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Charaxes ( Western Frisian )

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Charaxes varanes

De Charaxes binne in skaai yn de famylje fan de Charaxinae.

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Charaxes: Brief Summary ( Western Frisian )

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De Charaxes binne in skaai yn de famylje fan de Charaxinae.

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Charaxes

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The rajah and pasha butterflies, also known as emperors in Africa and Australia,[1][2] (genus Charaxes) make up the huge type genus of the brush-footed butterfly subfamily Charaxinae, or leafwing butterflies. They belong to the tribe Charaxini, which also includes the nawab butterflies (Polyura). Charaxes are tropical Old World butterflies, with by far the highest diversity in sub-Saharan Africa, a smaller number from South Asia to Melanesia and Australia, and a single species (C. jasius) in Europe. They are generally strong flyers and very popular among butterfly collectors.

Etymology

Charaxes means "to sharpen" or "to make pointed", referring to the pointed 'tails' on the hind wing. Charaxes may also be related to charax, meaning 'a sharp stake', or charaxis, a 'notch' or 'incision', which are also features of the hind wing.[3]

Biology

Charaxes frequent sunny forest openings and glades where they rest with open or partly open wings sunning themselves. When alerted, they close the wings exposing the cryptic underside. Certain favoured perches are selected and intruders are chased and driven off, Charaxes feed in part at oozes from tree wounds infested with beetle or other larvae and on rotting fruit (they come to hanging traps baited with fermenting banana). They lay their eggs on small understorey or marginal trees. Tender shoots are usually selected for egg laying but as the larvae grow they move to older leaves. Larvae rest on the upper surface of a leaf on which they have spun a protecting silk pad.

Photograph from Schultze, 1917 Die Charaxiden und Apaturiden der Kolonie Kamerun, illustrating aspects of Charaxes biology

The most striking features in the habits of Charaxes are the powerful rapid flight, the partiality to putrid matter and the constancy with which a specimen returns to the same spot. Few species are found in the open country (C. pelias pelias, C. jasius and C. fabius), where there are only bushes and rarely trees; most species inhabit the more wooded country and some are found only in and near larger forests. The males come often in some numbers to water pools on roads where they mud puddle; both sexes are fond of the juice of trees, decaying fruits, dung of animals and putrid meat and can successfully be entrapped by the use of such baits; one is known to come to flowers (C. zoolina). Some species locate mates by hill-topping.

The larvae feed variously on Rhamnaceae, Leguminosae, Sapindaceae, Melianthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gramineae, Ochnaceae, Lauraceae, Tiliaceae, Meliaceae, etc.[4]

Charaxes acraeoides is part of a mimetic ring with Pseudacraea and Acraea. The closely related Charaxes fournierae mimics species of Euphaedra.

Life history

"We have examined the eggs of a number of species, taken from the bodies of dry specimens. Apart from size, there is no apparent difference in the eggs of the various species. The micropyle end is flattened, slightly concave, with the centre raised; from the centre radiate slight ribs, which gradually disappear at the sides and do not reach the base or underside; the longitudinal ribs are connected by extremely feeble transverse ridges, and bear, as Doherty correctly points out, small projecting points, which are easily visible under a good lens.

The slug-shaped caterpillar is widest in or before the middle, narrowed behind, and has a finely granulated skin. The head is flat, prognathous, and bears four processes which point backwards and are rough with tubercles, as is the hinder edge of the head between the processes; cheeks also tuberculated; the anal segment bears dorsally two more or less prominent processes, which are longer in the young larva than in the full-grown one. The colour of the larvae is generally green, often yellowish, the head bears, on each side, a light line which runs along the outer horn, and there is a spot on one or more abdominal segments, the colour of these latter markings, which are mostly more or less halfmoon-shaped, is as a rule buffish, the spots having often a darker (reddish or bluish) border. The caterpillar is a very slow creature, which does not voluntarily leave the twig on a leaf of which the egg was deposited.

The thick chrysalis is bright green as a rule, very smooth and shining, dorsally very convex; head bluntly bipartite; end of abdomen with two rounded tubercles ventrally."[5]: 282 

Description of the imago

Adult Charaxes have a robust thorax and abdomen. Their wingspan is around 8 to 10 cm. The ground colours of the wing uppersides vary from tawny to black to pale. Wing markings may be spots, bars or bands of white, orange or blue. Some species have metallic blue spots and others have an overall iridescent, metallic gloss. Charaxes zingha is partially red and Charaxes eupale is light green. The males of the Charaxes etheocles complex are largely black and are known as the "black Charaxes".

Various colours and shapes of Charaxes

The outer margin of the forewing varies from being nearly straight to deeply concave. The hindwing is abdominally always longer than costally, and in most species presents a triangular shape. The teeth on the distal (or outer) margin of both wings vary much according to species and groups of species, and is also not entirely constant within a species. The anal angle (wing corner) is in many species more pronounced than the outer margin between the tails, best seen in Charaxes zingha.

The pattern of the upperside is often very different in the sexes and in the various species. The females can be arranged according to the pattern of the upperside of the forewing into four groups:

  • Type 1: The discal and postdiscal interstices form a forked band, which is generally more or less interrupted at the veins into spots or patches. This is the normal type of female. There are many species in which the male has a similar band, but in this sex the patches composing the band are smaller than in the female.
  • Type 2: The upper discal interstitial patches become small or obsolete, while the postdiscal ones form together with the posterior discal ones an oblique band which extends from the costal to the internal margins. This type is found in both sexes of a number of species, and in the males of only a few others.
  • Type 3: The upper postdiscal interstitial spots are reduced in size or absent, while the discal interspaces and the posterior postdiscal ones form a broad curved band. This type does not occur in the male.
  • Type 4: The band is similar in appearance to that of type 3, but it is composed of the posterior postdiscal and discal interstices and the upper median ones, the band often entering the cell. This type is also confined to the female, and is met with only in one polychromatic species.

The underside is sometimes very colourful with orange, grey and auburn silver areas.

Sexual differences

Sexual dimorphism is among Charaxes a much commoner phenomenon than similarity of the sexes in colour and shape. The wings of the female are always broader than those of the male, and the hindwing is, as a rule, less triangular; the tails are broader, often widened at the end; in some species the male has one, the female two tails, in other the tails of the male are obliterated (absent), while the female possesses such an appendage.

Taxonomy

Charaxes wing
Venation terminology
Wing mark terminology

The taxonomy is complex with very many ranks (subspecies, forms and variants) and Charaxes demonstrates allopatric , sympatric speciation, parallel evolution and complex mimicry. There have been many rank and placement changes. Splitters, possibly with commercial as well as entomological interests, have named very many forms – an example is Georges Rousseau-Decelle. Many species show geographic and climatic (including altitudinal) clines. An additional problem is the publication of new taxa in journals which are not peer reviewed.

"No group of African butterflies arouses stronger emotions than Charaxes. Gaining an understanding of their phylogenetic relationships will add a new chapter to their convoluted literature".[6]

Significant monographs on the taxonomy of Charaxes include:

  • Arthur Gardiner Butler — Monograph of the species of Charaxes, a genus of diurnal Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1865:622-639 (1866)
  • Walter Rothschild and Karl Jordan — A monograph of Charaxes and the allied prionopterous genera. Novitates Zoologicae 7:281-524. (1900)[5]
  • Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius — Nymphalidae: Die Gross-schmetterlinge des Afrikanischen Faunengebietes. In: Seitz, A.: Die Gross-schmetterlinge der Erde. Eine systematische Bearbeitung der bis jetzt bekannten Gross-schmetterlinge XIII. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart. (1925).
  • Victor Gurney Logan Van Someren — Revisional Notes on the African Charaxes. Pts 1–10. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) (1963-1975).

Van Someren studied long series of museum specimens, drawing attention, as had his predecessors, to the variability of Charaxes species over their often vast range, identifying and describing subspecies and isolating new species. This clinal variation is complicated by variation associated with climate (season), altitude and mimicry. Van Someren recognizes species groups, the analysis is in part subjective and the number of taxa remains uncertain.

