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Die Patellogastropoda sind eine Ordnung, die der Unterklasse Eogastropoda der Schnecken zugerechnet wird. Sie beinhaltet die sogenannten „Echten Napfschnecken“.
Die Eogastropoda bzw. die Patellogastropoda sind nach Ponder & Lindberg (1997) durch folgende apomorphe Merkmale gekennzeichnet. Die Merkmale sind mit Ausnahme der Gehäusemerkmale in den fossilen Gruppen meist nicht nachweisbar. Für die Patellogastropoda gelten damit dieselben Weichteilmerkmale:
Die Stellung der Patellogastropoda als Schwestergruppe der übrigen rezenten Gastropoden ist nicht unumstritten. Nach neueren molekulargenetischen Daten ergibt sich eine Stellung innerhalb der Vetigastropoda.[1]
Die Patellogastropoda sind eine Ordnung, die der Unterklasse Eogastropoda der Schnecken zugerechnet wird. Sie beinhaltet die sogenannten „Echten Napfschnecken“.
The Patellogastropoda, common name true limpets and historically called the Docoglossa, are members of a major phylogenetic group of marine gastropods, treated by experts either as a clade[2] or as a taxonomic order.[3]
The clade Patellogastropoda is deemed monophyletic based on phylogenetic analysis.[4]
Patellogastropoda was proposed by David R. Lindberg, 1986, as an order, and was later included in the subclass Eogastropoda Ponder & Lindberg, 1996.[5]
Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 designated Patellogastropoda, true limpets, as a clade, rather than as a taxon, but within included superfamilies and families as listed below. Families that are exclusively fossil are indicated with a dagger †:
With the exception of calling Patellogastropoda a clade rather than an order, as was previously the case in Ponder and Lindberg, 1997 the taxon has not changed much, differing more in the arrangement of its content rather than in the overall composition. Bouchet and Rocroi omitted Ponder and Lindberg's suborders, and added in the superfamily Neolepetopsoidea.
Nakano & Ozawa (2007)[3] made many changes in the taxonomy of the Patellogastropoda, based on molecular phylogeny research: Acmaeidae is a synonym of Lottiidae; Pectinodontinae is elevated to Pectinodontidae; new family Eoacmaeidae with the new type genus Eoacmaea is established.[3]
A cladogram based on sequences of mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes showing phylogenic relations of Patellogastropoda by Nakano & Ozawa (2007)[3] and superfamilies based on World Register of Marine Species:[6]
Patellogastropoda LottioideaLottiidae (including Acmaea and Niveotectura)
Patelloidea EoacmaeoideaNote that the family Neolepetopsidae is not in the cladogram above, because its members were not genetically analyzed by Nakano & Ozawa (2007).[3] However, two Neolepetosidae species Eulepetopsis vitrea and Paralepetopsis floridensis were previously analyzed by Harasewych & McArthur (2000),[7] who confirmed their placement within Acmaeoidea/Lottioidea based on analysis of partial 18S rDNA.[7] The Daminilidae and Lepetopsidae are also not included in the cladogram, because they are exclusively fossil families. All of these three families belong to superfamily Lottioidea.[6]
Actual taxonomy based on data by Nakano & Ozawa (2007)[3] with placement of the three remaining families (Neolepetopsidae, Daminilidae, Lepetopsidae) into Lottioidea is like this:
In 2007, two years following Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Tomoyuki Nakano and Tomowo Ozawa referred to the order Patellogastropoda.[3]
Patellogastropoda have flattened, cone-shaped shells, and the majority of species are commonly found adhering strongly to rocks or other hard substrates. Many limpet shells are covered in microscopic growths of green marine algae, which can make them even harder to see, as they can closely resemble the rock surface itself.
The substance making up the teeth in the radula of limpets is among the strongest biological materials known, with a tensile strength about five times stronger than that of spider silk. The teeth are composed of goethite, an iron-based mineral, woven in a particular way into grouped 1μ thick bundles.[8][9]
Many limpets create a home "scar" on the rock to which they always return between tides, the scar becoming a perfect fit even for the always growing cone-shaped shell and providing excellent protection from predators as well as helping to prevent dehydration, though dehydration remains one of the greatest risks to which these molluscs are exposed and may be why they only survive in temperate waters, not tropical ones where they simply become too hot during low tides. They adhere to the substratum via the adhesion/ suction of the stiffened foot against the rock surface to which it bonds each time with a layer of pedal mucus.[10]
The majority of limpet species have shells that are less than 3 in (8 cm) in maximum length and many are much smaller.
