Associations
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Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, in groups of 5 to 12 perithecium of Valsa sordida is saprobic on dead branch of Populus balsamifera
Remarks: season: 2-4
Associated Forest Cover
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Balsam poplar occurs in the following forest cover types (13):
Balsam Poplar (Society of American Foresters Type 203), White
Spruce-Aspen (Type 251), White Spruce (Types 107 and 201), Jack
Pine (Type 1), Aspen (Type 16), Red Spruce-Balsam Fir (Type 33),
Northern White-Cedar (Type 37), Black Ash-American Elm-Red Maple
(Type 39).
In eastern North America, balsam poplar is found mainly in mixed
stands where other species dominate. In Saskatchewan, it is a
component of the following forest types: Aspen-hazelnut (Populus
tremuloides/Corylus cornuta), white spruce (Picea glauca)-feathermoss,
aspen-sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis)/twinflower
(Linnaea borealis), white spruce/aspen-bunchberry (Cornus
canadensis)/bishops cap (Mitella nuda), black spruce
(Picea mariana)feathermoss, and white
spruce-horsetail (Equisetum spp.) (31). Balsam poplar is
uncommon in boreal white spruce forests east of about 75°
longitude and is not present in black spruce stands east of 85 to
86° longitude. It grows with white spruce east of 75°
longitude, however (45). Other associated trees are balsam fir
(Abies balsamea), paper birch (Betula papyrifera),
black ash (Fraxinus nigra), American elm (Ulmus
americana), red maple (Acer rubrum), tamarack
(Larix laricina), and northern white-cedar (Thuja
canadensis).
In western and northern parts of the range, balsam poplar is
associated with balsam/alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa),
aspen, paper birch, white spruce, and black spruce on upland
sites. It reaches its most widespread development on the river
flood plains. On these sites, it occurs in pure stands and is
associated with mountain alder (Alnus incana) and various
willows (e.g., Salix alaxensis, S. interior) during
early stand development and white spruce in later stages when it
finally disappears from these sites (53,57).
Low shrubs associated with balsam poplar include redosier dogwood
(Cornus stolonifera), bunchberry, mountain maple (Acer
spicatum), bearberry honeysuckle (Lonicera involucrata),
beaked hazel, American cranberry bush (Viburnum
trilobum), highbush cranberry (V edule), red
raspberry (Rubus idaeus var. canadensis and strigosus),
prickly rose (Rosa acicularis), mountain cranberry
(Vaccinium vitis-idaea), devil's club (Oplopanax
horridum), and red currant (Ribes triste).
Some associated herbaceous plants are horsetails (Equisetum
arvense, E. pratense), bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis
canadensis), bedstraws (Galium boreale, G. triflorum),
fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium), panicle bluebells
(Mertensia paniculata), red baneberry (Actaea rubra),
alpine pyrola (Pyrola asarifolia), claspleaf
twistedstalk (Streptopus amplexifolius), wild
sarsaparilla, butterbur (Petasites spp.), and bishops
cap.
In mixed stands, various feathermosses (e.g., Hylocomium
splendens, Pleurozium schreberi) and lichens may be
associated with balsam poplar. In Alaska, two mosses, Eurhynchium
pulchellum and Mnium cuspidatum, have been reported
in flood plain stands (53). Moss and lichen cover is generally
low in these stands.
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Climate
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Most of the range of balsam poplar has a continental climate, but
some is in the maritime zone and the transition between these two
broad regions. Average temperature ranges from -30° to -4°
C (- 22° to 25° F) in January and from 12° to 24°
C (53° to 75° F) in July. The lowest temperatures range
from -18° to -62° C (-10° to -79° F); the
highest from 30° to 44° C (85° to 110° F).
Annual precipitation is lowest in central Alaska (15 to 30 cm; 6
to 12 in) in the Yukon-Tanana drainage. The highest
precipitation, 140 cm (55 in), occurs in the Maritime Provinces
of eastern Canada. Distribution of precipitation varies
throughout the range, but prolonged summer droughts are uncommon.
Annual snowfall is lowest in interior Alaska (100 to 200 cm; 40
to 80 in) and highest in Newfoundland (400 cm; 160 in). Maximum
summer daylength varies from 16 to 24 hours. Minimum daylength in
winter drops to zero above the Arctic Circle. The frost-free
period varies from 75 to 160 days. The longest growing seasons
are in the southern part of the range and the shortest in the
north, but growing seasons can be 120 days in parts of Alaska.
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Damaging Agents
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Susceptibility of balsam poplar to fire
is determined by characteristics of individual trees and stands.
Thickness of bark increases with age, giving increased resistance
to fire; however, the bark of mature trees tends to be deeply
fissured, and the protection afforded the cambium is less than if
a continuous sheath surrounded it. Mature trees can withstand
mild and perhaps moderately intense fires. Balsam poplar supports
crown fires only under the severest burning conditions (41).
Fire fuels differ in the various vegetation types where balsam
poplar occurs. Pure stands of balsam poplar support fires of less
intensity than those in mixed conifer-hardwood stands, and tree
survival is greater. Early successional stands containing only
hardwoods are less likely to burn intensely than later
successional stages or mixed balsam poplar-conifer stands (41).
Balsam poplar produces root suckers after fire, and burned sites
can be colonized by seed reproduction when mineral soil seedbeds
are created.
As rivers create sites for establishment of balsam poplar, they
also destroy sites with established stands. This process can be
gradual as the river slowly undermines its bank at the rate of a
few feet per year, or the erosion can be dramatic. It is not
uncommon to see river channels change by 30 to 60 m (100 to 200
ft) in several years. These channel changes can destroy
significant areas of established poplar stands.
Moose, deer, elk, and other animals browse on balsam poplar stem
material but eat little foliage (3). Stems as large as 5 cm (2
in) d.b.h. may be broken by moose and the tops browsed. Where
browsing occurs for only 1 or 2 years, however, form is not
adversely affected because subapical buds rapidly replace damaged
terminals. Simulated browsing of 9 to 14-year-old poplars
resulted in increased twig biomass, indicating that only under
the severest, repeated browsing is it adversely affected (16).
Resin of balsam poplar appears to repel snowshoe hares, and foliar
buds have higher resin contents than internodes. As a result,
hares may eat internodes of twigs and stems but not the buds
(3,38). High terpene and phenolic resin content are sufficient to
reduce cellulose digestion, making balsam poplar less palatable
to animals (43).
Girdling by hares or rodents can kill saplings or small trees
above the girdle, but dormant buds from below the girdle usually
form a new stem. Ruffed grouse may feed on staminate buds in the
winter.
Beaver frequently cut balsam poplar growing along watercourses;
usually, sprouts are not produced or, if they are, they either
die or are browsed and subsequently die. On small streams, ponds
created by beaver dams can kill poplars growing in or adjacent to
ponded areas.
The poplar and willow wood borer (Cryptorhynchus lapathi),
bronze poplar borer (Agrilus liargus), and the poplar
borer (Saperda calcarata) are among the most damaging
insects. They girdle or badly weaken trees larger than 2.5 cm (1
in) in diameter by tunneling in the main stem and limbs (9).
The forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria), satin
moth (Sti1pnotia salicis), gray willow leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta
decora decora), and aspen leaf beetle (Chrysomela
crotchi) feed on balsam poplar foliage, but the species is
not their principal host (1). The highly resinous buds and leaves
of balsam poplar may render them relatively less palatable than
the principal tree hosts (3).
In mature trees, the most common decay-causing fungal species is
Phellinus tremulae with Pholiota destruens, Corticium
expallens, and Bjerkandra adusta also being
important. A canker caused by Neofabraea populi has been
observed on balsam poplar in Ontario less than 3 cm (1.2 in) in
diameter (22,23). The occurrence of decay varies with site
conditions and among clones, with the latter appearing to be the
most important cause of resistance (23). Infection by Rhytidiella
moroformis causes a roughening of the normally smooth bark
and the formation of deep furrows. Melampsora spp.
cause a leaf rust and Linospora spp., a leaf blight
(22). Venturia populina causes a leaf and twig blight and
can stunt the main stem.
Septoria musiva and S. populicola cause a leaf
spot and canker on balsam poplar seedlings. Septoria musiva
was reported to cause the highest percentage of canker and leaf
spot in southern Manitoba. Septoria incidence on native
poplars within their range is negligible (61).
Frost damage occurs to trees of all ages in exposed stands
established after bums and logging, in nursery stooling beds, and
in plantations of hybrid poplar (60). Entire twigs may be shed.
Distortion from frost damage occurs adjacent to cankers, and
dieback results in burl formation, bud proliferation, sucker
production, and uneven development of bark, leaf, and sapwood
(60).
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Flowering and Fruiting
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Balsam poplar generally reaches
flowering age between 8 and 10 years. It produces large seed
crops almost every year, but significant annual variation in
production can occur by individual stands and trees (47,59).
Flowering in this dioecious species occurs before leaf flush, in
April and May throughout most of the range, but not until June or
July at northern limits and upper elevations.
The regional ratio of male to female clones was found to be 1:1 on
treeline sites in northern Quebec. Female clones occurred on
sites with a relatively milder climate or those that were more
fertile and mesic; male clones were more common on inland sites
with drier soil conditions. Most stands were made up of more than
one clone; however, monoclonal stands usually contained a male
clone, and polyclonal stands usually had only female clones.