The type species of the genus Charaxes is Charaxes jasius.[7]

Species groups

Cladogram of the basal subdivision of the genus Charaxes and its nearest relatives

Defining species groups is a convenient way of subdividing well-defined genera with a large number of recognized species. Charaxes species are so arranged in assemblages called "species groups" (not superspecies, but an informal phenetic arrangement). These may or may not be clades. As molecular phylogenetic studies continue, lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition become evident and new groupings are suggested, but consistent ranking remains a problem.

Species

In older literature, some of the nawab butterflies, such as Polyura dolon, may be included under Charaxes.

Species not found in the Afrotropical realm

Species found in the Afrotropical realm

Listed alphabetically. [8] [9] Recently updated taxonomy is referenced within the list.

References

  1. ^ Woodhall, Steve (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-724-7.
  2. ^ Braby, Michael F. (2004). Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 174–175. ISBN 0643090274.
  3. ^ Otto, Herbert. "Butterflies of the KNP". krugerpark.co.za. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  4. ^ "Robinson, G. S., P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni & L. M. Hernández (2010). HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London".
  5. ^ a b Rothschild, W.; Jordan, K. (1900). "A monograph of Charaxes and the allied prionopterous genera". Novitates Zoologicae. 7: 281–524.
  6. ^ Ackery P. R., Smith C. R., and Vane-Wright R. I. (eds.) (1995). Carcasson's African butterflies-An Annotated Catalogue of the Papilionidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. Canberra: CSIRO. A collated edited and amplified version of Carcasson's manuscripts. Included are species, genus group, species group and infra-subspecific names of Afrotropical butterflies and text on host plants, general reviews of bionomics, biology, biogeography and bibliography.
  7. ^ Rydon, AHB (1971). "The Systematics of the Charaxidae (Lep. : Nymphaloidea)". The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation. London. 83: 219–233. Retrieved 15 March 2018. Pg. 220 "Recognising this fact, Ochsenheimer (1816, Schmett. Europa, vol. 4) removed Papilio jasius from Paphia, and placed it instead in his own genus Charaxes, thus making P. jasius the type-species of the latter by monotypy."
  8. ^ "Charaxes Ochsenheimer, 1816" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
  9. ^ "Genus Charaxes (2019 Rev.)" Ed. M.C.Willams (2019) at Metamorphosis.org.za
  10. ^ [Sp. nov.] Vingerhoedt, E. & Faravel, G. 2009. Lambillionea, 2009:109;389-94
  11. ^ [Sp. nov.] Basquin, P. Entomologia Africana, 2012;2:51-54
  12. ^ [Sp. nov.] Faravel, G. & Bouyer, Th. Entomologia Africana 2022; 27: 17 – 27
  13. ^ [Sp. nov.] Collins, Congdon & Bampton. Entomologia Africana, 2017; 22: 19 – 30
  14. ^ [Sp. Nov.] Vingerhoedt & Vande Weghe. Lépodoptères - Revue des Lépidoptères de France, 2011; 48: 2-6
  15. ^ Bouyer, Zakharov, Rougerie, Vingerhoedt (2008); Les Charaxes du "groupe eupale:description d'un nouveau genre, revision et approche genetique (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Charaxinae). Entomologia Africana, Hors Serie no.3, 2008: 1-32. p5. Comment: Stat.Rev. from [schultzei syn=latimargo] to schultzei bona species
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Charaxes: Brief Summary

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The rajah and pasha butterflies, also known as emperors in Africa and Australia, (genus Charaxes) make up the huge type genus of the brush-footed butterfly subfamily Charaxinae, or leafwing butterflies. They belong to the tribe Charaxini, which also includes the nawab butterflies (Polyura). Charaxes are tropical Old World butterflies, with by far the highest diversity in sub-Saharan Africa, a smaller number from South Asia to Melanesia and Australia, and a single species (C. jasius) in Europe. They are generally strong flyers and very popular among butterfly collectors.

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Charaxes ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Charaxes es un gran género de lepidópteros de la familia Nymphalidae.[3]​ Está constituido por mariposas tropicales del Viejo Mundo, con la mayor diversidad en los bosques húmedos cercanos al océano Índico, desde África a Indonesia.[4]

Descripción

Especie tipo Papilio jasius Linnaeus, 1767.[2]

Diversidad

Existen 193 especies reconocidas en el género, 169 de ellas tienen distribución afrotropical y el resto se encuentran en la región indomalaya y Australia.[5]

Plantas hospederas

Las especies del género Charaxes se alimentan de plantas de las familias Fabaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sapindaceae, Melianthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae, Meliaceae, Ochnaceae, Rutaceae, Lauraceae, Annonaceae, Malvaceae, Celastraceae, Ulmaceae, Verbenaceae, Iridaceae, Acanthaceae, Linaceae, Clusiaceae, Irvingiaceae, Ericaceae, Myrtaceae, Proteaceae, Araliaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Ebenaceae, Santalaceae, Salvadoraceae, Dichapetalaceae, Marantaceae, Connaraceae, Polygalaceae, Anacardiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Salicaceae, Magnoliaceae y Rubiaceae. La amplia lista de plantas hospederas reportadas incluyen al menos 181 géneros diferentes.[6][7][8][9][10]

Especies

Relación de especies.[4][10]

Referencias

  1. Heikkilä, M. and Kaila, L. and Mutanen, M. and Peña, C. and Wahlberg, N. (2012) Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279(1731):1093-1099, doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1430
  2. a b G. Lamas (2008) Genera and Genus-group Names of the Butterflies of the World, compartido por J. Mallet en The Taxome Project Home Page (Consultado en marzo 2013)
  3. Ochsenheimer (1816) Schmett. Eur. 4:18
  4. a b Woodhall, Steve. Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa, Cape Town:Struik Publishers, 2005
  5. M.C. Williams (2003) Afrotropical Checklist from Afrotropical Butterflies and Skippers, digitalizado por Fernley Symons y compartido por J. Mallet en The Taxome Project Home Page (Consultado en marzo 2013)
  6. Robinson, G. S., P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni & L. M. Hernández (2010) HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosts. (Consultado en diciembre 2012).
  7. T.B. Larsen (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books. 270 p.
  8. D.M. Kroon (1999) Lepidoptera of Southern Africa. Host-plants and other associations. A Catalogue. Sasolburg, South Africa: Lepidopterists’ Society of Africa. 160 p.
  9. Henning, S. (1989) The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa, 457pp.
  10. a b Markku Savela (1999-2013) Lepidoptera and some other life forms. (Consultado en diciembre 2012)

Bibliografía

  • 1. Darge (Ph.), 1983 - Fauna of Cameroon: The genus Charaxes, Sciences Nat, Venette, pp. 1-136, pl. 1-43 [1]
  • 2. Turlin (B.), 2005-2007 - Butterflies of the World. Parts 22, 25, 28, 32, Charaxes 1-4 [2]

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Charaxes: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Charaxes es un gran género de lepidópteros de la familia Nymphalidae.​ Está constituido por mariposas tropicales del Viejo Mundo, con la mayor diversidad en los bosques húmedos cercanos al océano Índico, desde África a Indonesia.​

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Charaxes ( French )

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Charaxes est un genre de lépidoptères (papillons) appartenant à la famille des Nymphalidae, à la sous-famille des Charaxinae et à la tribu des Charaxini.

Description

Distribution

Le genre Charaxes comprend environ 200 espèces majoritairement distribuées en Afrique tropicale. Plusieurs groupes d'espèces sont également présents dans les régions Orientale et Australasienne (y compris certaines îles du Pacifique)[1]. Enfin, le Pacha à deux queues ou Nymphale de l'arbousier (Charaxes jasius) a une très large aire de distribution dont la partie la plus septentrionale englobe le pourtour Méditerranéen.

Systématique

Le genre Charaxes a été décrit par l'entomologiste allemand Ferdinand Ochsenheimer en 1816[2]. L'espèce type pour le genre est Papilio jasius Linnaeus, 1767[2].