The true limpets have an internal structure much like that of other members of Mollusca. Their diffuse nervous system is oriented around three principal pairs of ganglia—the cerebral, pleural (which are hypoathroid), and pedal—located in the animal's snout and surrounding its esophagus in a ring. The pleural and pedal ganglia each send a nerve cord back through the rest of the body, the pleural nerve cords and the pedal or ventral nerve cords (the latter are embedded in the foot musculature in Patellagastropoda). Just outside the pedal ganglia are each of the two statocysts (though see Bathyacmaea secunda as an exception to this rule). Like the keyhole limpets, the true limpets have retained both kidneys though in Patellagastropoda the kidneys both lie on the animal's right side and the further right of the two— the "right" kidney— is much larger than the other. The right kidney also has a sponge-like texture whereas the left kidney is essentially a small sac into which hang folds from the sac's walls.[11] They do not have ctenidia, instead obtaining oxygen through a ring of gill lamellae that encircle the mantle just inside the shell edge and from the surface of the roof of the nuchal cavity which is exposed to air when the animal is no longer under water and which is covered in a network of blood vessels all of which eventually carry oxygenated blood and connect to the auricle through a series of veinlets on the animal's left side. Vestigial ctenidia have been adapted into osphradial patches (one on each side of the mantle cavity) with which the animal can "smell". Their low dome-shaped shell is able to withstand the forces of turbulent intertidal water. Inside, the head bears two tentacles, each with a tiny black "eye spot" at its base (limpets can sense light but cannot see images with these eyes). The heart lies within a pericardium and is composed of a single (morphologically left) auricle, a single ventricle, and bulbous aorta which sends blood to both the anterior and posterior aortae. It lies near the surface of shell on the left, and opposite it on the right are three tubules or "papillae" in a row: that of the left kidney, the anus, and that of the right kidney: all three exit near the same place on the right posterior side inside the mantle cavity.
Between these papillae and the heart lies the neural "visceral twist", a nervous condition called streptoneury or chiastoneury, which characterizes many molluscs and all gastropods whose ancient ancestor had an anus located posterior to its head but which now have it positioned much closer because of a change in the arrangement of the shell. In the evolutionary course of the relocation of the anus, the various ganglia posterior to the pleural and pedal ganglia had to conduct a twist— this means, for example, that the osphradium on the animal's left side is innervated through the right side of its body and vice versa. The condition is called streptoneury, but the phenomenon is known as torsion. In the Patellogastropoda, the twist is located directly behind (i.e., posterior to) the pleural ganglia; in other closely related groups (e.g., Zeugobranchia, Neritopsina, and Ampullariidae) the twist stretches backwards well into the visceral mass (digestive glands, intestines, gonad, etc.).
The digestive gland and interweaving intestine occupy most of the visceral mass behind the head. At the posterior ventral end is the large gonad organ which, when ripe, bursts and empties its gametes into the right kidney from which they are then expelled directly into the surrounding water. One theory of the function of the osphradia is to sense the release of such gametes by other nearby patellogastropods, triggering a corresponding release in any proximate opposite-sex animals of the same species (see diagram for additional anatomic information).
Representatives of the Patellogastropoda, true limpets, live on the rocky coasts of all oceans.
Some true limpets live throughout the intertidal zone, from the high zone (upper littoral zone) to the shallow subtidal, but other species live in deep sea and their habitat include hydrothermal vents, whalebone (baleen), whale-fall[12] and sulphide seeps.[13]
They attach themselves to the substrate using pedal mucus and a foot. They locomote using wave-like muscular contractions of the foot when conditions are suitable for them to graze. They can also "clamp down" against the rock surface with very considerable force when necessary, and this ability enables them to remain safely attached, despite the dangerous wave action on exposed rocky shores. The ability to clamp down also seals the shell edge against the rock surface, protecting them from desiccation during low tide, despite their being in full sunlight.
