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Powell [76], in discussing fire effects on plants in the Malheur National Forest in the Blue Mountains of Oregon, gives arrowleaf balsamroot a "high" fire resistance rating. This rating is interpreted as a greater than 65% chance that 50% of the plants will survive or immediately re-establish after passage of a fire with an average flame length of 12 inches (30 cm).
In a prescribed burn near Elko, Nevada, in August of 1980, a single arrowleaf balsamroot plant was tagged prior to burning. It was killed by the fire. Surface temperatures at the plant reached 1200 to 1500 degrees Fahrenheit (649-816 oC). Soil temperatures reached peaks of 250 and 175 degrees Fahrenheit (121 and 79 oC) at 0.4 and 0.8 inches (1 and 2 cm) below the surface respectively. The authors felt this severe fire was the result of the burnout of adjacent woody sagebrush fuels [79].
Arrowleaf balsamroot is a cool-season [113], large, long-lived, native, perennial forb 1 to 2 feet (0.3-0.6 m) in height [93]. Its fruit is a 4-angled, thickened, smooth, hairless achene [93,108,113]. Basal leaves are cordate to sagittate in outline with entire margins and wooly pubescence. They arise from a branched, underground caudex to form dense rosettes. Flowerheads are sunflower-like with strap-shaped ray flowers 1 to 2 inches (2.5-5 cm) long and tubular disc flowers [113]. Flowers are mostly solitary on long peduncles and the cauline leaves are mostly lanceolate, alternate, and much smaller than the basal leaves [83].
Roots: Arrowleaf balsamroot has a taproot that sometimes reaches a diameter of 4 inches (10 cm) and an extreme depth of 8.8 feet (2.7 m). Laterals seldom come off in the 1st 6 inches (15 cm) of soil. Below this depth numerous strong laterals occur, sometimes an inch (2.5 cm) or more in diameter. These laterals often run horizontally for 2 to 3 feet (0.6-1 m) before turning downward and may reach a depth of 5 feet (1.5 m). The taproot sometimes splits into nearly equal parts at a depth of about 3 feet (1 m). The tip of the taproot is often dead and if alive, is not very branched. The older part of the root is covered with a deeply furrowed bark. These furrows can be one-half inch (13 mm) deep [116].
Fire adaptations: Arrowleaf balsamroot regenerates from its caudex following fire [122]. Volland and Dell [111] describe the fire regeneration "mode" of arrowleaf balsamroot as windborne seed and rapid regrowth from a caudex.
Smith and Fischer's literature review [91] describes the fire survival "strategy" of arrowleaf balsamroot as regrowth from a surviving thick caudex and state it will survive even the most severe fire and increase in frequency and density after fire.
In a 1984 fire management action plan for Zion National Park in Utah, Mitchell [69] describes arrowleaf balsamroot fire survival strategy as "sprouting from a thick caudex."
FIRE REGIMES: Smith and Fischer [91] place arrowleaf balsamroot within a fire group in northern Idaho that consists of warm, dry Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine habitat types. Before the 20th century, these sites were characterized by frequent underburns that eliminated most tree regeneration, thinned young stands, and perpetuated open stands dominated mainly by ponderosa pine. Studies in the South Fork Clearwater River report fire return intervals for stands in this fire group ranging from 3 to 39 years with a mean fire interval of 15 years [8]. In the River of No Return Area of Idaho, Barrett [7] provides the following information on FIRE REGIMES for stands in this fire group:
Location Fire interval range (years) Mean fire interval (years) Standard deviation high elevation, 6,000 feet 8-51 22 4 low elevation, < 5,000 feet 3-30 15 2 Salmon River corridor 2-39 14 12
In eastern Idaho and western Wyoming, arrowleaf balsamroot is assigned to fire groups consisting of limber Pine (P. flexilis) habitat types, and habitat types supporting cool, dry Douglas-fir forests [14]. Arno and Gruell [3] reported a mean fire interval of 74 years for a southwestern Montana limber pine/bluebunch wheatgrass habitat type at a grassland ecotone. Keown [44] reported a fire-free interval of about 100 years for a similar Montana limber pine stand with a grass and shrub understory. Cool, dry Douglas-fir forests in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, probably experienced fires about every 50 to 100 years [60]. Douglas-fir adjacent to sagebrush steppe vegetation in both Jackson Hole and the valleys of northern Yellowstone National Park appear to have shorter fire-free intervals [14]. Houston [38] reported intervals of 20 to 25 years in cool, dry Douglas-fir in the Lamar, Gardner, and Yellowstone valleys over the past 300 to 400 years.
In Utah, Bradley and others [15] assign arrowleaf balsamroot to the fire group containing pinyon-juniper woodlands and montane maple-oak woodlands. On 4 study sites in southwestern Idaho, Burkhardt and Tisdale [17] found fire-free intervals to be 23, 18, 8 and 11 years. McKell [64] states composition of burned oak stands in Utah was found to resemble unburned stands within 20 years following fire.
FIRE REGIMES where arrowleaf balsamroot is an important member of the community are summarized below. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years) sagebrush steppe Artemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata 20-70 [73] basin big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata var. tridentata 12-43 [86] mountain big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana 15-40 [3,17,68] Wyoming big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata var. wyomingensis 10-70 (40**) [110,128] plains grasslands Bouteloua spp. blue grama-needle-and-thread grass-western wheatgrass Bouteloua gracilis-Hesperostipa comata-Pascopyrum smithii cheatgrass Bromus tectorum 73] curlleaf mountain-mahogany* Cercocarpus ledifolius 13-1000 [5,88] mountain-mahogany-Gambel oak scrub Cercocarpus ledifolius-Quercus gambelii blackbrush Coleogyne ramosissima western juniper Juniperus occidentalis 20-70 Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum western larch Larix occidentalis 25-100 [2] wheatgrass plains grasslands Pascopyrum smithii 73] Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir Picea engelmannii-Abies lasiocarpa 35 to > 200 blue spruce* Picea pungens 35-200 [2] pinyon-juniper Pinus-Juniperus spp. 73] Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine* Pinus contorta var. latifolia 25-300+ [1,2,84] Colorado pinyon Pinus edulis 10-400+ [27,29,43,73] Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi 5-30 interior ponderosa pine* Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum 2-30 [2,6,57] quaking aspen (west of the Great Plains) Populus tremuloides 7-120 [2,32,66] mountain grasslands Pseudoroegneria spicata 3-40 (10**) [1,2] Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca 25-100 [2,3,4] elm-ash-cottonwood Ulmus-Fraxinus-Populus spp. 23,112] *fire return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the species summaryArrowleaf balsamroot is adapted to plains, valleys, foothills, and low mountain ranges. It occurs on open slopes and ridges throughout the sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), oak (Quercus spp.) brush, ponderosa pine, and higher habitat types. It is found on well-drained soils in open, fairly dry situations, including south-facing slopes [93].
