Silindrik buğdayıot (lat. Aegilops cylindrica) — qırtıckimilər fəsiləsinin buğdayıot cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Silindrik buğdayıot (lat. Aegilops cylindrica) — qırtıckimilər fəsiləsinin buğdayıot cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Yettiboʻgʻim (Aegilops cylindrica) — bugʻdoydoshlar (boshokdoshlar) oilasiga mansub bir yillik oʻt. Poyasi tuksiz, boʻgʻimlaridan egilgan. Bargi dagʻal, tuksiz yoki siyrak tukli. Boshogʻi silindrsimon, uz. 7—12 sm. Boshokchalari 7—12 ta, boshoqpoyaga bittadan joylashgan. May—iyunda gullab, urug beradi. Oʻzbekistonning choʻl va adir zonalaridagi boʻz tuproqda koʻp oʻsadi, ekin maidonlarining chekkalarida ham uchraydi. Boshoqlaguncha mollar yaxshi yeydi.[1]
Yettiboʻgʻim (Aegilops cylindrica) — bugʻdoydoshlar (boshokdoshlar) oilasiga mansub bir yillik oʻt. Poyasi tuksiz, boʻgʻimlaridan egilgan. Bargi dagʻal, tuksiz yoki siyrak tukli. Boshogʻi silindrsimon, uz. 7—12 sm. Boshokchalari 7—12 ta, boshoqpoyaga bittadan joylashgan. May—iyunda gullab, urug beradi. Oʻzbekistonning choʻl va adir zonalaridagi boʻz tuproqda koʻp oʻsadi, ekin maidonlarining chekkalarida ham uchraydi. Boshoqlaguncha mollar yaxshi yeydi.
Aegilops cylindrica, also known as jointed goatgrass. is an annual grass seed that is part of the tribe Triticeae, along with wheat and some other cereals.[1] It is not native to North America, however it has become a serious issue as a weed since it was introduced in the late 19th century.[1] Due to its relation to winter wheat, it is very difficult to control. Not only are the joints similar in shape and size to the seeds of winter wheat, making it difficult to remove through grain cleaning methods, the shared genetics mean that no registered herbicides are available to single out jointed goatgrass while leaving winter wheat unharmed.[1] This poses problems for farmers who have to suffer through reduced yields and poorer quality winter wheat.[2]
Jointed goatgrass is a winter annual grass seed native to Southern Europe and Russia,[3][1] It is considered a problem weed in United States, where it is now widely spread across western and central regions.[1][3] It entered the US at several different times and at different locations,[1] however the first was possibly in the late 19th century when Mennonite settlers from Russia brought Turkey winter wheat to Kansas.[1] The first sample of jointed goatgrass was collected in Centerville, DE in 1870 and later samples collected in 1910 showed that jointed goatgrass had escaped from experimental plots on South Dakota State University campus at Brookings, SD.[1] In 1999, it was reported that jointed goatgrass had infested an estimated 2 million hectares in the US alone, and that this was annually increasing at a rate of about 20 000 hectares.[2] In 1986, jointed goatgrass had been reported as having infected less than 1% of winter wheat fields in seven counties in Nebraska, yet it was rated one of the ten most troublesome weeds, concerning 13% of respondents to a 1984 farmer survey.[1] Human activities, wind, and machinery help to spread jointed goatgrass seeds once the joints disarticulate.[1] However, due to the size of joints, wind dispersal is not as effective at spreading jointed goatgrass.[1] Some of the human activities that helped spread jointed goatgrass include; planting contaminated wheat, allowing joints to blow from passing trucks hauling grain, transporting combines to different fields, or using straw spreaders on combines.[1] Steven Miller argued that some states did not have laws that prevented contaminated winter wheat from being certified, which helped lead to it still being planted.[1] Combines with straw spreaders are likely to spread jointed goatgrass joints farther than combines without these spreaders.[1] Also, because the joints can float, runoff from fields can take them into rivers where they can aggregate and create an infestation in moist depressions, draws in fields, or along drainageways.[1] It has been observed by growers and researchers that jointed goatgrass has a higher germination and emergence rate in compacted soils (such as in the wheel tracts of tractors) than in looser soils.[1]
Jointed goatgrass and winter wheat are genetically linked through a D genome which allows them to live in cold, continental climates and means they are capable of cross-breeding.[1] They are both C3 plants, have similar phenology and growth rates and even germinate at the same time.[1][3] Jointed goatgrass has glabrous to scabrous glumes with upright culms and the ability to produce 50 erect flowering stalks for each isolated plant.[1] Both wheat and jointed goatgrass have spikes that are sessile and alternately arranged spikelets on opposite sides of the rachis.[1] Each spikelet holds one to two seeds, and in some cases three, that are reddish-brown in colour and reach maturity in mid-summer which is when the spikelets shatter.[1][3] These seeds adhere to the lemma and palea of the glume, so that removing the seeds from the joints is difficult.[1]