When true limpets are fully clamped down, it is impossible to remove them from the rock using brute force alone, and the limpet will allow itself to be destroyed rather than stop clinging to its rock. This survival strategy has led to the limpet being used as a metaphor for obstinacy or stubbornness.
Most limpets feed by grazing on algae which grows on the rock (or other surfaces) where they live. They scrape up films of algae with a radula, a ribbon-like tongue with rows of teeth. Limpets move by rippling the muscles of their foot in a wave-like motion.
In some parts of the world, certain smaller species of true limpet are specialized to live on seagrasses and graze on the microscopic algae which grow there. Other species live on, and graze directly on, the stipes (stalks) of brown algae (kelp).
Some species of limpets return to the same spot on the rock known as a "home scar" just before the tide recedes.[14] In such species, the shape of their shell often grows to precisely match the contours of the rock surrounding the scar. This behaviour presumably allows them to form a better seal to the rock and may help protect them from both predation and desiccation.
It is still unclear how limpets find their way back to the same spot each time, but it is thought that they follow pheromones in the mucus left as they move. Other species, notably Lottia gigantea seem to "garden" a patch of algae around their home scar.[15] They are one of the few invertebrates to exhibit territoriality and will aggressively push other organisms out of this patch by ramming with their shell, thereby allowing their patch of algae to grow for their own grazing.
Limpets are preyed upon by a variety of organisms including starfish, shore-birds, fish, seals, and humans. Limpets exhibit a variety of defenses, such as fleeing or clamping their shells against the substratum. The defense response can be determined by the type of predator, which can often be detected chemically by the limpet.
Limpets can be long lived, with tagged specimens surviving for more than 10 years. If the limpet lives on bare rock, it grows at a slower rate but can live for up to 20 years.
Limpets found on exposed shores, which have fewer rock pools than sheltered shores and are thus in less frequent contact with water, have a greater risk of desiccation due to the effects of increased sunlight, water evaporation and the increased wind speed. To avoid drying out they will clamp to the rock they inhabit, minimizing water-loss from the rim around their base. As this occurs chemicals are released that promote the vertical growth of the limpet's shell.
Spawning occurs once a year, usually during winter, and is triggered by rough seas which disperse the eggs and sperm. Larvae float around for a couple of weeks before settling onto a hard substrate.[14]
Larger limpet species are, or were historically, cooked and eaten in many different parts of the world. For example, in Hawaii, limpets (Cellana species) are commonly known as ‘opihi,[16] and are considered a delicacy; the meat sells for $25 - $42 a pound (454g). In Portugal, limpets are known as lapas and are also considered to be a delicacy. In Chile they are also called "lapas" but are so abundant that it's just considered a regular dish. Within Gaelic Scotland and Ireland, a limpet is known as a báirnach, and Martin Martin recorded (on Jura) limpets being boiled to use in a substitute for breast milk. In Ulleungdo, a Korean island, limpets are called ttagaebi (따개비) and are used to make ttagaebi-bap (limpet rice) and ttagaebi-kal-guksu (limpet noodle soup)
The Patellogastropoda, common name true limpets and historically called the Docoglossa, are members of a major phylogenetic group of marine gastropods, treated by experts either as a clade or as a taxonomic order.
The clade Patellogastropoda is deemed monophyletic based on phylogenetic analysis.
Patellogastropoda est un ordre (ou, selon les auteurs, une sous-classe ou un clade) de mollusques de la classe des gastéropodes.
Selon World Register of Marine Species (25 octobre 2014)[1] :
En 2005 Bouchet et Rocroi ont défini les Patellogastropoda comme un clade et non un ordre comprenant les superfamilles et familles suivantes :
En 2007, Nakano et Ozawa[2] ont fait de nombreux changements dans cette classification en se basant sur la phylogénie moléculaire : Acmaeidae est devenu un synonyme de Lottiidae; Pectinodontinae est devenu la famille des Pectinodontidae; une nouvelle famille Eoacmaeidae avec le nouveau genre type Eoacmaea est créée[2].