Precipitation: Arrowleaf balsamroot commonly occurs in various sagebrush habitats (see Habitat Types And Plant Communities). The following table shows precipitation ranges required for arrowleaf balsamroot to occur in big sagebrush habitats [107]:
Basin big sagebrush annual precipitation Mountain big sagebrush annual precipitation 9 to 13 inches 13+ inches 12 to 17 inches 17+ inches no yes yes yes
However, Stanton [93] states arrowleaf balsamroot is often important on harsh sagebrush sites in Idaho that receive at least 9 inches (225 mm) precipitation, and Stevens [95] states arrowleaf balsamroot is adapted to basin big sagebrush sites in the 9-to 13-inch (225-330 mm) precipitation range in the Intermountain Range.
Arrowleaf balsamroot is strongly drought tolerant [113].
Soils: Arrowleaf balsamroot thrives in well-drained silty and loamy soils of the Palouse prairies and adjacent sagebrush-grass and open juniper and ponderosa pine zones of the northern Intermountain region. It is tolerant of moderately alkaline to weakly acidic and also weakly saline soils. It is intolerant of shallow water tables but is tolerant of briefly saturated soil conditions on imperfectly drained sites [113].
Elevation: Arrowleaf balsamroot occurs naturally between about 1,000 to 9,000 feet (305-2,743 m) [113]. Some elevations for individual states are:
Colorado 6,000 to 9,000 feet (1,829-2,743 m) [33]
Montana 3,500 to 7,000 feet (1,067-2,134 m) [54]
California 4,593 to 5,249 feet (1,400-1,600 m) [35]
Arrowleaf balsamroot begins growth early and is utilized on spring ranges. It is rated as fair forage for all classes of wildlife. Flowers are especially palatable. Game animals and domestic sheep may eat the seedheads before seed ripens. Deer and elk both use leaves and flowers before plants turn dry [93].
Domestic sheep utilize arrowleaf balsamroot, especially in the spring. In a study at the U. S. Sheep Experimental Station in Idaho, Mueggler [70] found herbage dry weight of arrowleaf balsamroot produced in a paddock and grazed by domestic sheep in both fall and spring to be less than 1% of that produced in a paddock grazed only in fall. Laycock [58], in a separate experiment at the U. S. Sheep Experimental Station, found "heavy" spring grazing by domestic sheep caused an 85% decrease in production of arrowleaf balsamroot.
In a 1957 study in the Bridger Mountains of Montana, Wilkins [121] found Rocky Mountain mule deer utilized arrowleaf balsamroot year-round and that arrowleaf balsamroot was 1 of the "most important" forbs in all seasons. The following table shows seasonal use:
Observed instances of use (%) Number of rumen samples Percent volume of rumen samples Percent weight of rumen samples Summer 11 6 9 8 Fall -- 6 9 8 Winter 18 11 12 11 Spring -- 4 10 10A separate study in Montana found arrowleaf balsamroot "a highly preferred deer forage [56]." In a 1956 study of Rocky Mountain mule deer in the Great Basin of California, Leach [59] found that arrowleaf balsamroot was utilized in winter months.
In a 1973 literature review, Kufeld and others [52] found arrowleaf balsamroot to be of "moderate" importance year-round as food used by Rocky Mountain mule deer. They list it as 1 of the most frequent forbs in Rocky Mountain mule deer diets.
Food habits of mule deer were quantified by Burrell [18] in a study in Entiat, Washington, in relation to the abundance of antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) on critical winter range. Utilization of arrowleaf balsamroot was different on the 3 sites studied, but remained relatively steady within each site throughout the winter.
A study in British Columbia determined arrowleaf balsamroot commonly occurs in the diet of California bighorn sheep. Leaf length, basal diameter, culm length, and culm numbers appear to be unaffected by grazing by bighorn sheep [120]. In an Idaho study in the River of No Return Wilderness Area, arrowleaf balsamroot made up 10% of the June-August diet of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep on Big Creek [24].
Arrowleaf balsamroot is utilized in spring by pronghorns in California [104] and Wyoming [93].
Markum [61] conducted a study of elk ecology in western Montana and found arrowleaf balsamroot was both utilized and preferred by elk during June, July, and August. Kufeld [51] did a literature review of foods used by Rocky Mountain elk and found arrowleaf balsamroot to be a "valuable" food in winter and spring, and was "least valuable" in summer.
Columbia ground squirrels utilize the leaves of arrowroot balsamroot in central Idaho subalpine forest openings [55]. In a study of flammulated owl habitat in the Bitterroot Valley of Montana, Wright [125] found the owls to be positively associated with dry-site indicator species such as arrowleaf balsamroot.
Palatability/nutritional value: Arrowleaf balsamroot is an important forage plant; it is especially valuable on spring ranges. It is usually of fair palatability for all classes of livestock. In some localities both cattle and domestic sheep graze it closely even where other palatable forage is abundant. Flowers are especially palatable, but all portions of the plant except for the coarser stalks are eaten. Horses like arrowleaf balsamroot and are especially fond of the flowers. Plants are eaten throughout the grazing season but are usually more palatable during spring and early summer than later when tough and dry. Dry leafage is eaten "lightly" by horses, cattle, domestic sheep, and game animals especially in fall when moistened by early rains and snow [108].