Stand density and area were greater in male than in female clones
(6).
Flower clusters (catkins) are 5 to 9 cm (2 to 3.5 in) with many
small flowers about 3 mm (0.12 in) long. Male flowers have 20 to
30 reddish stamens. Mature female catkins are 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6
in) long. Capsules are a lustrous green during development but
turn dull green at time of dispersal. Male flowers are shed
promptly and decay; female catkins are shed shortly after
dispersal is completed but remain identifiable for the remainder
of the summer (2,56).
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Genetics
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Balsam poplar is in the section Tacamahaca of the genus Populus
(24). Two varieties have been identified: the typical variety
Populus balsamifera var. balsamifera and P balsamifera
var. subcordata, found in eastern Canada (2).
Balsam poplar and black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) have
hybridized and produced mixed populations. Because of this
intermixing, black cottonwood has been suggested as a subspecies
(i.e., Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa) (2,37).
Where balsam poplar and black cottonwood overlap, hybrids with a
range of characters intermediate to those of the two species are
found. An index using capsule shape, capsule pubescence, and
carpel number has been developed (2,55). Other hybrids have been
reported between balsam poplar and P alba, P. laurifolia, P
nigra, R simonii, P. sauveolens, P. tremula, and P tristis
(7,37,69).
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Growth and Yield
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-Large balsam poplar throughout much of
the range may be 90 to 180 cm (35 to 71 in) in diameter and 23 to
30 in (75 to 100 ft) in height (44). In the northern part of the
range, this species is frequently th
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Reaction to Competition
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Balsam poplar shows all the
characteristics of an early successional species: that is, low
shade tolerance, rapid juvenile growth, prolific seed production,
relatively short life span, good self-pruning, and replacement by
more tolerant associates. It is most accurately classed as very
intolerant of shade.
In primary succession on river flood plains, balsam poplar is an
early invader and is associated with various willows and alder
for about 20 years after formation (53). It appears to assume
dominance as a result of greater stature and relative growth rate
than willow and alder, which precede it in succession, and white
spruce, which follows it (58,59). It may have an allelopathic
effect on alder germination and germinant development, but these
effects have not been substantiated under field conditions
(27,58,59). Balsam poplar bud extracts inhibit nitrification
under laboratory conditions, indicating the potential for
nitrogen conservation within poplar stands and an effect on
forest development and succession (49). It is the dominant
species for about 50 years. White spruce gradually replaces
balsam poplar, and by age 100 to 150 years, the poplar is a minor
component of the stand. Deviations from this general pattern
include the Yukon and Susitna Rivers where poplar stands more
than 200 years old occur, and white spruce is a minor species
present mainly in the understory.
Balsam poplar can be important in secondary succession on bums and
cutovers or primary succession on lakeshores and sites severely
disturbed by mining and construction. Asexual and sexual
reproduction are important in burned and cutover areas, but only
sexual reproduction is important on severely disturbed sites.
Balsam poplar can reproduce asexually under stand conditions, but
the suckers are short lived.
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Rooting Habit
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On flood plains, the balsam poplar root
system is multilayered, owing to the deposition of new soil by
periodic flooding. Although early root development is downward,
subsequent development progresses upward as root development
occurs on the buried stem. In one instance, major new root
development occurred at least six times as the initial root
system and 2 in (6.6 ft) of the main bole were buried by silt
deposition during a 30- to 40-year period (40). Root development
on the buried stem of seedlings occurs within several weeks of
burial and appears to be associated with the presence of
preformed root primordia (8,34).
Expansion of the root system and subsequent sucker production can
play an important role in clone development and colonization of a
site after the seedling ortet becomes established. Extension of
lateral roots 1 to 3 cm (0.4 to 1.2 in) in diameter has been
observed to be at least 14 m (46 ft) in 15-year-old clones.
Expansion of the root system ranged between 0.5 and 8.0 m (1.6
and 26 ft) in a 15-year-old clone; maximum rate of expansion
occurred between 5 and 9 years (33). Root system expansion
determined from clone size and age appears to be lower at
treeline than at lower elevations where clones of about the same
size occur but are 6 to 10 times older (6,33,35.).
On sites without active soil deposition, formation of the root
system is predominantly downward and lateral. Depth of rooting is
restricted on the relatively wet sites where balsam poplar is
commonly found. Lateral root spread on upland sites is at least 8
to 12 in (26 to 39 ft).
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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Seeds are tan and small
(0.3 mg or 0.005 gr); they do not have an endosperm at maturity.
Dispersal begins in May and June throughout most of the range,
but dissemination can occur through the last week of July in
northernmost stands (33,59). Dispersal of seeds lasts for at
least 2 weeks. Viable seeds are found on trees 4 to 6 weeks after
the start of dispersal in some years. Relatively warm, dry
weather causes rapid dispersal. Each small seed is attached to a
tuft of long, silky hair ideally suited for long distance
dispersal by the wind. Under warm, dry conditions, seeds are
frequently carried upward by convection currents. Large
quantities of seeds fall within the stand, however, and large
numbers of short-lived germinants can be found on suitable
substrates in mature stands (59). On flood plain sites, large
quantities of seeds land in water and may be carried long
distances by rivers. Seeds sink rapidly, however, when detached
from the silky hairs.
Although most balsam poplar seeds die within several weeks of
dispersal, some remain viable for 4 to 5 weeks. Duration of
viability is dependent on temperature and moisture; cooler, drier
conditions prolong viability. Viability can be maintained at 90
percent or greater for at least 3 years when seed is stored in
airtight containers at -10° C (14° F) (4,63,65).
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Seedling Development
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The seed does not exhibit dormancy,
and germination occurs over a wide range of temperatures (5°
to 35° C; 41° to 95° F) provided moisture is
adequate (63). Germination can occur under water, and even mild
water deficits reduce germination (33). Germination is reduced by
exposure to the concentrations of salt that commonly occur as
crusts on river flood plains (33). In a comparison of germination
on different types of naturally occurring substrates, balsam
poplar germinated over a wider range of substrate moisture
content on sand-algal crusts than on silt, sand, or silt-salt
crust substrates (33). Complete germination occurs in the dark
and over a range of overstory conditions (59). Burial of seed up
to several millimeters does not prevent germination but reduces
it.
Germination is epigeal and can occur after the seed has separated
from the silky hair or in association with the hairs. Under ideal
conditions, germination is rapid, and cotyledons can be expanded
in 18 to 24 hours (33,64). The rate of germination declines below
15° to 20° C (59° to 68° F) (64). A
conspicuous ring of fine hairs is formed at the root-hypocotyl
junction. These hairs anchor the seedling to the substrate until
the radicle provides a more substantial foothold. Moist mineral
soil surfaces are the best seedbeds. Seeds germinate on moist
organic seedbeds, but seedling survival is poor, and most
seedlings die soon after germination (6,59,67).
Seedling development depends on photosynthesis soon after
germination. After the first growing season, hypocotyl length
varies from 2 to 5 mm (0.08 to 0.20 in) under Alaska conditions.
Tricotyledonous seedlings do occur, but they are rare. Albinism
can be as high as 5 percent in some seed lots in Alaska. Leaf
production begins with the development of two leaves separated by
0 to 4 mm (0 to 0.16 in); the first leaf is I to 3 min (0.04 to
0.12 in) above the cotyledons. Subsequent leaf production and
internode development vary by microsite and with seedling
density, with maximum production of 11 leaves under field
conditions in Alaska. The third and fourth internodes are the
longest (25).
The height and dry weight of first-year seedlings are affected by
density (25,39). Seedlings grown in a greenhouse from an Ontario
seed source ranged from 5 to 32 cm (2 to 12.5 in) in height and
11 to 220 mg (0.17 to 3.4 gr) per plant as density decreased from
about 59,000 to 323 seedlings/m² (39). Seedlings grown under
normal environmental conditions in interior Alaska ranged from 2
to 6 cm (0.8 to 2.4 in) tall at sowing densities ranging from
73,400 to 1 seeds/m² (6,820 to 0.1/ft²). First-year
shoot growth was proleptic with no branch formation unless the
apex was damaged. Dry weight of leaves and stems ranged from 20
to 520 mg (0.3 to 8.0 gr) (25). Average root length varied from 9
to 13 cm (3.5 to 5.1 in).
On flood plain sites, height growth of planted seedlings in early
successional stages was twice that in later stages. Growth
appeared to be controlled by nitrogen availability in some stages
of succession and a combination of light, water, and nutrient
availability in other stages. In greenhouse studies, balsam
poplar seedling biomass was greater on soils from alder stands
than on those from earlier successional stages, suggesting that
poplar benefits from nitrogen fixation. The growth of seedlings
on early successional soils increased significantly when they
were fertilized, but growth on alder soils was not affected by
fertilization (58). Natural seedlings were found only in the
early successional stages, and growth rate was similar in each of
these stages.
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Special Uses
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Natural stands are generally described as underutilized, but its
use is increasing as hardwood utilization increases in the
mixed-wood section of the boreal forest. Although the wood can be
used for a variety of products (for example, pulp, veneer, core
stock, boxes, crates, brackets), species such as aspen and
cottonwood are preferred. Waferboard with excellent mechanical
qualities can be produced from balsam poplar; however, special
procedures are needed to efficiently waferize the wood (17,42).