Jointed goatgrass can reduce the yield of winter wheat by 25 – 50% which can cost US farmers up to $145 million.[2] Another problem is that jointed goatgrass provides an overwinter home for winter wheat attacking pests such as Russian wheat aphid, leaf spot, pink mold, foot rot, dwarf bunt, fron, root browning, damping off, and kernel bunt.[1] When the spikes shatter, the disjointed spikelets are cylindrical in shape and are easily mistaken for small pieces of winter wheat straw.[1] Since the spikelets are similar in shape and size to winter wheat seeds, it is difficult to separate them from the wheat using conventional methods.[1] Better methods use length graders or weight tables, but these are slow and costly to operate.[1] The Official United States Standards for Grain states that when the spikelets get mixed in with the winter wheat, the wheat is considered contaminated and the grade is reduced, resulting in a penalty.[1] The more jointed goatgrass found in the wheat, the lower the grade and the larger the penalty. The lowest penalty is $0.02 per bushel while the highest is $0.15 per bushel.[1]
Jointed goatgrass does have some benefits in the sense that its germplasm can be used in winter wheat to improve its tolerance to environmental stresses, diseases and insects.[2] Cattle in parts of the Central Great Plains are able to graze on it as well as winter wheat, and jointed goatgrass can even be ground into feed for other animals.[1]
Since jointed goatgrass and winter wheat are genetically related, there are no registered herbicides that can selectively kill off the jointed goatgrass without harming the winter wheat.[1] However, Newhouse et al. looked at the development of an imidazolinone resistant strain of winter wheat which allows the use of imazamox to kill jointed goatgrass, but Seefeldt et al. mentioned the concerns about the possibility of resistant jointed goatgrass – winter wheat hybrids.[4]
This has resulted in a demand for other methods for controlling jointed goatgrass. These include planting only certified winter wheat seed that is free of jointed goatgrass, covering trucks that are transporting contaminated winter wheat, cleaning combines before moving them to a new field, allowing combines to enter each field through one spot only so possible infestations can be localized, using combines that lack straw or chaff spreaders, mowing jointed goatgrass found along roadsides, fields or waste areas, as well as using cultural practices.[1] These cultural practices include fallowing for one or more growth seasons, long-term crop rotations which would mean growing winter wheat only once every three to four years, and delaying seed planting so that seedbed preparations will destroy jointed goatgrass seedlings (although this may also reduce the yield of winter wheat).[1][3] These practices are not completely effective since jointed goatgrass seeds are able to persist and can stay in dormancy for up to five years.[1][3] The best solution is to use several cultural tactics throughout the life cycle of jointed goatgrass and at a minimum of three different decision times (during the interval between winter wheat crops, before planting winter wheat, after planting but before winter wheat jointing, and before harvesting).[4]
Other cultural practices include burning the residue after harvest and deep moldboard plowing, although Ball et al. point out that these methods can reduce air quality, increase soil erosion, decrease soil productivity and result in lost organic matter.[2][4] Another option for the control of jointed goatgrass is to use deleterious rhizobacteria (DRB) which scientists have already proven can suppress other weeds.[2] However, the success of DRB depends upon its ability to survive which is affected by environmental factors such as soil series, temperature, moisture, and sunlight exposure.[2] The goal for DRB is for it to be a low-cost, effective method for the control of jointed goatgrass with minimum damage to the environment.[2]
Aegilops cylindrica, also known as jointed goatgrass. is an annual grass seed that is part of the tribe Triticeae, along with wheat and some other cereals. It is not native to North America, however it has become a serious issue as a weed since it was introduced in the late 19th century. Due to its relation to winter wheat, it is very difficult to control. Not only are the joints similar in shape and size to the seeds of winter wheat, making it difficult to remove through grain cleaning methods, the shared genetics mean that no registered herbicides are available to single out jointed goatgrass while leaving winter wheat unharmed. This poses problems for farmers who have to suffer through reduced yields and poorer quality winter wheat.