Arrowleaf balsamroot contains nearly 30% protein when immature and 10% protein when mature [82]. Elliott and Flinders [24] reported monthly percent nutrient and moisture content of arrowleaf balsamroot at Rush Point, River of No Return Wilderness in Idaho. Figures represent the average and standard deviation for each month given.
Month Crude fiber Crude protein Ca P Ca:P Moisture June 29 ± 2.1 20 ± 3.2 2.45 ± 1.15 0.26 ± 0.06 9.4:1 81 ± 3 July 31 ± 6.4 14 ± 1.0 1.57 ± 0.83 0.21 ± 0.11 7.5:1 63 ± 3 August 29 ± 3.4 10 ± 1.8 1.48 ± 0.76 0.19 ± 0.03 7.8:1 52 ± 2
Winter nutritive value of arrowleaf balsamroot is: crude protein, 3.6% and P, 0.06% [117].
Merrill and others [67] found arrowleaf balsamroot to have mineral concentrations of greater than 2.0% nitrogen, 4.0% potassium, and 1.3% calcium. For a discussion of how fire affected these and other mineral concentrations see Discussion and Qualification of Plant Response.
McClean and Marchand [65] classify arrowleaf balsamroot's palatability as fair in a ponderosa pine habitat type in southern British Columbia. They rate it as an "increaser." It is "occasional" on excellent and good ranges, "common" on fair ranges and "common to abundant" on poor ranges.
Cover value: A study of Columbian sharp-tailed grouse in western Idaho showed a significantly (P<0.05) higher mean canopy coverage of arrowleaf balsamroot at flush sites than at random sites [85]. A similar study, in west-central Idaho, found Columbian sharp-tailed grouse selected areas with greater canopy coverage and density of arrowleaf balsamroot than random sites [62].
Klebenow [47] studied sage-grouse nesting and brooding habitat in Idaho and determined arrowleaf balsamroot was found more frequently on nesting sites than non-nesting sites, though the difference was not significant. He also found arrowleaf balsamroot was "associated" with broods. He speculated that arrowleaf balsamroot is an indicator that site conditions are suitable for other species of plants that attract sage-grouse.
Arrowleaf balsamroot has been traditionally been used by First Nation peoples for many uses including food and medicine. Native Americans in Washington State used the "sprouts" of arrowleaf balsamroot in their diet. These shoots are high in ascorbic acid (13.75 mg/g) [71]. Native Canadians of British Columbia also ate the sprouts along with the starchy roots. In addition, the plant was used to treat stomachache, headache, colds, fever, sore throat, toothache, wounds, insect bites, and swellings [63].
Houston and others [39] state Native Americans in Wyoming ate the young stalks, roots and seeds of arrowleaf balsamroot. Members of the Salish, Kootenai, and Nez Perce tribes peeled arrowleaf balsamroot's young, immature flower stems and ate the tender inner portion raw, like celery. The Nez Perce ate the seeds. Salish used the large, coarse leaves as a poultice for burns and drank tea brewed from the roots for tuberculosis, whooping cough, increased urine, and as a cathartic. Members of the Kootenai tribe boiled the roots and applied the infusion as a poultice for wounds, cuts, and bruises [34].
The Cheyenne tribe boiled roots, stems, and leaves and drank the decoction for stomach pains and headaches. They also steamed the plant and inhaled the vapors for the same purposes [103].
Arrowleaf balsamroot sprouts from a caudex and does not spread by rootstocks. Any increase in number of plants must await seed production, so arrowleaf balsamroot increases slowly after burning [124]. In a 1978 study, Wright [123] lists arrowleaf balsamroot as a member of the forb community in climax ponderosa pine community and states these forbs would harmed by fire for no more than a year.
The Fire Management Plan for Craters of the Moon National Monument describes arrowleaf balsamroot's reproduction after fire as "infrequent" but states biomass production is enhanced. This increased biomass will remain high until grasses or shrubs dominate the site [9].
Bunting [16] assigns the following responses of arrowleaf balsamroot to varying fire intervals relative to current conditions in western juniper communities in the Owyee Mountains of southwestern Idaho:
Average fire recurrence in years
<10
25
50
100
increase in abundance increase in abundance no change in abundance decrease in abundanceBreeding system: No information
Pollination: No information
Seed production: The seed crop is usually good [93] and large quantities of seed can be produced if developing seedheads are not attacked by insects and are protected from grazing [100].
Seed dispersal: Arrowleaf balsamroot seeds are dispersed by wind [94] and animals [76].
Seed banking: Arrowleaf balsamroot seeds are not stored in the soil [94]. A 1996 study by Kitchen and Monsen [46], using arrowleaf balsamroot seeds collected in Idaho and Utah, found no evidence that arrowleaf balsamroot maintains a persistent seedbank.
Germination: Several studies have examined germination of arrowleaf balsamroot. Young and Evans [127] found germination without stratification was very low and erratic. A 12-week period of stratification was required for maximum germination. They chose 8 weeks at 41 degrees Fahrenheit (5o C) as the pretreatment used for development of temperatures for a profile for arrowleaf balsamroot germination. Germination after this stratification period was only 50% of that obtained after 12 weeks of stratification, but was chosen because some seeds germinated during stratification. Optimum temperatures for germination were essentially optimum temperatures for stratification.
Kitchen and Monsen [46] also conducted germination experiments on arrowleaf balsamroot and found for the few seeds that germinated without prechilling, germination was delayed for 21 to 28 days after imbibition and germinants "frequently" exhibited abnormal growth. They found no significant differences among germination percentages for nonstratified seeds. In contrast, 11 temperature regimes were optima for germination of stratified seeds. Warmest of these regimes was a constant 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10o C) and coldest was 32/41 degrees Fahrenheit (0/5o C). A temperature of 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35o C) reduced germination and a warm-period temperature of 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40o C) prevented germination [46].