Synonymes

  • Paphia Fabricius, 1807[3]
  • Eriboea Hübner, [1819][4]
  • Jasia Swainson, 1832[5]
  • Monura Mabille, 1877[6]
  • Haridra Moore, [1880][7]
  • Zingha Hemming, 1939[8]
  • Hadrodontes Stoneham, 1964
  • Stonehamia Cowan, 1968

Taxonomie

La taxonomie du groupe est rendue particulièrement complexe par la description de nouvelles espèces, sous-espèces et formes dans des journaux sans comité de lecture. Bien que cette pratique soit plus accessible aux amateurs et résulte en général en la description d'espèces valides, le manque d'évaluation par des pairs a potentiellement abouti à une inflation taxonomique de certains groupes dans lesquels de nombreuses espèces ne peuvent pas être diagnostiquées. Ainsi, certaines descriptions de nouveaux Charaxes ne sont pas basées sur une analyse des différences par rapport à d'autres espèces supposées proches dans un cadre phylogénétique. Dans de nombreux cas, le manque de caractères diagnostiques rend donc l'identification de ces espèces virtuellement impossible. Par ailleurs, une approche de barcoding (utilisation d'un gène mitochondrial pour l'identification d'espèces) permet de révéler la paraphylie ou la polyphylie de multiples espèces de Charaxes en particulier dans le groupe Africain etheocles[9]. Une analyse complète du genre basé sur l'assemblage d'un jeu de données moléculaire pour la quasi-intégralité des espèces est en cours afin d'étudier cette question.

Classification

Cette classification est basée sur l'étude phylogénétique moléculaire la plus récente du genre Charaxes[10]. De nombreuses espèces n'ayant pas été placées dans un arbre phylogénétique, leur rattachement à un groupe particulier est basé sur des critères morphologiques[11] dans l'attente d'une nouvelle hypothèse phylogénétique pour le genre.

Sous-genre Charaxes Ochsenheimer, 1816

Sous-genre Eriboea Hübner 1819

Sous-genre Euxanthe Hübner, 1819

Sous-genre Polyura Billberg, 1820 (une phylogénie plus récente de ce sous-genre dénombre deux groupes distincts supplémentaires[réf. souhaitée])

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Charaxes bharata en mud-puddling. Avril 2022.
  • Groupe athamas:
    • Charaxes agrarius (Swinhoe 1887)
    • Charaxes alphius (Staudinger, 1886)
    • Charaxes arja (C. et R: Felder, 1867)
    • Charaxes athamas (Drury, 1773)
    • Charaxes bharata (Felder & Felder, 1867)
    • Charaxes jalysus (Felder & Felder, 1867)
    • Charaxes hebe (Butler, 1866)
    • Charaxes luzonicus (Rothschild, 1899)
    • Charaxes moori (Distant, 1883)
    • Charaxes paulettae (Toussaint, 2015)
    • Charaxes schreiber (Godart, 1824)
  • Groupe eudamippus:
    • Charaxes delphis (Doubleday, 1843)
    • Charaxes dolon (Westwood, 1847)
    • Charaxes eudamippus (Doubleday, 1843)
    • Charaxes narcaeus (Hewitson, 1854)
    • Charaxes nepenthes (Grose-Smith, 1883)
    • Charaxes posidonius (Leech, 1891)
    • Charaxes weismanni (Fritze 1894)
  • Grouple pleione:
  • Groupe pyrrhus:
    • Charaxes andrewsi (Butler, 1900)
    • Charaxes attila (Grose-Smith, 1889)
    • Charaxes bicolor (Turlin & Sato 1995)
    • Charaxes caphontis (Hewitson, 1874)
    • Charaxes clitarchus (Hewitson, 1874)
    • Charaxes cognatus (Vollenhoven, 1861)
    • Charaxes dehanii (Westwood, 1850)
    • Charaxes epigenes (Godman et Salvin, 1888)
    • Charaxes gamma (Lathy, 1888)
    • Charaxes gilolensis (Butler, 1869)
    • Charaxes inopinatus (Röber, 1939)
    • Charaxes jupiter (Butler, 1869)
    • Charaxes pyrrhus (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Charaxes sacco (Smart 1977)
    • Charaxes sempronius (Fabricius, 1793)
    • Charaxes smilesi (Toussaint, 2015)
  • Groupe zoolina
    • Charaxes betsimisaraka (Lucas, 1872)
    • Charaxes ehmckei (Homeyer & Dewitz, 1882)
    • Charaxes khaldeni Homeyer et Dewitz, 1882
    • Charaxes mafugensis (Jackson, 1957)
    • Charaxes zoolina (Westwood, 1850)

Sous-genre non décrit

Incertae sedis:

Species-level status debated:

Other names:

Notes et références

  1. Müller, C. J., Wahlberg, N., Beheregaray, L. 2010. ‘After Africa’: the evolutionary history and systematics of the genus Charaxes Ochsenheimer (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Indo-Pacific region. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100: 457–481. (pdf)
  2. a et b Ochsenheimer, F. 1816. Die schmetterlinge von Europa. Leipzig, 4: 225 pages. (pdf - Charaxes p. 18)
  3. Fabricius, 1807 Mag. f. Insektenk. 6 : 282 (Paphia Lamarck, 1799, nec Paphia [Röding], 1798)
  4. Hübner, [1819] Verz. bek. Schmett. (3): 46
  5. 1832 Zool. Illustr. (2) 2 (19): pl. 90 (suppr.)
  6. Mabille, 1877 Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 1 : 280
  7. Moore, [1880] Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 30
  8. Hemming, 1939 Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 8 (3) : 136
  9. http://www.boldsystems.org/
  10. Aduse-Poku, K., Vingerhoedt, E., & Wahlberg, N. (2009). Out-of-Africa again: A phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on five gene regions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 53(2), 463-478.
  11. Turlin (B.), 2005-2009 - Butterflies of the World. Parts 22, 25, 28, 32, Charaxes 1-4.

Annexes

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Charaxes: Brief Summary ( French )

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Charaxes est un genre de lépidoptères (papillons) appartenant à la famille des Nymphalidae, à la sous-famille des Charaxinae et à la tribu des Charaxini.

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Charaxes ( Latin )

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Charaxes est genus typicus Charaxinarum, papilionum subfamiliae Nymphalidarum.[1][2] Ad tribum Charaxinos pertinet, inter quos papiliones generis Polyura etiam digeruntur. Charaxes sunt papiliones tropici Mundi Veteris, quibus est multo maximam diversitatem in Africa sub-Saharana, minor numerus ab Asia Meridiana ad Melanesiam et Australiam, et unica species (Charaxes jasius) in Europa. Charaxes sunt volatores validi vivideque colorati, collectoribusque insectorum gratissimi.

Descriptio imaginis

Charaxibus adultis sunt thorax et abdomen robusta. Eorum latitudo alarum est ab 8 ad 10 fere cm. Primi alarum superiorum colores a fusco ad nigrum et pallescentem variant. Notae alarum esse possunt maculae, fasciae, vel vittae albae, aurantiae, vel caeruleae. Aliis speciebus sunt maculae caeruleae metallicae, aliis nitor generatim metallicus iridescens. Charaxes zingha partim ruber, Charaxes eupale viridula est. Mares complexus specierum Charaxis etheoclis plerumque sunt nigri, quam ob causam Charaxes nigri vulgo appellari solent.

Varii colores et formae Charaxis
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Species

In litteris vetustioribus, nonnullae Polyurae, sicut Polyura dolon, in Charxes poni poterant.

Species in oecozona Afrotropica non inventae

Species in oecozona Afrotropica inventae

Per abecedarium perscriptae.[1][3]

Notae

  1. 1.0 1.1 Woodhall 2005.
  2. Braby 2004:174–175.
  3. Charaxes, funet.fi.
  4. Sp. nov. "Endemic species of butterfly discovered at Kihansi," IPP Media.