In northern areas, balsam poplar is used for structural lumber
and milled house logs when other species are not available.
Balsam poplar hybrids have a potential for a variety of uses.
Populus balsamifera x R deltoides (Populus x jackii) are
used as windbreak and shelterwood plantings in the northern
plains region. Other balsam poplar hybrids are being tested in
short rotation, intensive culture plantations. When properly
cultivated, irrigated, and fertilized, these hybrids yield about
three or four times as much biomass as native aspen in northern
Wisconsin. The resulting pulpwood is of acceptable quality. The
foliage and small woody component can be converted to an animal
feed supplement (26,70).
Balsam poplar and its hybrids are used or have potential value in
urban forestry and soil stabilization projects, particularly in
the northern portion of the range and in the plains area of
western Canada where the number of indigenous species available
for these purposes is limited. In urban situations, however,
balsam poplar has several undesirable traits. The branches of
older trees tend to be brittle, female trees produce large
amounts of residue from the spent catkins, and relatively rapid
root suckering can result in unwanted colonization of lawns,
sidewalks, and roadways.
Anyone that has ever walked into a poplar stand in the spring at
bud break is impressed with the fragrance in the air. This
fragrance comes from the volatile compounds in the buds and other
parts of the tree. These compounds have been identified and may
have useful biological and esthetic properties (38). Various
extracts from the winter buds of poplar were recognized by native
peoples as having therapeutic value. For example, a salve or
ointment (balm of Gilead) made by heating the winter buds in oil
was used to relieve congestion (52). In recent years, the bark
has been collected and carved into figures that are sold in gift
shops.
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Vegetative Reproduction
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Balsam poplar is one of the most
versatile members of the Salicaceae in its potential for
vegetative reproduction. New stems originating from intact or
broken roots, preformed or adventitious buds on stumps or at the
base of trees, and buried stems or branches have been observed in
primary or secondary succession on flood plain and upland sites
(33,66,69).
In Alaska, segments of stems and branches broken and buried during
autumn logging contribute to regeneration. This buried material
was from 2 to 6 cm (0.8 to 2.4 in) in diameter and 10 to 200 cm
(4 to 79 in) long (69).
Dormant hardwood stem cuttings, as old as 10 to 15 years and
probably older, will produce roots and new shoots. Older cuttings
frequently take longer to root than younger cuttings. The distal
portion of the current year's growth may root more poorly than
the basal part of the current growth and 2-year-old wood. In a
rooting study conducted with material from Ontario, cuttings
collected after December had a higher percentage of rooting, more
roots per cutting, and a higher percentage of cuttings with bud
activity than those collected before December. Age of the parent
tree had no effect on number of roots produced or bud activity
(8). Clonal differences are a major source of variation in
rooting percentage and the number of primary roots produced by
dormant cuttings (15). Rooting potential for hardwood cuttings
ranges from 75 to 100 percent (8,24); rooting of softwood
cuttings ranges from 23 to 63 percent, depending on treatment
(24).
Unrooted stem sections have been used with varying success in
regeneration of field sites. In one study in Alaska, survival
after 3 years ranged from 15 to 82 percent. Highest survival was
observed on gravel substrates, least on silt and sand soils.
Third-year height was greatest on silt and sand-1.2 m (3.9 ft)
(28). In a prescribed bum, survival after 5 years was generally
low; microsites burned to mineral soil supported the best growth.
Relatively deep organic layers, whether burned or unburned,
provide a poor environment for the establishment of unrooted stem
cuttings (65,66).
Stem cuttings (hardwood and softwood or greenwood cuttings) have
been the major means of stand establishment for the
short-rotation intensive culture of balsam poplar and hybrid
poplars in Wisconsin, Ontario, and other areas (20). Hardwood
cuttings are grown in clonal orchards, harvested, stored, and
planted either rooted or unrooted. Clones that are difficult to
root may survive better if they are regenerated from rooted
cuttings. Greenwood cuttings provide a means of rapidly
increasing the number of desirable clones, but they must be
rooted before planting (20).
In the greenhouse, root cuttings of balsam poplar clones from Utah
produced surface suckers from suppressed buds and end suckers
from the cambium at the cut end (46). Root cuttings also
produce new lateral roots from the same origins as suckers.
Alaskan clones respond similarly (69).
Production of suckers after disturbance of the parent tree varies;
the response is generally less than that of aspen which suckers
prolifically. In Alaska, stocking after 3 years ranged from 4 to
61 percent; densities were 1 to 2 plants/m² (3 to 8/milacre)
in harvested balsam poplar stands. Suckers made up about 80
percent of the stocking in the summer- and winter-logged areas
but only 27 percent in a fall-harvested area. Production was on
intact and broken roots within the upper 2 cm (0.8 in) of the
surface soil. Average diameter of roots producing suckers was 1
cm (0.4 in) (69). In a 40- to 50-year-old stand on the
Tanana River in interior Alaska, stocking was 83 percent and
density 2 trees/m² (8/milacre) (25). In
Saskatchewan, sucker regeneration was observed on dry, moist, and
wet regimes. Stocking was 12 percent in the aspen-hazelnut type;
5 percent in the white spruce-aspen-bunchberry type; 5 percent in
the white spruce/feathermoss type; and 7 percent in the
aspen/sarsaparilla/twinflower type (31).
Density of suckers is greatest on sites where the organic layers
are disturbed. Organic layers are effective insulators and may
limit sprouting by controlling soil temperature, particularly in
high latitude forests (69).
Production of suckers may be important in the invasion and
establishment of balsam poplar on disturbed sites and in primary
succession. Expansion has been observed on flood plains from
established stands to areas that did not have poplar (40).
Colonization by clonal expansion is believed to be more
important on dry sites where the probability of seedling
establishment is low (33). The area covered by individual
clones on productive forest sites is not well documented; one
15-year-old clone consisted of 27 ramets and covered an area of
350 m² (3,700 ft²) (33).
The extent of clonal development is best documented at elevational
and latitudinal treeline sites where seedling establishment is
limited and development of stands through vegetative growth is
the main means of colonization and maintenance of the species
(6,35). Scattered groves of balsam poplar in the Brooks and
Alaska Ranges of Alaska were found to be individual clones.
Representative clones covered from 100 to 200 m² (1,060 to
2,110 ft²) and contained from 90 to 150 ramets. Clones with
the oldest ramets (114 years old) were found on the Brooks Range
sites. Ramets did not occur in areas with dense shrub cover (35).
New shoots also form on stumps from suppressed buds and
adventitious buds developed from undifferentiated inner bark.
Most originate in the inner bark at the top of the stump.
Sprouting response varies with genotype and declines as tree age
increases. It may be high (50 to 100/stump) initially, but
production and survival of sprouts vary with season and logging
method. The percentage of stumps with sprouts declines over a 2-
to 5-year period (69).
Balsam poplar stump sprouts may be of little potential value in
replacement of trees in mature stands after disturbance
because of the fragile connection between sprout and stump. In
intensively cultured stands grown on short rotations, coppicing
is used to replace the new crop after harvest of the original
stand established from stem cuttings. Individual cuttings may
produce 10 to 20 sprouts I year after harvesting; 4 to 8 sprouts
will survive after 2 years (20).
The growth potential of balsam poplar vegetative reproduction is
greater than that of early seedling growth. Average height of
balsam poplar was about 1 m (3.2 ft) after 3 years; height of
dominants was 2.5 to 3.0 m (8.1 to 9.8 ft). The age of suckers at
breast height (1.5 m or 4.9 ft) varies with site quality and the
degree and type of disturbance (21,25).
The most detailed data available for growth of vegetative
reproduction comes from stands of a P. balsamifera x tristis
hybrid established from stem cuttings. After harvest of the
original stands, coppice stands are managed for several
rotations. Mean annual increment (stem plus branchwood) is 21 to
25 t/ha (9.5 to 11.0 tons/acre), depending on stand age and
rotation length (11). Other studies with this hybrid have shown
that 1- and 2-year-old coppice stands are taller and more
productive than stands of similar age established from stem
cuttings. Architecturally, the stands are different in that each
individual in coppice stands has 10 to 20 stems at age 1 and 4 to
8 stems at age 2. Stands from stem cuttings usually contain one
stem per individual at this age (20).
Internode length on young vegetative regeneration is usually
greatest in the lower part of the annual shoot. Buds are longest
in the central part of the shoot, and the terminal bud is equal
to the largest nodal bud. First-order branches are smallest at
the base of the previous year's growth and longest near the top.
Angle of divergence of first-order branches is 30° to 40°
(37).
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Distribution
provided by Silvics of North America
The range of balsam poplar spans about 110° in longitude (55°
to 165° W.) and 26° in latitude (42° to 68°
N.). It extends across North America along the northern limit of
trees from Newfoundland, Labrador, and Quebec west to Hudson Bay
and northwest to Mackenzie Bay. From northwest Alaska, its range
extends south to southwest Alaska and part of southcentral
Alaska, north and east British Columbia; east to southeast
Saskatchewan, east North Dakota, northeast South Dakota,
Minnesota, Wisconsin, northwest Indiana, Michigan, southern
Ontario, New York, and Maine. It is local in the western
mountains, south to northeast Oregon, Idaho, extreme northern
Utah, central Colorado, extreme northwest Nebraska, and the Black
Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. It is also scattered in
northern Iowa, northeast Ohio, Pennsylvania, northern West
Virginia, extreme eastern Maryland, and northwestern Connecticut.