PatellogastropodaLottiidae (incluant Acmaea et Niveotectura)
Patellogastropoda est un ordre (ou, selon les auteurs, une sous-classe ou un clade) de mollusques de la classe des gastéropodes.
Patellida Ihering, 1876 è un ordine di molluschi gasteropodi, unico ordine della sottoclasse Patellogastropoda[1], detti anche Docoglossa[2]
Comprende 8 famiglie raggruppate in due superfamiglie:[2]
Patellida Ihering, 1876 è un ordine di molluschi gasteropodi, unico ordine della sottoclasse Patellogastropoda, detti anche Docoglossa
De Patellogastropoda zijn een clade van de klasse der slakken (Gastropoda) die alle in zee leven.
Onderstaand cladogram toont de fylogenetische relatie van de Patellogastropoda gebaseerd op de moleculair fylogenetisch onderzoek door Nakano & Ozawa (2007)[1]
PatellogastropodaLottiidae (inclusief Acmaea en Niveotectura)
De recente taxonomie gebaseerd op Nakano & Ozawa (2007)[1] met plaatsing van de resterende drie families (Neolepetopsidae, Damilinidae, Lepetopsidae) in Lottioidea wordt dan als volgt:
Volgens WoRMS is Patellogastropoda een onderklasse met drie superfamilies en twee uitgestorven families:
Patellogastropoda er forgjellesnegler med et lavt, kjegleformet skall. De lever på havsternder (saltvann), fra tidevannsonen og ned til omtrent 100 meters dyp. De finnes i Norge, som har flere arter langs kysten.
Mange av Patellogastropoda artene omtales ofte som et skjell, det vil si en musling. Det kommer nok av at skallet helt dekker kroppen. Sneglene har et enkelt skall, mens muslingen har to to like skallhalvdeler som omgir dyret.
Skallet er lavt, kjegle eller pyramideformet, ikke snodd eller vridd. Det dekker det helt kroppen og er gjerne overgrodd av alger. Skallet er opptil 80 millimeter bredt hos de største artene.
Alle snegler i saltvann tilhører forgjellesneglene, som kan stenge skallet med et skallokk (operkulum). Patellogastropoda mangler dette lokket.
Disse sneglene lever på hardt underlag, som steiner og berg, hvor de suger seg fast. De finnes fra strandsonen og ned til nærmere 100 meters dyp. Den lever av å raspe alger av berget med raspetungen. Fine hår i ganen hjelper til med å ta inn maten.
Formering skjer i vinterhalvåret, ved at egg og spermier slippes ut i vannmassene. Dette skjer når det er grov sjø og sterke strømmer. Eggene blir spredt med vannet og larvene lever noen uker pelagisk, det vil si at de svømmer fritt i vannet, før de finner et sted hvor de fester seg.
Patellogastropoda er forgjellesnegler med et lavt, kjegleformet skall. De lever på havsternder (saltvann), fra tidevannsonen og ned til omtrent 100 meters dyp. De finnes i Norge, som har flere arter langs kysten.
Patellogastropoda Lindberg, 1986[1][2], historicamente denominada de Docoglossa Troschel, 1866[3], é uma subclasse da classe Gastropoda[1] (a mesma classe dos caracóis, caramujos e lesmas). Também são conhecidos pelo termo lapa, embora esse termo também se aplique a moluscos de outros clados.
Estes moluscos caracterizam-se por suas conchas calcárias, vagamente cônicas e não espiraladas. Suas conchas são geralmente ovais com uma protuberância próxima ao centro, embora existam exceções.[4]
Possuem duas brânquias na maioria das vezes. Em algumas espécies, há apenas uma, que se projeta no lado direito.[4]
A maior parte das espécies não chega a ter mais de oito centímetros, sendo que muitas são bem menores. Entretanto, algumas espécies, como a Patella mexicana, oriunda do oeste do México, podem chegar a ter vinte centímetros de diâmetro.
O tempo de vida desses moluscos é variável, mas geralmente longo. Foram registrados espécimes que viveram mais de uma década.
