeggiante. Il fogliame è verde intenso d’estate, tuttavia, durante l’autunno, non assume una colorazione rosso-arancio intensa come le altre cultivar.
  • Ocrober Brilliance – Questa cultivar è lenta nel produrre le foglie in primavera ma possiede una folta chioma e intensa colorazione rossa in autunno.
  • October Glory – Chioma rotondeggiante-ovale con transizione della colorazione autunnale tardiva, colore rosso intenso. Assieme alla 'Red Sunset' è la cultivar più popolare grazie alla colorazione autunnale e alla crescita vigorosa. Questa cultivar si è guadagnata il “Garden Merit Award” da parte della Royal Horticultural Society.
  • Redpointe – Ottima per suoli alcalini, colorazione rossa in autunno.
  • Red Sunset – L’altra cultivar molto popolare assieme alla 'October Glory'. Cresce bene in ambienti più caldi grazie alla spiccata tolleranza alla siccità. Possiede una colorazione autunnale arancio-rosso molto suggestiva, inoltre cresce rapidamente e in modo vigoroso.
  • Scarlet Sentinel – Cultivar con forma da colonnare a ovale con foglie aventi 5 lobi che ricordano A. saccharinum. La colorazione autunnale va da giallo-arancio ad arancio-rosso e la crescita è rapida.
  • Schlesingeri – Albero con chioma espansa e precoce e duratura colorazione autunnale che va dal rosso intenso al rosso-violaceo. La crescita è piuttosto rapida.
  • Shade King' – Questa cultivar dalla rapida crescita possiede una forma ovale-eretta con colorazione estiva verde intenso che diventa da rosso ad arancione in autunno.
  • V.J. Drake – Cultivar caratterizzata dal diventare di colore rosso a partire dai margini fogliari per poi progredire verso il centro della foglia.

Altri usi

Nell’industria del legname, A. rubrum è considerato un “acero morbido”, caratteristica che condivide con A. saccharinum. Nonostante ciò è un legno piuttosto duro ma morbido se comparato con A. saccharum (acero zuccherino). Rispetto a quest’ultimo, il legno di acero rosso è più morbido, meno denso ma esteticamente meno pregiato di quello dell’acero zuccherino; tuttavia, il legno dell’acero rosso è meno costoso. L’acero rosso è anche usato nella produzione dello sciroppo d’acero, anche se A. saccharum e A. nigrum (acero nero) sono più comunemente impiegati. Uno studio ha comparato il succo estratto dall’acero rosso con quello di altri aceri (acero zuccherino, acero americano e acero riccio), rivelando che la dolcezza, gli aromi e la qualità risulta essere identica per tutte le specie. Tuttavia le gemme dell’acero rosso germogliano prima in primavera rispetto a quelle dell’acero zuccherino; ciò impartisce un aroma indesiderato allo sciroppo estratto, così che, se si vuole estrarre lo sciroppo dall’acero rosso, lo si deve fare prima che le gemme germoglino, riducendo considerevolmente la stagione di raccolta.[4] L’acero rosso è caratterizzato da un legno di media qualità per quanto concerne la combustione, possedendo circa 5,4 MJ/, una quantità di energia inferiore rispetto a quella di alberi come il frassino (7 MJ/m³), la quercia (7 MJ/m³) o la betulla (5,8 MJ/m³).[13]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) I dieci alberi più comuni degli Stati Uniti, su forestry.about.com.
  2. ^ (EN) Areale dell’acero rosso negli Stati Uniti, su plants.usda.gov.
  3. ^ (EN) Le foreste orientali cambiano il loro colore col proliferare dell’acero rosso, su nytimes.com.
  4. ^ a b c d e (EN) Acer rubrum L., su www.na.fs.fed.us.
  5. ^ (EN) The red maple paradox: What explains the widespread expansion of red maple in eastern forests?, su ResearchGate.
  6. ^ (EN) Tossicità dell’acero rosso, su vet.purdue.edu (archiviato dall'url originale il 5 maggio 2007).
  7. ^ (EN) Ogren, Thomas Leo., The allergy-fighting garden : stop asthma and allergies with smart landscaping, First edition, ISBN 9781607744917, OCLC 883207189.
  8. ^ (EN) Mitchell, Alan F., A field guide to the trees of Britain and northern Europe, 2nd ed, Collins, 1978, ISBN 0002192136, OCLC 5355142.
  9. ^ (EN) Mycorrhizal fungal inoculation of established street trees, su ResearchGate.
  10. ^ (EN) Timothy A. Reichard, Spring Food Habits and Feeding Behavior of Fox Squirrels and Red Squirrels, in The American Midland Naturalist, vol. 96, n. 2, 1976, pp. 443–450, DOI:10.2307/2424082.
  11. ^ (EN) Acer rubrum bonsai, su guide.makebonsai.com. URL consultato l'11 settembre 2017 (archiviato dall'url originale il 12 settembre 2017).
  12. ^ (EN) E. Evans, Select Acer rubrum Cultivars, in North Carolina State University.
  13. ^ (EN) Michael Richard Kuhns, Heating with Wood: Species characteristics and volumes. I, Cooperative Extension, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska--Lincoln, 1997.