-The native range of balsam poplar.
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Brief Summary
provided by Silvics of North America
Salicaceae -- Willow family
John C. Zasada and Howard M. Phipps
Balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) is the northernmost
American hardwood. It grows transcontinentally on upland and
flood plain sites but attains the best development on flood
plains. It is a hardy, fast-growing tree which is generally short
lived, with some trees reaching 200 years. Other names are
balm-of-gilead, bam, tacamahac, cottonwood, or heartleaf balsam
poplar. Many kinds of animals use the twigs for food. The light,
soft wood is used for pulp and construction.
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Balzam qovağı
(
Azerbaijani
)
provided by wikipedia AZ
Balzam qovağı — (lat. Populus balsamifera) - Söyüd fəsiləsinə adi bitki növü
İstinadlar
İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.
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Balzam qovağı: Brief Summary
(
Azerbaijani
)
provided by wikipedia AZ
Balzam qovağı — (lat. Populus balsamifera) - Söyüd fəsiləsinə adi bitki növü
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Populus balsamifera
(
Catalan; Valencian
)
provided by wikipedia CA
Populus balsamifera, anomenat en anglès: balsam poplar, (pollancre balsàmic)[1] bam,[2] bamtree,[1] eastern balsam poplar,[1] hackmatack,[1] tacamahac poplar,[1] tacamahaca,[1] és una espècie d'arbre del gènere Populus. L'epítet específic balsamifera significa "que porta bàlsam"[3] L'espècie black cottonwood,( Populus trichocarpa), de vegades es considera una subespècie de P. balsamifera[4]
Populus balsamifera és un arbre distribuït a Amèrica del Nord, especialment al Canadà i penetrant al nord-est dels Estats Units, que on creix millor és en les zones montanes i les planes inundables. És resistent i de creixement ràpid. És un dels pollancres que es troben al bioma Aspen parkland de l'Oest del Canadà.
L'híbrid anomenat Balm of Gilead (Populus × jackii), també conegut com a P. × gileadensis, és un híbrid natural entre P. balsamifera i eastern cottonwood (P. deltoides), també sovint és plantat.[5] El nom Populus candicans s'ha usat ja sigui per P. balsamifera o per P. × jackii; actualment es considera un sinònim de P. balsamifera.
Balm of Gilead és un liniment (balm) fet de la goma resinosa natural d'aquesta espècie[6] o d'espècies relacionades com Populus × jackii.[5] Tanmateix, malgrat el seu nom en anglès, aquesta espècie d'arbre no és la font de l'essència de trementina Canada balsam, sinó que aquesta deriva de l'avet balsam fir (Abies balsamea).
La fusta de Populus balsamifera és lleugera i tova i es fa servir com polpa de paper i en la construcció.[7]
Referències
![src=]()
A
Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a:
Populus balsamifera 
-
↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 «USDA GRIN taxonomy».
-
↑ Peattie, Donald Culross. 1991. A Natural History of Trees of Eastern and Central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 100.
-
↑ Earl J.S. Rook. «Balsam Poplar, Populus balsamifera». Rook.org, 04-03-2006. [Consulta: 30 agost 2012].
-
↑ «USDA PLANTS profile».
-
↑ 5,0 5,1 Werthner, William B. Some American Trees: An intimate study of native Ohio trees. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1935, p. xviii + 398 pp..
-
↑ «Herbal Branch 4: Balm of Gilead». Familyherbalremedies.com. [Consulta: 30 agost 2012].
-
↑ «Populus balsamifera L». Na.fs.fed.us. [Consulta: 30 agost 2012].
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Populus balsamifera: Brief Summary
(
Catalan; Valencian
)
provided by wikipedia CA
Populus balsamifera, anomenat en anglès: balsam poplar, (pollancre balsàmic) bam, bamtree, eastern balsam poplar, hackmatack, tacamahac poplar, tacamahaca, és una espècie d'arbre del gènere Populus. L'epítet específic balsamifera significa "que porta bàlsam" L'espècie black cottonwood,( Populus trichocarpa), de vegades es considera una subespècie de P. balsamifera
Populus balsamifera és un arbre distribuït a Amèrica del Nord, especialment al Canadà i penetrant al nord-est dels Estats Units, que on creix millor és en les zones montanes i les planes inundables. És resistent i de creixement ràpid. És un dels pollancres que es troben al bioma Aspen parkland de l'Oest del Canadà.
L'híbrid anomenat Balm of Gilead (Populus × jackii), també conegut com a P. × gileadensis, és un híbrid natural entre P. balsamifera i eastern cottonwood (P. deltoides), també sovint és plantat. El nom Populus candicans s'ha usat ja sigui per P. balsamifera o per P. × jackii; actualment es considera un sinònim de P. balsamifera.
Balm of Gilead és un liniment (balm) fet de la goma resinosa natural d'aquesta espècie o d'espècies relacionades com Populus × jackii. Tanmateix, malgrat el seu nom en anglès, aquesta espècie d'arbre no és la font de l'essència de trementina Canada balsam, sinó que aquesta deriva de l'avet balsam fir (Abies balsamea).
La fusta de Populus balsamifera és lleugera i tova i es fa servir com polpa de paper i en la construcció.
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Balsam-Pappel
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Die Balsam-Pappel (Populus balsamifera, Synonym: Populus tacamahaca) ist ein Baum aus der Sektion der Balsampappeln (Tacamahaca), der im gesamten nördlichen Nordamerika zu finden ist. Es ist der am weitesten nördlich vorkommende Laubbaum der Neuen Welt.
Beschreibung
![src=]()
Balsam-Pappel in Reykjavík (2016)
Die Balsam-Pappel ist ein hoher, raschwüchsiger Baum und erreicht eine Höhe von 18 bis 24 Meter, maximal bis 36 Meter. Sie hat einen durchgehenden Stamm und ansteigende Äste. Die Triebe sind stielrund oder etwas kantig und behaart. Die Winterknospen sind groß, werden bis zu 2,5 Zentimeter lang und sind mit gelbem, duftendem Harz bedeckt. Die Blätter stehen wechselständig, sind eiförmig bis breit eiförmig, derb, zugespitzt und an der Basis abgerundet bis herzförmig. Sie sind kerbig gesägt und fein bewimpert. Sie werden 5 bis 12 Zentimeter lang. Die Oberseite der Blattspreite ist kahl und dunkelgrün, die Unterseite ist weißlich und leicht behaart. Der Stiel ist dünn, rund und wird 3 bis 5 Zentimeter lang. Die Balsam-Pappel ist wie alle Pappeln zweihäusig und windblütig und bildet hängende Kätzchen. Die weiblichen Blüten haben zweiblättrige Fruchtknoten, die männlichen Kätzchen werden 5 bis 7 Zentimeter lang und haben 12 bis 15 Staubblätter. Als Früchte werden zweiklappig öffnende, ledrige Kapseln gebildet, die in 12 bis 14 Zentimeter langen Kätzchen erscheinen. Sie hat eine Chromosomenzahl von 2n=38.[1][2]
Verbreitung und Standortansprüche
![src=]()
Verbreitungskarte der Balsam-Pappel
Die Balsam-Pappel ist der am weitesten im Norden vorkommende Laubbaum der Neuen Welt. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich von Neufundland und Labrador entlang der Baumgrenze bis nach Nordwest-Alaska, und südlich bis Südost-British Columbia, Iowa und Pennsylvania. Lokale Vorkommen gibt es in den Rocky Mountains, die sich im Süden bis nach Colorado erstrecken, und im Osten in West Virginia. In Mitteleuropa findet man sie gelegentlich als Parkbaum, seltener wird sie forstlich genutzt.[2]
Die Balsam-Pappel ist ein häufig auftretender Baum. Sie wächst in Auen- und Ufergehölzen, meist in Flussniederungen, an Seeufern und am Rande von Sümpfen, auf frischen bis feuchten, schwach sauren bis alkalischen Böden aus Sand, Kies und Schottern. Sie ist wärmeliebend und bevorzugt sonnige Standorte, ist aber frosthart. Sie ist eine Art der Winterhärtezone 3, erträgt also mittlere Jahresminimumtemperaturen von −35 bis −40 °C. In den Rocky Mountains erreicht sie Höhen bis zu 1670 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel.[1][2]
Ökologie
Die Balsam-Pappel wächst in Reinbeständen oder zusammen mit der Amerikanischen Zitter-Pappel (Populus tremuloides), der Papier-Birke (Betula papyrifera), der Balsam-Tanne (Abies balsamea) und der Weiß-Fichte (Picea glauca).[2]
Systematik
Neben der Nominatform existiert noch die Varietät Populus balsamifera var. subcordata, die auch Ontario-Pappel genannt wird. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich von Neufundland bis Ontario und südlich von Michigan bis New York. Die Blätter der Varietät sind größer und breit eiförmig bis dreieckig, der Blattstiel ist behaart.[2]
Verwendung
Nachweise
Literatur
-
Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 461–463.