O tempo de vida tende a diminuir em função do aumento da quantidade de alimento. Espécimes que vivem em rochas estéreis tendem a crescer mais lentamente e viver mais que aqueles que vivem em ambientes com mais disponibilidade de alimento. Por exemplo, os indivíduos da espécie Patella vulgata podem viver até cerca de quinze anos, com um crescimento muito lento, em rochas. Se alimentos são abundantes, porém, crescem muito mais rapidamente, mas só vivem dois ou três anos.[5]
Espécies dessa ordem podem ser encontradas em costas rochosas de todos os oceanos. Na costa brasileira, a espécie Acmaea subrugosa (ou Collisella subrugosa), vulgarmente denominada chapeuzinho chinês, é bastante comum. A espécie Patella vulgata apresenta também ampla distribuição, sendo encontrada nas costas do Mar Adriático, do Mar Mediterrâneo e Oceano Atlântico.
São muito comuns nas zonas entre marés, onde fixam-se às rochas. A maior parte das espécies aderem às rochas e outros substratos agarrando as protuberâncias e depressões do substrato com seu poderoso pé.[4] Também conseguem se pressionar contra as rochas com força considerável, protegendo-se das ondas. Quando se pressionam, conseguem selar a borda de suas conchas contra o substrato, evitando a desidratação durante a maré baixa.
Quando aderem ao substrato, é muito difícil removê-los através de força bruta. Caso se tente removê-los dessa maneira, é mais provável que o espécime seja destruído que removido. Apesar de tamanha resistência à remoção, podem se locomover facilmente através de movimentos ondulados de seu pé.
Várias espécies da ordem voltam à mesma área depois de se alimentarem e durante a maré baixa. O ponto para onde retornam acaba ficando com uma depressão. A concha acaba assumindo exatamente a forma da depressão, de modo a se encaixar perfeitamente, protegendo o espécime da desidratação e de predadores.[5] Ainda não se sabe ao certo como conseguem encontrar o ponto ao qual retornam; suspeita-se que deixam feromônios no muco deixando anteriormente na área, e posteriormente "sentem" com quimioreceptores para onde devem retornar.
Além do comportamento de retornar à mesma área, essas espécies também são bastante territoriais, o que é raro entre invertebrados. Indivíduos dessas espécies chegam ao ponto de empurrar outros organismos para fora de seu território com suas conchas, abrindo espaço para o crescimento de algas. Algumas dessas espécies, notavelmente Lottia gigantea, também parecem "cultivar" algas à volta da região onde assentam.
Esses moluscos alimentam-se geralmente de algas que crescem nos substratos. Removem as algas com suas rádulas. Podem eventualmente comer larvas que assentem sobre o substrato, se forem suficientemente pequenas.[5]
Algumas espécies menores especializaram-se em viver em ervas marinhas, coletando as algas que vivem em tais plantas. Outras espécies pequenas vivem em e consomem algas marrons.
O consumo de algas por esses animais impede a proliferação desmedida das algas. Por isso, são considerados fundamentais para a manutenção da estabilidade da teia alimentar
Entre seus predadores, estão estrelas-do-mar, aves marinhas, peixes e mamíferos aquáticos, como focas. As lapas possuem diversas defesas contra esses animais: podem fugir, aderir à rocha etc. A defesa adotada depende do predador, que pode muitas vezes ser identificado quimicamente.
As espécies do gênero Cellana são muito apreciadas no Havaí, onde são conhecidas como ‘opihi e podem chegar a custar US$ 40 por 100 gramas.[6]
Outras espécies são apreciadas nos arquipélagos dos Açores e da Madeira e em Portugal, onde são abundantes. As lapas grelhadas constituem uma das formas mais populares de preparação.
Além do uso alimentar, as conchas desses animais são procuradas por colecionadores de conchas.
Algumas espécies estão ameaçadas. A espécie Patella mexicana está sob risco de extinção, devido à coleta descontrolada (tanto para alimentação quanto por colecionadores) combinada com seu lento crescimento. Os ‘opihi havaianos também estão se tornando escassos, uma vez que são iguarias muito apreciadas. Algumas leis foram propostas para restringir a coleta, mas foram vetadas.[6]
A desova ocorre uma vez por ano, geralmente durante o inverno. As larvas vivem na zona pelágica durante algumas semanas, antes de assentarem sobre rochas e outros substratos.
