Musonycteris harrisoni Schaldach & McLaughlin 1960

El ratpenat nassut bananer (Musonycteris harrisoni) és una espècie de ratpenat endèmica de Mèxic.^[1]

Referències

Enllaços externs

• Musonycteris harrisoni a Mammal Species of the World (MSW) (anglès)

• Musonycteris harrisoni (en anglès). Encyclopedia of Life.

Glosofága banánová je druh netopýra. Je endemit žijící pouze v západním Mexiku v suchých lesích. V současné době se živí hlavně banány, než se začaly ovšem v Mexiku pěstovat, živila se hlavně pylem místních rostlin. Rozmnožuje se mezi březnem a květnem. Zajímavostí je, že jazyk glosofágy tvoří 2/3 jejího těla.^[zdroj?] Jedná se o ohrožený druh.

Reference

1. ↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Die Bananenfledermaus (Musonycteris harrisoni) ist eine Blumenfledermaus aus der Familie der Blattnasen, welche in Mexiko beheimatet ist. Die Gattung Musonycteris ist monotypisch, das heißt, dass neben Musonycteris harrisoni keine weitere Art der Gattung bekannt ist. Der Gattungsname leitet sich vom arabischen Wort „musa“ (=Banane) und dem griechischen „nycteris“ (=Fledermaus) ab. Der Artname ehrt Ed N. Harrison, der die Feldarbeit von William Joseph Schaldach in Mexiko unterstützte.

Beschreibung

Die Bananenfledermaus hat die längste Schnauze aller Blumenfledermäuse. Die Zunge ist über 76 mm lang und optimal an die Ernährungsweise, welche vor allem aus Nektar besteht, angepasst. Die Bananenfledermaus ist eine mittelgroße Blumenfledermaus mit einer Gesamtlänge von durchschnittlich 84,8 mm, einer Unterarmlänge von 42,2 mm und einem Gewicht von im Schnitt 12,6 g bei Männchen und 10,9 g bei Weibchen. Sie besitzt wie die meisten Vertreter der Familie der Blattnasen ein auffallendes Nasenblatt. Das Fell ist in der Regel grau-braun.

Lebensweise

Die Bananenfledermaus kommt nur an der Pazifikküste Mexikos in Dornsavannen und Laubwäldern vor. Die Region zeichnet sich durch eine ausgeprägte Saisonalität aus, mit einer Regenzeit im Sommer von Juli bis Oktober und einer Trockenzeit im Winter von November bis Mai. Die Bananenfledermaus ist wie die meisten Fledermäuse nachtaktiv. Die Art verdankt ihren Namen dem Umstand, dass sie erstmals zwischen Bananenpflanzen gefangen wurde, wo sie offenbar nach Nektar, Pollen und Insekten in den Bananenblüten suchte. Bei einer näheren Untersuchung fand man im Magen dieser Art Pollen verschiedener anderer nachtblühender Pflanzen wie Cordia alliodora, Alnus jorulensis, dem Kapokbaum und Vertretern der Gattung der Prunkwinden. Ihre Ernährungsweise macht die Bananenfledermaus daher wahrscheinlich zu einem wichtigen Samenverbreiter und Bestäuber dieser Pflanzen. Tagsüber hängt sie in kleinen Gruppen in Felsspalten und Höhlen, welche sie gelegentlich mit anderen Arten wie Glossophaga soricina, Macrotus waterhousii oder dem Gemeinen Vampir (Desmodus rotundus) teilt.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Die Bananenfledermaus ist endemisch für die Pazifikküste Mexikos. Die IUCN listet die Art aufgrund der relativ kleinen Populationsgröße und der hohen Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass die Population in den nächsten zehn Jahren um 10 % zurückgehen wird als gefährdet.^[1]

Literatur

• G. Tellez, J. Ortega (1993): Musonycteris harrisoni. In: Mammalian Species. No. 622, S. 1–3.

Quellen

1. ↑ Musonycteris harrisoni in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN.

The banana bat (Musonycteris harrisoni) is an endangered species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is also commonly known as the trumpet-nosed bat^[2] or the Colima long-nosed bat.^[3]

Description

M. harrisoni is a medium-sized bat ( 12.6g males, 10.9g females) with an extremely long rostrum, small rounded ears, and a short tail.^[2] Due to the size of the rostrum this bat also has a long skull.^[2] The rostrum makes up approximately half the length of the skull.^[2] The common coloring of this bat is grayish brown.^[2] The base of each individual hair is white with a brown tip.^[2]

Distribution and habitat

This species was first discovered in a banana grove. (Gardner, 1977) Musonycteris harrisoni is endemic to Mexico. The main distribution within Mexico is in the states of Colima, Michoacán, and Guerrero.^[4] This bat is one of the phyllostomid bats with the smallest range, covering only approximately 20,000 km².^[4] Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss. The maximum recorded altitude for the species is over 1,700 m.^[2]

Phylogeny

Musonycteris harrisoni is monotypic within the genus Musonycteris.