- Schütt, Schuck, Stimm: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten. Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-53-8, S. 395.
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ a b Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze
-
↑ a b c d e Schütt et al.: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten
Weblinks
– Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
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Balsam-Pappel: Brief Summary
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Die Balsam-Pappel (Populus balsamifera, Synonym: Populus tacamahaca) ist ein Baum aus der Sektion der Balsampappeln (Tacamahaca), der im gesamten nördlichen Nordamerika zu finden ist. Es ist der am weitesten nördlich vorkommende Laubbaum der Neuen Welt.
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Wónjaty topoł
(
Lower Sorbian
)
provided by wikipedia emerging languages
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Wónjaty topoł: Brief Summary
(
Lower Sorbian
)
provided by wikipedia emerging languages
Wónjaty topoł (Populus balsamifera) jo rostlina ze swójźby wjerbowych rostlinow (Salicaceae). Wóna słuša k sekciji Tacamahaca roda topołow (Populus).
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Populus balsamifera
provided by wikipedia EN
Populus balsamifera, commonly called balsam poplar,[3] bam,[4] bamtree,[2] eastern balsam-poplar,[5] hackmatack,[2] tacamahac poplar,[2] tacamahaca,[2] is a tree species in the balsam poplar species group in the poplar genus, Populus. The genus name Populus is from the Latin for poplar, and the specific epithet balsamifera from Latin for "balsam-bearing".[6]
Populus balsamifera is the northernmost North American hardwood, growing transcontinentally on boreal and montane upland and flood plain sites, and attaining its best development on flood plains. It is a hardy, fast-growing tree which is generally short lived, but some trees as old as 200 years have been found.[7]
The tree is known for its strong, sweet fragrance, which emanates from its sticky, resinous buds. The smell has been compared to that of the balsam fir tree.
Taxonomy
The black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa, is sometimes considered a subspecies of P. balsamifera[8] and may lend its common name to this species, although the black poplars and cottonwoods of Populus sect. Aigeiros are not closely related.
The balm-of-Gilead (Populus × jackii), also known as P. × gileadensis, is the hybrid between P. balsamifera and the eastern cottonwood (P. deltoides), occurring occasionally where the two parental species' ranges overlap. This hybrid is also sometimes planted as a shade tree, and sometimes escapes from cultivation.[9] The name Populus candicans has been variously used for either P. balsamifera or P. × jackii; it is currently considered a synonym of P. balsamifera.
Uses
The light, soft wood of Populus balsamifera is used for pulp and construction.[7] The resinous sap (or the tree's balsam) comes from its buds, and is sometimes used as a hive disinfectant by bees.[10]
Branches containing the resinous buds are sometimes blown to the ground by spring windstorms, and herbalists from many cultures seek these out to make medicine from them. These sticky spring buds are a highly prized ingredient in medicinal salves and other herbal preparations in both Indigenous North American and European herbal traditions.
Many kinds of animals use the twigs of Populus balsamifera for food. The leaves of the tree serve as food for caterpillars of various Lepidoptera. See List of Lepidoptera that feed on poplars.
References
-
^ Stritch, L. (2018). "Populus balsamifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T61959749A61959757. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61959749A61959757.en. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
-
^ a b c d e "Populus balsamifera". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
-
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Populus balsamifera". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
-
^ Peattie, Donald Culross. 1991. A Natural History of Trees of Eastern and Central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 100.
-
^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
-
^ Earl J.S. Rook (2006-03-04). "Balsam Poplar, Populus balsamifera". Natural History of the Northwoods. Rook.org. Archived from the original on 2012-08-22. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
-
^ a b Zasada, John C.; Phipps, Howard M. (1990). "Populus balsamifera". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2. Retrieved 30 August 2012 – via Southern Research Station.
-
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Populus balsamifera". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
-
^ Werthner, William B. (1935). Some American Trees: An Intimate Study of Native Ohio Trees. New York: The Macmillan Company.
-
^ "Native Tree Of The Week - Balsam Popular". DeVos Tree Care. Jan 14, 2019.
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Populus balsamifera: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Populus balsamifera, commonly called balsam poplar, bam, bamtree, eastern balsam-poplar, hackmatack, tacamahac poplar, tacamahaca, is a tree species in the balsam poplar species group in the poplar genus, Populus. The genus name Populus is from the Latin for poplar, and the specific epithet balsamifera from Latin for "balsam-bearing".
Populus balsamifera is the northernmost North American hardwood, growing transcontinentally on boreal and montane upland and flood plain sites, and attaining its best development on flood plains. It is a hardy, fast-growing tree which is generally short lived, but some trees as old as 200 years have been found.
The tree is known for its strong, sweet fragrance, which emanates from its sticky, resinous buds. The smell has been compared to that of the balsam fir tree.
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Palsamipappel
(
Estonian
)
provided by wikipedia ET
Palsamipappel (Populus balsamifera) on pajuliste sugukonna papli perekonda kuuluv lehtpuuliik. Eestisse on palsamipappel pargipuuna sissetoodud 18. sajandil.[1]
Kirjeldus
Palsamipappel on Põhja-Ameerika üks põhjapoolsema levikuga lehtpuid. Kasvab boreaalse vööndi mäestikes kui ka tasandikel kogu kontinendi ulatuses.
Palsamipappel on vastupidav, kiirekasvuline ja lühiealaine puu, elades harva vanemaks kui 200 aastat.[2] Lehed on ümara alusega ja pikalt ahenevad, pealt tumerohelised, alt rohekasvalged ja veidi kleepuvad.[3]
Paljunemine
Paljuneb seemnetega, kuid enamasti vegetatiivselt. Palsamipappel on kahekojaline puu, see tähendab, et ühel puul on ainult emasõied ja teisel ainult isasõied. Palsamipappel kasvab üksikult või väikeste saludena. Ühe salu puud on tavaliselt ühest soost, kuna on hakanud kasvama ühe ja sama algpuu juurevõsudest.
Levik
Levinud Põhja-Ameerika põhjaosas[2], Eestis introdutseerituna parkides, metsakultuurides, hajusalt metsistunult.[3]
Ökoloogia
Paljud loomad kasutavad palsamipapli oksi toiduks. Lehtedest toituvad mitmete liblikaliste röövikud.
Kasutamine
Pehmet heledat puitu kasutatakse ehituses.[2]
Viited
-
↑ Leht, M. (toim.). 2010. Eesti taimede määraja. EMÜ, Eesti Loodusfoto, Tartu
-
↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Zasada, John C.; Phipps, Howard M. (1990). "Populus balsamifera". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2. Retrieved 30 August 2012
-
↑ 3,0 3,1 Kukk, T. 2009. Eesti taimede kukeaabits. Trükikoda OÜ Greif, Varrak, Tallinn
Vaata ka
Välislingid
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Palsamipappel: Brief Summary
(
Estonian
)
provided by wikipedia ET
Palsamipappel (Populus balsamifera) on pajuliste sugukonna papli perekonda kuuluv lehtpuuliik. Eestisse on palsamipappel pargipuuna sissetoodud 18. sajandil.
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Palsamipoppeli
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Palsamipoppeli (Populus balsamifera) on nopeakasvuinen poppelilaji, joka voi kasvaa 200-vuotiaaksi.[2] Palsamipoppeli voi kasvaa lähes 20 m korkeaksi. Sillä on tyypillisesti runsaasti juuriversoja. Puun runko on harmahtava. Lehvästö on kapea, oksat punaruskeita. Lehdet ovat päälipuolelta kiiltävän tummanvihreät ja alapinnaltaan vaaleanvihreät. Silmut ja nuoret lehdet tuoksuvat aromaattisilta.[3]
Lajikkeita
Lähteet
Aiheesta muualla
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Palsamipoppeli: Brief Summary
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Palsamipoppeli (Populus balsamifera) on nopeakasvuinen poppelilaji, joka voi kasvaa 200-vuotiaaksi. Palsamipoppeli voi kasvaa lähes 20 m korkeaksi. Sillä on tyypillisesti runsaasti juuriversoja. Puun runko on harmahtava. Lehvästö on kapea, oksat punaruskeita. Lehdet ovat päälipuolelta kiiltävän tummanvihreät ja alapinnaltaan vaaleanvihreät. Silmut ja nuoret lehdet tuoksuvat aromaattisilta.
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Populus balsamifera
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Le Peuplier baumier (Populus balsamifera L., 1753) est une espèce de peuplier à feuilles caduques de la famille des Salicaceae. Il est aussi appelé liard, peuplier noir, baumier du Canada et peuplier de Gilead. Il est très semblable au peuplier de l'Ouest avec lequel il s'hybride quand leur aires se chevauchent[1].
![src=]()
Populus balsamifera, rameau feuillé
C'est une espèce des régions boréales de l'Amérique du Nord. Il se distribue de l'Alaska à Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador. Il occupe principalement les vallées fluviales ou autres basses terres au sol riche et humide. On le retrouve en peuplement pur, ou en association avec l'aulne, le saule, le sapin baumier, l'épinette blanche et l'épinette noire et le bouleau à papier.
Elle est appelée « Peuplier baumier », tout comme Populus trichocarpa[réf. nécessaire].
Description
Arbre pouvant atteindre 30 m en 40 ans, son écorce est gris foncé. Les feuilles sont longues et légèrement dentelées de couleur verte mate. Les fleurs sont constituées de grappes de graines entourées d'un duvet blanchâtre.