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia IT

Acer rubrum: Brief Summary ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

Acer rubrum (acero rosso, noto anche come acero scarlatto) è una delle specie di alberi decidui più comune e diffusa nella parte orientale e centrale dell'America del Nord. Il servizio forestale degli Stati Uniti lo riconosce come l'albero nativo più abbondante nell’area orientale dell’America del Nord. L'areale dell’acero rosso si estende dal Manitoba sudorientale, nei dintorni del Lago dei Boschi, al confine con Ontario e Minnesota, ad est di Terranova, a sud della Florida e da sud-ovest ad est del Texas. Molte sue caratteristiche, in particolare le foglie, sono piuttosto variabili per quanto riguarda la forma. Alla maturità raggiunge un'altezza di circa 15 m. I suoi fiori, piccioli, ramoscelli e semi posseggono un caratteristico colore rosso in misura varia. È tuttavia più conosciuto per il suo fogliame di colore rosso scarlatto che si presenta durante il periodo autunnale. L'acero rosso è adattabile ad un'ampia gamma di condizioni climatiche, forse più di qualsiasi altro albero presente nel Nord America orientale. Si può trovare su terreni paludosi, su terreni poveri e secchi e quasi in qualunque altro suolo che spazi tra di essi. Cresce bene a partire dal livello del mare fino a circa 900 m slm. A causa del suo caratteristico fogliame autunnale e della sua piacevole forma, è spesso utilizzato come albero paesaggistico. Viene usato commercialmente su piccola scala per la produzione di sciroppo d'acero e per il legname di media e di alta qualità. È anche l'albero simbolo dello Stato del Rhode Island. L'acero rosso può essere considerato come una specie infestante che si sta rapidamente espandendo negli Stati Uniti orientali, sostituendo alberi autoctoni come la quercia, il noce americano ed il pino.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia IT

Raudonasis klevas ( Lithuanian )

provided by wikipedia LT
Binomas Acer rubrum
Acer rubrum range map.png

Raudonasis klevas (lot. Acer rubrum , vok. Rot-Ahorn, pranc. Érable rouge, rus. Клён красный) – klevinių (Aceraceae) šeimos, klevų (Acer) genties lapus metantis medis. Šis medis dar žinomas tokiais vardais, kaip Pelkių ar Švelnusis klevas.

 src=
Raudonojo klevo žiedai

.

Morfologija

Laja tanki, rutuliška arba plačiai skėtiška. Žievė iš pradžių lygi, šviesiai pilka, vėliau tamsiai pilka, išilgai sueižėjusi, atšokanti plonomis plokštėmis. Ūgliai apvalūs, pliki, žalsvi arba tamsiai rusvi, žvilgantys. Lapai penkiaskiaučiai arba triskiaučiai, širdišku arba apvaliu pamatu, 6–10 cm ilgio, pjūkliškais kraštais, jų viršutinė pusė tamsiai žalia, plika, žvilganti, apatinė pilkai žalia, šiek tiek plaukuota. Lapkotis rausvas, 5–10 cm ilgio. Pavasarį besiskleidžiantys lapai rausvi, rudenį rausvi arba rausvai oranžiniai. Žiedai rausvi, rečiau rausvai gelsvi. Lapai ilgai nekrenta. Žydi ryškiai raudonai prieš lapams išsiskleidžiant. Žydi kovobalandžio mėnesį. Žydi 13 dienų. Sparnavaisiai smulkūs, nokdami ryškiai raudoni, prinokę rausvai rudi, 1,5–2,5 cm ilgio, susijungę smailu kampu. Vaisiai prinoksta birželio pradžioje ir tuoj pat nukrinta. Sėkla sudygsta greitai ir tą pačią vasarą užauga iki 10 cm aukščio. Dera kasmet. Gerai dauginasi sėklomis ir ataugomis.