This bat is also a neotropical nectar-feeding bat (Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae).^[4] Neotropical nectar-feeding bats comprise approximately 40 species that differ widely in their dependence on a diet of nectar.^[4]

M. harrisoni can be grouped into two clades.^[5] These clades are divided by region.^[5] There are individuals from the northern or southern portion of the species' range.^[5] These clades have a 41% genetic variance.^[5] The northern clade is restricted by the Sierra Madre mountain range along the Pacific coast of Mexico.^[5]

Diet

Banana bats are nectarivores. This bat consumes both forest and cultivated plant species in its diet.^[4] The main plant diet of the banana bat consists of Cleome, Pseudobombax, Crataeva, Agave, Helicteres, and Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum - however they have been seen visiting other types of plants as well.^[4] Even with the long rostrum that Musonycteris harrisoni has they have no tight relationships with long-tubed flowers that usually require a long rostrum.^[4] The pollen collected on the hair of M. harrisoni when feeding is usually eaten as one of the only reliable nitrogen sources for the bat.^[6] Many other nectarivores shift their main diet from nectar to fruits or insects for part of the year however M. harrisoni is unable to do this due to their long jaws. (Gardner 1977) Their jaw size restricts them to a liquid food source for leverage reasons.^[7]

Based on 84 pollen findings, M. harrisoni visited at least 14 pollen-producing plant species during an annual cycle. Additionally, these bats were using the cultivated bananas (Musa) that did not produce any pollen.^[4]

Behavior

In one study, eight lactating females were caught in the dry season between mid-March and mid-April. Females caught between July and September showed no signs of advanced pregnancy or lactation, so M. harrisoni seems to reproduce during the dry season and only once a year. Recaptures of study animals were always less than 1 km apart; most were within 100 m of the initial capture.^[4]

In spite of an obviously variable floral resource environment, M. harrisoni was a year-round resident in the study area, which might be also related to its body size. Migrations following regional nectar availability (Fleming et al. 1993)^[8] are known so far only from larger glossophagine species such as Leptonycteris, Choeronycteris mexicana, and to a lesser extent, Anoura geoffroyi^[9][10][11]

Physiology

Since Musonycteris harrisoni feeds on nectar it has developed some special adaptations. One example of this is that the scales on their hairs spread out at an angle to the main shaft.^[6] This is unique because the hairs of most bats are relatively smooth. These scales allow for a heavier coat of pollen.^[6] The collected pollen is useful as a source of nitrogen, however it is also used to pollinate plants. M. harrisoni serves as a pollinator for C. grandiflora.^[3]

Another adaptation for nectar feeding is that these bats have a specialized hovering flight to feed on flowers.^[4] They also have a long tongue which can be up to two-thirds of their body length.^[4] This tongue length allows for maximum nectar extracting power.^[4] The tongue of one individual measured 76 mm from the ‘‘gape of the jaw to the outstretched tip’’.^[2]

References

• GARDNER, A. L. 1977. Feeding habits. Pp. 293–350, in Biology of the bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae. Part II (R. J. Baker, J. K. Jones Jr., and D. C. Carter, eds.). Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 13:1–364.
• Tellez, Guillermo; Ortega, Jorge (3 December 1999). "Musonycteris harrisoni." (PDF). Mammalian Species (No. 622). Retrieved 19 November 2015.
• Stoner, Kathryn E.; Quesada, Mauricio; Rosas-Guerrero, Victor; Lobo, Jorge A. (2002). "Effects of Forest Fragmentation on the Colima Long-nosed Bat (Musonycteris harrisoni) Foraging in Tropical Dry Forest of Jalisco, Mexico". Biotropica. 34 (3): 462–467. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2002.tb00562.x. S2CID 247671922.
• Tschapka, Marco; Sperr, Ellen B.; Caballero-Martínez, Luis Antonio; Medellín, Rodrigo A. (2008). "Diet and Cranial Morphology of Musonycteris harrisoni, a Highly Specialized Nectar-Feeding Bat in Western Mexico". Journal of Mammalogy. 89 (4): 924–932. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-038.1.
• Ortega, Jorge; Tschapka, Marco; González-Terrazas, Tania P.; Suzán, Gerardo; Medellín, Rodrigo A. (2009). "Phylogeography of Musonycteris harrisoni Along the Pacific Coast of Mexico". Acta Chiropterologica. 11 (2): 259–269. doi:10.3161/150811009X485503. S2CID 86287765.
• Howell, D. J.; Hodgkin, Norman (1976). "Feeding adaptations in the hairs and tongues of nectar-feeding bats". Journal of Morphology. 148 (3): 329–336. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051480305. PMID 1255733. S2CID 1396634.
• Aguirre, L. F.; Herrel, A.; Van Damme, R.; MatThysen, E. (2003). "The implications of food hardness for diet in bats". Functional Ecology. 17 (2): 201–212. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00721.x.