The 3-month stratification requirement of arrowleaf balsamroot is long for many rangeland seedbeds. The only environment on sagebrush rangelands that might have a satisfactory stratification of arrowleaf balsamroot seeds is at the snow-litter-soil interface in sites with continuous snow cover for at least 3 months. This may explain the occurrence of dense communities of arrowleaf balsamroot on north-facing slopes where snowdrifts accumulate [46].
Stevens and others [99] tested germination of arrowleaf balsamroot seeds after storage in an open, unheated, and uncooled warehouse in Utah. While arrowleaf balsamroot does not persist in the soil seedbank [46,94], it apparently can be stored for up to 10 years and still be viable. Their results are:
Source
Years of storage
2 3 4 5 7 10 15Percent germination
Paradise Valley, NV 40 42 -- 37 20 1 0Arrowleaf balsamroot has relatively large seeds, 1,850 to 3,000 per ounce (65-105/gram) [46]. The Davenport Seed Company [77] states there are 58,000 seeds per pound (127,600/kg).
Steele and Geier-Hayes [94], in a summary of successional studies of the major Douglas-fir habitat types in central Idaho, state arrowleaf balsamroot seeds germinate on bare soil in full sun.
Seedling establishment/growth: Kitchen and Monsen [46] found arrowleaf balsamroot seedlings in an experiment in Idaho and Utah grew slowly with low mortality. Wasser [113] found seedling vigor to be "rather weak" and that stands developed slowly.
Generally, new plants are slow to mature, requiring 3 to 4 years to flower on the best sites, and 7 to 8 years on lower precipitation sites [100].
Asexual regeneration: No information
Climax: Arrowleaf balsamroot is listed as part of the vegetation in a climax interior ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum) community on the east slope of the Cascade Mountains, Blue Mountains and Northern Rocky Mountains [123]. An edaphic climax type in Colorado of Wyoming big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass includes arrowleaf balsamroot [102].
Mid-seral: In a study of grasslands of lower British Columbia, Tisdale [105] describes arrowleaf balsamroot as "found more commonly" in the mid-seral stage of needlegrass (Stipa spp.)-bluegrass as grasslands previously heavily grazed progressed to the climax stage of bluebunch wheatgrass-rough fescue (F. altaica).
Steele and Geier-Hayes [94] list arrowleaf balsamroot as an "important" species in the herb layer of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) habitat types in Idaho. The following table gives arrowleaf balsamroot's successional role in these habitat type-phases in Idaho:
Area
Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir habitat type-phase Successional role West-central Idaho elk sedge-(Carex geyeri) ponderosa pine MS pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens)-ponderosa pine ms Oregon-Koniak [49] studied succession after fire in pinyon-juniper stands in the Great Basin. She found arrowleaf balsamroot present in various seral stages. Numbers in the following table represent percent of sites where arrowleaf balsamroot occurred (total number of stands measured not given):
Occurrence in various successional states
early early mid-stage mid-stage late mid-stage late 21 29 20 11 19Early seral: Weaver [115], in an early (1914) study of plant succession in eastern Washington and adjacent Idaho, lists arrowleaf balsamroot as an "invader" in the transition from the bunchgrass-rimrock vegetation type to "prairie" vegetation at the top of canyons. For more information on early seral response of arrowleaf balsamroot see Plant Response To Fire.
Arrowleaf balsamroot has been utilized in seeding mixtures for restoration, recovery of disturbed sites, and improving forage production. Kitchen and Monsen [46] found seed dormancy of arrowleaf balsamroot prevents summer or fall germination. Fall seeding allows for full operation of dormancy breaking processes and reduces risk of seed predation associated with summer dispersal. Since optimum temperatures for germination are essentially optimum temperatures for stratification, stratification of arrowleaf balsamroot seeds before sowing in the field or nursery may cause emerging radicles to be damaged (see Germination).
Arrowleaf balsamroot has been used as part of a seed mix for game range restoration in Utah. It has a rated "high" potential for restoration of oil shale, coal-mined lands, and roadside and critical site stabilization and beautification. It has medium potential for revegetation of surface disturbed lands in the Intermountain Region [113].
Also in Utah, Stevens and Davis [98] rate arrowleaf balsamroot as a species "with potential" for seeding into Gambel oak communities to improve forage production. The specific types of Gambel oak communities are: north and east exposures; sunny, dry exposures; and "open" Gambel oak-Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) sites.
Stanton [93] includes seeds of arrowleaf balsamroot in seed mixture for big sagebrush types in a table taken from Plummer and others, 1968. He recommends 0.25 to 0.5 pound of seed per acre (0.6-1.2 kg/ha) when using a drill and 0.5 to 1 pound per acre (1.2-2.4 kg/ha) when broadcasting seed as part of a seed mixture. Soil should be well drained and "fairly" dry in areas with at least 9 inches (225 mm) of precipitation. Kitchen [45] recommends 1.0 to 4.0 pound of seed per acre (1.1-4.5 kg/ha) when used as part of a "diverse" seed mix.
In an experiment rating species for seeding arid rangeland in southern Idaho, arrowleaf balsamroot establishment was rated as "very poor" with a 65% failure rate [40]. Shaw and Monsen [89] assign a low rating to arrowleaf balsamroot's soil stabilization qualities. Better stands develop by planting arrowleaf balsamroot in alternate rows with quicker developing or more competitive species [113].
In a laboratory study of "commonly planted" seeds used in reseeding projects, arrowleaf balsamroot seeds were rated 3rd of 18 in preference tests with deer mice. This may account for predation of seeds in areas where deer mice are common [25]. Shaw and Monsen [89] state insect predation of arrowleaf balsamroot seed is common.
In 1996, 625 pounds (284 kg) of arrowleaf balsamroot seed were sold by 5 Utah companies [97]. A "low" percent of establishment success can be expected even when proper transplanting techniques are followed when using bareroot and wilding stock of arrowleaf balsamroot [96].
Stanton [93] recommends arrowleaf balsamroot seeds be cleaned with a macerator-chopper and fan. He designates 95% as an acceptable purity level with 5 years as a limit on storage. With 5 years storage there should be a germination level of 36-52%.