Utilisation
Les Autochtones l'utilisaient en temps de famine en mâchant l'écorce interne. Les vertus bactéricides de l'arbre sont exploitées pour fabriquer des onguents cicatrisants. On s'en sert également pour traiter les maladies de la peau et les affections pulmonaires. Son charbon de bois sert comme contrepoison et en cas d'intoxication. Le bois lui-même est employé dans la fabrication de divers objets comme du contreplaqué ou des cageots.
Notes et références
-
↑ John Laird Farrar (trad. Suzanne Chartand, Maryse Chynchuck, Marc Favreau), Les arbres du Canada [« Trees in Canada »], Saint-Laurent, Québec, Fides, 1996, 5e éd., 502 p. (ISBN 978-2-7621-1824-7, lire en ligne), p. 340-341
Voir aussi
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Populus balsamifera: Brief Summary
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Le Peuplier baumier (Populus balsamifera L., 1753) est une espèce de peuplier à feuilles caduques de la famille des Salicaceae. Il est aussi appelé liard, peuplier noir, baumier du Canada et peuplier de Gilead. Il est très semblable au peuplier de l'Ouest avec lequel il s'hybride quand leur aires se chevauchent.
![src=]()
Populus balsamifera, rameau feuillé
C'est une espèce des régions boréales de l'Amérique du Nord. Il se distribue de l'Alaska à Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador. Il occupe principalement les vallées fluviales ou autres basses terres au sol riche et humide. On le retrouve en peuplement pur, ou en association avec l'aulne, le saule, le sapin baumier, l'épinette blanche et l'épinette noire et le bouleau à papier.
Elle est appelée « Peuplier baumier », tout comme Populus trichocarpa[réf. nécessaire].
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Wonjaty topoł
(
Upper Sorbian
)
provided by wikipedia HSB
Wonjaty topoł (Populus balsamifera) je rostlina ze swójby wjerbowych rostlinow (Salicaceae). Wona słuša k sekciji Tacamahaca roda topołow (Populus).
Wopis
Stejnišćo
Rozšěrjenje
Wužiwanje
Nóžki
-
↑ Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2005, ISBN 3-7420-1920-1, str. 519.
-
↑ W internetowym słowniku: Pappel
Žórła
- Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
- Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
- Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
- Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)
Eksterne wotkazy
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Wonjaty topoł: Brief Summary
(
Upper Sorbian
)
provided by wikipedia HSB
Wonjaty topoł (Populus balsamifera) je rostlina ze swójby wjerbowych rostlinow (Salicaceae). Wona słuša k sekciji Tacamahaca roda topołow (Populus).
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Balsamösp
(
Icelandic
)
provided by wikipedia IS
Populus balsamifera, almennt kölluð balsamösp, [1][2] er norðlægasta harðviðartegundin í Norður Ameríku. Þetta er harðgert, skammlíft en fljótvaxið tré, sem getur þó náð 200 ára aldri.[3] Tegundin er náskyld alaskaösp og tæpast er hægt að sjá mun nema á rekklum tegundanna.
Tilvísanir
-
↑ |id=POBA2|taxon=Populus balsamifera|accessdate=31 January 2016
-
↑ Peattie, Donald Culross. 1991. A Natural History of Trees of Eastern and Central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 100.
-
↑ Silvics |first1=John C. |last1=Zasada |first2=Howard M. |last2=Phipps |volume=2 |genus=Populus |species=balsamifera |accessdate=30 August 2012
Ytri tenglar
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Balsamösp: Brief Summary
(
Icelandic
)
provided by wikipedia IS
Populus balsamifera, almennt kölluð balsamösp, er norðlægasta harðviðartegundin í Norður Ameríku. Þetta er harðgert, skammlíft en fljótvaxið tré, sem getur þó náð 200 ára aldri. Tegundin er náskyld alaskaösp og tæpast er hægt að sjá mun nema á rekklum tegundanna.
![src=]()
Balsamösp í garði við
Garðastræti 11a í
Grjótaþorpinu í miðbæ
Reykjavíkur. Tréð stendur við mót
Fischersunds og
Mjóstrætis. Öspin var valin
tré ársins 2016.
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Populus balsamifera
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
Il pioppo balsamico (Populus balsamifera L., 1753) è una pianta della famiglia delle Salicaceae.
Descrizione
Possiede una corteccia liscia e grigia, germogli resinosi, profumati e vischiosi che si aprono per dare foglie finemente dentate a forma di cuore e amenti femminili che producono semi piccoli ricoperti da una peluria simile al cotone.
Distribuzione e habitat
Ha un areale paleartico (Canada e Stati Uniti):[1]
Usi
Gli indiani d'america adoperavano la resina di questa pianta per curare piaghe della pelle e negli anni '70 un medico sovietico ebbe ottimi risultati e successo usando la resina per la cura delle piaghe da decubito, delle infezioni resistenti e dagli ascessi post operatori.
Il pioppo tremulo (per la geometria delle foglie) europeo viene impiegato per uno dei rimedi dei fiori di bach per eliminare paure irrazionali e ansia.
Note
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Populus balsamifera: Brief Summary
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
Il pioppo balsamico (Populus balsamifera L., 1753) è una pianta della famiglia delle Salicaceae.
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Balzaminė tuopa
(
Lithuanian
)
provided by wikipedia LT
Binomas Populus balsamifera Sinonimai
-
Populus tacamahacca Mill.
-
Populus candicans Aiton
Balzaminė tuopa (lot. Populus balsamifera, vok. Balsam-Pappel, rus. Тополь бальзамический) – gluosninių (Salicaceae) šeimos, tuopų (Populus) genties lapus metantis medis.
Morfologija
Laja plačiai kiaušiniška, šoninės šakos palinkusios žemyn, kai kurios išsišakojusios beveik stačiu kampu. Žievė lygi, plika, žemutinėje liemens dalyje juosvai pilka, suaižėjusi. Ūgliai rausvai rudi, žvilgantys, apvalūs arba kiek briaunuoti. Pumpurai kiaušiniški, labai smailomis viršūnėmis, žalsvai rudi, lipnūs ir kvapnūs. Lapai paprasti, kotuoti, odiški, kiaušiniški, 5–12 cm ilgio ir 3–8 cm pločio, jų viršutinė pusė tamsiai žalia, žvilganti, apatinė pilka su gelsvomis ir rusvomis dėmelėmis, pradžioje plaukuoti, vėliau pliki, kvapnūs. Žiedai žirginiuose. Kuokeliniai žirginiai 7–10 cm ilgio. Žiede yra 20–30 (40–60) kuokelių. Žiedo žvynelis supleišėjusiais kraštais. Piesteliniai žirginiai dar stambesni – 15–20 cm ilgio. Žydi balandžio – gegužės mėnesį, lapams skleidžiantis arba prieš lapų skleidimąsi. Vaisių dėžutės stambios, žalios, kiaušiniškos, padalytos į 3–4 skyrius, prinoksta gegužės mėnesį arba birželio pradžioje, o netrukus išbyra sėklos. Sėklos su labai plaukuotais skristukais, jas išplatina vėjas. Balzaminė tuopa yra dvinamis augalas. Mediena lengva ir minkšta.
Vegetacija
Dauginasi atžalomis, ataugomis ir sėklomis. Pavasarį lengvai dauginama sumedėjusiomis gyvašakėmis. Auga labai greitai, ypač padauginta gyvašakėmis. Neatspari puviniui. Jau 21–30 metų medelių liemens viduryje atsiranda puvinys, todėl balzaminė tuopa neilgaamžė.
Augimvietės
Balzaminė tuopa – nereikli. Atsparios aplinkos taršai, valo ir grynina orą, išskiria daug deguonies. Dekoratyviniu bei ūkiniu atžvilgiu balzaminė tuopa labiau tinkama dykvietėms ir nenaudojamoms teritorijoms apželdinti.
Paplitimas
Kilusi iš šiaurinės Šiaurės Amerikos dalies. Išplitusi nuo Aliaskos iki Atlanto vandenyno. Lietuvoje dažnoka. Atspari klimatinėms sąlygoms. Auginama grupėmis želdiniuose. Jų aptinkama Šiauliuose, Telšiuose, Kelmėje, Kaune ir kt. Juodkrantėje, Vilniuje, Varėnoje auga didžialapė balzaminės tuopos forma.
Panaudojimas
Pavasarį brinkstantys pumpurai pasidengia aromatinga derva, kurią renka bitės – tai viena iš bičių pikio sudedamųjų dalių. Mediena naudojama popieriaus, degtukų, įvairių įrankių gamybos pramonėje. Iš šakelių gaminamos vantos. Balzaminės tuopos gydomosios savybės naudojant vantas pirtyje: gerina fizinę būseną; naikina pagirių sindromą; mažina uždegiminius procesus; mažina kaulų skausmus; gydo odos ligas; skatina organizmo valymo procesus; gydo perštinčią odą; nuoviras ar vanduo, kuriame mirko vantos, tinka plaukams perskalauti, juos stiprina ir skatina augimą. Balzaminės tuopos garų negalima naudoti pernelyg daug, jei pasireiškia depresijos požymiai.
