Opossums are omnivorous, including a wide variety of food in their diet (Baker, 1983). A majority of their diet is composed of insects and carrion. Opossums are also known to eat plants, including fruits and grains in season.
Primary Diet: omnivore
Virginia opossums are well-known for pretending to be dead to avoid being eaten by predators. This is called "playing dead" or "playing possum." When a Virginia opossum thinks that it is being threatened it will go into a catatonic state where it appears to be dead, they go limp and their breathing becomes almost undetectable. They re-awaken when the perceived danger passes.
Virginia opossums are preyed on by predators such as coyotes, foxes, large owls, and hawks. As young they may also be preyed on by snakes and smaller birds of prey, such as falcons. Humans hunt Virginia opossums for food.
Known Predators:
Opossums have a heavy set body that resembles a large house cat. They have a long head with a pointed snout. Their faces have long whiskers. All opossums have long, tapered tails with a scaly appearance. Females have a fur-lined pouch to carry their young (Baker, 1983). The color of the opossum varies by the region. Northern populations have thick underfur that is white in color and has black tips. The pale guard hairs give the opossum a gray appearance. In southern populations, the underfur is much sparser. Both northern and southern populations have white cheek hairs (McManus, 1974). Total length varies between 350 and 940 mm, tail length varies between 216 and 470mm. Males are larger than females with male weight ranging from 0.8 to 6.4 kg and female weight ranging from 0.3 to 3.7 kg (Wilson and Ruff, 1999).
Range mass: 0.3 to 6.4 kg.
Range length: 35.0 to 94.0 cm.
Average length: 74.0 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Average basal metabolic rate: 5.299 W.
Virginia opossums rarely live for longer than 18 months. The oldest known opossum in the wild was 3 years old when last captured. Although they are preyed upon by several predators, most are killed by cars.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 3.0 (high) years.
Opossums are found in a variety of environments, ranging from relatively arid to mesic environments. They prefer wet areas, however, especially streams and swamps. It is hard to determine the exact home range of an opossum because of their unusual movement patterns (McManus, 1974).
Habitat Regions: temperate
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest
Opossums are found in North America, from Central America and Mexico in the south, through the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and north into southwestern Ontario. Opossums are also found along the west coast of the United States. Their range appears to be expanding northward (McManus, 1974).
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
As scavengers, Virginia opossums play an important role in the ecosystem by eating foods and garbage that other animals may not. They are important prey items for predators in the areas where they occur.
In the southeastern United States, opossums are sometimes hunted for food. Opossums are used as research animals in a variety of laboratories, their fur is used occasionally, and they help to control garden pests.
Positive Impacts: body parts are source of valuable material
Occasionally opossums have been known to get into human garbage, however their foraging activities are typically not disruptive (Baker, 1983). They are scavengers and rarely prey on live animals. Opossums can carry and transmit human diseases such as rabies, as can most mammals.
Adapted well to the presence of humans. Opossums appear to be extending their geographic range. The population density in the wild is not very high (one animal per ten acres).
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Opossums have a defensive tactic called (appropriately enough) "playing possum." In this, the animal fakes death to thwart an attack, and reaches a state of catatonia.
When America was first colonized by Europeans, these possums did not occur north of Pennsylvania. As time passed, they moved north and westward on the Great Plains. In 1890, they were introduced to California. They spread on the west coast. Today in Michigan, they are currently spreading into the Upper Peninsula.
The mating season for opossums lasts from January to July. Copulation is usually initiated by the male. After copulation, the female rejects any more solicitations. The egg is fertilized in the Fallopian tubes. Birth occurs about 12.5 to 13 days after copulation. The average litter size ranges from 7 to 9. Depending on latitude, opossums have one or two litters per year. The young opossums weigh about 0.16 grams at birth. They are fixed to the nipple for the first 50 to 65 days of their lives. By 95 to 105 days, the young no longer depend on their mother. There is no maternal bond between the mother and young after they are weaned. Females are able to breed in their first season (McManus, 1974).
Breeding season: January-July
Range number of offspring: 1.0 to 13.0.
Average gestation period: 12.5 days.
Range weaning age: 95.0 to 105.0 days.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 6.0 to 12.0 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 6.0 to 12.0 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous
Average birth mass: 0.147 g.
Average gestation period: 12 days.
Average number of offspring: 15.
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care
The Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), also known as the North American opossum, is the only opossum living north of Mexico, its range extending south into Central America. It is the northernmost marsupial in the world. In the United States and Canada, it is typically called a possum, 'possum, or opossum. It is a solitary nocturnal animal about the size of a domestic cat, and a successful opportunist.
Opossums are familiar to many North Americans as they frequently inhabit settled areas near food sources like trash cans, pet food, compost piles, gardens or housemice. Their slow and nocturnal nature, and their attraction to roadside carrion, makes many roadkill.