Balsamorhiza sagittata ye una especie de planta fanerógama perteneciente a la tribu del xirasol de la familia de plantes Asteraceae.
Ye nativu de gran parte del oeste d'América del Norte dende la Columbia Británica hasta California a les Dakotas, onde crez en munchos tipos d'hábitat de los montes de monte en pacionales a carbes de los desiertos. Ye tolerante a la seca. Tola planta puede comese,[1] anque pue ser amargosa col sabor de pinu.[2]
Les fueyes son enteres y tán cubiertes conpelos aspros, sobremanera nel viesu. Esta ye una yerba perenne que crez con un tarmu glandular peludo de 20 a 60 centímetros d'altor. La ramificación del raigañu puede estendese a más de dos metros de fondura nel suelu. Les fueyes basales son xeneralmente de forma triangular y son grandes, averándose a 50 centímetros de llargor máximu. Les fueyes de más enriba nel tarmu son lliniales a estrechamente de forma oval y pequeñes. Les fueyes tienen cantos non dentaos y tán recubiertos en pelos aspros, especialmente nel viesu.
La inflorescencia tien una o más cabeces de flores. Cada cabezal tien un centru de llargos floretes del discu tubular amarillentaos y una franxa de brilloses flores ligulaes marielles, caúna d'hasta 4 centímetros de llargu. El frutu ye un aqueniu ensin pelo d'unos 8 milímetros de llargu. Los animales que pastien atopen la planta sabrosa, especialmente les flores y el desarrollu de cabeces de granes.[3]
Munchos grupos de nativos americanos, incluyendo'l Nez Perce, Kootenai, Cheyennes y Salish, utilicen la planta como alimentu y medicina.[3] Les granes fueron particularmente pervalibles como alimentos o usaos pol aceite.[3]
Balsamorhiza sagittata describióse por (Pursh) Nutt. y espublizóse en Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 7: 350. 1840.[4]
Balsamorhiza: nome xenéricu que deriva de les pallabres griegues: balsamo = "bálsamu" y rhiza = "raigañu", n'alusión a les plantes que tienen raigaños con un balsámicu golor o exudación resinosa.[5]
sagittata: epítetu llatín que significa "con forma de flecha"[6]
.
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Balsamorhiza sagittata ye una especie de planta fanerógama perteneciente a la tribu del xirasol de la familia de plantes Asteraceae.
Balsamorhiza sagittata és una espècie de planta de flor que pertany a la tribu dels gira-sols de la família de les asteràcies (Asteraceae) conegut pel nom comú en anglès com Arrowleaf balsamroot. Sota el nom okanagan sunflower és l'emblema de flor oficial de la ciutat de Kelowna, Colúmbia Britànica, (Canadà). És nativa de gran part de l'oest d'Amèrica del Nord des de de la Colúmbia Britànica (Canadà) a Califòrnia (EUA) fins a Dakota del Nord i Dakota del Sud (EUA), on creix en molts tipus d'hàbitat des de boscos de pastures de muntanya fins al matollar desèrtic. És tolerant a la sequera.Molts grups nadius americans, incloent-hi els nez percé, kutenai, xeiene, i salish, utilitzaven la planta com un aliment i medecina.[1]
És una herba perenne d'arrel mestra que desenvolupa una tija pilosa, glandular de 20 a 60 centímetres d'alçada. La ramificació, arrel forta que pot estendre's més de dos metres de profunditat a terra. Les fulles basals són generalment de forma triangular i són grans, acostant-se als 50 centímetres de longitud màxima. Les fulles de més amunt de la tija són lineals a estretament de forma ovalada i més petita. Les fulles tenen les vores indentades i estan recobertes de fins pèls aspres, sobretot a la part inferior.
La inflorescència té un o més caps florals. Cada cap té un centre de floretes grogues de discos tubulars llargues i una franja de color groc brillant lígules, cada un fins a 4 centímetres de llarg. El fruit aqueni sense pèl aproximadament de 8 mil·límetres de llarg. Els animals de pastura troben la planta de bon gust, especialment les flors i el desenvolupament dels caps de llavors.[1]
Balsamorhiza sagittata és una espècie de planta de flor que pertany a la tribu dels gira-sols de la família de les asteràcies (Asteraceae) conegut pel nom comú en anglès com Arrowleaf balsamroot. Sota el nom okanagan sunflower és l'emblema de flor oficial de la ciutat de Kelowna, Colúmbia Britànica, (Canadà). És nativa de gran part de l'oest d'Amèrica del Nord des de de la Colúmbia Britànica (Canadà) a Califòrnia (EUA) fins a Dakota del Nord i Dakota del Sud (EUA), on creix en molts tipus d'hàbitat des de boscos de pastures de muntanya fins al matollar desèrtic. És tolerant a la sequera.Molts grups nadius americans, incloent-hi els nez percé, kutenai, xeiene, i salish, utilitzaven la planta com un aliment i medecina.
Die Pfeilblättrige Balsamwurzel (Balsamorhiza sagittata) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Balsamorhiza in der Unterfamilie der Asteroideae innerhalb der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae). Sie ist im westlichen Nordamerika heimisch. Sie wurde in der Volksmedizin und als Nahrungsmittel von indigenen Völkern Nordamerikas verwendet.