Liaudies medicinoje naudojami pumpurai, ūgliai ir lapai. Pumpurai skinami kovo-balandžio mėnesiais, prieš lapų sprogimą. Arčiau šakų viršūnių pumpurai paliekami, kad iš jų galėtų išaugti lapai ir nauji ūgliai. Džiovinami gerai vėdinamoje patalpoje arba džiovykloje, ne aukštesnėje kaip 35 °C temperatūroje. Džiūsta ilgai, dažnai reikia vartyti. Išdžiuvę pumpurai išlieka lipnūs ir kvapnūs. Laikomi medžiaginiuose maišeliuose sausoje gerai vėdinamoje patalpoje. Vartotini dvejus metus. Tuopų pumpuruose yra apie 6 proc. eterinio aliejaus, flavonoidų, galinės ir obuolių rūgščių, glikozidų: salicino ir populino; dervų, aliejaus, vaško, vitaminų, mineralinių, rauginių, antibiotinių ir kitų medžiagų. Pumpurų vandenine ištrauka ir tepalu gydomos odos žaizdos, sutrūkusios rankos ir kojos, nudegimai, podagra, hemorojus, reumatas. Be to, jie skatina plaukų augimą ir šlapimo išsiskyrimą. Pumpurų eterinis aliejus vartojamas parfumerijos, kosmetikos, tualetinio muilo bei balzamo gamyboje.
Literatūra
Vikiteka
- A. Navasaitis, M. Navasaitis, „Lietuvos medžiai“, Vilnius „Mokslas“, 1979 m., (141 psl.)
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Balzaminė tuopa: Brief Summary
(
Lithuanian
)
provided by wikipedia LT
Balzaminė tuopa (lot. Populus balsamifera, vok. Balsam-Pappel, rus. Тополь бальзамический) – gluosninių (Salicaceae) šeimos, tuopų (Populus) genties lapus metantis medis.
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Ontariopopulier
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
De ontariopopulier (Populus balsamifera) is een soort uit de wilgenfamilie van het het geslacht populier.[4][5] De loofboom komt voor in Canada en de noordelijke Verenigde Staten. Zij dankt haar naam balsamifera aan de kleverige knoppen die vooral tegen het voorjaar een zeer sterk ruikende balsem afscheiden.
De ontariopopulier is het meest noordelijke Noord-Amerikaanse hardhout en groeit transcontinentaal op boreale en bergachtige hoogvlaktes en uiterwaarden. In Nederland is de soort vrij zeldzaam en komt (alleen) in aangeplante / niet verwilderde vorm voor.[6]
Het is een winterharde, snelgroeiende boom die over het algemeen niet erg oud wordt, hoewel er ook exemplaren van 200 jaar oud zijn gevonden.
Beschrijving
De ontariopopulier is een lange, snelgroeiende boom en bereikt een hoogte van 18 tot 24 meter (maximaal 36 meter). Het heeft een doorlopende stam en stijgende takken. De scheuten zijn stengelrond of licht gespannen en harig. De winterknoppen zijn groot, tot 2,5 centimeter lang en bedekt met gele, geurige hars. De bladeren zijn afwisselend, zijn eivormig tot breed eivormig, grof, puntig en afgerond aan de basis tot hartvormig. Ze zijn getand en fijngehakt. Ze zijn 12 tot 30( cm lang. De bovenkant van het blad is kaal en donkergroen, de onderkant is witachtig en enigszins behaard. De steel is dun, rond en wordt 7 tot 12 cm lang. De balsempopulier is tweehuizig en wordt bestoven door de wind.
Gebruik
Het lichte, zachte hout wordt gebruikt voor houtpulp en constructies. Veel soorten dieren gebruiken de takjes van de ontariopopulier als voedsel. De bladeren van de boom dienen als voedsel voor rupsen van verschillende soorten vlinders.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Ontariopopulier: Brief Summary
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
De ontariopopulier (Populus balsamifera) is een soort uit de wilgenfamilie van het het geslacht populier. De loofboom komt voor in Canada en de noordelijke Verenigde Staten. Zij dankt haar naam balsamifera aan de kleverige knoppen die vooral tegen het voorjaar een zeer sterk ruikende balsem afscheiden.
De ontariopopulier is het meest noordelijke Noord-Amerikaanse hardhout en groeit transcontinentaal op boreale en bergachtige hoogvlaktes en uiterwaarden. In Nederland is de soort vrij zeldzaam en komt (alleen) in aangeplante / niet verwilderde vorm voor.
Het is een winterharde, snelgroeiende boom die over het algemeen niet erg oud wordt, hoewel er ook exemplaren van 200 jaar oud zijn gevonden.
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Balsampoppel
(
Norwegian
)
provided by wikipedia NO
Balsampoppel (Populus balsamifera var. 'Hortensis') er en art løvtre av poppelslekten i vierfamilien. Den er sommergrønn og 5 - 20 meter høy, med smal krone og slank silhuett. Barken er grå, men unge greiner kan ha gul-grønn eller lyst brun farge. Årskvistene er runde og snaue, mens fjorårets kvister er mørkt rødbrune. Knoppene er snaue og heller glisne - og er klebrige med en sterk duft.
Bladene er brede med rund grunn mot bladstilken, og spisse ytterst. Bladplaten har spiss egg/ovalform. Bladplatens overside er mellom- eller mørkegrønn, mens undersiden er meget lys grå-grønn-hvit.
Arten kjennes ved at den har mange rotskudd. I vått vær lukter både bladene og knoppene ganske sterkt av balsam. Arten blomstrer om våren. Antall kromosomer er 2n = 38.
Trevirket er lett og brukes til både papirmasse og til byggearbeider.
Utbredelse
I Norge er arten innført som hage- og parktre, og plantet ut på Østlandet, i Kristiansand og spredt oppover kysten av Vestlandet. Det naturlige vekststedet er Nord-Amerika.
Varianter
Balsampoppel har en rekke varianter som brukes som pryd- og parktre. Disse er morfologisk lik balsampoppel med unntak som nevnt i beskrivelsene nedenfor:
-
Trønderpoppel (Populus balsamifera var. 'Elongata') har mindre og smalere blader, bladplaten har kileformet grunn og spiss ende, slik at bladet framstår ruteformet. Bladene er litt håret på undersiden. Både årskvister og bladskaft er håret, og treet er meget hardført. Denne arten plantes gjerne i Nord-Norge og i fjellstrøk i Norge, nord til Bodø samt i Harstad.
-
Ontariopoppel (Populus balsamifera var. 'Gileadensis') har tett hårete og brune årskvister, bladene sitter fra korte skudd, og bladets grunn er hjerteformet. Bladplaten er inntil 15 cm lang og framstår som nyre-/hjerteformet med hår langs kanten og på nervene på undersiden. Den er mye plantet på Østlandet og spredt langs kysten nord til Levanger.
-
Sørgepoppel (Populus balsamifera var. 'Tristis') har også hårete årskvister, og kjennetegnes av tjukke og mørkegrønne bladplater, som er avlangt hjerteformede.
Kilder
- Lie, Johannes og Dagny Tande, Norsk flora, versjon 2007, 7.utgaven. ISBN 978-82-521-6029-1.
- Stenberg, Lennart & Bo Mossberg, Steinar Moen (norsk red.), Gyldendals store nordiske flora, Gyldendal, Oslo 2007. ISBN 978-82-05-32563-0.
Eksterne lenker
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Balsampoppel: Brief Summary
(
Norwegian
)
provided by wikipedia NO
Balsampoppel (Populus balsamifera var. 'Hortensis') er en art løvtre av poppelslekten i vierfamilien. Den er sommergrønn og 5 - 20 meter høy, med smal krone og slank silhuett. Barken er grå, men unge greiner kan ha gul-grønn eller lyst brun farge. Årskvistene er runde og snaue, mens fjorårets kvister er mørkt rødbrune. Knoppene er snaue og heller glisne - og er klebrige med en sterk duft.
Bladene er brede med rund grunn mot bladstilken, og spisse ytterst. Bladplaten har spiss egg/ovalform. Bladplatens overside er mellom- eller mørkegrønn, mens undersiden er meget lys grå-grønn-hvit.
Arten kjennes ved at den har mange rotskudd. I vått vær lukter både bladene og knoppene ganske sterkt av balsam. Arten blomstrer om våren. Antall kromosomer er 2n = 38.
Trevirket er lett og brukes til både papirmasse og til byggearbeider.
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Topola balsamiczna
(
Polish
)
provided by wikipedia POL
Topola balsamiczna (Populus balsamifera L., syn. Populus tacamahaca) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny wierzbowatych (Salicaceae). Występuje naturalnie we wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej[2].
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Na pniu pojawiają się obficie odrosty, które często są naturalizowane[2].
- Kora
- Kora ma srebrzystą bądź jasnobrązową barwę. Jest lekko chropowata[2].
- Pędy
- Młode pędy są gładkie[2].
- Liście
- Liście są bardzo słabo ząbkowane. Na spodzie liście posiadają drobny puch[2].
- Owoce
-
Torebka pękająca 2 klapami na drzewach żeńskich (jest to cecha wyróżniająca tego gatunku)[2].
Przypisy
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Topola balsamiczna: Brief Summary
(
Polish
)
provided by wikipedia POL
Topola balsamiczna (Populus balsamifera L., syn. Populus tacamahaca) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny wierzbowatych (Salicaceae). Występuje naturalnie we wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej.