Matmenys

Auga greitai. Įprastai užauga nuo 18 m iki 27 m (tėvynėje iki 40 m) aukščio. Kamieno skersmuo apie 1,2 m.

Augimvietės

Auga lengvuose drėgnuose arba net šlapokuose priesmėlio dirvožemiuose. Atsparus dūmams ir užterštam orui. Šviesamėgis. Auginamas pavieniui arba grupėmis. Atsparus klimatinėms sąlygoms.

Paplitimas

Labiausiai paplitęs Šiaurės Amerikos rytinėje dalyje, kur auga nuo Niufaundleno iki Minesotos, Ajovos, Oklahomos ir Teksaso pietuose. Lietuvoje retokas.

Išvestos veislės

Kelios dešimtys raudonojo klevo veislių sukurta antrojoje XX a. pusėje. Daugelis jų – tankūs, neaukšti, siauros lajos medžiai labai ryškiais lapais rudenį ar net nuo vasaros antrosios pusės – laikomi ypač tinkamais miestų želdiniams. Žinomiausios šios veislės: „Armstrong”, „Autumn Blaze”, „Autumn Flame”, „Autumn Radiance“, „Autumn Spire“, „Bowhall“, „Burgundy Bell“, „Columnare“, „Gerling“, „Northwood“, „October Brilliance“, „October Glory“, „Red Sunset“, „ScarletSentinel“, „Schlesingeri“, „Shade King“, „V.J. Drake“ .

Literatūra

Vikiteka

  • A. Navasaitis, M. Navasaitis, „Lietuvos medžiai“, Vilnius „Mokslas“, 1979 m., (259 psl.)
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LT

Raudonasis klevas: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

provided by wikipedia LT

Raudonasis klevas (lot. Acer rubrum , vok. Rot-Ahorn, pranc. Érable rouge, rus. Клён красный) – klevinių (Aceraceae) šeimos, klevų (Acer) genties lapus metantis medis. Šis medis dar žinomas tokiais vardais, kaip Pelkių ar Švelnusis klevas.

 src= Raudonojo klevo žiedai

.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LT

Rode esdoorn ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De rode esdoorn (Acer rubrum) is een plant uit de zeepboomfamilie (Sapindaceae). De boom is afkomstig uit het oosten van de Verenigde Staten.

De soort wordt tot 25 m hoog. De twijgen zijn kaal met veel lenticellen, het eerste jaar zijn ze rood. De plant heeft gewimperde, bruine knopschubben. De bladeren zijn drie- tot vijflobbig en worden 6-12 cm lang. Ze zijn tot een derde ingesneden, de bovenzijde is donkergroen en de onderzijde is blauwgroen. De herfstkleur is karmijn en oranje. De rode esdoorn is tweehuizig. De plant bloeit in maart, voor de bladeren verschijnen met opvallend rode bloemen. Deze hebben ver uitstekende meeldraden. De vruchtvleugels vormen een scherpe hoek, deze zijn al rijp in juni.

 src=
De bast van de rode esdoorn
 src=
De bloemen van de rode esdoorn
 src=
Vruchten
 src=
Blad van rode esdoorn
Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Acer rubrum op Wikimedia Commons.
Wikibooks Wikibooks heeft meer over dit onderwerp: Ecologisch tuinieren – Rode esdoorn.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Rødlønn ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO

Rødlønn (Acer rubrum), er en treart i lønneslekten, og er et av de vanligste trærne i den østre delen av Nord-Amerika. USAs skogvoktertjeneste regner Rødlønn som det vanligste treet i Amerika.[1] Treet vokser i områder fra Lake of the Woods på grensen mellom Ontario og Minnesota i nord, østover til Newfoundland, sørover nær Miami, Florida, og sørvestover til den østre delen av Texas. Mange av karaktertrekkene, spesielt bladene, varierer mye. Et voksent tre har ofte en høyde på rundt 15 m (49 ft). Blomstene, blad stilkene, grenene og frøene er røde. Om høsten får også bladene en sterk dyp rødfarge.

Rødlønn er en av de mest tilpasningsdyktige trærne i Nord-Amerika. Det vokser i alt fra sumper til næringsfattig tørr jord, fra havnivå til om lag 900 m (3 000 ft). på grunn av sine attraktive høstfarger og flotte fasong, blir treet ofte brukt i landskapshager. Det blir også brukt til mindre produksjon av lønnesirup og tømmer av medium til høy kvalitet. Treet er statstreet til Rhode Island.

