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Notodiscus hookeri

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Notodiscus hookeri is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Charopidae.[2] This snail lives on islands in the sub-Antarctic region. Its shell is unique among land snails in that the organic shell layers contain no chitin.

Taxonomy

This species was described under the name Helix hookeri by an English conchologist Lovell Augustus Reeve in 1854.[1] The specific name hookeri is in honor of English botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker, who collected this snail during the Antarctic expedition led by James Clark Ross.[1] Reeve's type description reads in Latin and in English language as follows:[1]

Species 1474 (Mus. Brit.)

Helix hookeri. Hel. testá mediocriter umbilicatá, orbuculari-depressá, sordidè olivaceá, subirrigulariter rugoso-striatá; spirá subplanulatá, suturis impressis; anfractibus quatuor, convexis; aperturá lunato-circulari, labro simplici.
Hooker's Helix. Shell moderately umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, dull olive, rather irregularly roughly striated; spire rather flat, with sutures impressed; whorls four, convex; aperture lunar-circular, lip simple.
Hab. Kerguelen's Land; Dr. J. D. Hooker.
A small depressed species collected by Dr. Hooker in the Antarctic Expedition of the Erebus and Terror, peculiarly characterized by the sombre olive-horny coating of

Paludina and Ampullaria.

Henry Augustus Pilsbry classified this species as Helix hookeri in 1887[3] or within the genus Amphidoxa as Amphidoxa hookeri within the family Endodontidae in 1894.[4]

Also Alan Solem classified this species within the family Endodontidae in 1968.[5]

A subspecies Notodiscus hookeri heardensis Dell, 1964[6] was recognized in Heard Island.[7]

Distribution

Notodiscus hookeri has a wide distribution in the sub-Antarctic region.[2] It is the only native terrestrial gastropod species found in the South Indian Ocean islands and archipelagos, and also in the South Atlantic Province:

South Indian Province:

South Atlantic Province:

The type locality is the Kerguelen Islands.[1]

The land snail Notodiscus hookeri is not an endangered or a protected species.[2]

Shell description

Apertural view of a shell of Notodiscus hookeri.
SEM image of the shell micro-scale structure of OL-ecophenotype Notodiscus hookeri. The round white dot marks the outer periostracum. The almost vertical white line shows the organic layer. The thick white line is the innermost mineralised layer. Scale bar is 10 µm.
SEM image of the shell structure of OL-ecophenotype Notodiscus hookeri. The round white dot marks the outer periostracum. The double white line is a thick organic layer. The thick white line is the innermost mineralised layer. Scale bar is 10 µm.

The shell growth does not stop on reaching sexual maturity, but decelerates considerably, with the biggest shells measuring 7.5–7.7 mm in size.[2]

Large intraspecific variations in shell morphometrics have been reported for this species on Possession Island,[7] with endemic variants being described as local adaptations to environmentally distinct islands.[2]

The shape of the shell is depressed. The umbilicus is open.

The width of the adult shell is up to 7.5-7.77 mm.[2] The weight of the snail of the shell length 6.13 mm is 52.88 mg.[8]

The micro structure of the shell was analysed by Charrier et al. (2013).[2] Their study was the first to demonstrate that gastropod shell micro structure responds to environmental heterogeneity, leading to the formation of ecophenotypes.[2] The adults of Notodiscus hookeri have evolved into two ecophenotypes, which the authors referred as MS (mineral shell) and OS (organic shell):[2]

  • The MS-ecophenotype is characterised by a thick but small mineralised shell.[2] This ecophenotype is primarily found along the coastline, and may be associated with the presence of exchangeable calcium in the clay minerals of the soils.[2]
  • The OS-ecophenotype is characterised by a thin but large organic shell.[2] This ecophenotype is primarily found at high altitudes in the mesic and xeric fell-fields, in soils with large particles that lack clay and exchangeable calcium.[2] Snails of the OS-ecophenotype are characterised by thinner and larger shell sizes compared to snails of the MS-ecophenotype, indicating a trade-off between mineral thickness and shell size.[2] The OS-ecophenotype has a highly flexible shell.[2]

Notodiscus hookeri has unique[2] shell micro-scale structure among gastropods:

Ecology

This land snail is a gregarious species that lives under moist stones, moss and wet vegetation; however, it is also widespread in fell-field areas, which are characterised by very low vegetation cover.[2] This snail live in relatively simple ecosystems, that is caused by harsh environmental conditions on subantarctic islands.[8] It is a litter-dwelling species.[8]