Balsamorhiza sagittata wächst als langlebige,[1] ausdauernde krautige Pflanze und erreicht Wuchshöhen von meist 20 bis 40 (15 bis 65) Zentimeter. Sie bildet dickfleischige Pfahlwurzeln, die Durchmesser von etwa 10 Zentimeter und eine maximale Tiefe im Boden von etwa 2,7 Meter erreicht und verzweigt sich meist erst ab einer Tiefe von 15 Zentimeter. Diese seitlichen Wurzeln wachsen erst bis zu 1 Meter in der Horizontale und dann bis zu 1,5 Meter in die Tiefe. Die älteren Teile der Pfahlwurzel sind mit einer bis zu 13 Millimeter tief gefurchten Rinde bedeckt.[1] Es wird im Boden eine verzweigte Sprossachse (Caudex) gebildet.[1] Der oberirdische Stängel ist meist unverzweigt. Die oberirdischen Pflanzenteile sind mehr oder weniger kurz wollig und winzig drüsig behaart.[2][3]
Die größtenteils in einer grundständigen Rosette und wenigen wechselständig am Stängel verteilt angeordneten[1] Laubblätter sind in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Die einfache Blattspreite der Grundblätter ist bei einer Länge von 20 bis 50 Zentimeter[2] oder bei einer Länge von 5 bis 25 Zentimeter sowie einer Breite von 3 bis 15 Zentimeter[3] gerundet dreieckig oder breit-dreieckig mit mehr oder weniger herzförmiger sowie mehr oder weniger spießförmiger Spreitenbasis und spitzem bis zugespitztem oder stumpfem oberen Ende und glatten Blattrand. Die Grundblätter besitzen eine weich behaarte Blattoberseite und eine kurz-wollig bis fein-striegelig behaarte Unterseite; mindestens so lang die Blätter jung sind, ist die Blattunterseite dicht, kurz, silbrig bis weiß oder grau-grün, seidig bis wollig behaart, es sind auch meist Drüsenhaare vorhanden (Indument). Die Stängelblätter sind linealisch bis verkehrt-lanzettlich.[2][3]
Die Blütezeit reicht in Kalifornien[2] von Mai bis August und für Nordamerika werden je nach Standort Blütezeiten von meist Mai bis Juni (April bis Juli)[3] angegeben. Es ist eine der spektakulärsten Blühaspekte im Frühling in den nordwestlichen USA.[3]
Auf einem aufrechten, langen Blütenstandsschaft stehen meist ein, seltener zwei bis drei oder sogar einige körbchenförmige Blütenstände. Der Korbboden (Rezeptakel) ist flach. In der bei einem Durchmesser von 12 bis 25 Millimeter halbkugeligen bis kreiselförmigen Korbhülle (Involucrum) stehen zwei bis vier Reihen von haltbaren Hüllblättern. Die äußeren Hüllblätter sind mehr oder weniger wollig behaart und bei einer Länge von meist 2 bis 2,5 (1,5 bis über 3) Zentimeter sowie einer Breite von 4 bis 9 Millimeter lanzettlich-länglich bis verkehrt-lanzettlich, linealisch oder eiförmig mit einem stumpfen bis spitzen oberen Ende.[2] Die äußeren Hüllblätter erreichen oder überragen die inneren Hüllblätter, die spitze bis zugespitzte obere Enden besitzen.[3]
Der Blütenkorb enthält außen weibliche, fertile Zungenblüten (= Strahlenblüten) und innen viele zwittrige, fertile Röhrenblüten (= Scheibenblüten). Die auffälligen, gelben Zungenblüten sind besitzen eine 2 bis 4 Zentimeter lange, dreizipfelige Zunge. Die gelben, 6 bis 8 Millimeter langen Röhrenblüten besitzen eine kurze Kronröhre und fünf Kronlappen. Der Griffel ist zweiästig.[2][3]
Die glatte, kahle, vierkantige Achäne[1] ist bei einer Länge von 7 bis 9 Millimeter länglich. Es ist kein Pappus vorhanden.[2][3]
Die Chromosomengrundzahl beträgt x = 19; es liegt Diploidie vor, also eine Chromosomenzahl von 2n = 38.[3]
Die Pfeilblättrige Balsamwurzel ist Hemikryptophyt.[1] Sie ein beliebtes Futter bei Wild- und Haustieren. Sobald die Blütenstände und Laubblätter verwelkt sind, ist es schwierig Exemplare dieser Art zu finden.[4] Junge Pflanzen wachsen relativ langsam. An besten Standorten dauert es drei bis vier Jahre bis zur ersten Blütenbildung und an Standorten mit weniger Niederschlägen dauert es sieben bis acht Jahre bis sich Blütenstände entwickeln. Nach Bränden treiben die Exemplare wieder aus ihrem Caudex aus und der Wind liefert Samen an.[1]
Wenn die Blüten- und Fruchtstände nicht von Insekten und weidenden Tieren gefressen werden könne sich viele Samen bilden. Die Samen werden durch den Wind und von Tieren ausgebreitet. Es gibt Untersuchungen, dass keine beständige Samenbank im Boden gebildet wird. Die Achänen sind relativ groß mit 127.600 pro kg.[1]
Die Pfeilblättrige Balsamwurzel (Balsamorhiza sagittata) ist im westlichen Nordamerika heimisch.[2] Sie kommt in den kanadischen Provinzen British Columbia sowie westlichen Alberta und in den US-Bundesstaaten Kalifornien, westlichen South Dakota, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, nördlichen Arizona, nördlichen und zentralen Kalifornien, Nevada sowie Utah vor.[5]
Balsamorhiza sagittata ist beispielsweise ein Element der Great Basin Florenprovinz.[2] Sie gedeiht meist in Höhenlagen von 900 bis 2500 (100 bis 3000) Meter. Sie kommt in der östlichen, Hohen Kaskadenkette, in der Hohen Sierra Nevada bis zu den Rocky Mountains und Black Hills vor.[2][3]
Die Erstbeschreibung erfolgte 1814 unter dem Namen (Basionym) Buphthalmum sagittatum durch Frederick Traugott Pursh in Flora Americae Septentrionalis, or, A systematic arrangement and description of the plants of North America. Volume 2, S. 564.[6] Die Neukombination zu Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. wurde 1840 durch Thomas Nuttall in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series 7, S. 350 veröffentlicht.[7] Weitere Synonyme für Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. sind: Balsamorhiza helianthoides (Nutt.) Nutt., Espeletia helianthoides Nutt., Espeletia sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.[8][5][9]
Die Arten der Untergattung Balsamorhiza subg. Balsamorhiza bilden, an Standorten an denen sie gemeinsam vorkommen, Hybriden. Natürliche Hybriden sind beispielsweise:[3] Balsamorhiza ×bonseri H.St. John (= Balsamorhiza sagittata × Balsamorhiza rosea)[3] und Hybriden mit Balsamorhiza carreyana, Balsamorhiza hookeri, Balsamorhiza incana sowie Balsamorhiza serata sind bekannt.[1]