Beskrivelse

 src=
"...dypt rødt løv om høsten"

Selv om Rødlønn vanligvis er enkel å gjennkjenne, har det et varierende utseende. Det er et medium til stort tre, og når høyder av 35 meter (115 fot). Bladene er vanligvis 9 til 11 centimeter (3,5 til 4,3 ") lange på et voksent tre. Diameteren på stammen kan variere fra 46 til 76 cm (18 til 30 "), avhengig av vekstforhold.[2] Kronen sprer seg utover rundt 12 m (39 ft). Et 10 år gammelt tre vil være om lag 6 m (20 ft) høgt. Trær som vokser i skoger har vanligvis ingen greiner før et stykke opp på stammen, mens trær som står alene blir kortere, tykkere og har rundere kroner.[3] Normalt har kronen en oval form. Barken er lys grå og glatt på et ungt tre. Etter hvert som treet vokser, blir barken mørkere og og sprekker.[4] Det største kjente levende eksemplaret av Acer rubrum befinner seg i Armada, Michigan, er 38,1 m (125 ft) høyt og har en omkrets på 4,95 m (16,2 ft).[2]

 src=
Blad fra et tre i nordre Florida
 src=
Tegning som viser han og hun blad og samara

Utbredelse og habitat

Rødlønn er et av de mest utbredte og tallrike trærne i Nord-Amerika. Den finnes i mange ulike skogtyper. Arter den kan vokse sammen med er fra nord til sør blant annet rødgran, balsamgran, weymouthfuru, sukkerlønn, amerikabøk, gulbjørk, papirbjørk, sukkerbjørk, canadahemlokk, virginiahumlebøk, stripelønn, østamerikansk tuja, amerikaosp, svartask, romhegg, rødeik, kvitalm, tulipantre, sølvlønn, sumptre og virakfuru.[2]

Økologi

Rødlønn lever sjelden lengre enn 150 år, og blir kjønnsmoden i en alder av 70 til 80 år.

Giftig

Bladene, spesielt de døde falne bladene, er svært giftig for hester.

Dyrking

Rødlønn er mye dyrket som pynt i parker og større hager, utenom der hvor jorden er for alkalisk og salt. I deler av Amerikas vestkyst er det et av de mest utplantede trærne. Grunnen til at det er så populært er at treet har en sterk utholdenhet, tidlig blomstring av røde blomster, og det røde løvfallet om høsten. Treet ble introdusert til Storbritannia i 1656 og like etter begynte dyrkingen. Der er det vanlig å finne rødlønn i parker, hager og noen ganger også i kirkegårder.[4]

 src=
Tre med eldre bark i Hemingway, South Carolina

I urbane områder kreves det plass for treets røtter, men der det er plass, trives det bra. Treet tåler en del forurensning og veisalt. Som mange andre lønnearter kan røttene være aggressive og vil bryte seg gjennom asfalt. Om våren tiltrekker treet seg ekorn som spiser de nye bladene.[5]

Se også

Lønneslekten.

Referanser

  1. ^ Nix, Steve. «Ten Most Common Trees in the United States». About.com Forestry. Besøkt 11. januar 2013.
  2. ^ a b c Walters, R. S. (1990). «Acer rubrum, Florida Maple». Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, Volume 2. United States Department of Forestry. Besøkt 9. mai 2007.
  3. ^ Seiler, John R. «Acer rubrum Fact Sheet». Virginia Tech Dendrology Tree Fact Sheets. Virginia Tech. Arkivert fra originalen 2. juni 2007. Besøkt 9. mai 2007.
  4. ^ a b Mitchell, A. F. (1974). Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. London: Harper Collins Publishers. s. 347. ISBN 0-00-219213-6.
  5. ^ Reichard, Timothy A. (1976). «Spring Food Habits and Feeding Behavior of Fox Squirrels and Red Squirrels». American Midland Naturalist. American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 96, No. 2. 96 (2): 443–450. JSTOR 2424082. doi:10.2307/2424082.

Eksterne lenker

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NO

Rødlønn: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO

Rødlønn (Acer rubrum), er en treart i lønneslekten, og er et av de vanligste trærne i den østre delen av Nord-Amerika. USAs skogvoktertjeneste regner Rødlønn som det vanligste treet i Amerika. Treet vokser i områder fra Lake of the Woods på grensen mellom Ontario og Minnesota i nord, østover til Newfoundland, sørover nær Miami, Florida, og sørvestover til den østre delen av Texas. Mange av karaktertrekkene, spesielt bladene, varierer mye. Et voksent tre har ofte en høyde på rundt 15 m (49 ft). Blomstene, blad stilkene, grenene og frøene er røde. Om høsten får også bladene en sterk dyp rødfarge.