Bibliographia

  • Aduse-Poku, K., E. Vingerhoedt, et N. Wahlberg. 2009. Out-of-Africa again: a phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on five gene regions. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 53(2):463–478. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.021.
  • Braby, Michael F. 2004. Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0643090274.
  • Woodhall, Steve. 2005. Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers.

Bibliographia addita

  • Darge, Philippe. 1983. Fauna of Cameroon: The genus Charaxes. Sciences Nat. (Venette) 1–136, pl. 1–43.
  • Henning, Stephen Frank. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe Books. ISBN 0620128119.
  • Müller, Chris J., Niklas Wahlberg, et Luciano B. Beheregaray. 2010. "After Africa": the evolutionary history and systematics of the genus Charaxes Ochsenheimer (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Indo-Pacific region. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 100(2):457–481.
  • Plantrou, Jacques. 1973. Note sur les Charaxes de l’Afrique occidentale, 1 (Lep. Nymphalidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 78(7-8):268–276.
  • Plantrou, Jacques. 1974. Note sur les Charaxes de l’Afrique occidentale, 2 (Lep. Nymphalidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 79(5–6):125–131.
  • Plantrou, Jacques. 1983. Systématique biogéographie et évolution des Charaxes africains (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae). Lutetiae: École normale supérieure, Laboratoire de zoologie. Series: Publications du Laboratoire de zoologie, École normale supérieure, no 25. ISBN 9782728800926
  • Rothschild, Walter, et Karl Jordan. 1898. A monograph of Charaxes and the allied prionopterous genera. Novitates Zoologicae 5:545–601
  • Turlin, Bernard. 2005-2007. Butterflies of the World, ed. Erich Bauer et Thomas Franckenbach. Partes 22, 25, 28, 32, Charaxes 1–4. Goecke & Evers. ISBN 9783937783321.
  • Van Someren, Victor Gurney Logan. 19631975. Revisional Notes on the African Charaxes. Partes 1–10, pp. 652, pl. 148.

Nexus externi

Wikispecies-logo.svg Vide "Charaxes" apud Vicispecies.
Commons-logo.svg Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Charaxes spectant.
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Charaxes: Brief Summary ( Latin )

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Charaxes est genus typicus Charaxinarum, papilionum subfamiliae Nymphalidarum. Ad tribum Charaxinos pertinet, inter quos papiliones generis Polyura etiam digeruntur. Charaxes sunt papiliones tropici Mundi Veteris, quibus est multo maximam diversitatem in Africa sub-Saharana, minor numerus ab Asia Meridiana ad Melanesiam et Australiam, et unica species (Charaxes jasius) in Europa. Charaxes sunt volatores validi vivideque colorati, collectoribusque insectorum gratissimi.

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Charaxes ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Insecten

Charaxes is een geslacht van vlinders uit de onderfamilie Charaxinae van de Nymphalidae. De soorten van het geslacht Charaxes komen voor in tropische en subtropische gebieden in de Oude Wereld, met veruit de hoogste diversiteit in Afrika ten zuiden van de Sahara, en een kleiner aantal soorten in Zuid-Azië, Melanesië en Australië. Een soort (Charaxes jasius) komt ook voor rond de Middellandse Zee. Het zijn over het algemeen krachtige vliegers en zeer populair bij vlinderverzamelaars.[1]

Gedrag

Enkele soorten zijn te vinden in struikgewas (C. pelias, C. jasius, C. fabius), maar veruit de meeste soorten komen voor in bos. Charaxes heeft een voorkeur voor open plekken in het bos waar ze zonnen met uitgespreide of halfgesloten vleugels. Mannetjes verzamelen zich vaak bij regenplassen op wegen. Als ze verontrust worden sluiten ze de vleugels, waardoor de meestal camouflerende onderkant zichtbaar wordt. Ze hebben een snelle vlucht, een voorkeur voor bepaalde zitplekken, en indringers worden fanatiek verjaagd. De vlinders voeden zich gedeeltelijk met boomsap uit wonden, rottend fruit, bedorven vlees en uitwerpselen. Die stoffen kunnen met succes als lokaas dienen. Als uitzondering is C. zoolina een bloembezoeker.

Charaxes-soorten leggen hun eieren op de bovenkant van meest jonge bladeren van struiken of lage bomen. De gecamoufleerde rupsen rusten op de bovenkant van een bepaald blad waarop zij een zijden "bed" hebben gesponnen. De rupsen van de verschillende soorten voeden zich met allerlei planten zoals Rhamnaceae, Leguminosae, Sapindaceae, Melianthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Ochnaceae, Lauraceae, Tiliaceae, Meliaceae en grassen.[2]

Charaxes acraeoides is een niet giftige soort die net als sommige soorten van het geslacht Pseudacraea sterk lijkt op de giftige Acraea-soorten (een voorbeeld van de Mimicry van Bates).

Beschrijving

De eieren van verschillende soorten onderscheiden zich vooral door een ander formaat. De micropyle aan de top is afgeplat, iets hol, met een opgeheven middelpunt. Vanuit het centrum lopen onopvallende ribben, die geleidelijk verdwijnen aan de zijkant en de onderkant niet bereiken. Ze zijn met elkaar verbonden door een uiterst zwakke dwarsrichels, en bezet met kleine doorntjes die gemakkelijk zichtbaar zijn met een loep.

De slak-vormige rups is het breedst op of vóór het midden en versmalt verder naar achteren. De huid is fijnkorrelig. De kop is plat, vooruitstekend, en draagt vier achteruit wijzende, ruwknobbelige hoorns. De richel die deze hoorns verbindt en de wangen zijn eveneens grofkorrelig. Het achterste segment heeft twee of meer prominente schuin naar achter stekende hoorns die langer zijn bij jonge rupsen. De kleur van de rupsen is in het algemeen groen en soms geelachtig. De kop heeft aan elke kant een lichte lijn die loopt langs de buitenste hoorn. De rups is een zeer traag dier, dat niet vrijwillig het blad verlaat waarop het als ei werd gedeponeerd.

De dikke pop is helder groen, in de regel zeer glad en glanzend, en aan de rugkant rond. De kop heeft in de lengterichting een groef.[3]

Soorten

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Butler, A.G. (1865). Monograph of the species of Charaxes, a genus of diurnal Lepidoptera. Proceedings of The Zoological Society of London 1865: 622-639.
  2. HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London (2010).
  3. (1903). A monograph of Charaxes and the allied prionopterous genera. Novitates Zoologicae 10: 326-342 .
  4. Vingerhoedt, E. & Vandeweghe, G., 2011: Description d’une nouvelle espèce de Charaxes du Parc national de Nyungwe au Rwanda: Charaxes nyungwensis nova sp. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Charaxinae). Les Lépidoptéristes de France 20(48): 2-6.
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Charaxes: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Charaxes is een geslacht van vlinders uit de onderfamilie Charaxinae van de Nymphalidae. De soorten van het geslacht Charaxes komen voor in tropische en subtropische gebieden in de Oude Wereld, met veruit de hoogste diversiteit in Afrika ten zuiden van de Sahara, en een kleiner aantal soorten in Zuid-Azië, Melanesië en Australië. Een soort (Charaxes jasius) komt ook voor rond de Middellandse Zee. Het zijn over het algemeen krachtige vliegers en zeer populair bij vlinderverzamelaars.

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Charaxes ( Norwegian )

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Charaxes er en slekt av sommerfugler som tilhører den store familien flikvinger (Nymphalidae). De er store, kraftige og fargerike sommerfugler med rask flukt som ofte holder seg oppe i trekronene. Slekten er meget formrik, men det er uvisst i hvor stor grad mengden av former avspeiler tallet på arter. Fordi disse sommerfuglene er store, fargerike, formrike og dessuten gjerne vanskelige å få tak i, er de meget ettertraktet mellom samlere.