Ao menos algumas espécies são hermafroditas e sofrem mudança de sexo durante o período de vida.[5]
A taxonomia do clado Patellogastropoda segue abaixo:
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|coautores= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link) Patellogastropoda Lindberg, 1986, historicamente denominada de Docoglossa Troschel, 1866, é uma subclasse da classe Gastropoda (a mesma classe dos caracóis, caramujos e lesmas). Também são conhecidos pelo termo lapa, embora esse termo também se aplique a moluscos de outros clados.
Patellogastropoda, karından bacaklılar sınıfında bulunan ve basık konik biçimli kabukları olan yumuşakçalardan meydana gelen takımın adı. Gelgit olaylarının görüldüğü bölgelerde, yüksek noktalardan, okyanusların kıyılarında bulunan kayaların olduğu yerlerde yaşayabilirler. Patellogastropoda türleri genelde kayaların üzerine yapışmış biçimde dururlar ve kayanın yüzeyinde birer tümseği andırırlar. Kendilerini kayalara sümüksü sıvılarını salgılayarak ayak görevi gören kaslarıyla yapıştırırlar. Bu, Patellogastropoda türlerini güçlü dalgalar ile çarpıştıklarında savrulmaktan korur. Beslenme öğelerini kayaların üstünde bulunan algler oluşturur. Alglerin liflerini radula adı verilen özel dişsi organlarıyla kazıyarak yerler. Solucanlarınkine benzer biçimde vücutlarını dalgalandırarak hareket eder ve yer değiştirebilirler.
Çoğu Patellogastropoda türleri 8 cm'den küçük bir boyuta sahiptir. Ancak bunların içinde Batı Meksika Patellogastropodası 20 cm'ye büyüyebilir. Hawaii'de Patellogastropoda, opihi adı ile anılır ve yiyecek olarak tüketilir. Bir Patellogastropoda türünden olan hayvan uzun süre yaşayabilir. Ortalama 10 yıl yaşam sürebilen Patellogastropoda türlerinin bazıları 20 yıl kadar yaşayabildiği bilinmektedir. Günümüzde Patellogastropoda türlerinin kayalara yapışabilmek için vücutlarından salgıladıkları sıvının kansere ilaç olup olamayacağı araştırılmaktdır.
Patellogastropoda, karından bacaklılar sınıfında bulunan ve basık konik biçimli kabukları olan yumuşakçalardan meydana gelen takımın adı. Gelgit olaylarının görüldüğü bölgelerde, yüksek noktalardan, okyanusların kıyılarında bulunan kayaların olduğu yerlerde yaşayabilirler. Patellogastropoda türleri genelde kayaların üzerine yapışmış biçimde dururlar ve kayanın yüzeyinde birer tümseği andırırlar. Kendilerini kayalara sümüksü sıvılarını salgılayarak ayak görevi gören kaslarıyla yapıştırırlar. Bu, Patellogastropoda türlerini güçlü dalgalar ile çarpıştıklarında savrulmaktan korur. Beslenme öğelerini kayaların üstünde bulunan algler oluşturur. Alglerin liflerini radula adı verilen özel dişsi organlarıyla kazıyarak yerler. Solucanlarınkine benzer biçimde vücutlarını dalgalandırarak hareket eder ve yer değiştirebilirler.
Çoğu Patellogastropoda türleri 8 cm'den küçük bir boyuta sahiptir. Ancak bunların içinde Batı Meksika Patellogastropodası 20 cm'ye büyüyebilir. Hawaii'de Patellogastropoda, opihi adı ile anılır ve yiyecek olarak tüketilir. Bir Patellogastropoda türünden olan hayvan uzun süre yaşayabilir. Ortalama 10 yıl yaşam sürebilen Patellogastropoda türlerinin bazıları 20 yıl kadar yaşayabildiği bilinmektedir. Günümüzde Patellogastropoda türlerinin kayalara yapışabilmek için vücutlarından salgıladıkları sıvının kansere ilaç olup olamayacağı araştırılmaktdır.