Myllypukinvehnä (Aegilops cylindrica) (aik. pukinvehnä) on vehnien lähisukuinen yksivuotinen heinäkasvilaji. Se kasvaa 15–40 senttimetriä korkeaksi. Heinän tähkä on erikoinen, kapea, viidestä kymmeneen senttimetriä pitkä. Tähkylät ovat tiiviisti painautuneet kukintorankaa vasten. Alimmat tähkylät ovat martoja ja ylimmät kaksineuvoisia. Kaikkein ylimmässä tähkylässä on useita pitkiä vihneitä.[3]
Myllypukinvehnää esiintyy luontaisesti monissa Kaakkois-Euroopan maissa: Romania, Bulgaria, Unkari, Slovakia, Ukraina, Kreikka ja Balkanin maat, lisäksi Lähi-idässä, Kaukasiassa ja muualla Länsi- ja Keski-Aasiassa. Laji on levinnyt Euroopassa useisiin maihin ja Pohjois-Amerikkaan.[4][5] Suomessa myllypukinvehnä on havaittu yli kymmenestä paikasta 1900-luvulla. Pohjoismaissa se kasvaa satunnaiskasvina joutomailla.[6][3]
Myllypukinvehnä (Aegilops cylindrica) (aik. pukinvehnä) on vehnien lähisukuinen yksivuotinen heinäkasvilaji. Se kasvaa 15–40 senttimetriä korkeaksi. Heinän tähkä on erikoinen, kapea, viidestä kymmeneen senttimetriä pitkä. Tähkylät ovat tiiviisti painautuneet kukintorankaa vasten. Alimmat tähkylät ovat martoja ja ylimmät kaksineuvoisia. Kaikkein ylimmässä tähkylässä on useita pitkiä vihneitä.
La cerere cilindrica (nome scientifico Aegilops cylindrica Host, 1802 è una specie di pianta spermatofita monocotiledone appartenente alla famiglia Poaceae (sottofamiglia Pooideae ex Graminaceae).[1]
In nome generico (Aegilops) deriva da una parola greca (aegiles) il cui significato è: "preferito dalle capre"; ed è stato dato a causa della sua presunta somiglianza con gli aegiles, una pianta la cui identità è incerta (era inoltre un'erba amata dalle capre).[2] L'epiteto specifico (cylindrica) indica una infiorescenza più o meno a forma cilindrica.[3]
Il binomio scientifico di questa pianta è stato proposto per la prima volta dal botanico croato Nicolaus Thomas Host (1761 - 1834) nella pubblicazione "Icones et Descriptiones Graminum Austriacorum" (Icon. Descr. Gram. Austriac. 2: 6, t. 7 - 1802)[4] del 1802.[1]
Queste piante arrivano ad una altezza di 3 - 6 dm. La forma biologica è terofita scaposa (T scap), ossia in generale sono piante erbacee che differiscono dalle altre forme biologiche poiché, essendo annuali, superano la stagione avversa sotto forma di seme e sono munite di asse fiorale eretto e spesso privo di foglie.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Le radici sono più o meno fascicolate.
La parte aerea di queste piante è fascicolata. I culmi possono essere anche molto numerosi con portamento ginocchiato-ascendente o, altre volte, prostrato-diffuso.
Le foglie lungo il culmo sono disposte in modo alterno, sono distiche e si originano dai vari nodi. Sono composte da una guaina, una ligula e una lamina. Le venature sono parallelinervie. Non sono presenti i pseudopiccioli e, nell'epidermide delle foglia, le papille.
Infiorescenza principale (sinfiorescenza o semplicemente spiga): le infiorescenze, ascellari e terminali, in genere non sono ramificate e sono formate da alcune spighette per nodo con la forma di una pannocchia spiciforme di aspetto cilindrico. Le spighette sono erette (da 4 a 7) e sono subuguali; alla base sono inoltre presenti 1 - 2 spighette vestigiali. La fillotassi dell'inflorescenza inizialmente è a due livelli (o a due ranghi[13]), anche se le successive ramificazioni la fa apparire a spirale. L'asse dell'infiorescenza è fragile (a volte la disarticolazione può avvenire ai nodi dell'infiorescenza). Lunghezza dell'infiorescenza: 5 – 7 cm (massimo 11 cm escluse le reste).