El murciélago platanero (Musonycteris harrisoni) es una especie de murciélago de la familia Phyllostomidae.^[2]​ Es el único miembro del género monotípico. Musonycteris. Mide menos de 10 centímetros y es de color café-grisáceo. Su lengua puede medir hasta 7.6 centímetros. Se alimenta de néctar y polen de diversas flores. Vive en matorrales tropicales y subtropicales en la vertiente del Pacífico de Jalisco a Guerrero. Se considera en Peligro de Extinción por la Norma Oficial Mexicana 059 de SEMARNAT y en la categoría de Vulnerable por la lista roja de la IUCN.

Distribución geográfica

Es endémica del sur de México.

Hábitat

Su hábitat natural son: zonas subtropicales o tropicales de matorrales secos.

Estado de conservación

Se encuentra bajo la categoría de peligro de extinción según la Norma Mexicana^[3]​ y en estado vulnerable de acuerdo con la lista roja de la IUCN.^[4]​

Referencias

Musonycteris harrisoni Musonycteris generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Glossophaginae azpifamilia eta Phyllostomidae familian sailkatuta dago

Erreferentziak

• 'Musonycteris harrisoni'ri buruzko informazioa Mammals of The World datubasean

Ikus, gainera

• Phyllostomidae

Musonycteris harrisoni (Schaldach & McLaughlin, 1960) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Fillostomidi, unica specie del genere Musonycteris (Schaldach & McLaughlin, 1960), endemico del Messico.^[1][2]

Etimologia

L'epiteto generico deriva dalla combinazione di Musa, riferito al genere di piante a cui appartiene la banana e dal suffisso greco -nycteris, ovvero pipistrello, con chiara allusione al suo esclusivo regime alimentare. Il termine specifico è invece dedicato ad Ed N.Harrison, il quale contribuì alle ricerche sul campo effettuate in Messico da uno dei due scopritori.

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Pipistrello di piccole dimensioni, con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 70 e 79 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 41 e 43 mm e la lunghezza della coda tra 8 e 12 mm.^[3]

Caratteristiche craniche e dentarie

Il cranio ha un rostro notevolmente allungato, circa tre quarti della lunghezza totale, e la scatola cranica rotonda. I denti masticatori sono piccoli. Gli incisivi superiori esterni sono piccoli e separati da quelli più interni. Le ossa nasali sono rialzate, allungate e con i bordi paralleli.

Sono caratterizzati dalla seguente formula dentaria:

Aspetto

Il colore generale del corpo è bruno-grigiastro con la base dei peli giallastra o bianca, più chiaro sulla groppa, le spalle e le parti ventrali. Il muso è notevolmente allungato e sottile, la lingua è estensibile e priva di solchi laterali. Le orecchie sono piccole, triangolari, ben separate tra loro e con l'estremità arrotondata. La coda è corta ed inclusa completamente nell'ampio uropatagio, il cui margine libero è a forma di U rovesciata. Il cariotipo è 2n=16 FN=22.

Biologia

Comportamento

Si rifugia in grotte, canali di irrigazione e crepacci tra le rocce.

Alimentazione

Si nutre di polline e nettare dei fiori del Banano.

Riproduzione

Femmine gravide sono state catturate nel mese di settembre, mentre una in allattamento ad agosto.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è conosciuta soltanto negli stati messicani di Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, Guerrero e Morelos, nella parte sud-occidentale del paese.

Vive nelle boscaglie spinose aride e nelle foreste decidue costiere fino a 1.700 metri di altitudine.

Stato di conservazione

La IUCN Red List, considerato che la popolazione è composta probabilmente da meno di 10.000 individui adulti e che sia diminuita di almeno il 10% negli ultimi 10 anni , classifica M.harrisoni come specie vulnerabile (VU).^[1]

Note

Bibliografia

• Guillermo Tellez & Jorge Ortega, Musonycteris harrisoni (PDF) , in Mammalian Species, n. 622, 1999.
• Ronald M. Novak, Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. ISBN 9780801857898

De bananenvleermuis (Musonycteris harrisoni) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de bladneusvleermuizen van de Nieuwe Wereld (Phyllostomidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Schaldach & McLaughlin in 1960.