Rødlønn er en av de mest tilpasningsdyktige trærne i Nord-Amerika. Det vokser i alt fra sumper til næringsfattig tørr jord, fra havnivå til om lag 900 m (3 000 ft). på grunn av sine attraktive høstfarger og flotte fasong, blir treet ofte brukt i landskapshager. Det blir også brukt til mindre produksjon av lønnesirup og tømmer av medium til høy kvalitet. Treet er statstreet til Rhode Island.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NO

Klon czerwony ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Klon czerwony (Acer rubrum L.) – gatunek drzew z rodziny mydleńcowatych (Sapindaceae). W obrębie rodzaju sklasyfikowany do sekcji Acer i serii Rubra[2]. Występuje we wschodniej Ameryce Północnej. Od XVIII wieku sadzony w parkach w Europie.

Morfologia

Pokrój
Drzewo dorastające maksymalnie do 35 m wysokości w ojczyźnie, u nas rzadko osiąga 15 m.
Liście
5-klapowe, z płytkimi wcięciami, długości 6-10 cm, z wierzchu ciemnozielone, od spodu niebieskawe, jesienią przebarwiające się na czerwono i pomarańczowo.
Kwiaty
Ciemnoczerwone na krótkich szypułkach, zebrane w pęczkowate kwiatostany. Mają 5-dzielny kielich, koronę 5-płatkową, 1 słupek 1 lub 2 nitkowatymi znamionami i 6-8 pręcików.
Owoc
Dwa złączone z sobą orzeszki ze skrzydełkami (skrzydlaki) ustawione pod kątem prostym względem siebie.

Zastosowanie

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-02-04].
  2. Taxon: Acer rubrum (ang.). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [dostęp 2010-02-04].

Bibliografia

  1. Zbigniew Podbielkowski: Słownik roślin użytkowych. Warszawa: PWRiL, 1989. ISBN 83-09-00256-4.
  2. Michel Lis: Les arbres du jardin. Bagneux: Reader's Digest, 2003. ISBN 2-7098-1442-0.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia POL

Klon czerwony: Brief Summary ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL

Klon czerwony (Acer rubrum L.) – gatunek drzew z rodziny mydleńcowatych (Sapindaceae). W obrębie rodzaju sklasyfikowany do sekcji Acer i serii Rubra. Występuje we wschodniej Ameryce Północnej. Od XVIII wieku sadzony w parkach w Europie.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia POL

Acer glaucum ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Acer glaucum é uma espécie de árvore do gênero Acer, pertencente à família Aceraceae.[1]

Referências

  1. «Acer glaucum». Sistema Global de Informação sobre Biodiversidade (em inglês). Consultado em 5 de setembro de 2019

Bibliografia

  • D. Grosser, W. Teetz: Ahorn. In: Einheimische Nutzhölzer (Loseblattsammlung). Informationsdienst Holz, Holzabsatzfond – Absatzförderungsfonds der deutschen Forst- und Holzwirtschaft, Bonn 1998, ISSN 0446-2114.
  • Helmut Pirc: Ahorne. Mit Zeichnungen von Michael Motamen. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-8001-6554-6
  • Geoff Nicholls; Tony Bacon (1 June 1997). The drum book. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. 54–. ISBN 9780879304768
  • Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  • Joseph Aronson (1965). The encyclopedia of furniture. Random House, Inc.. pp. 300–. ISBN 9780517037355.
  • Philips, Roger (1979). Trees of North America and Europe. New York: Random House, Inc.. ISBN 0-394-50259-0.
  • Phillips, D. H. & Burdekin, D. A. (1992). Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-49493-8.

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

Acer glaucum: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Acer glaucum é uma espécie de árvore do gênero Acer, pertencente à família Aceraceae.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

Acer rubrum ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Acer rubrum[1], på svenska också känd som rödlönn[2], är en kinesträdsväxtart som beskrevs av Carl von Linné. Acer rubrum ingår i släktet lönnar, och familjen kinesträdsväxter.[3][4]

Underarter

Arten delas in i följande underarter:[3]

  • A. r. drummondii
  • A. r. trilobum

Källor

  1. ^ L., 1753 In: Sp. Pl. 1055
  2. ^ Christofer Ahlberg (15 augusti 2017). ”Rödlönn - Red sunset”. Region Jönköpings län. https://www.rjl.se/Folkhalsa-och-vard/sa-kontaktar-du-varden/besok-pa-vara-sjukhus/lanssjukhuset-ryhov/Natur-och-kulturstigen-Slingan/rodlonn---red-sunset/. Läst 1 mars 2019.
  3. ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed) (27 april 2014). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/16824891. Läst 26 maj 2014.
  4. ^ World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World