The soil is known to be a nutrient resource for Notodiscus hookeri, since this species has been found to significantly increase calcium release in solutions derived from plant litter.[2]

Digestive system of Notodiscus hookeri

Notodiscus hookeri exclusively feeds on lichens such as Orceolina kerguelensis, Usnea taylorii and Pseudocyphellaria crocata.[8] Notodiscus hookeri appears as a generalist lichen feeder able to consume toxic metabolite-containing lichens.[8]

Hatchlings have a shell width of < 2.0 mm.[2] Juveniles have a shell width of about 2.0-4.0 mm.[2] Adults have a shell width larger than 4.0 mm.[2]

The biology of this species is poorly known.[2]

On a stamp

Notodiscus hookeri was depicted on the 2012 €0.60 French Southern and Antarctic Lands postal stamp.[10]

See also

References

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference[1] and (modified) CC-BY-4.0 text from references[2][8]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Reeve L. A. (1854). Conchologia iconica, or, Illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals 7: Species 1474, plate 208, figure 1474.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Charrier M., Marie A., Guillaume D., Bédouet L., Le Lannic J., Roiland C., Berland S., Pierre J.-S., Le Floch M., Frenot Y. & Lebouvier M. (2013). "Soil Calcium Availability Influences Shell Ecophenotype Formation in the Sub-Antarctic Land Snail, Notodiscus hookeri". PLoS ONE 8(12): e84527. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084527
  3. ^ Pilsbry H. A. (1887). Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Volume 3. Helicidae – Volume I. (2)3: page 48.
  4. ^ Pilsbry H. A. (1894). Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Volume 9. Helicidae – Volume VII. (2)9: page 39, plate 5, figure 83.
  5. ^ Solem A. (1968). "The subantarctic land snail, Notodiscus hookeri (Reeve, 1854) (Pulmonata, Endodontidae)". Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 38(3): 251-266. PDF (subscription required)
  6. ^ Dell R. K. (1964). "Land snails from Subantarctic Islands". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 11: 167-173.
  7. ^ a b Madec L. & Bellido A. (2007). "Spatial variation of shell morphometrics in the subantarctic snail Notodiscus hookeri from Crozet and Kerguelen Islands". Polar Biology 30: 1571-1578. doi:10.1007/s00300-007-0318-7.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Gadea, A., Le Pogam, P., Biver, G., Boustie, J., Le Lamer, A. C., Le Dévéhat, F., & Charrier, M. (2017). "Which Specialized Metabolites Does the Native Subantarctic Gastropod Notodiscus hookeri Extract from the Consumption of the Lichens Usnea taylorii and Pseudocyphellaria crocata?". Molecules 22(3): 425. doi:10.3390/molecules22030425
  9. ^ Meenakshi V. R. & Scheer B. T. (1970). "Chemical studies of the internal shell of the slug, Ariolimax columbianus (Gould) with special reference to the organic matrix". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 34(4): 953-957. doi:10.1016/0010-406X(70)91018-2.
  10. ^ TF004.12, accessed 15 February 2014.

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Notodiscus hookeri: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Notodiscus hookeri is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Charopidae. This snail lives on islands in the sub-Antarctic region. Its shell is unique among land snails in that the organic shell layers contain no chitin.

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Notodiscus hookeri ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Notodiscus hookeri est une espèce d'escargots terrestres de petite taille, un mollusque gastéropode de la famille des Charopidae[3]. Cet escargot vit sur les îles de la région subantarctique. La particularité de sa coquille, unique parmi les escargots terrestres, est que la partie organique ne contient pas de chitine.

Taxonomie

Cette espèce a été décrite sous le nom de Helix hookeri par le naturaliste anglais Lovell Augustus Reeve en 1854[4]. Le nom spécifique hookeri célèbre le botaniste anglais Joseph Dalton Hooker, qui a recueilli cet escargot lors de l'expédition en Antarctique dirigée par James Clark Ross.

Henry Augustus Pilsbry a classé cette espèce comme Helix hookeri en 1887[5], ou dans le genre Amphidoxa comme Amphidoxa hookeri au sein de la famille des Endodontidae en 1894[6].

Alan Solem a également classé cette espèce dans la famille des Endodontidae en 1968.

Une sous-espèce, Notodiscus hookeri heardensis Dell, 1964[7], été identifiée à Heard Island[8].

Distribution

Notodiscus hookeri a une large distribution dans la région subantarctique[3]. C'est la seule espèce de gastéropodes terrestres indigènes qu'on trouve dans les îles de l'océan Indien Sud, ainsi que dans celles de l'océan Atlantique Sud.

Notodiscus hookeri n'est pas une espèce en voie de disparition ou protégée[3].

Description de la coquille

 src=
Vue apicale de la coquille d'un escargot Notodiscus hookeri heardensis.
 src=
Vue de l'ouverture d'une coquille de Notodiscus hookeri.

La croissance de la coquille ne cesse pas à la maturité sexuelle, mais ralentit considérablement, les plus grosses coquilles mesurent 7,5–7,7 mm[3].

De larges variations intraspécifiques de la morphométrie des coquilles ont été observées pour cette espèce sur l'île de la Possession[8].

Écologie

Cet escargot terrestre est une espèce grégaire qui vit sous les pierres humides, les mousses et la végétation humide. Il est cependant également répandu dans les zones ouvertes de fell-fields, qui se caractérisent par une couverture végétale très faible[3]. Cet escargot vit dans des écosystèmes relativement simples, en raison des conditions environnementales difficiles des îles subantarctiques[9].

 src=
Système digestif de Notodiscus hookeri.

Notodiscus hookeri se nourrit exclusivement de lichens comme Orceolina kerguelensis, Usnea taylorii et Pseudocyphellaria crocata[9]. Notodiscus hookeri apparaît comme un prédateur généraliste de lichens, capable de consommer des lichens contenant des métabolites toxiques.

Les nouveau-nés ont une largeur de coquille à l'éclosion inférieure à 2,0 mm[3]. Les juvéniles ont une largeur de coquille d'environ 2,0-4,0 mm et pour les adultes supérieure à 4,0 mm.

La biologie de cette espèce est mal connue[3].

Philatélie

Notodiscus hookeri a été représenté sur un timbre postal de 0,60 émis par les Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises en 2012[10].

Notes et références

  1. Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Vandepitte, L., DeWalt, R. E., Remsen, D., Schalk, P., Orrell, T., Keping, M., Miller, J., Aalbu, R., Adlard, R., Adriaenssens, E., Aedo, C., Aescht, E., Akkari, N., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Alvarez, B., Alvarez, F., Anderson, G., et al. (2021). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2021-10-18). Catalogue of Life. https://doi.org/10.48580/d4t2, consulté le 8 février 2020
  2. World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 8 février 2020
  3. a b c d e f g h et i Charrier M., Marie A., Guillaume D., Bédouet L., Le Lannic J., Roiland C., Berland S., Pierre J.-S., Le Floch M., Frenot Y. & Lebouvier M. (2013). "Soil Calcium Availability Influences Shell Ecophenotype Formation in the Sub-Antarctic Land Snail, Notodiscus hookeri". PLoS ONE 8(12): e84527.
  4. Reeve L. A. (1854). Conchologia iconica, or, Illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals 7: Species 1474, plate 208, figure 1474.
  5. Pilsbry H. A. (1887). Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Volume 3. Helicidae – Volume I. (2)3: page 48.
  6. Pilsbry H. A. (1894). Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Volume 9. Helicidae – Volume VII. (2)9: page 39, plate 5, figure 83.
  7. Dell R. K. (1964). "Land snails from Subantarctic Islands". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 11: 167-173.
  8. a et b Madec L. & Bellido A. (2007). "Spatial variation of shell morphometrics in the subantarctic snail Notodiscus hookeri from Crozet and Kerguelen Islands". Polar Biology 30: 1571-1578. .
  9. a et b Gadea, A., Le Pogam, P., Biver, G., Boustie, J., Le Lamer, A. C., Le Dévéhat, F., & Charrier, M. (2017). "Which Specialized Metabolites Does the Native Subantarctic Gastropod Notodiscus hookeri Extract from the Consumption of the Lichens Usnea taylorii and Pseudocyphellaria crocata?". Molecules 22(3): 425.
  10. « Timbres TAAF : nouveautés 2012 (1) - Cercle d'études postales polaires », sur philatelie.polaire.free.fr (consulté le 6 février 2020)

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Notodiscus hookeri: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Notodiscus hookeri est une espèce d'escargots terrestres de petite taille, un mollusque gastéropode de la famille des Charopidae. Cet escargot vit sur les îles de la région subantarctique. La particularité de sa coquille, unique parmi les escargots terrestres, est que la partie organique ne contient pas de chitine.

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