Die Ureinwohner Nordamerikas benutzten den dickflüssigen Pflanzensaft als Antiseptikum für kleinere Wunden.[10] Viele Indianerstämme verwendeten Pflanzenteile von Balsamorhiza sagittata in der Volksmedizin: Die Blackfoot verwendeten den Rauch der unterirdischen Pflanzenteile, um Leibschmerzen zu lindern. Die Blackfoot, Gosiute, Kutenai, Paiute, Sanpoil sowie Shoshoni verwendeten eine Wickel aus den Pfahlwurzeln um Blasen, Geschwüre, Insektenbisse, Prellungen und Wunden zu behandeln. Wurzelaufgüsse wurden von den Cheyenne sowie Flathead verwendet um Fieber, Keuchhusten und Tuberkulose zu behandeln und Harnprobleme zu lindern. Wurzelabsud wurde von den Cheyenne, Miwok, Shoshoni sowie Paiute bei Kopf- und Bauchschmerzen, Rheumatismus, Geschlechtskrankheiten eingesetzt und diente als Augenwasser und Geburtshilfe. Die Flathead sowie Okanagan-Colleville-Stämme verwendeten Wickel aus den Laubblätter um Brandwunden zu behandeln.[11] Die Samen wurden gegen Dysenterie gegessen.[12] Balsamorhiza sagittata wird sogar in der heutigen Kräuterkunde auf Grund seiner Heilwirkung eingesetzt.[12][1] Mit Wurzelaufgüssen wurde der Kopf eingerieben, um Haarwachstum zu fördern.[12]
Grundsätzlich sind alle Pflanzenteile essbar, allerdings verleiht ihnen der Pflanzensaft einen bitteren Geschmack. Die gegarten Pfahlwurzeln hingegen werden als appetitlich und wenig bitter[10], ja sogar süßlich[12] beschrieben.[10] Die Flathead, Kutenai, Montana, Nez Percé, Okanagan-Colville, Paiute, Thompson- und Ute-Stämme aßen die Laubblätter und jungen Stängel roh oder gegart. Die Samen wurden roh gegessen oder zu Mehl gemahlen um Kuchen und Brot[12] zu backen. Aus den Samen wurde Speiseöl gewonnen und die Samen wurden unter andere Nahrungsmittel gemischt.[11] Die Samen können getrocknet oder geröstet werden.[13] Die Samen waren eine Hauptnahrung bei (Atsugewi, Gosiute, Klamath, Miwok, Montana, Nez Perce, Okanagan-Colville, Paiute sowie Thompson-Stämme). Die Pfahlwurzeln von Balsamorhiza sagittata wurden getrocknet zu Mehl verarbeitet oder geröstet. Langsames Backen ist am besten, die Flathead haben die Pfahlwurzeln für mindestens drei Tage in der Feuerstelle gebacken.[12] Gegarte Pfahlwurzeln waren getrocknet lagerfähig und wurden über Nacht eingeweicht bevor sie verwendet werden.[13] Geröstete Pfahlwurzeln können als Kaffeeersatz dienen.[12] Die jungen oberirdischen Pflanzenteile können als Salat oder als Küchenkraut verwendet werden. Die großen Blattspreiten und -stiele werden gekocht gegessen; größere Mengen wirken als Schlafmittel. Geschälte junge Stängel können roh gegessen werden.[12][1]
Die indigenen Völker Nordamerikas verwendeten die großen, behaarten Blätter zur Isolierung in Schuhen, um die Füße warm zu halten.
Die Pfeilblättrige Balsamwurzel (Balsamorhiza sagittata) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Balsamorhiza in der Unterfamilie der Asteroideae innerhalb der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae). Sie ist im westlichen Nordamerika heimisch. Sie wurde in der Volksmedizin und als Nahrungsmittel von indigenen Völkern Nordamerikas verwendet.
Balsamorhiza sagittata is a North American species of flowering plant in the tribe Heliantheae of the family Asteraceae known by the common name Arrowleaf Balsamroot. It is widespread across western Canada and much of the western United States.[2]
This is a taprooted perennial herb growing a hairy, glandular stem 20 to 60 centimetres (7+3⁄4 to 23+1⁄2 inches) tall, with the plant's total height up to 80 cm (31 in).[3] The branching, barky root may extend over 2 metres (6+1⁄2 feet) deep into the soil. The silvery-gray basal leaves[3] are generally triangular in shape and large, approaching 50 cm (20 in) in maximum length. Leaves farther up the stem are linear to narrowly oval in shape and smaller. The leaves have untoothed edges and are coated in fine to rough hairs, especially on the undersides.[4][5][6][7]
The inflorescence bears one or more flower head, sometimes more than one on the same stem,[8] blooming from May to July.[3] Each head has a center of long yellowish tubular disc florets and a fringe of 8–25 bright yellow ray florets, each up to 4 cm (1+1⁄2 in) long.[3] The fruit is a hairless achene about 8 millimetres (3⁄8 in) long.[9]
B. deltoidea is similar but is greener, less hairy, and does not retain its ray flowers for long.[3]
The plant's native range extends from British Columbia and Alberta in the north, southward as far as northern Arizona and the Mojave Desert of California, and as far east as the Black Hills of South Dakota.[2] It grows in many types of habitat from mountain forests to grassland to desert scrub.[10][11] It is drought tolerant.[12]
The species hybridizes with Balsamorhiza hookeri.[8]
Grazing animals find the plant palatable, especially the flowers and developing seed heads.[9] Elk and deer browse the leaves.[13]
Coming into season in late spring, all of the plant can be eaten—particularly the leaves (raw or cooked), roots (cooked), and the seeds, raw or pounded into flour.[12][14] It can be bitter and pine-like in taste.[15] The leaves are best collected when young and can carry a citrus flavor.[16]
Many Native American groups, including the Nez Perce, Kootenai, Cheyenne, and Salish, utilized the plant as a food and medicine.[17][9] The seeds were particularly valuable as food or used for oil.[18] In 1806, William Clark collected a specimen near the White Salmon River, and both he and Frederick Pursh noted that the stem was eaten raw by the American natives.[16]
A specimen was collected by explorer and botanist Meriwether Lewis near Lewis and Clark Pass in 1806.[19]
Under the name Okanagan Sunflower, it is the official flower emblem of the city of Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.[20]
Balsamorhiza sagittata flower head
Balsamorhiza sagittata insect predation
Balsamorhiza sagittata involucre.