Utseende

Store (vingespenn gjerne 70 – 120 mm) sommerfugler med påfallende kraftig kropp. De er de kraftigst bygde av dagsommerfuglene, og sterke flyvere. Hodet er stort og bredt, antennene er tynne og minst så lange som halve forvingen. Vingene er gjerne fargerike på oversiden, mens de på undersiden vanligvis er grå eller brune, slik at sommerfuglen ligner et vissent blad når den sitter med sammenslåtte vinger. De har ofte bånd av metallisk grønt eller blått. Forvingene er mer eller mindre trekantede. Bakvingen har oftest ett, to eller flere lange, tynne utskudd langs bakkanten ("stjerter"). Bakkroppen er forholdsvis kort og når bare omtrent halvveis til bakvingens bakkant.

Larvene er kamuflasjefarget, og har ofte to eller flere hornlignende utvekster på hodet.

Levevis

Charaxinae er raske flygere, ofte ganske sky og vanskelige å fange eller studere på nært hold. Disse sommerfuglene besøker sjelden blomster og holder seg mest mellom trekronene, men de kan komme ned til bakken for å drikke fra råtnende frukt, møkk, åtsler eller lignende. Særlig hannene er territorielle og aggressive, og bruker vingenes takkede kanter som våpen når de kjemper i luften. De slåss også om gode matkilder, for eksempel trær der sevje flyter ut. De slående fargene synes bare når sommerfuglene flyr, når de lukker vingene er de som oftest kamuflasjefarget. Larvene lever på forskjellige busker og trær. Den eneste arten som forekommer i Europa, Charaxes jasius, har larver på jordbærtre (Arbutus unedo).

En overflod av navn

Charaxinae er meget populære mellom samlere, og det har blitt lagt ned mye arbeid i å lete etter «nye» former. Siden mange av artene oppviser stor variasjon, har dette ført til at det er publisert svært mange navn innen denne gruppen. Det er svært usikkert om alle de nær 200 artene man i dag regner med i slekten Charaxes er reelle. Her er det publisert over 700 navn.

Utbredelse

De aller fleste av slektens tallrike former lever i Afrika, men det er også en del arter i Sørøst-Asia, og én art, Charaxes jasius, lever i Sør-Europa.

Systematisk inndeling

 src=
Charaxes distanti
Treliste

Kilder

  • CharaxesTree of life [1]
  • Williams, M. (1994) Butterflies of Southern Africa. A Field Guide. Southern Book Publishers. ISBN 1-86812-516-5

Eksterne lenker

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Charaxes: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO

Charaxes er en slekt av sommerfugler som tilhører den store familien flikvinger (Nymphalidae). De er store, kraftige og fargerike sommerfugler med rask flukt som ofte holder seg oppe i trekronene. Slekten er meget formrik, men det er uvisst i hvor stor grad mengden av former avspeiler tallet på arter. Fordi disse sommerfuglene er store, fargerike, formrike og dessuten gjerne vanskelige å få tak i, er de meget ettertraktet mellom samlere.

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Charaxes ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Charaxes (popularmente conhecidas por Rajahs[1] ou Pashas[2], em inglês[1]; incluindo os gêneros Polyura Billberg, 1820 - Nawabs -, da região indo-malaia e Oceania[9], e Euxanthe Hübner, [1819] - Forest Queens -[10], a partir do início do século XXI e ainda na categoria de nomen dubium para estes, devido a problemas de filogenia)[11][12][13] é um gênero, proposto por Ferdinand Ochsenheimer em 1816, de borboletas da família Nymphalidae e subfamília Charaxinae, encontradas da África (onde está o seu principal centro de especiação) à Oceania[1][9]; composto de espécies geralmente de médio a grande porte (com suas envergaduras variando de 8 a 10 centímetros) e robustas em estrutura corporal; de voo muito rápido e poderoso, que se alimentam de umidade mineralizada em areia, cascalho ou superfícies de estradas; podendo ser vistas sobre fezes (principalmente de Carnivora) ou carniça, mas também sugando fermentação em frutos e exsudações em troncos de árvores.[11][13][14][15] Suas asas são caracterizadas por diversas padronagens que vão do branco, amarronzado e laranja, ao negro e azul, em vista superior, com geralmente um desenho que pode ir da semelhança de uma folha seca (Charaxes pleione) ou verdejante (Charaxes eupale; Charaxes subornatus) a um padrão extremamente complexo e marmoreado, em vista inferior.[16][17] Seu tipo nomenclatural fora classificado por Carolus Linnaeus, com a denominação de Papilio jasius, em 1767; colocado no gênero Papilio e coletado na Argélia.[1] Devido à alta riqueza de espécies de Charaxes, os taxonomistas e lepidopterologistas frequentemente preferem resumi-las e estudá-las em subgrupos.[11]

Dimorfismo sexual

O dimorfismo sexual é intenso neste gênero; as fêmeas geralmente são maiores que os machos e muitas delas exibem coloração mais pálida ou faixas brancas nas asas que não estão presentes nos machos.[12] Alguns machos de Charaxes têm apenas uma cauda, enquanto as fêmeas têm duas caudas.[15]

Mimetismo e ocelos

Em Charaxes o mimetismo não é comum. Um exemplo notável de associação de mimetismo envolve Charaxes acraeoides, cujo tipo nomenclatural fora coletado em Camarões; imitando o padrão de borboletas Heliconiinae do gênero Acraea. A presença de ocelos também é incomum e pode ser detectada em Charaxes analava, de Madagáscar, no verso de suas asas posteriores e próximos às asas superiores do inseto.[1][17][18]

Filogenia

Em 2009 um artigo científico de Kwaku Aduse-Poku, Eric Vingerhoedt e Niklas Wahlberg, Out of Africa again: A phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on five gene regions, acrescentou Euxanthe e Polyura ao gênero Charaxes, através de sequenciamento de DNA[11]; porém a mudança de táxon ainda é controversa. Artigo de 2015, por Emmanuel F. A. Toussaint, Jérôme Morinière, Chris J. Müller, Krushnamegh Kunte, Bernard Turlin, Axel Hausmann e Michael Balke, Comparative molecular species delimitation in the charismatic Nawab butterflies (Nymphalidae, Charaxinae, Polyura), afirma que "investigações filogenéticas moleculares do grupo revelaram uma afiliação de parente próximo dentro dos clados de Charaxes, apesar da falta de evidências morfológicas. Apesar de algumas sugestões taxonômicas, a sistemática de Charaxes e seus parentes dos gêneros Euxanthe e Polyura permanece contenciosa. Isto é. É provável que Charaxes represente uma série parafilética complexa".[13] A única importante diferença morfológica entre os taxa Polyura e Charaxes, intimamente relacionados, é a venação da célula posterior de sua asa, que é aberta em Polyura, mas é fechada em todos os Charaxes.[11]

Espécies de Charaxes; incluso Polyura / Euxanthe

Charaxes (clado), espécies e nomenclatura vernácula inglesa

Lista de espécies de acordo com cladograma na página Tree of Life Web Project; publicada na mesma ordem.[12]

Euxanthe; espécies acrescentadas a Charaxes (2009)

Polyura; espécies acrescentadas a Charaxes (2009)

Todas as espécies foram retiradas do artigo de Emmanuel F. A. Toussaint, Jérôme Morinière, Chris J. Müller, Krushnamegh Kunte, Bernard Turlin, Axel Hausmann e Michael Balke (2015), incluindo duas espécies novas que foram descritas no gênero Polyura, ainda em uso por eles. As denominações vernáculas foram retiradas de Markku Savella. Os nomes dos determinadores da espécie estão sem parênteses, mantendo Charaxes, denominação dada por seus determinadores, como gênero válido.[9][13]

Charaxes (não-clado), espécies e nomenclatura vernácula inglesa

Lista de espécies de acordo com a página Tree of Life Web Project; publicada na mesma ordem.[4]

Todas as espécies marcadas com (*) estão com o nome e datação de seus determinadores, ou espécies, em dúvida ou inexistentes e, junto com as denominações vernáculas, foram retiradas de Markku Savella.[1][4]

Redescoberta de Charaxes inopinatus (ex Polyura inopinatus)