The Virginia opossum is the original animal named "opossum", a word which comes from Algonquian wapathemwa, meaning "white animal". Colloquially, the Virginia opossum is frequently just called a "possum".[5] The name opossum is applied more generally to any of the other marsupials of the families Didelphidae and Caenolestidae. The generic name (Didelphis) is derived from Ancient Greek: di, "two", and delphus, "womb".[6]
The possums of Australia, whose name is derived from a similarity to the opossums of the Americas, are also marsupials, but of the order Diprotodontia.
The Virginia opossum is known in Mexico as tlacuache, tacuachi, and tlacuachi, from the Nahuatl word tlacuatzin.
The Virginia opossum's ancestors evolved in South America, but spread into North America as part of the Great American Interchange, which occurred mainly after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama about 3 million years ago. Didelphis was apparently one of the later migrants, entering North America about 0.8 million years ago.[7] It is now found throughout Central America and North America from Costa Rica to southern Ontario and is expanding its range northward, northwesterly and northeasterly at a significant pace.[5]
Its pre-European settlement range was generally as far north as Maryland; southern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois; Missouri and Kansas. The clearing of dense forests in these areas and further north by settlers allowed the opossum to move northward. Elimination of the opossum's main predators in these areas also contributed to their expansion. Since 1900, it has expanded its range to include most of New England (including Maine); New York, extreme southwestern Quebec; most of southern and eastern Ontario; most of Michigan and Wisconsin; most of Minnesota, southeastern South Dakota and most of Nebraska.
Areas such as Rhode Island and Waterloo Region and Simcoe County in southern Ontario rarely had sightings of opossums in the 1960s, but now have them regularly, some speculate that this is likely due to global warming causing winters to be warmer.[8] Some people speculate the expansion into Ontario mostly occurred by opossums accidentally being transferred across the St. Lawrence, Niagara, Detroit and St. Clair rivers by motor vehicles or trains they may have climbed upon. As the opossum is not adapted to colder winters or heavy snow, its population may be significantly reduced if a colder winter with heavier snow occurs in a particular northern region.
The Virginia opossum was not originally native to the West Coast of the United States. It was intentionally introduced into the West[5] during the Great Depression, probably as a source of food,[9] and now occupies much of the Pacific coast. Its range has been expanding steadily northward into British Columbia, Canada.
Virginia opossums can vary considerably in size, with larger specimens found to the north of the opossum's range and smaller specimens in the tropics. They measure 33–55 cm (13–22 in) long from their snout to the base of the tail, with the tail adding another 25–54 cm (9.8–21.3 in). Males are slightly larger, with an average body length of 40.8 cm (16.1 in) with an average tail length of 29.4 cm (11.6 in), while females are 40.6 cm (16.0 in) long with a 28.1 cm (11.1 in) tail. Weight for males ranges from 2.1–2.8 kg (4.6–6.2 lb) and for females from 1.9–2.1 kg (4.2–4.6 lb).[10]
Their coats are a dull grayish brown, other than on their faces, which are white. Opossums have long, hairless, prehensile tails, which can be used to grab branches and carry small objects. They also have hairless ears and a long, flat nose. Opossums have 50 teeth, more than any other North American land mammal,[11] and opposable, clawless thumbs on their rear limbs. Opossums have 13 nipples, arranged in a circle of 12 with one in the middle.[12][13]
The dental formula of an opossum is 5.1.3.44.1.3.4.[14] No other mammal in North America has more than 6 upper incisors, but the Virginia opossum has 10.
Perhaps surprisingly for such a widespread and successful species, the Virginia opossum has one of the lowest encephalization quotients of any marsupial.[15] Its brain is one-fifth the size of a raccoon's.[16]
Virginia opossum tracks generally show five finger-like toes in both the fore and hind prints.[17] The hind tracks are unusual and distinctive due to the opossum's opposable thumb, which generally prints at an angle of 90° or greater to the other fingers (sometimes near 180°). Individual adult tracks generally measure 1.9 in long by 2.0 in wide (4.8 × 5.1 cm) for the fore prints and 2.5 in long by 2.3 in wide (6.4 × 5.7 cm) for the hind prints. Opossums have claws on all fingers fore and hind except on the two thumbs (in the photograph, claw marks show as small holes just beyond the tip of each finger); these generally show in the tracks. In a soft medium, such as the mud in this photograph, the foot pads clearly show (these are the deep, darker areas where the fingers and toes meet the rest of the hand or foot, which have been filled with plant debris by wind due to the advanced age of the tracks).
The tracks in the photograph were made while the opossum was walking with its typical pacing gait. The four aligned toes on the hind print show the approximate direction of travel.