Balsamorhiza sagittata
Balsamorhiza sagittata in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA
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Balsamorhiza sagittata in East Knox Mountain Park, British Columbia, Canada.
Balsamorhiza sagittata seedling
Balsamorhiza sagittata leaves sprouting from mature plant in early spring
Balsamorhiza sagittata mature seed heads in June
Balsamorhiza sagittata mature seed head
Balsamorhiza sagittata seeds
Balsamorhiza sagittata dry plants in fall that are dormant
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Bright orange-yellow petals are a distinguishing characteristic of Balsamorhiza sagittata
Balsamorhiza sagittata is a North American species of flowering plant in the tribe Heliantheae of the family Asteraceae known by the common name Arrowleaf Balsamroot. It is widespread across western Canada and much of the western United States.
Balsamorhiza sagittata es una especie de planta fanerógama perteneciente a la tribu del girasol de la familia de plantas Asteraceae.
Es nativo de gran parte del oeste de América del Norte desde la Columbia Británica hasta California a las Dakotas, donde crece en muchos tipos de hábitat de los bosques de montaña en pastizales a matorrales de los desiertos. Es tolerante a la sequía. Toda la planta se puede comer,[1] aunque puede ser amarga con el sabor de pino.[2]
Las hojas son enteras y están cubiertas con pelos ásperos, sobre todo en el envés. Esta es una hierba perenne que crece con un tallo glandular peludo de 20 a 60 centímetros de altura. La ramificación de la raíz puede extenderse a más de dos metros de profundidad en el suelo. Las hojas basales son generalmente de forma triangular y son grandes, acercándose a 50 centímetros de longitud máxima. Las hojas de más arriba en el tallo son lineales a estrechamente de forma oval y pequeñas. Las hojas tienen bordes no dentados y están recubiertos en pelos ásperos, especialmente en el envés.
La inflorescencia tiene una o más cabezas de flores. Cada cabezal tiene un centro de largos floretes del disco tubular amarillentaos y una franja de brillantes flores liguladas amarillas, cada una de hasta 4 centímetros de largo. El fruto es un aquenio sin pelo de unos 8 milímetros de largo. Los animales que pastan encuentran la planta sabrosa, especialmente las flores y el desarrollo de cabezas de semillas.[3]
Muchos grupos de nativos americanos, incluyendo el Nez Perce, Kootenai, Cheyennes y Salish, utilizan la planta como alimento y medicina.[3] Las semillas fueron particularmente valiosos como alimentos o usados por el aceite.[3]
Balsamorhiza sagittata fue descrita por (Pursh) Nutt. y publicado en Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 7: 350. 1840.[4]
Balsamorhiza: nombre genérico que deriva de las palabras griegas: balsamo = "bálsamo" y rhiza = "raíz", en alusión a las plantas que tienen raíces con un balsámico olor o exudación resinosa.[5]
sagittata: epíteto latíno que significa "con forma de flecha"[6]
Balsamorhiza sagittata es una especie de planta fanerógama perteneciente a la tribu del girasol de la familia de plantas Asteraceae.
Balsamorhiza sagittata est une espèce végétale de la famille des Composées (Asteraceae).
Cette plante, qui forme des touffes de feuilles à maturité, mesure de 20 à 80 cm de hauteur. Les feuilles formant la touffe sont sagittées ; elles sont couvertes de poils courts leur conférant un toucher proche de celui de la feutrine, peuvent mesurer jusqu'à 30 cm de longueur et sont situées au sommet d'un pétiole presque aussi long qu'elles-mêmes. Celles situées sur la tige florale sont lancéolées, presque linéaires, et sont beaucoup plus petites[1].
La floraison a lieu entre mai et juillet.
L'inflorescence est un grand capitule d'un jaune brillant, constitué à la fois de fleurons ligulés et tubulaires. Chaque capitule mesure de 10 à 12,5 cm de diamètre. Les bractées sont couvertes de poils laineux. Il y a 8 à 25 fleurons ligulés de 2,5 à 3,8 cm de long et de nombreux fleurons tubulaires, chacun enveloppé d'une petite écaille parcheminée[1].
Les fruits sont des akènes dépourvus de pappus ou d'écaille.
Balsamorhiza deltoidea est une espèce très similaire, ayant une aire de répartition assez semblable, mais qui a des feuilles moins velues et, de fait, qui est d'un vert plus franc et qui de plus garde ses fleurons ligulés moins longtemps après la formation des akènes. Les autres Balsamorhiza ont très souvent des feuilles profondément découpées en lobes et ne peuvent être confondues avec ces deux premières espèces.
Cette plante vit en Amérique du Nord. Son aire de répartition s'étend, au nord, jusqu'à la Colombie-Britannique au Canada, et au sud jusqu'à la Californie à l'ouest, et à l'est jusqu'au Montana, au Dakota du Sud et au Colorado.
Elle pousse sur les flancs des collines en espace dégagé, dans les pinèdes peu denses, dans les prairies ou en association avec Artemisia tridentata.
Les Amérindiens utilisaient la racine de cette plante à des fins médicinales[1].
Balsamorhiza sagittata est une espèce végétale de la famille des Composées (Asteraceae).
Balsamorhiza sagittata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc. Loài này được (Pursh) Nutt. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1840.[1]
Balsamorhiza sagittata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc. Loài này được (Pursh) Nutt. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1840.
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