Em 12 de julho de 2018, ainda mantendo o gênero Polyrura como táxon válido, um artigo de Chris J. Müller e W. John Tennent, Polyura inopinatus Röber, 1940; a remarkable butterfly mystery resolved, publicado na revista ZooKeys, afirma a redescoberta de exemplares desta espécie, afirmando que "a espécie mais distintiva de Polyura, P. inopinatus, foi descrita a partir de um único espécime, dito de Sulawesi (Celebes) do Norte, na Indonésia. Foi um grande mistério, desde que a espécie fora descrita pela primeira vez por Röber, em 1940. O holótipo (primeiro exemplar descrito), originalmente ilustrado em imagem monocromática na revista Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, foi perdido logo depois de ser descrito, quase certamente destruído durante o bombardeio aliado de Dresden, na década de 1940, durante a Segunda Guerra. Nenhum outro espécime foi conhecido por quase oito décadas. Sugerimos que a localidade do tipo (Sulawesi) é incorreta e que o holótipo foi mais provavelmente coletado nas Montanhas Baining, na Província de Nova Bretanha, Papua Nova Guiné. Nós relatamos a recente descoberta de vários P. inopinatus, machos, da Província da Nova Bretanha do Oeste; descrevemos e ilustramos estes espécimes. Um neótipo (novo exemplar descrito) foi designado".[19]

Referências

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Savela, Markku. «Charaxes» (em inglês). Lepidoptera and some other life forms. 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de junho de 2018
  2. a b «Two-tailed Pasha» (em inglês). Butterfly Conservation. 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de junho de 2018
  3. Savela, Markku. «Charaxinae» (em inglês). Lepidoptera and some other life forms. 1 páginas. Consultado em 26 de junho de 2018
  4. a b c Wahlberg, Niklas; Brower, Andrew V. Z. (12 de março de 2012). «Charaxini Guenée 1865» (em inglês). Tree of Life Web Project. 1 páginas. Consultado em 26 de junho de 2018 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautores= (ajuda)
  5. «Charaxes catachrous» (em inglês). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de junho de 2018
  6. sinônimos de Charaxes.
  7. sinônimos de Polyura.
  8. sinônimos de Euxanthe.
  9. a b c d e f Savela, Markku. «Polyura» (em inglês). Lepidoptera and some other life forms. 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de junho de 2018
  10. a b c d Savela, Markku. «Euxanthe» (em inglês). Lepidoptera and some other life forms. 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de junho de 2018
  11. a b c d e f Aduse-Poku, K.; Vingerhoedt, E.; Wahlberg, N. (novembro de 2009). «Out-of-Africa again: a phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on five gene regions.» (em inglês). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution - Journal, 53(2). (NCBI). pp. 463–478. Consultado em 28 de junho de 2018. The genus Polyura and the Indo-Australian Charaxes are most likely the results of three independent colonizations of Asia by African Charaxes in the Miocene. We synonymize the genera Polyura (syn. nov.) and Euxanthe (syn. nov.) with Charaxes, with the currently circumscribed Charaxes subdivided into five subgenera to reflect its phylogeny. A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautores= (ajuda)
  12. a b c d e f Brower, Andrew V. Z. (12 de março de 2012). «Charaxes Ochsenheimer 1816» (em inglês). Tree of Life Web Project. 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de junho de 2018
  13. a b c d Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A.; Morinière, Jérôme; Müller, Chris J.; Kunte, Krushnamegh; Turlin, Bernard; Hausmann, Axel; Balke, Michael (2015). «Comparative molecular species delimitation in the charismatic Nawab butterflies (Nymphalidae, Charaxinae, Polyura (PDF) (em inglês). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 91. (Elsevier). pp. 194–209. Consultado em 28 de junho de 2018. Molecular phylogenetic investigations of the group have revealed an affiliation of closely related clades within Charaxes despite a lack of morphological evidence (Aduse-Poku et al., 2009). Despite some taxonomic suggestions (Aduse-Poku et al., 2009), the systematics of Charaxes and its close relatives the genera Euxanthe and Polyura remain contentious. It is likely that Charaxes represents a complex paraphyletic series. A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautores= (ajuda)
  14. Hoskins, Adrian. «Great Nawab - Polyura eudamippus (Doubleday, 1843)» (em inglês). Learn about butterflies. 1 páginas. Consultado em 28 de junho de 2018
  15. a b «Charaxes Butterflies» (em inglês). Knowledge Base LookSeek.com. 1 páginas. Consultado em 30 de junho de 2018
  16. Verso de Charaxes castor (fonte)
  17. a b SMART, Paul (1975). The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of the Butterfly World, In Colour. Over 2.000 species reproduced life size (em inglês). London: Salamander Books Ltd. p. 216-219. 274 páginas. ISBN 0-86101-101-5
  18. Reynolds, Richard. «Charaxes analava (underside) / #LPD120b» (em inglês). Richard Reynolds Photography. 1 páginas. Consultado em 29 de junho de 2018
  19. Müller, Chris J.; Tennent, W. John (12 de julho de 2018). «Polyura inopinatus Röber, 1940; a remarkable butterfly mystery resolved» (em inglês). ZooKeys 774. p. 1-15. 154 páginas. Consultado em 1 de setembro de 2018 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautores= (ajuda)
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Charaxes: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Charaxes (popularmente conhecidas por Rajahs ou Pashas, em inglês; incluindo os gêneros Polyura Billberg, 1820 - Nawabs -, da região indo-malaia e Oceania, e Euxanthe Hübner, [1819] - Forest Queens -, a partir do início do século XXI e ainda na categoria de nomen dubium para estes, devido a problemas de filogenia) é um gênero, proposto por Ferdinand Ochsenheimer em 1816, de borboletas da família Nymphalidae e subfamília Charaxinae, encontradas da África (onde está o seu principal centro de especiação) à Oceania; composto de espécies geralmente de médio a grande porte (com suas envergaduras variando de 8 a 10 centímetros) e robustas em estrutura corporal; de voo muito rápido e poderoso, que se alimentam de umidade mineralizada em areia, cascalho ou superfícies de estradas; podendo ser vistas sobre fezes (principalmente de Carnivora) ou carniça, mas também sugando fermentação em frutos e exsudações em troncos de árvores. Suas asas são caracterizadas por diversas padronagens que vão do branco, amarronzado e laranja, ao negro e azul, em vista superior, com geralmente um desenho que pode ir da semelhança de uma folha seca (Charaxes pleione) ou verdejante (Charaxes eupale; Charaxes subornatus) a um padrão extremamente complexo e marmoreado, em vista inferior. Seu tipo nomenclatural fora classificado por Carolus Linnaeus, com a denominação de Papilio jasius, em 1767; colocado no gênero Papilio e coletado na Argélia. Devido à alta riqueza de espécies de Charaxes, os taxonomistas e lepidopterologistas frequentemente preferem resumi-las e estudá-las em subgrupos.

 src=

Fotografia de C. lucretius sobre fezes.

 src=

Vista superior (esquerda) e inferior (direita) do macho de C. varanes.

 src=

Vista superior (esquerda) e inferior (direita) do macho de C. distanti.

 src=

Fotografia de C. jasius sobre banana fermentada.

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Хараксы ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Charaxes mycerina
 src=
Charaxes brutus natalensis
 src=
Charaxes nobilis
 src=
Charaxes numenes
 src=
Charaxes pollux
 src=
Charaxes pollux. Нижняя сторона крыльев
 src=
Charaxes solon


Ссылки

Фотографии представителей рода.