In a pacing gait, the limbs on one side of the body are moved simultaneously, just prior to moving both limbs on the other side of the body. This is illustrated in the pacing diagram, which explains why the left-fore and right-hind tracks are generally found together (and vice versa). If the opossum was not walking (perhaps running), the prints would fall in a different pattern. Other animals that generally employ a pacing gait are raccoons, bears, skunks, badgers, woodchucks, porcupines, and beavers.
When pacing, the opossum's 'stride' generally measures from 7 to 10 in, or 18 to 25 cm (in the pacing diagram the stride is 8.5 in, where one grid square is equal to 1 in2). To determine the stride of a pacing gait, measure from the tip (just beyond the fingers or toes in the direction of travel, disregarding claw marks) of one set of fore/hind tracks to the tip of the next set. By taking careful stride and track-size measurements, one can usually determine what species of animal created a set of tracks, even when individual track details are vague or obscured.
If threatened, an opossum will either flee or take a stand. To appear threatening, an opossum will first bare its 50 teeth, snap its jaw, hiss, drool, and stand its fur on end to look bigger.[18] If this does not work, the Virginia opossum is noted for feigning death in response to extreme fear.[19] This is the genesis of the term "playing possum", which means pretending to be dead or injured with intent to deceive.[20]
In this inactive state it lies limp and motionless on its side, mouth and eyes open, tongue hanging out, and feet clenched.[18] Fear can also cause the opossum to release a green fluid from its anus with a putrid odor that repels predators.[19][21] Heart rate drops by half, and breathing rate is so slow and shallow it is hardly detectable.[18] Death feigning normally stops when the threat withdraws, and it can last for several hours.[18][21] Besides discouraging animals that eat live prey, playing possum also convinces some large animals that the opossum is no threat to their young.[19] "Playing possum" in response to threats from oncoming traffic often results in death.[22]
Opossums are omnivorous (sometimes said to be insectivorous) and eat a wide range of plant-based food, as well as animal-based food like small invertebrates, carrion, eggs, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, small mammals, and other small animals.[23]
Insects such as grasshoppers, crickets, and beetles make up the bulk of animal foods.[24] It has been stated that opossums eat up to 95% of the ticks they encounter.[22][25] and may eat up to 5,000 ticks per season, helping to prevent the spread of tick-born illnesses, including Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.[25] This interpretation has been challenged.[26]
Small animals include young rabbits, meadow voles, mice, rats, birds, snakes, lizards, frogs, fish, and crayfish.[27][28][29][30][31] The Virginia opossum has been found to be very resistant to snake venom.[32][25] Attracted to carrion on the side of the highway, opossums are at an increased risk of being hit by motor vehicles.[21]
Plant foods are mainly eaten in late summer, autumn, and early winter.[24] These include raspberries, blackberries, apples, acorns, beechnuts, and vegetables.[24] Persimmons are one of the opossum's favorite foods during the autumn.[33] Opossums in urban areas scavenge from bird feeders, vegetable gardens, compost piles, garbage cans, and food dishes intended for dogs and cats.[24][27]
Opossums in captivity are known to engage in cannibalism, though this is probably uncommon in the wild.[34] Because of this, placing an injured opossum in a confined space with its healthy counterparts is inadvisable.
A widely publicized 2009 study by the Cary Institute indicated that Virginia opossums in a laboratory setting could eat thousands of ticks per week grooming.[35][36] However, subsequent studies of the stomach contents of wild Virginia opossums have not found any ticks in their diet.[37]
The Virginia opossum is most active during the spring and summer.[24] It does not hibernate but reduces its activity during the winter.[23][38] It may not leave its den for several days if the temperature drops below −7 to −4 °C (19 to 25 °F).[24] Both males and females are at greater risk of injury during breeding season.[39] Males extend their range in search of mates which puts them at greater risk of injury from motor vehicles and predators due to unknown territory.[39] Females carrying young are slower moving and have to forage earlier in the evening and later into the night, also increasing their risk of injury from motor vehicles and predation.[39]
The breeding season for the Virginia opossum can begin as early as December and continue through October with most young born between February and June.[39] A female opossum may have one to three litters per year.[39] During the mating season, the male attracts the female by making clicking sounds with his mouth.[39] The female's estrus cycle is 28 days and lasts 36 hours.[39] Gestation lasts 11–13 days and the average litter size is 8–9 infants, although over 20 infants may be born.[39] Opossums have a very high mortality rate of their young; only one in ten offspring survive to reproductive adulthood.[40]
Newborns are the size of a honeybee.[24] Once delivered through the median vagina or central birth canal, newborn opossums climb up into the female opossum's pouch and latch onto one of her 13 teats.[39] The young remain latched for two months and in the pouch for 2+1⁄2 months.[39] The young then climb onto the mother's back, where she carries them for the remainder of their time together.[39] It is during this time that the young learn survival skills.[39] They leave their mother after about four or five months.[41]