Infiorescenza secondaria (o spighetta): le spighette, più o meno cilindriche e non rigonfie, a volte sessili, sottese da due brattee distiche e strettamente sovrapposte chiamate glume (inferiore e superiore), sono formate da 2 a 7 fiori. Possono essere presenti dei fiori sterili; in questo caso sono in posizione distale rispetto a quelli fertili. Alla base di ogni fiore sono presenti due brattee: la palea e il lemma. La disarticolazione avviene con la rottura della rachilla tra i fiori o sopra le glume persistenti.
I fiori fertili sono attinomorfi formati da 3 verticilli: perianzio ridotto, androceo e gineceo.
I frutti sono del tipo cariosside, ossia sono dei piccoli chicchi indeiscenti, con forme da ovate a oblunghe, nei quali il pericarpo è formato da una sottile parete che circonda il singolo seme. In particolare il pericarpo è fuso al seme ed è aderente. L'endocarpo non è indurito e l'ilo è lungo e lineare. L'embrione è lungo 1/3 della lunghezza del frutto ed è provvisto di epiblasto; ha inoltre un solo cotiledone altamente modificato (scutello senza fessura) in posizione laterale. I margini embrionali della foglia non si sovrappongono.
Come gran parte delle Poaceae, le specie di questo genere si riproducono per impollinazione anemogama. Gli stigmi più o meno piumosi sono una caratteristica importante per catturare meglio il polline aereo. La dispersione dei semi avviene inizialmente a opera del vento (dispersione anemocora) e una volta giunti a terra grazie all'azione di insetti come le formiche (mirmecoria). In particolare i frutti di queste erbe possono sopravvivere al passaggio attraverso le budella dei mammiferi e possono essere trovati a germogliare nello sterco.[14]
Dal punto di vista fitosociologico alpino la specie di questa voce appartiene alla seguente comunità vegetale:[16]
La famiglia di appartenenza di questa specie (Poaceae) comprende circa 650 generi e 9.700 specie (secondo altri Autori 670 generi e 9.500[9]). Con una distribuzione cosmopolita è una delle famiglie più numerose e più importanti del gruppo delle monocotiledoni e di grande interesse economico: tre quarti delle terre coltivate del mondo produce cereali (più del 50% delle calorie umane proviene dalle graminacee). La famiglia è suddivisa in 11 sottofamiglie, il genere Aegilops è descritto all'interno della sottofamiglia Pooideae con circa 30 specie distribuite in Europa, Medio Oriente e Nord America.[5][6]
Il genere della specie di questa voce è descritto all'interno della tribù Triticeae (supertribù Triticodae T.D. Macfarl. & L. Watson, 1982). La supertribù Triticodae comprende tre tribù: Littledaleeae, Bromeae e Triticeae. All'interno della supertribù, la tribù Triticeae forma un "gruppo fratello" con la tribù Bromeae.[18]
Il genere Aegilops si presenta con una "evoluzione reticolata"[19] per fenomeni di ibridazione, o per il trasferimento orizzontale di geni ma anche per l’endosimbiosi.
Il numero cromosomico per A. cylindrica è: 2n = 14, 28, 42 e 48.[5]
Questa entità ha avuto nel tempo diverse nomenclature. L'elenco seguente indica alcuni tra i sinonimi più frequenti:[20]
La cerere cilindrica (nome scientifico Aegilops cylindrica Host, 1802 è una specie di pianta spermatofita monocotiledone appartenente alla famiglia Poaceae (sottofamiglia Pooideae ex Graminaceae).
Aegilops cylindrica là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được Host mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1802.[1]
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Aegilops cylindrica là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được Host mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1802.
Aegilops cylindrica Host, 1802
Э́гилопс цилиндри́ческий (лат. Aégilops cylíndrica) — вид однолетних травянистых растений рода Эгилопс (Aegilops) семейства Злаки, или Мятликовые (Poaceae).
Стебель высотой около 50 см[2].
Листья около 5 мм шириной с обеих сторон покрыты рассеянными волосками.
Соцветие формируется в колос длиной около 10 см, во время созревания легко разламывается на отдельные членики.