Externa länkar


Rödklöver.png Denna växtartikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV

Acer rubrum: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Acer rubrum, på svenska också känd som rödlönn, är en kinesträdsväxtart som beskrevs av Carl von Linné. Acer rubrum ingår i släktet lönnar, och familjen kinesträdsväxter.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV

Kırmızı akçaağaç ( Turkish )

provided by wikipedia TR

Kırmızı akçaağaç (Acer rubrum), yaprak döken ve Kuzey Amerika’nın doğusunda yaygın olan ağaçlardan biri. ABD Orman hizmetine göre Amerika’daki en yaygın ağaçtır. Ontario ve Minnesota sınırında bulunan Lake of the Woods’dan doğuda Newfoundland’e, güneyde Miami ve Florida’ya güneybatıda ise Doğu Teksas’a kadar yayılmıştır. Özellikle yaprakları olmak üzere çoğu özelliği biçimde değişkenlik gösterir. Olgunluğa ulaştığında yaklaşık 15 metre gibi bir yüksekliğe ulaşır. Çiçekleri, dalları, sapları ve tohumların kırmızının tonlarına değişmesi nedeniyle bu adı almıştır. Bu özelliklerin yanı sıra en çok son baharda parlak koyu kızıl yaprakları ile bilinirler.

Yayılım alanının haricinde kızıl akçaağaç, pek çok farklı konum ve koşula neredeyse Kuzey Amerika’daki bütün ağaçlardan daha fazla uyum sağalayabilir. Bataklıklarda, kuru kumda veya bu ikisinin arasındaki neredeyse her yerde yetişebilir. Deniz düzeyinden 900 metreye kadar olan yüksekliklerde iyi bir şekilde yetişebilir. Güzün yapraklarının aldığı renk ve beğenilen biçimi için gölgelik ağaç olarak kullanılır. Ticari olarak küçük ölçekte akçaağaç şurubu ve orta veya yüksek kalitedeki kereste yapımında kullanılır. Rhode Island’ın eyalet ağacıdır.

Kaynakça

  1. ^ NatureServe (2006). "NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Version 6.1". Arlington, Virginia. |contribution= görmezden gelindi (yardım)
  2. ^ Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since]. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia TR

Kırmızı akçaağaç: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

provided by wikipedia TR

Kırmızı akçaağaç (Acer rubrum), yaprak döken ve Kuzey Amerika’nın doğusunda yaygın olan ağaçlardan biri. ABD Orman hizmetine göre Amerika’daki en yaygın ağaçtır. Ontario ve Minnesota sınırında bulunan Lake of the Woods’dan doğuda Newfoundland’e, güneyde Miami ve Florida’ya güneybatıda ise Doğu Teksas’a kadar yayılmıştır. Özellikle yaprakları olmak üzere çoğu özelliği biçimde değişkenlik gösterir. Olgunluğa ulaştığında yaklaşık 15 metre gibi bir yüksekliğe ulaşır. Çiçekleri, dalları, sapları ve tohumların kırmızının tonlarına değişmesi nedeniyle bu adı almıştır. Bu özelliklerin yanı sıra en çok son baharda parlak koyu kızıl yaprakları ile bilinirler.

Yayılım alanının haricinde kızıl akçaağaç, pek çok farklı konum ve koşula neredeyse Kuzey Amerika’daki bütün ağaçlardan daha fazla uyum sağalayabilir. Bataklıklarda, kuru kumda veya bu ikisinin arasındaki neredeyse her yerde yetişebilir. Deniz düzeyinden 900 metreye kadar olan yüksekliklerde iyi bir şekilde yetişebilir. Güzün yapraklarının aldığı renk ve beğenilen biçimi için gölgelik ağaç olarak kullanılır. Ticari olarak küçük ölçekte akçaağaç şurubu ve orta veya yüksek kalitedeki kereste yapımında kullanılır. Rhode Island’ın eyalet ağacıdır.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia TR

Phong đỏ ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Phong đỏ (danh pháp khoa học: Acer rubrum) là một loài thực vật thuộc chi Phong, họ Bồ hòn. Đây là một trong những cây rụng lá phổ biến nhất và rộng rãi của miền đông Bắc Mỹ. Nó có phạm vi dao động từ hồ Woods trên biên giới giữa Ontario và Minnesota, phía đông Newfoundland, phía nam gần Miami, Florida, và tây nam sang đông Texas. Cây trưởng thành thường đạt độ cao khoảng 15 m (49 ft). Tên gọi của nó xuất phát từ thực tế hoa, cuống lá, cành con và hạt của nó đều có màu đỏ ở các mức độ khác nhau. Tuy nhiên, trong số các đặc trưng này thì nó được biết dến nhiều nhất là do tán lá chuyển thành màu đỏ của nó khi tới mùa thu.