Литература

  • 1. Darge (Ph.), 1983 - Fauna of Cameroon: The genus Charaxes, Sciences Nat, Venette, pp. 1-136, pl. 1-43 [1] (недоступная ссылка)
  • 2. Henning (S.), 1989 - The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa, pp. 1-457 [2]
  • 3. Turlin (B.), 2005-2007 - Butterflies of the World. Parts 22, 25, 28, 32, Charaxes 1-4 [3]
 title=
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Хараксы: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Charaxes affinis  src= Charaxes antiquus  src= Charaxes castor  src= Charaxes kheili  src= Charaxes mycerina  src= Charaxes brutus natalensis  src= Charaxes nobilis  src= Charaxes numenes  src= Charaxes pollux  src= Charaxes pollux. Нижняя сторона крыльев  src= Charaxes solon Charaxes ablutus Charaxes abruptus Charaxes abyssinicus Charaxes achaemenes Charaxes achaemenesopsis Charaxes acolus Charaxes acraeoides Charaxes adamsoni Charaxes adelinae Charaxes adusta Charaxes aequidistans Charaxes aeson Charaxes aesonius Charaxes affinis Charaxes agabo Charaxes aginga Charaxes agna Charaxes ajax Charaxes alberici Charaxes albifascia Charaxes albimacula Charaxes albipuncta Charaxes albocaerulea Charaxes albofascia Charaxes alcimede Charaxes alcyone Charaxes alicea Charaxes alladinis Charaxes alladinoides Charaxes alpinus Charaxes alticola Charaxes amasia Charaxes amaurus Charaxes ameliae Charaxes amelina Charaxes amycus Charaxes analava Charaxes analeuca Charaxes andara Charaxes andranodorus Charaxes andriba Charaxes angusticaudatus Charaxes angusticlavius Charaxes angustus Charaxes ansorgei Charaxes antamboulou Charaxes antanala Charaxes anticlea Charaxes antiqua Charaxes antiquus Charaxes antonius Charaxes apicalis Charaxes arabica Charaxes ardjasanus Charaxes argynnides Charaxes aristogiton Charaxes artemis Charaxes arthuri Charaxes aruanus Charaxes atlantica Charaxes aubhuri Charaxes aubyni Charaxes aurantiaca Charaxes aurantimacula Charaxes australis Charaxes azota Charaxes babingtoni Charaxes bachmetjevi Charaxes baileyi Charaxes bajula Charaxes balfourii Charaxes baliensis Charaxes baringana Charaxes barnsi Charaxes basilisae Charaxes basiviridis Charaxes baumanni Charaxes bavenda Charaxes baya Charaxes bayanii Charaxes bebra Charaxes bellus Charaxes beni Charaxes berkeleyi Charaxes bernardiana Charaxes bernardii Charaxes bernardus Charaxes betanimena Charaxes betsimisaraka Charaxes bifida Charaxes biinclinata Charaxes bipunctatus Charaxes blachieri Charaxes blanda Charaxes bocqueti Charaxes bohemani Charaxes borneensis Charaxes boueti Charaxes bouringi Charaxes brainei Charaxes brennus Charaxes brevicauda Charaxes brevicaudatus Charaxes brunnescens Charaxes brunneus Charaxes brutus Charaxes bubastis Charaxes bugense Charaxes bupalus Charaxes burgessi Charaxes burtti Charaxes butleri Charaxes bwamba Charaxes cabacus Charaxes cacuthis Charaxes caerulea Charaxes caeruleotincta Charaxes caerulescens Charaxes cajus Charaxes caliginosa Charaxes calliclea Charaxes cameroonensis Charaxes camulus Charaxes candida Charaxes candiope Charaxes capensis Charaxes carolus Charaxes carpenteri Charaxes carteri Charaxes castor Charaxes castoris Charaxes castoroides Charaxes catachrous Charaxes catenaria Charaxes catenarius Charaxes catulus Charaxes cedreatis Charaxes centralis Charaxes cerynthus Charaxes chanleri Charaxes chepalungu Charaxes chintechi Charaxes chiron Charaxes chittyi Charaxes chloroticus Charaxes cimon Charaxes cimonides Charaxes cinadon Charaxes cithaeron Charaxes cithaeronoides Charaxes citrinella Charaxes cizeyi Charaxes claudei Charaxes comoranus Charaxes congdoni Charaxes conjugens Charaxes conjuncta Charaxes connectens Charaxes contrarius Charaxes corax Charaxes coryndoni Charaxes cottrelli Charaxes couilloudi Charaxes cowani Charaxes crepax Charaxes cryanae Charaxes cunctator Charaxes cupropurpurea Charaxes cyanescens Charaxes cybistia Charaxes cymo Charaxes cynthia Charaxes cytila Charaxes daemoniacus Charaxes daria Charaxes dealbata Charaxes demaculata Charaxes demonax Charaxes depuncta Charaxes desa Charaxes desmondi Charaxes dewitzi Charaxes diana Charaxes didingensis Charaxes dilutus Charaxes discipicta Charaxes distanti Charaxes diversiforma Charaxes dohertyi Charaxes doubledayi Charaxes draconis Charaxes dreuxi Charaxes druceanus Charaxes dubiosus Charaxes dummeri Charaxes dunkeli Charaxes durnfordi Charaxes dux Charaxes dyscrita Charaxes echo Charaxes ecketti Charaxes ehmckei Charaxes elatias Charaxes elgonae Charaxes elwesi Charaxes enganicus Charaxes entabeni Charaxes ephyra Charaxes epifabius Charaxes epijasioides Charaxes epijasius Charaxes epilais Charaxes erithalion Charaxes erythraea Charaxes etesipe Charaxes ethalion Charaxes ethalionoides Charaxes etheocles Charaxes etheoclessa Charaxes etheta Charaxes eudoxus Charaxes eupale Charaxes euphanes Charaxes euriale Charaxes eurialus Charaxes europaeus Charaxes evansi Charaxes everetti Charaxes evoei Charaxes fabius - возможно синоним Charaxes solon Charaxes falcata Charaxes fallax Charaxes faroensis Charaxes fasciatus Charaxes feisthameli Charaxes fervens Charaxes figinii Charaxes fionae Charaxes firmus Charaxes flavescens Charaxes flavifasciatus Charaxes flavimarginalis Charaxes flavomarginatus Charaxes flavus Charaxes florensis Charaxes foklinae Charaxes forcipigerans Charaxes fournierae Charaxes fractifascia Charaxes franouxi Charaxes freyi Charaxes fulgens Charaxes fulgurata Charaxes fuscus Charaxes gabonica Charaxes galawadiwosi Charaxes galba Charaxes gallagheri Charaxes gallayi Charaxes ganalensis Charaxes gazanus Charaxes geminus Charaxes genovefae Charaxes georgius Charaxes geraldi Charaxes gerdae Charaxes ghanaensis Charaxes gigantea Charaxes giselae Charaxes godarti Charaxes gordoni Charaxes grahamei Charaxes griseus Charaxes guderiana Charaxes guineensis Charaxes hadrianus Charaxes hageni Charaxes hamatus Charaxes hamulosa Charaxes handari Charaxes hannibal Charaxes hansalii Charaxes harmodius Charaxes harpagon Charaxes harpax Charaxes harrisoni Charaxes helgae Charaxes hemana Charaxes hierax Charaxes hildebrandtii Charaxes hindia Charaxes hipponax Charaxes hollandii Charaxes homerus Charaxes homeyeri Charaxes homochroa Charaxes homonymus Charaxes horatianus Charaxes horatius Charaxes howardi Charaxes howarthi Charaxes hysginus Charaxes illuminata Charaxes imitans Charaxes imitatrix Charaxes imna Charaxes imperialis Charaxes indefinita Charaxes inexpectata Charaxes infernus Charaxes infraconfluens Charaxes inopinatus Charaxes inornata Charaxes instabilis Charaxes intermedia Charaxes intermedius Charaxes interposita Charaxes iocaste Charaxes isabellae Charaxes jacksoni Charaxes jacksonianus Charaxes jahlusa Charaxes jalinder Charaxes jasius Charaxes jason Charaxes jeromei Charaxes joanae Charaxes jocaste Charaxes johnsoni Charaxes jordani Charaxes junius Charaxes kafakumbana Charaxes