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Populus balsamifera
(
Portuguese
)
provided by wikipedia PT
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Populus balsamifera: Brief Summary
(
Portuguese
)
provided by wikipedia PT
Populus balsamifera (choupo-bálsamo) é uma espécie de árvore do gênero Populus, pertencente à família Salicaceae. É nativa do norte da América do Norte.
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Balsampoppel
(
Swedish
)
provided by wikipedia SV
Balsampoppel (Populus balsamifera) är en växtart i poppelsläktet, familjen videväxter.
Balsampoppeln blir vanligen 18 till 24 meter hög, i undantagsfall upp till 36 meter. Bladen är 5 till 12 centimeter långa, vid utsidan spetsiga och vid basen avrundade. Arten är liksom alla andra popplar tvåbyggare, vindblommig och har hängande blomställningar.
Balsampoppeln är i Nya världen lövträdet med det nordligaste utbredningsområdet. Den förekommer från Newfoundland och Labradorhalvön längs trädgränsen till nordvästra Alaska och söderut till sydöstra British Columbia, Iowa och Pennsylvania. Dessutom finns lokala populationer i Klippiga bergen (söderut till Colorado och österut till West Virginia). I Europa planteras den ibland i parker och mycket sällan i skogar.
Habitatet utgörs vanligen av flodslätter, strandlinjer av insjöar eller platser som ligger nära träskmarker. Balsampoppeln uthärdar temperaturer av -40°C. I Klippiga bergen förekommer den upp till 1 670 meter över havet.[1][2]
Arten hittas ofta tillsammans med amerikansk asp (Populus tremuloides), pappersbjörk (Betula papyrifera), balsamgran (Abies balsamea) och vitgran (Picea glauca).[2]
Epitetet balsamifera i det vetenskapliga namnet anspelar på de angenämt luktande nya knopparna.[3]
Referenser
-
Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, Balsam-Pappel, 12 juni 2010. med följande källor:
- Roloff, Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, sid. 461-463
- Schütt, Schuck, Stimm: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten. Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-53-8, sid. 395
Noter
-
^ Roloff et al. (2008)
- ^ [a b] Schütt et al. (2002)
-
^ Balsampoppel Den virtuella floran
Externa länkar
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Balsampoppel: Brief Summary
(
Swedish
)
provided by wikipedia SV
Balsampoppel (Populus balsamifera) är en växtart i poppelsläktet, familjen videväxter.
Balsampoppeln blir vanligen 18 till 24 meter hög, i undantagsfall upp till 36 meter. Bladen är 5 till 12 centimeter långa, vid utsidan spetsiga och vid basen avrundade. Arten är liksom alla andra popplar tvåbyggare, vindblommig och har hängande blomställningar.
Balsampoppeln är i Nya världen lövträdet med det nordligaste utbredningsområdet. Den förekommer från Newfoundland och Labradorhalvön längs trädgränsen till nordvästra Alaska och söderut till sydöstra British Columbia, Iowa och Pennsylvania. Dessutom finns lokala populationer i Klippiga bergen (söderut till Colorado och österut till West Virginia). I Europa planteras den ibland i parker och mycket sällan i skogar.
Habitatet utgörs vanligen av flodslätter, strandlinjer av insjöar eller platser som ligger nära träskmarker. Balsampoppeln uthärdar temperaturer av -40°C. I Klippiga bergen förekommer den upp till 1 670 meter över havet.
Arten hittas ofta tillsammans med amerikansk asp (Populus tremuloides), pappersbjörk (Betula papyrifera), balsamgran (Abies balsamea) och vitgran (Picea glauca).
Epitetet balsamifera i det vetenskapliga namnet anspelar på de angenämt luktande nya knopparna.
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Balsam kavağı
(
Turkish
)
provided by wikipedia TR
Balsam kavağı (Populus balsamifera), söğütgiller (Salicaceae) familyasından, Alaska'dan Kanada'ya kadar Kuzey Amerika'da yetişen bir kavak türü.
Melezleri
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Populus × jackii (syn: P. × gileadensis) < P. balsamifera × P. deltoides
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Balsam kavağı: Brief Summary
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Turkish
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provided by wikipedia TR
Balsam kavağı (Populus balsamifera), söğütgiller (Salicaceae) familyasından, Alaska'dan Kanada'ya kadar Kuzey Amerika'da yetişen bir kavak türü.
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Populus balsamifera
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Vietnamese
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Populus balsamifera: Brief Summary
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Vietnamese
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provided by wikipedia VI
Populus balsamifera là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Liễu. Loài này được Carl von Linné miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.
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Тополь бальзамический
(
Russian
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provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Тополь бальзамический
Международное научное название
Populus balsamifera L., 1753
Синонимы
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Aigiros balsamifera (L.) Lunell
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Populus balsamifera subsp. balsamifera
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Populus balsamifera var. balsamifera
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Populus balsamifera var. candicans (Aiton) A. Gray
Ареал 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 22453NCBI 73824EOL 584254IPNI 776600-1TPL kew-5000130 Тополь бальзамический[2] (лат. Populus balsamifera) — вид деревьев семейства Ивовые, произрастающий в западной части Северной Америки.
Английское название: balsam poplar[3], bam[4], bamtree[5], eastern balsam-poplar[5], hackmatack[5], tacamahac poplar[5], tacamahaca[5].
Распространение и среда обитания
Растет на Западном побережье Северной Америки от южной Аляски до Калифорнии. Распространение этого вида во многом совпадает с распространением тополя осинообразного[2].
Ботаническое описание
Высота 18—21 метр, редко 27 метров при толщине ствола 0,6 метра и более. Плотность сухой древесины 470 кг/м2[2].
Начинает цвести в возрасте 8—10 лет. Серёжки от 5 до 9 см с большим количеством мелких цветков (около 3 мм в длину). Мужские цветки имеют от 20 до 30 тычинок. Зрелые женские серёжки от 10 до 15 см.
Подвиды
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Populus balsamifera var. balsamifera
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Populus balsamifera var. subcordata (восточная часть Канады)[6]
Гибриды
Populus balsamifera и Populus trichocarpa гибридизируют образуя неоднозначные формы. Из - за этого перемешивания, Populus trichocarpa был предложен в качестве подвида (Populus balsamifera var. trichocarpa)[6].
Другие гибриды были зарегистрированы между тополем бальзамическим и Populus alba, Populus laurifolia, Populus nigra, Populus simonii, Populus sauveolens, Populus tremula и Populus tristis[7][8][9].
Практическое использование
Мягкая древесина тополя бальзамического используется для изготовления целлюлозы и строительства[10].
Примечания
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↑ Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
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↑ 1 2 3 Древесные породы мира / Калуцкий, К. К.. — М.: Лесная промышленность, 1982. — Т. 2. — С. 145, 146.
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↑ Populus balsamifera L. (неопр.). Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA.. Проверено 15 декабря 2016.
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↑ Peattie, Donald Culross. A Natural History of Trees of Eastern and Central North America. — Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991. — P. 100.
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↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Taxon: Populus balsamifera L. (неопр.). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Проверено 15 декабря 2016.
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↑ 1 2 Brayshaw T. C. The status of the black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray) // Canadian Field-Naturalist. — 1966. — Т. 79, № 2. — С. 91-95.
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↑ Cram W. H. Performance of seventeen poplar clones in south-central Saskatchewan // Forestry Chronicle. — 1960. — Т. 36, № 3. — С. 204-208, 224.
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↑ Maini, J. S., and J. H. Cayford, eds. Growth and utilization of poplars in Canada. — Canada Department of Forestry and Rural Development, Forestry Branch Publication 1205. — Ottawa: ON, 1968. — P. 257.
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↑ Zasada, J. C., L. A. Viereck, M. J. Foote, and others. Natural regeneration of balsam poplar following harvesting in the Susitna Valley, Alaska. // Forestry Chronicle. — 1981. — Т. 57, № 2. — С. 57-65.
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↑ John C. Zasada, Howard M. Phipps. Balsam Poplar (неопр.). Northeastern Area. Проверено 15 декабря 2016.
Тополь бальзамический: Brief Summary
(
Russian
)
provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Тополь бальзамический (лат. Populus balsamifera) — вид деревьев семейства Ивовые, произрастающий в западной части Северной Америки.
Английское название: balsam poplar, bam, bamtree, eastern balsam-poplar, hackmatack, tacamahac poplar, tacamahaca.
欧洲大叶杨
(
Chinese
)
provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Populus candicansAit. 
欧洲大叶杨（学名：Populus candicans）是杨柳科杨属的植物。分布于大洋 洲、欧洲、亚洲、美洲以及中国大陆的新疆等地，生长于海拔480米至1,700米的地区，目前已由人工引种栽培。
参考文献
- 昆明植物研究所. 欧洲大叶杨. 《中国高等植物数据库全库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.
这是一篇與
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欧洲大叶杨: Brief Summary
(
Chinese
)
provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
欧洲大叶杨（学名：Populus candicans）是杨柳科杨属的植物。分布于大洋 洲、欧洲、亚洲、美洲以及中国大陆的新疆等地，生长于海拔480米至1,700米的地区，目前已由人工引种栽培。
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这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