Like all female marsupials, the female's reproductive system is bifid, with two lateral vaginae, uteri, and ovaries.[42] The male's penis is also bifid, with two heads, and as is common in New World marsupials, the sperm pair up in the testes and only separate as they come close to the egg.[42]
Compared to other mammals, including most other marsupials except dasyuromorphians, opossums have unusually short lifespans for their size and metabolic rate.[43][44] The Virginia opossum has a maximal lifespan in the wild of only about two years.[45] Even in captivity, opossums live only about four years.[46] The rapid senescence of opossums is thought to reflect the fact that they have few defenses against predators; given that they would have little prospect of living very long regardless, they are not under selective pressure to develop biochemical mechanisms to enable a long lifespan.[47] In support of this hypothesis, one population on Sapelo Island, 5 miles (8 km) off the coast of Georgia, which has been isolated for thousands of years without natural predators, was found by Dr. Steven Austad to have evolved lifespans up to 50% longer than those of mainland populations.[47][48]
An early description of the opossum comes from explorer John Smith, who wrote in Map of Virginia, with a Description of the Countrey, the Commodities, People, Government and Religion in 1608 that "An Opassom hath an head like a Swine, and a taile like a Rat, and is of the bignes of a Cat. Under her belly she hath a bagge, wherein she lodgeth, carrieth, and sucketh her young."[49][50] The opossum was more formally described in 1698 in a published letter entitled "Carigueya, Seu Marsupiale Americanum Masculum. Or, The Anatomy of a Male Opossum: In a Letter to Dr Edward Tyson", from Mr William Cowper, Chirurgeon, and Fellow of the Royal Society, London, by Edward Tyson, M.D. Fellow of the College of Physicians and of the Royal Society. The letter suggests even earlier descriptions.[51]
Like raccoons, opossums can be found in urban environments, where they eat pet food, rotten fruit, and human garbage. Humans may be causing an increase in body size for opossums that live near urban environments.[52] Though sometimes mistakenly considered to be rats, opossums are not closely related to rodents, or other placental mammals.
Opossums are surprisingly resistant to rabies,[53] most likely because they have lower body temperatures than most placental mammals.[54] In addition, opossums limit the spread of Lyme disease, as they successfully kill off most disease-carrying ticks that feed on them,[55] though this has been recently challenged.[26] D. virginiana is among the most common predators of poultry farming in North America.[56][57]
The opossum was once a favorite game animal in the United States, particularly in the southern regions which have a large body of recipes and folklore relating to it.[58] Their past wide consumption in regions where present is evidenced by recipes available online[59] and in books such as older editions of The Joy of Cooking.[60] A traditional method of preparation is baking, sometimes in a pie or pastry,[61] though at present "possum pie" most often refers to a sweet confection containing no meat of any kind.
Around the turn of the 20th century, the opossum was the subject of numerous songs, including "Carve dat Possum", a minstrel song written in 1875 by Sam Lucas.[62]
Although it is widely distributed in the United States, the Virginia opossum's appearance in folklore and popularity as a food item has tied it closely to the American Southeast. In animation, it is often used to depict uncivilized characters or "hillbillies". Not surprisingly, then, the Virginia opossum is featured in several episodes of the hit TV show The Beverly Hillbillies, such as the "Possum Day" episode in 1965.[63] The title character in Walt Kelly's long-running comic strip Pogo was an opossum. In an attempt to create another icon like the teddy bear, President William Howard Taft was tied to the character Billy Possum.[64][65] The character did not do well, as public perception of the opossum led to its downfall. In December 2010, a cross-eyed Virginia opossum in Germany's Leipzig Zoo named Heidi became an international celebrity.[66] She appeared on a TV talk show to predict the 2011 Oscar winners, similar to the World Cup predictions made previously by Paul the Octopus, also in Germany.[67]
The Perelman Building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, an annex of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, was formerly the Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company Building. Built in the late 1920s its facade is decorated with polychrome sculptures of animals symbolizing various attributes of insurance, including a possum to represent "protection".
The Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), also known as the North American opossum, is the only opossum living north of Mexico, its range extending south into Central America. It is the northernmost marsupial in the world. In the United States and Canada, it is typically called a possum, 'possum, or opossum. It is a solitary nocturnal animal about the size of a domestic cat, and a successful opportunist.
Opossums are familiar to many North Americans as they frequently inhabit settled areas near food sources like trash cans, pet food, compost piles, gardens or housemice. Their slow and nocturnal nature, and their attraction to roadside carrion, makes many roadkill.