kagera Charaxes kahldeni Charaxes kahruba Charaxes karkloof Charaxes katangae Charaxes katangensis Charaxes katerae Charaxes kennethi Charaxes kenwayi Charaxes kenyae Charaxes kenyensis Charaxes khasianus Charaxes kheili Charaxes khimalara Charaxes kiellandi Charaxes kigeziensis Charaxes kigoma Charaxes kikuyuensis Charaxes kilimanjarica Charaxes kilimensis Charaxes kinduana Charaxes kirki Charaxes kirkoides Charaxes kissericus Charaxes kitungolensis Charaxes kivuanus Charaxes kulal Charaxes kulalensis Charaxes kungwensis Charaxes lacteata Charaxes lactetinctus Charaxes lambertoni Charaxes lampedo Charaxes laodice Charaxes lasti Charaxes laticatena Charaxes laticinctus Charaxes latimargo Charaxes latona Charaxes layardi Charaxes lecerfi Charaxes lemosi Charaxes lenis Charaxes leoninus Charaxes leopoldi Charaxes leto Charaxes levicki Charaxes liberiae Charaxes lichas Charaxes limboexstans Charaxes littoralis Charaxes loandae Charaxes lucida Charaxes lucretius Charaxes ludovici Charaxes lugari Charaxes luminosa Charaxes lunawara Charaxes lunigera Charaxes luscius Charaxes lutacea Charaxes lutea Charaxes lycurgus Charaxes lydiae Charaxes lysianassa Charaxes macclounii Charaxes maculata Charaxes maculatus Charaxes madensis Charaxes mafuga Charaxes mafugensis Charaxes mahawedi Charaxes major Charaxes malvacea Charaxes mangolianus Charaxes manica Charaxes marcia Charaxes margaretae Charaxes marginatus Charaxes marginepunctata Charaxes marica Charaxes marieps Charaxes maritima Charaxes marmax Charaxes mars Charaxes marsabitensis Charaxes martini Charaxes martinus Charaxes masaba Charaxes maudei Charaxes maura Charaxes mawamba Charaxes maximus Charaxes mechovi Charaxes melas Charaxes melloni Charaxes merguia Charaxes meridionalis Charaxes meru Charaxes metu Charaxes metzgeri Charaxes michelae Charaxes midas Charaxes mima Charaxes minor Charaxes mitchelli Charaxes mitschkei Charaxes mixtus Charaxes moerens Charaxes monteiri Charaxes monticola Charaxes montis Charaxes mukuyu Charaxes murina Charaxes mutschatschana Charaxes mycerina Charaxes myron Charaxes nagaensis Charaxes naganum Charaxes nairobicus Charaxes nandina Charaxes natalensis Charaxes nausicaa Charaxes neanthes Charaxes nebularum Charaxes negrosensis Charaxes nesaea Charaxes nesiope Charaxes neumanni Charaxes ngonga Charaxes nichetes Charaxes nicholii Charaxes nigrescens Charaxes nigropunctata Charaxes nisus Charaxes nitebis Charaxes nobilis Charaxes northcotti Charaxes nothodes Charaxes numenes Charaxes nyanzae Charaxes nyasae Charaxes nyasana Charaxes nyika Charaxes nyikensis Charaxes nzoia Charaxes obscura Charaxes obscuratus Charaxes obsolescens Charaxes obsoleta Charaxes obudoensis Charaxes occidens Charaxes occidentalis Charaxes ocellatus Charaxes ochracea Charaxes ochreata Charaxes ochrefascia Charaxes ochremaculata Charaxes ochreomacula Charaxes ochretincta Charaxes octavus Charaxes odysseus Charaxes ogovensis Charaxes ombiranus Charaxes ongeus Charaxes opinatus Charaxes orchomenus Charaxes orientalis Charaxes orilus Charaxes othello Charaxes overlaeti Charaxes pagenstecheri Charaxes pallicimacula Charaxes pallida Charaxes pallidior Charaxes pantherinus Charaxes paphianus Charaxes papuensis Charaxes paradoxa Charaxes parafervens Charaxes paraperpullus Charaxes parcepicta Charaxes paris Charaxes parmenion Charaxes parvicaudatus Charaxes patergodarti Charaxes patrizii Charaxes pauciventata Charaxes pauliani Charaxes peculiaris Charaxes pelias Charaxes pelopia Charaxes pemba Charaxes pembanus Charaxes penningtoni Charaxes penricei Charaxes peridoneus Charaxes perpullus Charaxes petersi Charaxes phaeacus Charaxes phaeus Charaxes phanera Charaxes philopator Charaxes philosarcus Charaxes phlegmone Charaxes phlegonotis Charaxes phoebus Charaxes phraortes Charaxes picta Charaxes plateni Charaxes pleione Charaxes pleistoanax Charaxes plutus Charaxes pollussa Charaxes pollux Charaxes polyxena Charaxes olyxo Charaxes pondoensis Charaxes porthos Charaxes praestantius Charaxes primitiva Charaxes princeps Charaxes proadusta Charaxes propinqua Charaxes protocedreatis Charaxes protoclea Charaxes protokirki Charaxes protomanica Charaxes protonothodes Charaxes proximans Charaxes psaphon Charaxes pseudobohemani Charaxes pseudocarpenteri Charaxes pseudofervens Charaxes pseudomanica Charaxes pseudophaeus Charaxes pseudorosae Charaxes pseudosmaragdalis Charaxes purpurea Charaxes purpurina Charaxes pythodoris Charaxes rabaiensis Charaxes ragazzii Charaxes raidhaka Charaxes rectans Charaxes reducta Charaxes regalis Charaxes regius Charaxes reimeri Charaxes relatus Charaxes renati Charaxes repetitus Charaxes rex Charaxes rhea Charaxes richelmanni Charaxes rogersi Charaxes rosae ? Charaxes rosea ? Charaxes rosella Charaxes rosemariae Charaxes rossa Charaxes rougeoti Charaxes ruandana Charaxes rubescens Charaxes rwandensis Charaxes rydoni Charaxes sabulosus Charaxes sambavanus Charaxes saturnalis Charaxes saturnus Charaxes schoutedeni Charaxes schultzei Charaxes scylax Charaxes selousi Charaxes septentrionalis Charaxes serendiba Charaxes seriata Charaxes severus Charaxes sidamo Charaxes sinensis Charaxes sinuosa Charaxes smaragdalis Charaxes solon Charaxes somalicus Charaxes sorianoi Charaxes splendens Charaxes spoliata ? Charaxes spoliatus ? Charaxes staudingeri Charaxes stephanus Charaxes stevensoni Charaxes subalbescens Charaxes subargentea Charaxes subcaerulea Charaxes subornatus Charaxes subpallida Charaxes suk Charaxes sulaensis Charaxes sulphureus Charaxes sumatranus Charaxes sumbanus Charaxes superbus Charaxes suppressa Charaxes swynnertoni Charaxes talagugae Charaxes tanganika Charaxes tanganyikae Charaxes taverniersi Charaxes tavetensis Charaxes tectonis Charaxes teita Charaxes tenuis Charaxes theobaldo Charaxes theresae Charaxes thersander Charaxes thespius Charaxes thomasius Charaxes thurius Charaxes thyestes Charaxes thysii Charaxes tilli Charaxes tiridates Charaxes tiridatinus Charaxes toro Charaxes toyoshimai Charaxes tricolor Charaxes tristis Charaxes turlini Charaxes ufipa Charaxes unedonis Charaxes ungemachi Charaxes uniformis Charaxes upembana Charaxes usambarae Charaxes vandepolli Charaxes vansomereni Charaxes vansoni Charaxes vansonoides Charaxes varanes  src= Charaxes varanes Charaxes varenius Charaxes variata Charaxes velox Charaxes vetula Charaxes victoriaeincola Charaxes viettei Charaxes viola Charaxes violacea Charaxes violetta Charaxes violitincta Charaxes viridicaerulea Charaxes viridicostatus Charaxes viridis Charaxes virilis Charaxes vumbui Charaxes wallacei Charaxes watti Charaxes wbrunnea ? Charaxes wernickei Charaxes wetterensis Charaxes whytei Charaxes wincka Charaxes woodi Charaxes xiphares Charaxes zambiae Charaxes zelica Charaxes zephyrus Charaxes zinjense Charaxes zoippus Charaxes zoolina


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