Колосковые чешуи 7—10 мм длиной, не вздувшиеся, острошероховатые, с одним зубцом на верхушке и одной остью, более менее длиной. Нижняя цветковая чешуйка длиной около 10 мм, у боковых колосков с одним зубцом, у верхушечных — с двумя зубчиками, промеж которых одна ость[2].
Цветение в июне, плодоношение наступает в июле[2].
Встречается в Центральной, Южной и Восточной Европе, Малой Азии, на Кавказе и в Средней Азии, как заносное в Северной Америке[2].
Пастбищное кормовое растение, хорошо поедается скотом, может заготавливаться на сено. Также является сорняком различных культур[3].
Э́гилопс цилиндри́ческий (лат. Aégilops cylíndrica) — вид однолетних травянистых растений рода Эгилопс (Aegilops) семейства Злаки, или Мятликовые (Poaceae).
圆柱山羊草（学名：Aegilops cylindrica）为禾本科山羊草属下的一个种。
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这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
分類（APG III） 界 : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 Angiosperms 階級なし : 単子葉植物 Monocots 目 : イネ目 Poales 階級なし : ツユクサ類 Commelinids 科 : イネ科 Poaceae 属 : エギロプス属[1] Aegilops L. 種 : ヤギムギ Ae. cylindrica 学名 Aegilops cylindrica Host シノニム Aegilops tauschii auct. Taur., non Coss.
Cylindropyrum cylindricum (Host) Á.Löve
Triticum cylindricum (Host) Ces., Pass. & Gibelli
ヤギムギ（山羊麦、学名: Aegilops cylindrica）は、コムギおよびその他の穀物と共にコムギ連に分類される一年生のイネ科雑草である[2]。異質4倍体で2セットのゲノム (2n=4x=28, CCDD) を持つ。
アメリカ合衆国原産ではないが、19世紀末に導入されてから雑草として深刻な問題となっている[2]。フユコムギとの関係によって、この種を制御することは非常に困難である。節[要曖昧さ回避]がフユコムギの種子と形状および大きさが似ている（これにより精穀法による除去が困難となっている）だけでなく、共通の遺伝的特徴を持つためフユコムギに影響せずヤギムギのみを除去するような除草剤は存在しない[2]。このことが、ヤギムギが原因となるフユコムギの収量と質の低下の解決を困難にしている[3]。
ヤギムギは南ヨーロッパおよびロシア原産の冬型一年草であるが[4]、現在は少なくとも23種が世界中に分布している[2]。アメリカ合衆国では西部および中央部に広く行き渡っており、問題雑草と見なされている[2][4]。アメリカ合衆国には何度か異なる地域に導入されたが[2]、おそらく19世紀末にロシアからのメノナイトの移住者がトルコフユコムギをカンザスに持ち込んだ時ではないかと考えられている[2]。
ヤギムギとフユコムギは遺伝的に共に、寒い大陸性気候でも生育できる形質を与えるDゲノムを有していることから、交雑が可能である[2]。どちらもC3植物であり、似た生物季節と生長速度を示し、同時に発芽さえもする[2][4]。ヤギムギは真っ直ぐたった稈（英語版）と無毛でざらついた包頴を持ち、それぞれの個体は50の立った花柄を付けることができる[2]。いわゆるコムギおよびヤギムギは無柄の小穂を花軸の両側に交互に生じる花序を持つ[2]。それぞれの小穂には2粒（時には3粒）の種子がある。種子は赤茶色をしており、小穂が敗れる真夏に成熟する[2][4]。これらの種子は包頴の穎および内花頴（英語版）に接着していることから、節から種を除去することは困難である[2]。
ヤギムギ（山羊麦、学名: Aegilops cylindrica）は、コムギおよびその他の穀物と共にコムギ連に分類される一年生のイネ科雑草である。異質4倍体で2セットのゲノム (2n=4x=28, CCDD) を持つ。
アメリカ合衆国原産ではないが、19世紀末に導入されてから雑草として深刻な問題となっている。フユコムギとの関係によって、この種を制御することは非常に困難である。節[要曖昧さ回避]がフユコムギの種子と形状および大きさが似ている（これにより精穀法による除去が困難となっている）だけでなく、共通の遺伝的特徴を持つためフユコムギに影響せずヤギムギのみを除去するような除草剤は存在しない。このことが、ヤギムギが原因となるフユコムギの収量と質の低下の解決を困難にしている。