Voorkomen

De soort komt voor in Mexico.

Verspreidingskaart

Musonycteris harrisoni^[2][3] (Bananfladdermus en: Banana bat) är en fladdermusart som beskrevs av Schaldach och McLaughlin 1960. Musonycteris harrisoni är ensam i släktet Musonycteris som ingår i familjen bladnäsor.^[4][5] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som sårbar.^[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.^[4]

Fladdermusen upptäcktes i en blommande bananodling. Därför valdes det vetenskapliga släktnamnet Musonycteris som är sammansatt av arabiska musa (banan) och grekiska nycteris (fladdermus). Artepitet hedrar Ed N. Harrison som hjälpte William Joseph Schaldach vid sina forskningar i Mexiko.^[6]

Utseende

Arten blir 70 till 79 mm lång (huvud och bål), har en 8 till 12 mm lång svans och 41 till 43 mm långa underarmar. Den har på ovansidan en mörkbrun färg med undantag av axeln som är liksom framsidan ljusbrun. Musonycteris harrisoni har liksom närbesläktade bladnäsor en lång tunga, ett blad (hudflik) på näsan och långa smala kindtänder. Nosen är ännu längre än hos andra bladnäsor och det finns större klaff mellan kindtänderna.^[7] Honor är med cirka 11 g lite lättare än hanar som väger ungefär 12,5 g.^[6]

Utbredning och habitat

Musonycteris harrisoni förekommer i västra Mexiko. Den vistas i låglandet och i bergstrakter upp till 1700 meter över havet (sällan ännu högre). Habitatet utgörs av torra buskskogar och lövfällande skogar. Typiska växter i utbredningsområdet är Cordia alliodora, medlemmar av bresiljesläktet (Caesalpinia), Lysiloma divaricata och arter av tabebujasläktet (Tabebuia). Regionen har en regntid under sommaren och en längre torr period.^[1]

Ekologi

Individerna vilar under överhängande klippor, i grottor och i vägtrummor. De äter främst nektar och pollen somt några insekter. Arten delar ibland viloplatsen med andra fladdermöss av släktena Glossophaga, Macrotus eller Desmodus.^[6]

Källor

1. ^ [a b c] 2008 Musonycteris harrisoni Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., Musonycteris
3. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
4. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (28 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/musonycteris+harrisoni/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
5. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
6. ^ [a b c] G. Tellez, J. Ortega (3 december 1999). ”Musonycteris harrisoni” (på engelska). Mammalian Species. American Society of Mammalogists. http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/mmsp_622_1_3.pdf. Läst 16 maj 2015.
7. ^ Ronald M. Nowak, red (1999). ”Banana Bat” (på engelska). Walker’s Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press. sid. 378-379. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9

Externa länkar

• Wikispecies har information om Musonycteris harrisoni.
  Artförteckning

• 1 Етимологія
• 2 Морфологічні особливості
• 3 Екологія
• 4 Середовище проживання
• 5 Джерела

Musonycteris harrisoni là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi mũi lá, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Schaldach & McLaughlin mô tả năm 1960.^[1]

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

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바나나박쥐(Musonycteris harrisoni)는 주걱박쥐과(신세계잎코박쥐과)에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다. 나팔코박쥐^[2] 또는 콜리마긴코박쥐^[3]라는 이름으로도 흔하게 알려져 있다. 바나나박쥐속(Musonycteris)의 유일종이다.

특징

바나나박쥐는 중형 크기의 박쥐(수컷 몸무게는 12.6g, 암컷 10.9g)로 아주 긴 부리와 작고 둥근 귀 그리고 짧은 꼬리를 갖고 있다.^[2] 긴 부리때문에 두개골 또한 길다.^[2] 주둥이는 두개골 길이의 거의 반을 형성한다.^[2] 몸은 회색빛 도는 갈색을 띤다.^[2] 피부 쪽 털은 흰색이고, 털 끝은 갈색을 띤다.^[2]

분포 및 서식지

바나나 과수원에서 처음 발견했으며,^[4] 멕시코의 토착종이다. 멕시코의 주 분포 지역은 콜리마 주와 미초아칸 주, 게레로 주 지역이다.^[5] 가장 작은 분포 지역을 갖는 잎코박쥐의 일종으로 겨우 20,000km^2 넓이에 분포한다.^[5] 자연 서식지는 아열대 또는 열대 기후 지역의 건조 관목지대이다. 서식지 감소로 멸종 위협을 받고 있다. 서식 고도는 최대 1,700m로 기록되고 있다.^[2]

각주