Rhizophydiales are an important group of chytrid fungi. They are found in soil as well as marine and fresh water habitats where they function as parasites and decomposers.
Rhizophydiales are parasites of a range of organisms, including invertebrates, other chytrids and algae, and they may have a role in natural control of aquatic populations, especially phytoplankton.[2][3] One member, Rhizophydium graminis, is a parasite of wheat roots, but causes no extensive damage to the plant. The only documented cases of a chytrid parasitizing vertebrates are Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, members of this order. They are highly destructive pathogens of frogs and salamanders respectively.[4]
The majority of the described saprotrophic species of this order are biodegraders of pollen, with only a few growing on keratin, chitin, and cellulose. The transformational role of the Rhizophydiales in aquatic food webs is little studied but recently more recognized.[5]
Their thalli (=bodies) consist of two parts: an absorptive branching rhizoidal system that contains no nuclei and a multinucleate sporangium that ranges in shape from spherical, to oval, to pear-shaped, and to multi-lobed. The rhizoids attach the thallus to a substrate (food source) and absorbs nutrients. When the thallus is fully grown, the sporangium releases numerous, unwalled, uninucleate-zoospores, each bearing a single posteriorly directed flagellum.
The zoospore has to use its own stored food reserves (lipids and glycogen) as it swims until it attaches to a suitable host or substrate, absorbs its flagellum, produces a wall around itself, grows a germ tube that penetrates the substrate, and develops into a new thallus.[6] Zoospores of parasitic chytrids use light and chemical cues to locate hosts. Zoospores of Rhizophydium littoreum, a parasite of marine green algae, are positively phototactic toward blue light, a mechanism that might assure that zoospores swim to the photic zone where its host resides.[7] Zoospores of both R. littoreum and B. dendrobatidis exhibit chemotaxis to specific sugars, proteins and amino acids, also a mechanism by which zoospores might detect signals to potential hosts.[8][9]
Sexual reproduction is more rarely reported and occurs when two adjacent sporangia function as gametangia with one transferring all of its cytoplasmic contents into the other, resulting in the development of a thick-walled, lipid-laden resting spore.[10]
Based on the work of "The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research",[11] Powell and Letcher 2015[12]
RhizophydialesGorgonomycetaceae Letcher 2006
Kappamycetaceae Letcher 2006
Alphamycetaceae Letcher 2008
Halomycetaceae Letcher & Powell 2015
Protrudomycetaceae Letcher 2008
Angulomycetaceae Letcher 2008
Aquamycetaceae Letcher 2008
Terramycetaceae Letcher 2006
Dinomycetaceae Karpov & Guillou 2014
Coralloidiomycetaceae Doweld 2014
Uebelmesseromycetaceae Powell & Letcher 2015
Operculomycetaceae Doweld 2014
Batrachochytriaceae Doweld 2013
Globomycetaceae Letcher 2008
Pateramycetaceae Letcher 2008
Rhizophydiaceae Werderm. 1954
The Rhizophydiales is an order of fungi that includes the following families and genera:
New species and genera are still being discovered in this order. A member of this order, Kappamyces, was the first phylogenetic genus of a chytrid circumscribed based primarily on monophyly demonstrated in molecular sequence analysis and confirmed with unique zoospore structure [20] Coralloidiomyces digitatus defied the original view held that the thallus of members of the Rhizophydiales was conservative. Collected from submersed mud at the edge of an oligotrophic lake in southern Argentina near the Andes in Patagonia, C. digitatus has a thallus with a sporangium shaped like a coral.[17]
Rhizophydiales are an important group of chytrid fungi. They are found in soil as well as marine and fresh water habitats where they function as parasites and decomposers.
Rhizophydiales es un orden de hongos quitridios de la división Chytridiomycota que incluye alrededor de 20 familias.[1]
Los hongos de este orden son unicelulares y en su mayoría son parásitos de algas, invertebrados, anfibios y setas. No obstante también hay saprofitos o biodegradadores de polen, quitina, queratina y celulosa. Pueden ser acuáticos o terrestres. Se reproducen asexualmente por zoosporas, pero también se ha detectado algunas especies de reproducción sexual.[2][3]
A continuación se listan las familias, géneros y sus autores de descripción:[1]
Los análisis del ARN ribosomal han dado la siguiente filogenia entre familias:[14][15]
RhizophydialesGorgonomycetaceae Letcher 2006
Kappamycetaceae Letcher 2006
Alphamycetaceae Letcher 2008
Halomycetaceae Letcher & Powell 2015
Protrudomycetaceae Letcher 2008
Angulomycetaceae Letcher 2008
Aquamycetaceae Letcher 2008
Terramycetaceae Letcher 2006
Dinomycetaceae Karpov & Guillou 2014
Coralloidiomycetaceae Doweld 2014
Uebelmesseromycetaceae Powell & Letcher 2015
Operculomycetaceae Doweld 2014
Batrachochytriaceae Doweld 2013
Globomycetaceae Letcher 2008
Pateramycetaceae Letcher 2008
Rhizophydiaceae Werderm. 1954
Datos: Q4394614
Multimedia:
Especies: Rhizophydiales
Rhizophydiales es un orden de hongos quitridios de la división Chytridiomycota que incluye alrededor de 20 familias.
Los hongos de este orden son unicelulares y en su mayoría son parásitos de algas, invertebrados, anfibios y setas. No obstante también hay saprofitos o biodegradadores de polen, quitina, queratina y celulosa. Pueden ser acuáticos o terrestres. Se reproducen asexualmente por zoosporas, pero también se ha detectado algunas especies de reproducción sexual.
Rhizophydiales Letcher, 2006[1]
Ризофи́диевые (лат. Rhizophydiales) — порядок грибов класса хитридиомицетов.
По данным сайта «Энциклопедия жизни», в порядке 5 семейств и 9 родов, содержащих около 100 видов. Наиболее многочисленный род — Rhizophydium, остальные монотипные.
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