笠形腹足類支序（Patellogastropoda），亦作斗笠形貝類[2]:32，舊稱笠螺目[2]:7或梁舌目（Docoglossa）[3]，是软体动物门腹足綱之下的一個主要的系统发生学分類，生活於海洋，包括所有帽貝。本分類原為「亞綱」，現時分類專家一般作演化支（clade）[4]或目來處理[1]。
基於系統發育分析的最佳化，笠形腹足亞綱這個分支被視為是單系群[5]。
大衛·R·林德伯格（英语：David R. Lindberg）（David R. Lindberg）在1986年時建議本分類，當時本分類被指定為一個目，其後林柏格與旁德在1996年編輯腹足綱物種的分類時真腹足亞綱（Eogastropoda）[6]。
根據布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)的分類，笠形腹足類生物被認為是一個支序，而不是分類單元。這個支序包含了多個總科與科，詳列如下（†表示已滅絕的科）：
與先前旁得和林德伯格的腹足類分類 (1997年)的分類相比較，除了笠形腹足類生物在當時被訂為一個目級分類而不是支序，本類物種其實沒有多大變動。布歇特和洛克羅伊的分類索性跳過旁得和林德伯格分類的亞目，再加上Neolepetopsoidea這個總科。
中野智之及小澤智生 (2007)[1]基於分子分類學的研究基礎，對笠形腹足類生物進行大手修訂：
下列這個基於線粒體12S核醣體RNA、16S核醣體RNA和細胞色素c氧化酶I（COI）基因序列克隆形式的支序發育圖（cladogram），顯示了笠形腹足類各成員基於中野智之及小澤智生 (2007)的的系統發育關係[1]及基於WoRMS的總科間的關係[9]：
笠形腹足類 Patellogastropoda 蓮花青螺總科 Lottioidea蓮花青螺科 Lottiidae（包括Acmaea及 Niveotectura）
笠螺總科 Patelloidea 真青螺總科 Eoacmaeoidea留意，Neolepetopsidae科並沒有在以上的支序發育圖裡，因為這個科的成員沒有被包括在中野智之及小澤智生 (2007)的遺傳分析[1]。不過，其實這個科有兩個物種Eulepetopsis vitrea在Paralepetopsis floridensis更早之前Harasewych & McArthur (2000)[10]的文獻已經被分析過，並且 根據部分18S rDNA的分析證實了牠們在青螺總科/蓮花青螺總科中的位置。 Daminilidae跟Lepetopsidae也沒有被包括在支序發育圖裡，因為這兩個科都是只有化石種的科。這三個科都是蓮花青螺總科的成員[9]。假若連牠們的數據也包括的話，這個支序發育圖就會變成[9]：
雖然距離布歇特等人 (2005)發表的分類已有兩年，但中野等人 (2007)依然稱呼本分類為「笠形腹足目」[1]。
笠形腹足類的代表物種笠螺生活於所有海洋沿岸的石灘。
繁殖季節每年只有一次，通常都在冬季。一般發生之時海面很汹湧，使牠們的卵子和精子可以四散。幼體漂浮了兩星期左右，就會附着到堅硬的底質定居[11]。
ScienceNatureBBC的参考文献提供内容
笠形腹足類支序（Patellogastropoda），亦作斗笠形貝類:32，舊稱笠螺目:7或梁舌目（Docoglossa），是软体动物门腹足綱之下的一個主要的系统发生学分類，生活於海洋，包括所有帽貝。本分類原為「亞綱」，現時分類專家一般作演化支（clade）或目來處理。
基於系統發育分析的最佳化，笠形腹足亞綱這個分支被視為是單系群。
린드버그(David R. Lindberg)는 1986년에 삿갓조개류(Patellogastropoda)를 제안하였고, 나중에 폰더와 린드버그(Ponder & Lindberg)는 1996년에 시조복족아강(Eogastropoda)에 포함되는 삿갓조개목으로 분류하였다.[1]
2005년 부쉐 & 로크루아는 특정 목으로 분류하기 보다는 일종의 계통군으로 분류하였다. 포함되는 상과와 과 목록은 아래와 같다.
2007년, 나카노(Nakano)와 오자와(Ozawa)는 삿갓조개류에 관한 분자생물학적 연구 결과에 기초하여, 아래와 같이 분류하였다.[2]
울릉도에서는 삿갓조개로 따개비밥과 따개비칼국수를 만들어 먹는다.