Nó cũng là cây biểu tượng của bang Rhode Island. Sự đổi màu của lá phong hoa đỏ (A. rubrum) rất đẹp mắt về mùa thu là yếu tố đóng góp chính vào phong cảnh mùa thu ở miền đông nam Canada và tại New England. Du lịch mùa thu để xem lá đổi màu là nguồn lợi chính trong kinh tế của khu vực này, đặc biệt là tại Vermont, New Hampshire và Western Massachusetts.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ NatureServe (2006). “NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Version 6.1.”. Arlington, Virginia. |chương= bị bỏ qua (trợ giúp)
  2. ^ Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since]. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Acer rubrum tại Wikimedia Commons


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết chủ đề họ Bồ hòn này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Phong đỏ: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Phong đỏ (danh pháp khoa học: Acer rubrum) là một loài thực vật thuộc chi Phong, họ Bồ hòn. Đây là một trong những cây rụng lá phổ biến nhất và rộng rãi của miền đông Bắc Mỹ. Nó có phạm vi dao động từ hồ Woods trên biên giới giữa Ontario và Minnesota, phía đông Newfoundland, phía nam gần Miami, Florida, và tây nam sang đông Texas. Cây trưởng thành thường đạt độ cao khoảng 15 m (49 ft). Tên gọi của nó xuất phát từ thực tế hoa, cuống lá, cành con và hạt của nó đều có màu đỏ ở các mức độ khác nhau. Tuy nhiên, trong số các đặc trưng này thì nó được biết dến nhiều nhất là do tán lá chuyển thành màu đỏ của nó khi tới mùa thu.

Nó cũng là cây biểu tượng của bang Rhode Island. Sự đổi màu của lá phong hoa đỏ (A. rubrum) rất đẹp mắt về mùa thu là yếu tố đóng góp chính vào phong cảnh mùa thu ở miền đông nam Canada và tại New England. Du lịch mùa thu để xem lá đổi màu là nguồn lợi chính trong kinh tế của khu vực này, đặc biệt là tại Vermont, New Hampshire và Western Massachusetts.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Клён красный ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Rosanae
Семейство: Сапиндовые
Подсемейство: Конскокаштановые
Триба: Клёновые
Род: Клён[2]
Вид: Клён красный
Международное научное название

Acer rubrum L.

Ареал красного клёна

изображение

Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 28728NCBI 45314EOL 582246GRIN t:1220IPNI 781490-1TPL kew-2616329

Клён кра́сный (лат. Ácer rúbrum) — листопадное дерево, одно из наиболее часто встречающихся в восточной части Северной Америки; вид рода Клён семейства Клёновые (по другой системе классификации Сапиндовые).

Морфология

 src=
Ботаническая иллюстрация из книги Н. Л. Бриттона (англ. Nathaniel Lord Britton) и А. Брауна (англ. Addison Brown) Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada, 1913.

Листопадное дерево средних размеров, 9—28 м высотой и диаметром ствола до 1,6 м. Хотя клён красный довольно легко идентифицируется, он обладает довольно широкими морфологическими характеристиками, более чем любой другой клён Северной Америки. Самый простой способ распознавания данного вида — это форма листьев.

Как и у других представителей данного рода, листья клёна красного расположены супротивно и в зимнее время опадают. Листья простые, 5—10 см длиной, дланевидные с тремя—пятью одинаковой ширины зубчатыми лопастями неправильной формы (для сравнения, у близкого ему вида клёна серебристого (Acer saccharinum) зубцов как правило 5 и они гораздо глубже изрезаны). Верхняя часть листа светло-жёлтая, нижняя бледная. Черешки обычно красные, так же как и почки. Осенью листья становятся ярко-красными.

Кора гладкая, варьирует от серо-коричневого до белого цвета, с возрастом темнеет и покрывается трещинами. Веточки схожи с веточками клёна серебристого — красные, с V-образными листовыми рубцами, только у клёна серебристого на изломе они неприятно пахнут. На многих веточках есть карликовые побеги.

Почки тупые, неопушённые, от красного до серовато-коричневого цвета, в зимнее время хорошо видны на расстоянии.

 src=
Женские цветки

Цветки разнополые (хотя мужские и женские цветки расположены на одном дереве). Женские семенные цветки ярко-красные, каждый с пятью лепестками и пятью чашелистиками, собранными в кисть. Мужские цветки представляют собой лишь жёлтые тычинки, выступающие из карликовых веточек на ветке. У молодых деревьев могут присутствовать цветки только одного пола. Цветение начинается ранней весной, до появления листьев.

Плод представляет собой крылатку, цветовая гамма которой варьирует между красным, жёлтым и коричневыми цветами. Крылатки 15—25 мм длиной, появляются парами под углом в 50—60 градусов.

Клён красный часто создаёт гибрид с близким ему клёном серебристым. Полученный гибрид × freemanii имеет признаки обоих видов.

Живут клёны красные 100—200 лет, но иногда и дольше.

Распространение

Клён красный распространён в Северной Америке, к югу и востоку от Лесного озера (англ. Lake of the Woods) на границе американского штата Миннесота и канадской провинции Онтарио. На восточном побережье Северной Америки ареал на севере ограничен Ньюфаундлендом и Новой Шотландией, на юге городом Майами во Флориде. Юго-западная граница распространения проходит в штате Техас.

Клён красный легко адаптируется к широкому кругу природных ландшафтов: его можно встретить как на болотистых, так и бедных питательными веществами засушливых почвах. Он также легко уживается при широком разбросе значений водородного показателя, хотя в щелочной среде может страдать желтухой (болезнь растений, отсутствие хлорофилла).

Доминирует или выступает одним из доминантов в лиственных лесах и заболоченных местностях с присутствием ясеня чёрного (Fraxinus nigra), берёзы аллеганской (Betula alleghaniensis), дуба бархатистого (Quercus velutina), дуба красного (Quercus rubra), тополя осиновидного (Populus tremuloides) и вязов (Ulmus spp). На возвышенностях с умеренным увлажнением занимает верхний ярус растительности среди ликвидамбара смолоносного (Liquidambar styraciflua) и дуба болотного (Quercus palustris).

Природное значение

Листьями и веточками клёна красного в дикой природе питаются белохвостые олени (Odocoileus virginianus), лоси (Alces alces), олени вапити (олень вапити) и американские беляки (Lepus americanus). На ветках клёна часто гнездятся совки (Otus), хохлатые дятлы (Dryocopus pileatus) и золотые шилоклювые дятлы (Colaptes auratus)

Применение

Используется для изготовления мебели, фанеры, бочек, деревянной тары, паркета и железнодорожных шпал. Как и клён сахарный, используется для приготовления кленового сиропа, хотя и реже.

Красный клён часто используется в зелёных насаждениях парков и садов, кроме тех мест, где почвы щелочные или кислотные. Особенно его высаживают там, где много места для его корневой системы. Преимуществами этого клёна называют толерантность к влажным и сухим ландшафтам, к загрязнению окружающей среды. Красные клёны привлекают к себе белок, которые питаются почками клёна ранней весной, когда их рацион крайне ограничен. Недостатком красного клёна называют его высокую, хотя и несколько меньшую по сравнению с серебристым и сахарным клёнами, инвазивность – он способен вытеснять близко растущие растения благодаря своей плотной листве и неглубокой корневой системе.

Некоторые сорта

  • 'October Glory' (syn. 'PN10268') — дерево высотой 6—12 м. Крона широко овальная. Листья летом глянцевые, средне-зелёные, осенью малиново-красные. Зоны морозостойкости: от 4 до более тёплых[3].
  • 'Red Sunset' — дерево высотой 6—12 м. Крона овальная. Листья летом тёмно-зелёные, осенью от оранжево-красных до красных. Зоны морозостойкости: от 4 до более тёплых[4].

Галерея

  •  src=

    Листья

  •  src=

    Цветки

  •  src=

    Плоды

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. Систематическое положение рода дано согласно GRIN.
  3. Acer rubrum October Glory® (англ.). Weston Nurseries Inc.. Проверено 12 февраля 2013. Архивировано 15 марта 2013 года.
  4. Acer rubrum Red Sunset® (англ.). Weston Nurseries Inc.. Проверено 12 февраля 2013. Архивировано 16 марта 2013 года.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Клён красный: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Клён кра́сный (лат. Ácer rúbrum) — листопадное дерево, одно из наиболее часто встречающихся в восточной части Северной Америки; вид рода Клён семейства Клёновые (по другой системе классификации Сапиндовые).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии