dcsimg

Distribution in Egypt ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Bibliotheca Alexandrina LifeDesk

Nile region, Oases, Mediterranean region and Sinai.

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Bibliotheca Alexandrina
مؤلف
BA Cultnat
مقدم المحتوى
Bibliotheca Alexandrina
موقع الشريك
Bibliotheca Alexandrina LifeDesk

Global Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Bibliotheca Alexandrina LifeDesk

Macaronesia, Europe, Mediterranean region, west Asia; widely cultivated for fodder in many regions of the World, probably native of west Asia.

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Bibliotheca Alexandrina
مؤلف
BA Cultnat
مقدم المحتوى
Bibliotheca Alexandrina
موقع الشريك
Bibliotheca Alexandrina LifeDesk

Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Plant / resting place / on
Acyrthosiphon pisum may be found on live Medicago sativa
Remarks: season: winter

Foodplant / miner
larva of Agromyza frontella mines leaf of Medicago sativa
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Apion filirostre feeds within bud of Medicago sativa

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / feeds on
pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph of Ascochyta imperfecta feeds on live stem of Medicago sativa

Foodplant / feeds on
basally immersed pseudothecium of Byssothecium circinans feeds on rootstock of Medicago sativa

Foodplant / spot causer
acervulus of Colletotrichum coelomycetous anamorph of Colletotrichum trifolii causes spots on live stem of Medicago sativa

Foodplant / feeds on
Hypera meles feeds on Medicago sativa

Foodplant / spot causer
conidioma of Sporonema coelomycetous anamorph of Leptotrochila medicaginis causes spots on live leaf of Medicago sativa

Foodplant / miner
larva of Liriomyza congesta mines leaf of Medicago sativa
Other: major host/prey

Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Ophiomyia curvipalpis may be found in stem of Medicago sativa
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / sap sucker
Palomena prasina sucks sap of Medicago sativa

Foodplant / parasite
sporangium of Peronospora aestivalis parasitises live Medicago sativa
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / parasite
sporangium of Peronospora trifoliorum parasitises live Medicago sativa

Foodplant / pathogen
pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph of Phoma medicaginis var. medicaginis infects and damages live stem of Medicago sativa

Foodplant / spot causer
immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph of Phyllosticta medicaginis causes spots on live leaf of Medicago sativa

Foodplant / gall
Physoderma alfalfae causes gall of live, conspicously warted stipule of Medicago sativa

Foodplant / spot causer
apothecium of Pseudopeziza medicaginis causes spots on live leaf of Medicago sativa
Remarks: season: 6-12

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Sitona hispidulus feeds on root of Medicago sativa

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Sitona lepidus feeds on Medicago sativa

Foodplant / parasite
mostly hypophyllous uredium of Uromyces pisi-sativi parasitises live leaf of Medicago sativa
Other: minor host/prey

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
BioImages
المشروع
BioImages
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK

Comments ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Lucerne or alfalfa is widely cultivated as fodder.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 305 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
محرر
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Mostly erect to suberect perennial herbs, 30-60 cm, pubescent to subglabrous. Leaflets 5-20 mm long, 3-10 mm broad, obovate to sublinear, dentate at apex, appressed pubescent; entire or dentate at base. Inflorescence a peduncled raceme, peduncle much longer than petiole. Calyx teeth as long as the tube. Corolla 6-12 mm long, violet to pale lavender. Fruit falcate or in a loose spiral of 11-4 turns, glabrous to appressed pilose, 10-20-seeded.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 305 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
محرر
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Probably a native of the Mediterranean region and W. Asia, now introduced and naturalised widely in the temperate regions of the world.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
مؤلف
K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Distribution: Pakistan, India, Central Asia to Europe, Orient and N. Africa; widely cultivated.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 305 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
محرر
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Elevation Range ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
2900 m
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
مؤلف
K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Flower/Fruit ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Fl.Per.: May-September.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 305 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
محرر
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Common Names ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
alfalfa
lucerne
luzerne
snailclover
purple medick
yellow alfalfa
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Cover Value ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, density, marsh

Dabbling ducks (mallards, gadwalls, blue-winged teals, northern pintail,
northern shovelers, American green-winged teals, and American wigeons)
will use haylands for nesting, although this is not the most preferred
nesting cover. Over 80 percent of nests found in haylands are found in
alfalfa, which is highly attractive to mallards and gadwalls after it
has reached half of its mature height and density [16,64,73].

Sharp-tailed grouse and prairie chickens prefer early seral vegetation,
such as retired crop and haylands that contain alfalfa, for courtship
grounds [63,83]. Areas in the cropland adjustment program (CAP), in
which seeded grasses and legumes (particularly alfalfa) are left for
wildlife habitat, are used for food and cover by a variety of birds,
including pheasant, sharp-tailed grouse, greater prairie chicken,
American bitterns, marsh hawks, short-eared owls, and many passerine
birds [30].

Regional cover values of alfalfa for selected wildlife species are as
follows [27]:

UT CO WY MT ND
Elk ---- poor ---- poor ----
Mule deer poor ---- poor ---- good
White-tailed deer ---- poor good good ----
Antelope poor fair poor good good
Upland game birds good good good good good
Waterfowl fair ---- good ---- good
Small nongame birds good good good good good
Small mammals good good good good good
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: association, herb

Alfalfa is an introduced perennial herb. It can reach 24 to 35 inches
(60-90 cm) in height, with 5 to 25 or more erect stems per plant, which
arise from a narrow, woody crown. It has a deep taproot, 10 to 17 feet
(3-5 m) in sandy soils, and 23 to 30 feet (7-9 m) under favorable
conditions [50,110]. Many older plants have roots up to 63 feet (19 m)
deep. A record depth of 130 feet (39 m) was reported in the roof of a
mine tunnel in Nevada [39]. Varieties are available with different root
system types: taproot, branching roots, rhizomatous, and creeping
(horizontal rootstocks that give rise to independent plants) [94,110].
The roots form nodules in association with Rhizobium spp. bacteria,
which fix atmospheric nitrogen. Alfalfa also has endomycorrhizal
associates [27].

Saponic glycosides are found in alfalfa, which are suspected of
contributing to bloat in ruminants [29].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Alfalfa originated in southwestern Asia, was first cultivated in Iran,
and now has a worldwide distribution due to its popularity as an
agricultural species. It was introduced into the United States in 1736
in Georgia, but it was not until around 1850 that it began to be more
widely planted. It is planted in all 50 states and is widely planted in
Canada. It is naturalized in many areas [12,37,50,95].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Fire Ecology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire regime, root crown

As a perennial with a narrow root crown, alfalfa will survive most fires
by sprouting after being top-killed. Alfalfa hard seeds may be
scarified by moderate-severity fires [126,91].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Fire Management Considerations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire management, forb, fuel

The fire susceptibility of rangeland vegetation depends on the reduction
of fuel loads through animal use or drought which reduces standing crop
size [49].

Seeded alfalfa fields are often burned prior to growth initiation in the
spring to reduce insect pests. This treatment results in destruction of
insect eggs and adults, and reduces debris from the previous growing
season that encourages insect population growth. Since soil preburn
conditions are attained within 160 days of the fire, it is unlikely
that a 3-year interval between fires would be detrimental to the soil
[28].

Under current evaluation is a method of presuppression fire management
called "greenstrip management." This involves the production of a
vegetative fuelbreak of green plants that are less flammable than the
surrounding native vegetation. Alfalfa is the most commonly used forb
for this purpose [86].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: geophyte, hemicryptophyte

Hemicryptophyte
Geophyte
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat characteristics ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Alfalfa is well adapted to a wide range of climatic and edaphic
conditions, but it does best in deep, loamy soils with porous subsoils.
It is intolerant of flooding, waterlogging, or poor soil drainage. It
requires large amounts of lime. Alfalfa does not do well on acid or
very alkaline soils, although it will tolerate some alkalinity. It has
fair salt tolerance [47,50,110]. It is naturalized to roadsides, old
fields, and waste places [37].

Alfalfa will tolerate drought and is known as a good producer in dry
years. It needs about 12 inches (30 cm) of precipitation per year on
good soils, 14 inches (36 cm) on less favorable soils [111]. Irrigation
greatly enhances productivity in dry climates [50,106].

Regional elevation distributions are as follows:

Utah 4,500 - 8,600 ft (1,364-2,606 m)
Colorado 4,800 - 8,500 ft (1,455-2,576 m)
Wyoming 3,700 - 8,800 ft (1,121-2,667 m)
Montana 3,400 - 6,600 ft (1,030-2,000 m) [27]
Idaho up to 8,000 ft (up to 2,424 m) [110]

Alfalfa does poorly at high elevations [53,109].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Cover Types ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: cover

Occurs in most SAF Cover Types
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Ecosystem ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES31 Shinnery
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Plant Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

Occurs in most Kuchler Plant Associations
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the term: cover

Occurs in most SRM Cover Types
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Immediate Effect of Fire ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: root crown, top-kill

Moderately severe fires will top-kill alfalfa shoots, and severe fires
may cause damage to or kill the root crown, killing the plant [85].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, formation, frequency

Alfalfa is consumed by most herbivores and omnivores, including all
classes of livestock and big game animals. It is valued for
rehabilitation of overgrazed ranges in part because it begins growth
early and retains green succulence later than grasses [111]. Graham
[45] reported that 27 species of birds and 46 species of mammals are
known to use alfalfa. Birds utilizing the leaves, flowers, or seeds
include sage grouse, sharptailed grouse, pheasant, California quail,
gray partridge, American wigeon, mallard, and little brown crane
[88,104,111]. Alfalfa is consumed by juvenile prairie chickens in
summer, composing up to 7 percent of crop volume [101].

The seeds are consumed by rodents, rabbits, upland birds, waterfowl, and
songbirds. They are a preferred food for deer mice in Nevada [35].
Alfalfa is a source of nectar and pollen for insects [111,114]. Many
small mammals, including jackrabbits, marmots, pocket gophers, prairie
dogs, various ground squirrels, kangaroo rats, and mice graze alfalfa.
Pocket gophers consume roots [45,111].

Stands containing alfalfa are a preferred location for brood rearing by
Canada geese. They nest elsewhere, then bring the brood to these sites,
apparently for both food and cover [48]. The gray partridge is often
found nesting in agricultural lands containing alfalfa [11].

Alfalfa is rated as highly valuable for elk in summer and fall, but it
is not used as food in winter and spring [1,6,67,111]. Alfalfa use by
mule deer and white-tailed deer is highest in summer and fall
[1,6,26,108,111]. Mule deer in the Great Basin sagebrush formation in
California will use small amounts of alfalfa through the winter [68].
Alfalfa is a highly preferred species for pronghorn in the summer. Does
and fawns were found at greater frequency on sites planted with alfalfa
mixtures than on adjacent shrub-dominated rangeland [111,127]. Moose
will consume alfalfa in summer, and bighorn sheep consume alfalfa in
winter and spring [6,92].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Life Form ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: forb

Forb
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Management considerations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: competition, cool-season, cover, forbs, forest, grassland, litter, natural, prescribed fire, presence, seed, selection, shrub, shrubs, warm-season, wildfire

Alfalfa is the most highly valued and widely planted legume. Before
planting, however, managers should take into account the grazing
management plan for the range unit. Seeded species can do more
harm than good, and alfalfa may not always be the most appropriate
legume [46,97]. There is a general trend for preferring native species
for rangeland over introduced species where feasible. It is often the
case that assembly of native seed mixtures is more expensive than
commercially available seed. There are, however, some companies that
are starting to make native legumes available [96,97].

The choice of alfalfa for plantings should depend on climatic and
edaphic conditions favorable to alfalfa establishment. A minimum of 10
to 12 inches (28-38 cm) of precipitation is needed, at least half of it
not snow. Alfalfa is the only exotic legume recommended for planting in
southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta [56]. It appears to
be limited by high elevations [109]. Alfalfa performance and
persistence is quite variable and is dependent on a number of factors,
not all of them predictable [42]. Seedings of alfalfa mixtures in
southeastern Oregon have persisted for 17 years or more, and as long or
longer in other western states [60,99]. The weather factors following
seeding are considered to be highly important in determining successful
establishment. A severe frost following germination is lethal [50].

Grazing management is also influential in establishment and persistence.
'Nomad' alfalfa normally forms seed, so grazing prescriptions that are
designed to favor trampling of seed (thus scarifying it and making a
firm seedbed) may improve persistence [60]. A general trend in western
rangeland seedings is that initial establishment and productivity are
usually good to excellent and drop off as the stand matures [95]. In
southern Oregon, a 1972 aerial seeding of 'Nomad' alfalfa in stands of
crested wheatgrass was "spotty" by 1975 and still lower by 1986. In a
pinyon-juniper type in central Utah, initial coverage of alfalfa on a
chained and seeded rangeland was excellent but declined slightly from
1982 to 1985 [21]. Creeping rooted cultivars are longer lived than
other strains on sites with 12.6 to 15 inches (32-38 cm) precipitation
[51]. The value of alfalfa is such that even a small amount contributes
to forage quality and productivity [49].

Since it is difficult to choose seed mixtures that are perfectly adapted
to particular conditions and produce a specified composition of species,
mixtures of a wide variety of seeds are preferred in most cases [21].
The choice of the grass species to be seeded with alfalfa has an effect
on alfalfa persistence. 'Whitmar' bluebunch wheatgrass
(Pseudoroegenaria spicata) allowed more alfalfa to coexist than did
'Greenar' bluebunch wheatgrass or 'Nordan' crested wheatgrass (Agropyron
cristatum) [60].

In the western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) zone of central Oregon,
a range planting study failed to establish alfalfa. The area receives
11 to 15 inches (28-38 cm) precipitation and has shallow clayey loam
soil. The author concluded that the inclusion of seeds of grasses,
forbs, and shrubs other than crested wheatgrass and Siberian wheatgrass
(Agropyron sibiricum) is "questionable" for the western juniper zone
[69]. It is probable that the planting conditions may have been too dry
for good establishment or that deer or rodents may have damaged the seed
and/or seedlings too heavily. There are other reports of range seeding
failures and plantings that did not have productivity results as high as
expected; these also may have failed to take into account initial
planting conditions or may have failed for more obscure reasons
(competition, rodent predation on seeds or roots etc.) [14,23,60,102].

For rangeland improvement in aspen (Populus spp.) parklands in
Saskatchewan, smooth brome (Bromus inermis) is planted with alfalfa.
Areas that have been chained and seeded are susceptible to regrowth of
aspen and prickly rose (Rosa acicularis) suckers. Application of
herbicides to control aspen and prickly rose have a detrimental effect
on alfalfa. Alfalfa is sensitive to picloram, 2,4,-D and 2,4,5-T, and
is killed at levels applied to control woody species [7]. It may
therefore be only beneficial to include alfalfa in such plantings when a
mix of 2,4-D and picloram is applied 5 to 10 years after the forage
stand is seeded [8]. In a study to control woody reinvaders (aspen and
snowberry [Symphoricarpos occidentalis]) in burned and seeded aspen
parkland, it was found that early season, short-duration heavy grazing
severely reduced competition from woody suckers. Newly germinated
forage seedlings survived better and resulted in a more rapid
establishment of forages than under either late-season, short-duration
heavy grazing or no grazing [4].

Establishment: Alfalfa establishes best with a firm seedbed, and
drilling is the preferred method of seeding in most areas
[42,53,91,110]. Recommended planting depth is 1/4 to 1/2 inch (1 mm-
2 mm) [53]. Seed germination is inhibited by the presence of pine and
juniper litter over buried seed. In pinyon-juniper types, germination
may be enhanced by broadcast seeding rather than drilling [34,89]. No
added nitrogen is needed if the seed is inoculated with Rhizobium
bacteria. However, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur should be
supplemented if the soil is deficient in these nutrients [110,114]. The
acid intolerance of alfalfa may be overcome by the addition of calcium
and nitrogen fertilizers, which counteracted the effects of low pH under
laboratory conditions [115].

Some recommended seeding rates (certified pure live seed) are as
follows:

For pure stands 15 - 20 lbs per acre (17-22 kg/ha) [50]
9 lbs per acre (10 kg/ha) [110]
10-15 lbs per acre(12.5-22 kg/ha) [53]

For mixed stands 1-2 lbs per acre (1.25-2.5 kg/ha) [53,111]
2.5 lbs per acre (2.8 kg/ha) [99]

Viable seed is bright olive green [111].

No significant effect on yield was detected between applications where
all seeds were mixed and seeded, and applications where alfalfa was
seeded alternately with crested wheatgrass [101].

The preference of deer mice for alfalfa seed has contribute seeding
failures in Nevada; deer and rodents probably contributed to seeding
failures in northeastern Washington and on a subalpine grassland study
in north-central Washington [32,35,109]. In a study of the combined and
individual effects of deer, rabbit, and rodent use of alfalfa, deer use
was found to have a greater negative impact than rabbit use. Rabbit
damage is usually minimal, except in peak rabbit population years [95].
The soil-loosening effect of alfalfa roots may increase rodent burrowing
activity, which can contribute to postestablishment failures [45].

Seeding dates vary with location. In South Dakota, late summer seedings
are more successful than spring seedings. Sowing can take place later
farther south; near the Gulf of Mexico, alfalfa can be sown as late as
October, and in the Southwest, plantings can be made as late as
December. North and east of Nebraska, spring sowing is usually best
with a companion grain crop [50]. If the management goal is to provide
a seasonally balanced grassland, it is important to delay seeding to
favor warm-season species. If planted too early, the tendency is to
establish a stand dominated by cool-season species [84].

Planting methods and further management considerations are detailed in
Horton 1989 [53], Hull and others 1958 [55], Love and Jones 1952 [73],
and in:

1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station. 1979. User guide to vegetation. Gen. Tech.
Rep. INT-64. Ogden, UT.
2. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station. 1979. User guide to soils. Gen. Tech. Rep.
INT-68. Ogden, UT.

For postfire regeneration projects in Alberta, where much of the organic
matter is destroyed by fire, alfalfa seeded with wheatgrasses, red
fescue, brome grasses, and clovers is more successful in spring
plantings than fall plantings [2]. The concern has been raised that
seeding introduced species such as alfalfa can suppress native
vegetation. In degraded big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) habitat
types, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) is an invading species that is
reduced by moderate to severe wildfires. Since the native perennial
grass seed bank in these areas is depauperate, postfire seeding of
introduced species after such wildfires can greatly reduce the acreage
invaded by cheatgrass. These seedings appear to prevent revegetation by
species native to the area, so managers must be able to judge which
areas are likely to be invaded by cheatgrass after fire (which can be
partially predicted by the amount of unburned organic litter remaining
after a fire) and seed those, leaving other areas to natural
regeneration [128].

Livestock use: Rangeland use of alfalfa carries the risk of bloat in
cattle, horses, and sheep. This risk can be reduced by planting
perennial grasses to cover at least half of the site [50,110,114].
Bloat risk is also reduced by delaying grazing until after flowering is
completed [110].

Alfalfa does not persist on moderately to heavily grazed rangelands
unless there are well-timed rest periods [53]. A short period of
intense grazing during May and June is considered more favorable
management for alfalfa than a long period of summer grazing [97].
Alfalfa tolerates rotational grazing; stands will weaken rapidly if
grazed continuously [50]. Hafenrichter [46] recommends a rotation
deferred system in bunchgrass areas. Grazing should not be closer than
4 to 6 inches (10-15 cm). Alfalfa is sensitive to depletion of root
reserves in the fall and should not be grazed heavily at this time
[110]. Frequent, intense clipping decreases lateral shoot spread [95].
The longevity of alfalfa in some semiarid environments appears related
to the degree of utilization--persistence is enhanced when only lightly
used [99]. Some cultivars are more tolerant of grazing than others. A
prostrate growth form is associated with persistence under grazing [20].
For example, under close grazing, 'Nomad' alfalfa assumes a prostrate
form, which increases its tolerance to grazing [60].

Methods for hay production are detailed in [46,50,70,110,130,131].

Insect pests: The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) causes stunted,
wilted plants and reduces cold hardiness. The alfalfa weevil (Hypera
postica) is the most important pest in the United States and Ontario.
It can defoliate both first and second cuttings of hay, reducing hay
yield up to 50 percent and also reducing hay quality. Alfalfa curculio
(Sitona scissifrons), a weevil that attacks leaf edges, is not a problem
in established stands but can destroy seedling fields. Lygus plant bugs
(Lygus spp.) mostly damage seed production. The alfalfa looper
(Autographa californica) is not a serious problem except where local
outbreaks can cause severe damage. Grasshoppers (Melanoplus spp.,
Camnula spp.) consume all plant parts and can be extremely destructive
in dry years [110].

Control of insect pests: The pea aphid, alfalfa weevil, and alfalfa
looper are subject to biological control; chemical control is also
recommended for the pea aphid, alfalfa weevil, alfalfa curculio, lygus
plant bugs on seed crops; outbreaks of alfalfa looper; and for
grasshoppers [110].

Diseases: Most diseases of alfalfa become more severe with the age of
the stand; most stands are free of disease the first year, with the
exception of alfalfa sickness. Disease can be established by the second
year, and by the fourth year, it is often uneconomical to maintain the
stand. Stands can be kept healthy by such management practices as
adequate fertilizer and water. Varieties should be chosen that are
resistent to diseases common to the area.

Leaf and stem diseases include common leaf spot, yellow leaf blotch,
black stem, downy mildew, and verticillium wilt. Crown and root
diseases include winter crown rot crown bud rot, bacterial wilt, alfalfa
sickness, and brown root rot [110].

Control: Burning in the spring before growth begins prevents crop
injury by the burn and reduces the amount of infected leaves. Crown and
root diseases are mitigated with adequate fertilizer and by allowing
plants to recover in the spring before cutting or grazing. Adequate
late summer growth builds up winter reserves and reduces disease
susceptibility [110].

Wildlife use: Sharp-tailed and sage grouse habitat can be developed in
North Dakota by planting brome grass and alfalfa and left undisturbed
until stand vigor declines. Vigor can then be restored by mechanical
disturbance, reseeding, or burning, with prescribed burning considered
the least disruptive to grouse [62,63]. For wildlife habitat
(particularly dabbling ducks) in the northern prairie pothole region, it
is recommended that native grasses be planted on sites that receive 20
inches (51 cm) or more annual precipitation, and that introduced grasses
and legumes (particularly alfalfa) be used in the drier areas. It is
considered better for duck nesting if fields of 40 acres (25 ha) or more
are established near or adjacent to wetland types of habitat [30].
Removal of cover by mowing affects the distribution of breeding ducks
but probably does not decrease the overall breeding population.
However, residual growth is an important component of selection of nest
sites for many species of ducks, and therefore nesting would be
increased by allowing some areas to go unmowed in the latter part of the
season [75].

Gray partridge nesting in North Dakota can be encouraged in alfalfa
stands that are adjacent to cereal crops (especially on roadsides and
field edges). These stands are best if left unmowed so that heights of
9 to 12 inches (23-30 cm) are achieved. Programs to leave unmowed
strips along the crop side of fields and roadsides could greatly
increase potential nest sites for gray partridge [11].

Upland sandpipers in North Dakota have experienced population declines,
largely due to past hunting and loss of habitat. Many acres of suitable
habitat have been converted to grasses and legumes, notably alfalfa and
sweetclover. Alfalfa fields are usually too tall for upland sandpipers,
which prefer cover heights between 6 and 12 inches (15 and 30 cm).
Alfalfa is not recommended for upland sandpiper habitat and therefore a
management goal to increase habitat for upland sandpipers would include
conversion of alfalfa fields to native vegetation where appropriate
[62].

Management for pronghorn includes the maintenance of rangeland in seral
stages such that grasses and forbs dominate, with a low (15-20 percent)
shrub cover [127]. This was accomplished historically by periodic
wildfire, and today can be accomplished by prescribed fire or by
chaining and drill-seeding big sagebrush communities dominated by tall
shrubs. Recommended seed mixtures contain approximately six species
each of grasses, forbs, and shrubs [127]. Including alfalfa in the seed
mixtures is highly recommended for a number of habitat types. This
technique is considered very successful for pronghorn habitat
improvement in southeastern Oregon [59,61]. After at least 6 years,
alfalfa constituted 10 percent of the vegetation on most planted sites
[127].

Cultivars: For nonirrigated land, 'Ranger' alfalfa is a hardy,
wilt-resistant variety. It is widely adapted throughout the northern
and central United States. 'Ladak' alfalfa produces a large first crop
but is very slow to recover recovery after cutting. It has some
resistance to wilt and leaf diseases. It is most valued in cold, dry
climates. 'Vernal' alfalfa is a variety developed in Wisconsin and has
excelled 'Ranger' in both yield and stand persistence. 'Nomad' alfalfa
is a creeping or pasture-type which persists under intensive and
continuous grazing. It has rather wide adaptation throughout the
Northwest and elsewhere under dry and cold conditions. 'Rambler'
alfalfa is also a creeping variety that spreads by true underground
roots. It is adapted to the prairie provinces of Canada and northern
areas in the United States [111,122].

A more complete list of cultivars and their availability can be found
in :

1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 1960.
Alfalfa varieties in the United States. Agric. Handb. 177.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 30 p.
2. Barnes, D. K.; Smith, D. L. 1984 Review and description of alfalfa
varieties. In: Report of the Alfalfa Improvement Conference.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service: 115-118.
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Nutritional Value ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: density, fresh, selection

Alfalfa is considered one of the most nutritious forages available,
producing more protein per hectare than any other crop. It is
considered an important source of vitamin A, and of 10 other vitamins as
well [12,23,50,60]. White and Wight [122] found that pasture yield had
an inverse relationship to forage quality: the higher the density, the
lower the crude protein (CP) and dry matter digestibility. Phenological
stage accounts for 97 percent of the variation in neutral detergent
fiber and in vitro dry matter digestibility: nutritive value decreased
with maturity [103]. There have been numerous studies on the nutritive
value of fresh alfalfa, as hay, pelleted, and ensiled.

A selection of values for some characteristics is as follows [9,38,110]:

CP(%) available P(%) dry matter acid detergent
STAGE CP(%) digestibility(%) fiber(%)
_____________________________________________________________________
vegetative 32.8 31.8 0.44 84 18.1
flower 29.2 28 0.38 79 21.7
mature 25.6 24.2 0.32 74 25.3
regrowth 22.0 20.2 0.26 69 28.9 [38]

Digestible protein (%) for selected species is as follows [82]:

dried vegetative early bloom
________________________________________
Cattle 12 15.1
Sheep 12 15.3
Goats 12.4 14.6
Horses 11.9 14
Rabbits 11.6 13.6

Further detailed information is available in The Atlas of Nutritional
Data on United States and Canadian feeds [82].

Regional food values for selected wildlife species are as follows [27]:


UT CO WY MT ND
Elk good good good good good
Mule deer good good good good good
White-tailed deer ---- good good good good
Antelope good good good good good
Upland game birds good ---- good ---- fair
Waterfowl good ---- good ---- good
Small non-game birds good ---- good good fair
Small mammals good ---- good good fair
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA
HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD
MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ
NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC
SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY
AB BC MB NF NT NS ON PE PQ SK
YT MEXICO
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Other uses and values ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forbs, shrubs

Alfalfa is a highly valued agricultural species due to the quality of
hay it produces, its soil-conditioning properties, and ability to fix
nitrogen. It is valued for the ability to fix nitrogen during drought
when other legumes are not nodulated or not actively fixing nitrogen
[57]. It is excellent as pasture for swine, and is used as pasture for
cattle and sheep, despite the hazard due to bloat. Bloat is reduced when
alfalfa is planted with perennial grasses [50,110,114].

Alfalfa is a primary honey plant in North America [53,114].

Alfalfa is a recommended component of vegetational snow fences: trees,
shrubs, and forbs planted alongside highways and railroads to reduce
snow drift on the road. Alfalfa contributes wildlife forage and helps
catch and store snow [107].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Palatability ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Alfalfa is highly palatable to all classes of livestock and big game
species [27,32,50,110].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: cool-season

Alfalfa is generally considered a cool-season species, although
succulent growth can take place through the summer. Growth begins early
in the spring [84,119]. Flowering takes place from May to October,
depending on latitude [37].

Some reported dates for anthesis are as follows [27]:

Utah June-August
Colorado May-October
Wyoming June-September
Montana June-August
North Dakota June-September

Alfalfa can remain green throughout the summer, and dies back in the
fall with heavy frost. There is a critical period in early fall for
transfer of food reserves to the roots [50].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cool-season, moderate-severity fire, prescribed fire

Alfalfa fields that were burned to control insect pests were monitored
for soil changes and plant response. The root systems of the plants
were not adversely affected by the fire, and subsequent crops were
similar in appearance and productivity to that of unburned control
plots. Soil preburn conditions (organic matter and nitrogen) were
attained within 160 days [28]. Canopy coverage of alfalfa increased by
the end of the first growing season following a prescribed fire in May
but showed no significant difference from unburned controls in the
second growing season (which may be attributed to the low precipitation
that year) [85]. Mixtures of cool-season grasses and alfalfa and/or
sweetclover respond best (in productivity) to prescribed fires from
March to June. The lowest response by alfalfa is to late summer-early
fall fires [52,65,85].

In a study of individual plant responses to a spring fire in a tallgrass
prairie stand, Pemble and others [87] found that a moderate-severity
fire resulted in a slight decrease in the amount of flowering (flowers
per plant and plants in flower) in alfalfa.
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: ground residual colonizer, herb, rhizome, secondary colonizer

Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: formation, scarification, seed

Alfalfa is obligately insect pollinated. Bees are the major insect
pollinators of alfalfa. Leafcutter bees (Megachile rotundata) and
alkali bees (Nomia melanderi) are efficient pollinators. Honeybees
(Apis mellifera) also visit alfalfa flowers but are not as efficient for
pollination [50].

There are approximately 200,000 seeds per pound (441,000 seeds/kg) [50].
On average, 45 to 73 percent of seeds are hard and require scarification
for efficient germination [116]. The percentage of hard seeds varies
with the area producing the seed. In warmer climates, such as southern
California, the number of hard seeds is around 20 percent; in cooler
areas in Washington, the amount of hard seeds is around 40 to 50
percent. Similarly, lower altitude areas have lower proportions of hard
seed than corresponding higher altitudes [43,25]. The most common
method for scarification is mechanical means [93]. Hard seeds became
permeable to water after 4 minutes at 219 degrees F (104 deg C) [90].
Radiation treatments were also effective in rendering hard seeds
permeable; radio frequencies were found to be the most efficient [113].
Busse [10] found that extreme cold also efficiently releases seed for
water uptake.

Seeds can be long-lived. Seed stored in unheated sheds attained 81
percent germination after 19 years [54]. In soils previously unoccupied
by rhizobial nitrogen-fixers the seeds need to be inoculated with
Rhizobium bacteria for root nodule formation nitrogen fixation [40,110].

Seedlings of alfalfa are not very aggressive, but established plants are
very competitive, especially the creeping rooted varieties [50].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: cover

Alfalfa is probably not shade tolerant. In a study of alfalfa planted
on chained aspen parklands, alfalfa cover decreased steadily as
overstory canopy increased [7].



Alfalfa establishing on an old roadbed in a sagebrush community. ©2006 Louis-M. Landry.

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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Synonyms ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Medicago sativa forma alba Benke. [37]
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: diploid

The currently accepted scientific name for alfalfa is Medicago sativa L.


Alfalfa is considered a species complex, with many
subspecies. Diploid and tetraploid forms are both common,
though all alfalfa cultivars are tetraploid [100]. Subspecies
that may occur in North America are [116]:

Medicago sativa L. subsp. caerulea (Less. ex Ledeb.) Schmalh
Medicago sativa L. subsp. falcata (L.) Arcang., yellow alfalfa
Medicago sativa L. subsp. glomerata (Balb.) Rouy
Medicago sativa subsp. sativa
Medicago sativa L. subsp. × tunetana Murb.

Medicago sativa readily hybridizes with Siberian alfalfa (Medicago
falcata). The intermediate form, variegated alfalfa, is named Medicago
sativa media [37]. Some authors consider the hybrid a separate species,
Medicago media [50,110,113]. An alternatively used name
for the hybrid is Medicago x varia Martyn, or M. s. subsp. x varia (Martyn)
Arcang. [100,129].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the terms: animal unit month (AUM), competition, cover, forbs, forest, reclamation, shrubland, tree, wildfire

Alfalfa is widely used for rehabilitation of overgrazed rangelands. It
is recommended for improvement of both wildlife habitat and livestock
ranges in many areas, especially in the drier western states
[32,77,106,114,127]. Many authors report at least short-term forage
yield increases when rangelands are seeded with alfalfa and grass
mixtures [42,71,99]. It is used in interior forests as part of
erosion-control projects. Compacted soils also benefit from alfalfa in
plantings because alfalfa has deep roots that will grow vigorously in
compacted soils.

There is a general concern about introducing species into ecosystems;
however, nitrogen-fixing species can be a way to facilitate invasion of
native plants that have higher soil nutrient requirements than are
present [33]. Under suitable conditions alfalfa can survive and
increase on rangeland in Utah for 10 years or more [58]. It has been
found to be long-lived and productive in semiarid pastures, persisting
for 25 years or more, with successful self-seeding at rates sufficient
to replace mature plants dying from disease, rodent damage, or
environmental stress [96]. It reseeds on sites with as little as
11 inches (28 cm) of precipitation [96]. Areas in Utah planted with
grass and alfalfa mixtures are estimated to have increased rangeland
productivity from 3.53 acres (1.41 ha) per animal unit month (AUM) to
1.32 acres (0.53 ha) per AUM. Overall, reseeded ranges have resulted in
improved weight gains and performance for cattle and sheep, resulting in
a net economic gain (after costs of reseeding) [96]. 'Ladak' alfalfa
was seeded with other grasses and legumes on mountain meadows in poor
condition to improve productivity and provide forage for livestock and
wildlife, and to provide sage grouse summer habitat [31].

Seeding mixtures for revegetating areas damaged by wildfire often
include alfalfa [32]. Use of alfalfa and other seeded species for
erosion control may, however, have a negative effect on the
establishment of tree species. In sugar maple (Acer saccharum)-hickory
(Carya spp.) forest regions of Quebec, alfalfa was found to contribute
to the inhibition of tree establishment, either through direct
competition or by encouraging rodent populations that damage tree
seedlings [15].

Alfalfa is recommended for seeding mined soils to reduce erosion,
increase forage value, and as a soil conditioner. On a surface-mined
site in an eastern Montana ponderosa pine savanna, alfalfa was broadcast
seeded in a mixture of perennial grasses and forbs. Alfalfa and
sweetclover (Melilotus spp.) produced a total of 424 pounds per acre
(475 kg/ha) on grazed sites in 1975 and alfalfa produced 1,449 pounds
per acre (1,623 kg/ha) on grazed sites in 1978. Thus, alfalfa can
persist for at least a few years in this habitat and produce good
quantities of forage [24]. On strip-mined soils in Illinois, a 15- to
20-year-old stand of brome grass (Bromus spp.) and alfalfa had no
detectable soil profile development. This plot was plowed and reseeded
with a mixture of grass and alfalfa, and established 59 percent cover of
alfalfa. Usable forage after 2 years of growth resulted in productivity
of 5,796 pounds per acre (6,490 kg/ha) for alfalfa [24]. In the first
reported instance of moose activity on reclaimed mine spoils, sites that
were planted to alfalfa, clover (Trifolium spp.), and grasses were found
to have a higher incidence of moose use than the untreated adjacent
forest and shrubland, although the amount of difference was small [91].

Alfalfa is used for revegetation projects on many mined sites in the
western United States, and primarily in northern Illinois and similar
areas where the mined soils do not require additions of lime or
fertilizer [119]. Reasonably good establishment can be expected as long
as there is sufficient precipitation (a minimum of 10 to 12 inches [28
cm]) and soil conditions are taken into account [13,91]. In a study on
coal mine reclamation in Arizona, alfalfa was able to establish on mined
soils but only had moderate performance [22].

In Manitoba, on mixed-grass prairie sites disturbed by military tank
maneuvers, it appears that leaving the disturbed sites alone to return
to native vegetation is just as beneficial as reseeding with mixtures
of grasses and alfalfa [125].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Sullivan, Janet. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Cyclicity ( البرتغالية )

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Ago / Set
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Distribution ( البرتغالية )

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Chile Central
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Pablo Gutierrez
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Morphology ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من IABIN
Arbusto
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Molecular Biology ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من IABIN
ligninas
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Reproduction ( البرتغالية )

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Semente
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Distribution ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من IABIN
I, II, III, IV, V, RM, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, Juan Fernandez
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Physical Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من USDA PLANTS text
Perennial, Herbs, Stems woody below, or from woody crown or caudex, Taproot present, Nodules present, Stems erect or ascending, Stems or branches arching, spreading or decumbent, Stems less than 1 m tall, Stems solid, Stems or young twigs glabrous or sparsely glabrate, Stems or young twigs sparsely to densely hairy, Leaves alternate, Leaves petiolate, Stipules conspicuous, Stipules green, triangulate to lanceolate or foliaceous, Stipules persistent, Stipules adnate to petiole, Stipules toothed or laciniate, Leaves compound, Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, Leaves odd pinnate, Leaflets dentate or denticulate, Leaflets opposite, Leaflets 3, Leaves glabrous or nearly so, Inflorescences globose heads, capitate or subcapitate, Inflorescence axillary, Flowers zygomorphic, Calyx 5-lobed, Calyx glabrous, Petals separate, Corolla papilionaceous, Petals clawed, Petals orange or yellow, Petals blue, lavander to purple, or violet, Banner petal ovoid or obovate, W ing petals narrow, oblanceolate to oblong, Wing petals auriculate, Wing tips obtuse or rounded, Keel tips obtuse or rounded, not beaked, Stamens 9-10, Stamens diadelphous, 9 united, 1 free, Filaments glabrous, Style terete, Fruit a legume, Fruit unilocular, Fruit indehiscent, Fruit strongly curved, falcate, bent, or lunate, Fruit spirally coiled or contorted, Fruit exserted from calyx, Fruit 2-seeded, Fruit 3-10 seeded, Seeds reniform, Seed surface smooth, Seeds olive, brown, or black.
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المحول البرمجي
Dr. David Bogler
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Lusern ( الأفريكانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AF

Lusern (Medicago sativa) is 'n meerjarige plant. Na gelang van die variëteit en klimaat kan dit vyf tot twaalf jaar oud word. Met 'n hoogte tot 1 m en trossies klein blou blomme lyk dit baie soos die Klawer (Trifolium). Die plant het 'n diep en sterk ontwikkelde wortelstelsel wat tot 4,5 m kan uitstrek. Dit help die plant om tydelike droogtes te oorleef.

Lusern is inheems aan Europa en word wêreldwyd as veevoer verbou.

Verwysings

  1. "Medicago sativa – ILDIS LegumeWeb". ildis.org. Besoek op 7 Maart 2008.

Eksterne skakels

Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
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Lusern: Brief Summary ( الأفريكانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AF

Lusern (Medicago sativa) is 'n meerjarige plant. Na gelang van die variëteit en klimaat kan dit vyf tot twaalf jaar oud word. Met 'n hoogte tot 1 m en trossies klein blou blomme lyk dit baie soos die Klawer (Trifolium). Die plant het 'n diep en sterk ontwikkelde wortelstelsel wat tot 4,5 m kan uitstrek. Dit help die plant om tydelike droogtes te oorleef.

Lusern is inheems aan Europa en word wêreldwyd as veevoer verbou.

 src=

'n Lusernveld.

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Bale lusern.

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Blom van naby.

 src=

Sade

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Medicago sativa ( الأستورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AST
Alfalfa Medicago sativa (5182406895).jpg Tamañu de porción Enerxía 23 kcal 96 kJCarbohidratos 2.1 g • Fibra alimentaria 1.9 gGrases 0.7 gProteínes 4 gTiamina (vit. B1) 0.076 mg (6%)Riboflavina (vit. B2) 0.126 mg (8%)Niacina (vit. B3) 0.481 mg (3%)Ácidu pantoténicu (vit. B5) 0.563 mg (11%)Vitamina B6 0.034 mg (3%)Vitamina C 8.2 mg (14%)Vitamina K 30.5 μg (29%)Calciu 32 mg (3%)Fierro 0.96 mg (8%)Magnesiu 27 mg (7%)Manganesu 0.188 mg (9%)Fósforu 70 mg (10%)Potasiu 79 mg (2%)Sodiu 6 mg (0%)Cinc 0.92 mg (9%) % de la cantidá diaria encamentada p'adultos. Fonte: Alfalfa na base de datos de nutrientes del USDA.[editar datos en Wikidata]
«alfalfa» redirixe equí. Pa otres aceiciones, ver alfalfa (dixebra).
 src=
Inflorescencia y fueyes trifoliolaes.
 src=
Frutos en hélices siniestres, maduros y neñones.

La alfalfa, que'l so nome científicu ye Medicago sativa, ye una especie de planta yerbácea perteneciente a la familia de les fabacees o Leguminosae.

Descripción

Son yerbes perennifolias, sobremanera erectas a suberectas qu'algamen un tamañu de 30-60 cm d'altor, pubescentes a subglabres. Los foliolos de 5-20 mm de llargu, 3-10 mm d'anchu, obovaes a sublineal, dentaos nel ápiz, adpreso pubescentes; entera o dentada na base. Inflorescencia en recímanu pedunculáu, el pedúnculu muncho más llargu qu'el peciolu. Corola de 6-12 mm de llargu, violeta pálidu lavanda. Les fruta o nuna espiral fluexa de 11-4 xiros, glabres a pilosas.[1]

Usos

Ye una planta que s'utiliza llargamente como campera y con esti propósitu cultívase intensivamente nel mundu enteru. Tien un ciclu vital d'ente cinco y doce años, dependiendo de la variedá utilizada, según del clima; en condiciones benignes puede llegar a venti años.[2] Llega a algamar un altor de 1 metro, desenvolviendo trupes agrupaciones de pequeñes flores púrpures. Los sos raigaños suelen ser bien fondes, pudiendo midir hasta 4,5 metros. D'esta manera, la planta ye especialmente resistente a la seca.

Tien un xenoma tetraploide.[3]

Ye una especie qu'amuesa autotoxicidad, polo que ye difícil pa la so grana crecer en cultivares d'alfalfa[4] yá esistentes. Asina, encamiéntase que los sos cultivares se roten con otres especies (por casu, maíz o trigu) enantes de resembrar.[5]

Historia

L'alfalfa vien de Persia, onde probablemente foi adoptada pal usu per parte del humanu mientres la Edá del Bronce p'alimentar a los caballos procedentes d'Asia Central.[6][5] Según Pliniu'l Vieyu, introducir en Grecia alredor del 490 e.C., mientres la Primer Guerra Médica,[7] posiblemente en forma de granes llegaes col piensu de la caballería persa. Pasó a ser un cultivu habitual destináu a l'alimentación de los caballos.[8][9][10] L'humanu puede inxerila como biltos n'ensalaes y emparedaos.[11][12]

Como toles lleguminoses, los sos raigaños tienen nódulos que contienen les bacteries Sinorhizobium meliloti, con habilidá d'afitar nitróxenu, que producen alimentu altoproteico, ensin importar el nitróxenu disponible nel suelu.[13] La so habilidá fijadora de nitróxenu (amontando'l N del suelu) y el so usu como piensu animal ameyora la eficiencia de l'agricultura.[14][15]

 src=
Ilustración
 src=
Nel so hábitat
 src=
Vista de la planta

Principios activos

Propiedaes melecinales

Utilízase la fueya. Tien cualidaes nutritives escepcionales. Contién más proteínes que la mayor parte de los vexetales. Ye tamién rica en Vitamina A, y minerales derivaos. Contién cantidaes pocu avezaes de Vitamina K (necesaria pa coagular el sangre).[17]

Plagues y enfermedaes

Enfermedaes

Enfermedaes bacterianes

Les plantes atacaes presenten síntomes de detención de crecedera de la punta del tarmu, y amarilleamiento al segundu o tercer añu del establecimientu. Los biltos tienen fueyes pequeñes y les puntes amostálguense pel branu cuando fai calor. La seición de los raigaños pasa a tener un color marrón claro nel cambium. Nun esiste tratamientu pa combatir la enfermedá, pero pueden tomase precuros pa caltener la productividá de l'alfalfa como ye la fertilización, bon manexu, y efectuar les cortes nes dómines seques, yá que hai que tener en cuenta que la infeición tien llugar al traviés de feríes y resquiebros de la planta.

Enfermedaes producíes por fungos

Enfermedá de mayores daños na alfalfa, siendo malo de combatir. El síntoma clásicu ye l'apaición na corona o pescuezu d'un podrén. Espandir por encharcamiento y polos daños producíos pol ganáu o la maquinaria.

Otres enfermedaes producíes por fungu son
Enfermedaes de los órganos aéreos

Ye la enfermedá más frecuente de les partes aérees de l'alfalfa, similar a rucar. Presenta llurdios cloróticas nes fueyes nueves ya inferiores al tener estes mayor mugor. El so tratamientu consiste n'aplicar productos fungicidas organocúpricos.

Otres enfermedaes aérees son

Plagues

Importante en tol sur d'España. De color verde amarellentáu y pequeñu tamañu. Plaga iverniza y de principios de primavera, sume col aumentu de la temperatura y la seca *Pulgones

(áfidos) Dientro d'esti grupu d'hemípteros el más importante ye'l pulgón verde (Acyrtosiphon trifolii T. maculata), son chupadores de cazumbre y de los zusmios del parénquima. Pa la so eliminación ye frecuente l'usu d'insecticides.

Otres plagues frecuentes nos cultivos d'alfalfa son

Alfalfa genéticamente modificada

Esiste una variedá (Roundup Ready) modificada por inxeniería xenética, patentada por Monsanto Co., resistente al yerbicida de Monsanto «glifosato».[ensin referencies]

Taxonomía

Medicago sativa describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 2: 778–779. 1753.[1]

Etimoloxía

Medicago: nome xenéricu que del términu llatín melecina, de la mesma del griegu antiguu: μηδική (πόα) medes que significa "yerba".[18]

sativa: epítetu llatín que significa "cultivada"[19]

Variedaes aceptaes
Sinonimia
  • Medicago afganica (Bordere) Vassilcz.
  • Medicago alaschanica Vassilcz.
  • Medicago asiática subsp. sinensis Sinskaya
  • Medicago beipinensis Vassilcz.
  • Medicago grandiflora (Grossh.) Vassilcz.
  • Medicago ladak Vassilcz.
  • Medicago mesopotamica Vassilcz.
  • Medicago orientalis Vassilcz.
  • Medicago pekinensis Vassilcz.
  • Medicago polia (Brand) Vassilcz.
  • Medicago praesativa Sinskaya
  • Medicago praesativa subsp. spontanea Sinsk.
  • Medicago roborovskii Vassilcz.
  • Medicago sativa f. alba Benke
  • Medicago sativa var. grandiflora Grossh.
  • Medicago sativa var. tibetana Alef.
  • Medicago sogdiana (Brand) Vassilcz.
  • Medicago tibetana (Alef.) Vassilcz.
  • Trigonella upendrae H.J.Chowdhery & R.R.Rayo[20]

Nomes vernáculos

Afalfe, afarfa, alfal, alfalce (2), alfalce bordu, alfalfa (11), alfalfa bravo, alfalfa manso, alfalfa montés, alfalfe (5), alfalz, alfance, alfange, alfarfa, alfauce, alfaz, alfás, alholva, almierca, amelca, amielcas, arfarfa (2), carretón (2), carretón cantu, ervaye, falfa, farfa, melga (2), merga (2), miajera, mielca (2), mielcón, mielga (10), mielgas, mierga (3), miergas, mierpes, nielga, probayernos, trebolillo, trébole d'España, artu.Ente paréntesis, la frecuencia del vocablu n'España, y en negrina los más estendíos.[21]

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. 1,0 1,1 «Medicago sativa». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 28 de xunetu de 2014 de 2013.
  2. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14595/alfalfa
  3. http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/22014/1/IND23276500.pdf
  4. http://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/wfc/proceedings2001/understanding_autotoxicity _in_alfalfa.htm
  5. 5,0 5,1 http://www.kansasruralcenter.org/publications/alfalfa.pdf
  6. http://www.caf.wvu.edu/~forage/library/forglvst/bulletins/salfalfa.pdf
  7. Pliniu'l Vieyu: Hestoria natural XVIII, 43 (n'inglés).
  8. http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-4000.pdf
  9. http://www.hayusa.net/alfalfa.html
  10. Lane Fox, Robin (2005): El mundu clásicu. La epopeya de Grecia y Roma. – Crítica, Barcelona, 2007, p. 180. ISBN 978-84-8432-898-8
  11. http://cookeatshare.com/ingredients/alfalfa-sprouts
  12. <http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu/IrrigatedAlfalfa/pdfs/UCAlfalfa8305Industrial_free.pdf
  13. http://cmgm.stanford.edu/~mbarnett/genome.htm
  14. https://portal.sciencesocieties.org/Downloads/pdf/B40724.pdf
  15. http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu/-files/pdf/alfalfaFactSheet.pdf
  16. Font Quer, Pío : Plantes Melecinales - El Dioscórides Anováu, Editorial Llabor, Barcelona, 1980, p.367-368.
  17. (PASSE). 2008. Páx. 73 a 75
  18. New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed., 2005), p. 1054, s.v. medick.
  19. N'Epítetos Botánicos
  20. Sinónimos en The Plant List, Kew Gardens
  21. Nomes en Anthos - Real Xardín Botánicu [1]

Bibliografía

  1. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogu taxonómicu d'especies de Méxicu. 1. In Capital Nat. Méxicu. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  2. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  3. Cronquist, A.J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, Reveal & P. K. Holmgren. 1989. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A., FABALES. 3B: 1–279. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
  4. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  5. Foster, R. C. 1958. A catalogue of the ferns and flowering plants of Bolivia. Contr. Gray Herb. 184: 1–223. View in Biodiversity Heritage Library
  6. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. O.S.. New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  7. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.Y. O.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  8. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  9. Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California 1–1400. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  10. Hitchcock, C. H., A.J. Cronquist, F. M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1961. Saxifragaceae to Ericaceae. Part III: 614pp. In C. L. Hitchcock Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W.. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

Enllaces esternos

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Medicago sativa: Brief Summary ( الأستورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AST
«alfalfa» redirixe equí. Pa otres aceiciones, ver alfalfa (dixebra).  src= Inflorescencia y fueyes trifoliolaes.  src= Frutos en hélices siniestres, maduros y neñones.

La alfalfa, que'l so nome científicu ye Medicago sativa, ye una especie de planta yerbácea perteneciente a la familia de les fabacees o Leguminosae.

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Medicago sativa ( الأذرية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AZ

Medicago sativa (lat. Medicago sativa) - paxlakimilər fəsiləsinin medicago cinsinə aid bitki növü.

İstinadlar

  1. "Medicago sativa - ILDIS LegumeWeb". www.ildis.org. İstifadə tarixi: 2008-03-07.

Həmçinin bax

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Medicago sativa: Brief Summary ( الأذرية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AZ

Medicago sativa (lat. Medicago sativa) - paxlakimilər fəsiləsinin medicago cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Alfals ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

L'alfals o userda (Medicago sativa) i mèliga és una planta de la família de les papilionàcies. És una planta herbàcia perenne amb fulles trifoliades, àpexs foliolars dentats, inflorescències blavoses i fruit en llegum enrotllats en hèlix (orbiculars) amb un cert nombre de llavors. El nom 'alfals' prové d'una paraula àrab que significa "el millor aliment".

Conreu

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Llavors d'alfals per a sembrar.
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Alfals florit.

És una planta farratgera pròpia de climes meridionals. La llavor té la forma d'una petita mongeta i fa uns 2 mm de longitud.Com més càlid sigui el clima i més aigua tingui a disposició major serà el rendiment Necessita terres de pH neutre o alcalines. La seva arrel pot atènyer els 4 metres de fondària i el conreu pot romandre fins a 12 anys, encara que en conreu intensiu s'alça després de 3 o 4 anys. Es pot conrear en secans amb bons rendiments a partir dels 600 litres de pluja anual però és en els regadius on arriba al màxim potencial productiu. És intensament adobada fins i tot amb nitrogen malgrat que queda inoculada normalment amb bacteris de Rhizobium. Les malalties més comunes són l'insecte conegut com a "cuca" i el pansiment bacterial.

N'hi ha moltes varietats però usualment es conreen els ecòtips "Aragó" i "Empordà" En climes prou càlids pot arribar a tenir uns set dalls efectuats des de finals de març a principi de novembre. La meitat del conreu d'alfals de Catalunya es concentra al Pallars Sobirà i la Noguera.[1]

Actualment és un farratge conreat a tot el món (Europa i Estats Units principalment), en climes d'estiu poc càlid com Anglaterra i altres països del nord el substitueix el conreu del trèvol.

Usos

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Es habitual trobar mates als marges de les carreteres. A Torà (Segarra)

Darrerament per influència dels nous corrents en dietètica també es fan servir les llavors germinades en l'alimentació humana però el seu ús primordial és farratgera ja sia en estat verd o com a fenc, ensitjada o també deshidratada.

La deshidratació de l'alfals pot ser feta de forma natural (assecat al sol i després mòlta) o artificial en instal·lacions dotades d'un túnel d'assecatge alimentat per energia elèctrica o de combustibles fòssils. Després de la deshidratació es pot comercialitzar en bales o en grànuls.

La deshidratació d'alfals i de determinats altres farratges rep ajudes de la Unió Europea amb l'objectiu de limitar la dependència de la soja de fora de la Comunitat Europea.

Història

L'alfals és originari de l'antiga Pèrsia des d'on es va estendre el seu conreu cap a l'est i cap a l'oest, probablement seguint les vies d'exportació de cavalls "perses" (cavalls Niseus) i les necessitats o costums alimentàries d'aquells animals.[2][3]

Referències

  1. Universitat de Lleida, L'agricultura i la ramaderia a Lleida davant les noves perspectives: Estudi per la presa de decisions (1995), p.218
  2. Vern L. Marble. Fodders for the Near East: alfalfa. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1989, p. 6–. ISBN 9789251027998 [Consulta: 12 desembre 2010].
  3. United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Farmers' bulletin. G.P.O., 1916, p. 5– [Consulta: 12 desembre 2010].

Enllaços externs

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Alfals: Brief Summary ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

L'alfals o userda (Medicago sativa) i mèliga és una planta de la família de les papilionàcies. És una planta herbàcia perenne amb fulles trifoliades, àpexs foliolars dentats, inflorescències blavoses i fruit en llegum enrotllats en hèlix (orbiculars) amb un cert nombre de llavors. El nom 'alfals' prové d'una paraula àrab que significa "el millor aliment".

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Tolice vojtěška ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ

Tolice vojtěška (Medicago sativa), zvaná také jen vojtěška (nářečně lucerka, srov. britskou angličtinou lucerne a německy Luzerne) nebo mezinárodně alfalfa, je fialově až modrofialově kvetoucí rostlina náležící do čeledi bobovité (Fabaceae). Jde o významnou pícninu. Z původní oblasti výskytu, která sahala od Malé Asie do střední Asie, se do Evropy rozšířila přes Řecko. Hraje významnou roli v zemědělství jako krmivo, a to jako objemné krmivo čerstvá nebo sušená (seno) i jako jadrné krmivo coby součást různých směsí a granulí.

Popis rostliny a její nároky

Apis mellifera - Medicago sativa - Valingu.jpg

Jedná se o víceletou luskovinu, která může růst i 12 let. Vzpřímená tupě hranatá lysá lodyha dosahuje výšky 30 až 90 cm. Trojčetné řapíkaté listy jsou obvejčité, na koncích zoubkované, palisty pak čárkovitě kopinaté. Kvetení této plodiny se uvádí různě, od května do září,[2] od června do září,[3] případně i od května do října. Květenstvím je hrozen čítající 12–15 květů. Plody lusky šedočerné barvy se stáčejí v 1,5–3,5 závitech. Semena mají ledvinovitý, ze stran zploštělý tvar a světle hnědou barvu, stará semena tmavnou.[4] Vojtěšce se lépe daří v teplejších oblastech. Její rozvětvený kořenový systém zasahuje do hloubky i několika metrů a činí ji poměrně odolnou vůči suchu. Vyžaduje neutrální pH půdy.

Využití v zemědělství

V osevním postupu se užívá jako zlepšující plodina. Vojtěška se seje samotná jako čistý výsev nebo spolu s krycí plodinou jako podsev. Často zplaňuje podél cest, na náspech, okrajích polí a podobně, a může se křížit se žlutě kvetoucí příbuznou tolicí srpovitou (Medicago falcata). Vojtěška je obtížně silážovatelná, a to kvůli vysokému obsahu dusíkatých látek, nízkému obsahu zkvasitelných cukrů a nízké pufrační kapacitě. Je to však jeden z hlavních a nejlevnějších zdrojů rostlinných bílkovin v krmných dávkách.[5] Pěstuje se především v kukuřičných a řepařských oblastech, kde dává i 3–4 seče. V lepších bramborářských oblastech poskytne 2 seče.[6] Díky své symbióze s hlízkovitými bakteriemi, které jí (a jiným bobovitým rostlinám) pomáhají fixovat dusík ze vzduchu, není nutné vojtěšku významně přihnojovat dusíkatými hnojivy. Vojtěška dokáže fixovat 200–300 kg[7] dusíku na hektar půdy.

Obsahové látky a fyziologické účinky

Tato rostlina obsahuje velké množství energie a bílkovin, takže je velmi výživná (téměř se vyrovná jarní trávě). Výhodné je tedy zkrmovat ji zvířatům, která potřebují hodně stavebních látek (rostoucí zvířata) a energie (laktující zvířata). Naopak u zvířat, která nemají velký výdej energie, není vhodná velká dávka vojtěšky, neboť vede k obezitě a zatížení ledvin, které odbourávají dusík obsažený v bílkovinách. Pro své složení může vojtěška posloužit jako přirozený zdroj vápníku. Dále je bohatá na železo, hořčík, fosfor, sodík, draslík a křemík, z vitamínů A, B, C, E i K. Nalezneme v ní i všech 8 pro člověka esenciálních aminokyselin.

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Medicago sativa L.

Vojtěška má fyziologické účinky, tedy působí na organismus. Reguluje funkci jater, ledvin (diuretikum), ovlivňuje hladinu cukru v krvi, napomáhá růstu kostní tkáně, reguluje střevní mikroflóru (čímž může zlepšit metabolismus), působí protizánětlivě. Je schopna snižovat kyselost v trávicím traktu.

Pod názvem Alfalfa je nabízena v doplňcích stravy.

Odrůdy

Pěstováno je mnoho odrůd odlišných svými vlastnostmi – nároky na půdu, srážky, teplotu, odolností vůči poléhání, obrůstáním po seči atd. Dle Seznamu odrůd zapsaných ve Státní odrůdové knize České republiky: k 1. 8. 1998 bylo v ČR 15 odrůd vojtěšek, a to např. Jarka, Jitka, Magda, Zuzana, Litava.

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. DEYL, Miloš; HÍSEK, Květoslav. Naše květiny. 3. vyd. Praha: Akademia, 2001. 690 s. ISBN 80-200-0940-X. S. 86.
  3. ČIHAŘ, Jiří. Příroda v ČSSR. 3. vyd. Praha: Práce vydavatelství a nakladatelství ROH, 1988. 432 s. 24-003-88. S. 125.
  4. Archivovaná kopie. kpt.agrobiologie.cz [online]. [cit. 2012-03-01]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2009-05-07.
  5. Hodnocení výživné hodnoty krmiv: Vojtěšková siláž [online]. Brno: Ústav výživy zvířat a pícninářství Mendelovy univerzity [cit. 2015-04-03]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  6. http://botany.cz/cs/medicago-sativa/
  7. SLAVÍK, Bohumil. Květena České republiky 4. Praha: Academia, 2000. 529 s. ISBN 80-200-0384-3. Kapitola Bobovité, s. 456-8.

Literatura

  • TOMAN, Jan; HÍSEK, Květoslav. Přírodou krok za krokem. 3. vyd. Praha: Albatros nakladatelství, s.r.o., 2001. 191 s. ISBN 80-00-00912-9. Kapitola Bobovité, s. 96,97.
  • Seznam odrůd zapsaných ve Státní odrůdové knize České republiky: k 1.8.1998. 1. vyd. Brno: Ústřední kontrolní a zkušební ústav zemědělský, 1998. 134 s. ISBN 80-86051-15-3.

Externí odkazy

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Tolice vojtěška: Brief Summary ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ

Tolice vojtěška (Medicago sativa), zvaná také jen vojtěška (nářečně lucerka, srov. britskou angličtinou lucerne a německy Luzerne) nebo mezinárodně alfalfa, je fialově až modrofialově kvetoucí rostlina náležící do čeledi bobovité (Fabaceae). Jde o významnou pícninu. Z původní oblasti výskytu, která sahala od Malé Asie do střední Asie, se do Evropy rozšířila přes Řecko. Hraje významnou roli v zemědělství jako krmivo, a to jako objemné krmivo čerstvá nebo sušená (seno) i jako jadrné krmivo coby součást různých směsí a granulí.

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Lucerne (plante) ( الدانماركية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DA
Disambig bordered fade.svg For alternative betydninger, se Lucerne. (Se også artikler, som begynder med Lucerne)

Lucerne (også kendt som Alfalfa og under dens latinske navn Medicago sativa) er en flerårig blomsterplante af ærtefamilien, som dyrkes som vigtig foderafgrøde i mange lande verden over. Af udseende minder den overfladisk om kløver med violette blomster, og så er den en helseplante.

GMO

Lucerne er blevet genetisk modificeret for at være resistent overfor ukrudtsmidlerne glyfosat og glufosinat.

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Verdensproduktionen af lucerne
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Lucerne (plante): Brief Summary ( الدانماركية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DA
Disambig bordered fade.svg For alternative betydninger, se Lucerne. (Se også artikler, som begynder med Lucerne)

Lucerne (også kendt som Alfalfa og under dens latinske navn Medicago sativa) er en flerårig blomsterplante af ærtefamilien, som dyrkes som vigtig foderafgrøde i mange lande verden over. Af udseende minder den overfladisk om kløver med violette blomster, og så er den en helseplante.

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Luzerne ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE
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Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter Luzerne (Begriffsklärung) aufgeführt.

Die Luzerne (Medicago sativa), auch Saat-Luzerne, Alfalfa, Schneckenklee oder Ewiger Klee, britisches Englisch lucerne, amerikanisches Englisch alfalfa genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Schneckenklee (Medicago) in Unterfamilie Schmetterlingsblütler (Faboideae) innerhalb der Familie der Hülsenfrüchtler (Fabaceae). Sie ist auch eine Nutzpflanze.

Beschreibung

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Farbvariante

Vegetative Merkmale

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In diesem Artikel oder Abschnitt fehlen noch wichtige Informationen. Hilf der Wikipedia, indem du sie recherchierst und

Die Luzerne wächst als überwinternd grüne, ausdauernde krautige Pflanze und erreicht Wuchshöhen von bis zu etwa 1 Meter. Sie besitzt ein tiefreichendes Wurzelsystem mit Rhizomen von über 4,5 Metern Ausdehnung, was sie ungünstige Niederschlagsperioden (Dürren) gut überstehen lässt. Der aufrechte, mehr oder weniger behaarte Stängel ist vierkantig.

Die wechselständigen Laubblätter sind dreizählig. Die kurz gestielten Blättchen sind verkehrt-eiförmig bis elliptisch und bis etwa 3 Zentimeter lang. Der Blättchenrand ist ganz bis an der Spitze gesägt. Die Spitze ist bespitzt bis stachelspitzig. Die Nervatur ist gefiedert mit oberseits eingedrückter und unterseits erhabener Mittelader. Unterseits sind die Blättchen manchmal mehr oder weniger spinnwebig, angepresst behaart, sonst sind sie kahl. Es sind kleine, gezähnte und langspitzige Nebenblätter vorhanden.

Generative Merkmale

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Es werden dichte, lang gestielte und achselständige, traubige Blütenstände ausgebildet. Die kurz gestielten Schmetterlingsblüten sind bläulich bis violett, purpurfarben oder weiß. Die zehn Staubblätter sind diadelphisch angeordnet. Der oberständige, kurz gestielte Fruchtknoten ist lang und schmal.

Die braunen, mehr oder weniger behaarten und netzartig geaderten sowie bespitzten, flachen Hülsenfrüchte sind gerade bis meist spiralig gewunden, eingerollt und bis etwa 5 bis 9 Millimeter im Durchmesser. Es sind bei den spiraligen Früchten etwa 1,5 bis 3,5 Umgänge vorhanden. Die bis etwa 2–(8) 15 gelblichen oder hell- bis orange-bräunlichen und nierenförmigen Samen sind etwa 1,5–2 Millimeter groß.

Die Blütezeit reicht von Juni bis September.

Ökologie

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Bestäubung mit Honigbiene

Die Luzerne wächst als Hemikryptophyt (Schaftpflanze), zuweilen auch als Chamaephyt. Sie ist ein ausgesprochener Tiefwurzler. Durch Blattgelenke (Pulvini) sind nächtliche Schlafbewegungen (Nastien) möglich, wobei sich die Fiedern zum Schutz vor nächtlichem Wärmeverlust nach oben zusammenlegen.

Wie andere Hülsenfrüchtler (Leguminosen) besitzt die Luzerne die Fähigkeit, mit Hilfe von Knöllchenbakterien (Rhizobien) elementaren Stickstoff aus der Boden-Luft aufzunehmen und diesen in Form von Aminosäuren zu binden. Die Luzerne lebt mit ihrem wirtsspezifischen Knöllchenbakterium Sinorhizobium meliloti in Symbiose.[1]

Blütenökologisch handelt es sich um Nektar führende „Schmetterlingsblüten“ mit Schnellmechanismus. Die Spannung zwischen Geschlechtssäule und Schiffchen wird durch ein Schwellgewebe an der Unterseite der Staubfadenröhre hervorgerufen. Der Pollen wird durch die herausschnellenden Staubblätter den Besuchern beim Aufsitzen auf das Schiffchen an den Kopf geschleudert. Beim Schnellvorgang bekommen die Bestäuber einen Schlag, was viele Bienenarten nicht stört. Aber die lernfähigen Honigbienen vermeiden nach einiger Zeit den unangenehmen Schlag, indem sie den Nektar mit ihrem Rüssel von der Seite her erreichen. Dadurch bleibt allerdings die Bestäubung aus. Daher werden seit den 1960er Jahren Blattschneiderbienen der Art Megachile rotundata ausgebracht, um Samenansatz zu erreichen. Die Blüten sind teilweise selbststeril.

Die Blüten werden fast ausschließlich von Hummeln besucht, wie u. a. Versuche in Schweden ergaben. Dort wurden Luzernefelder zu weniger als 1 % von Bienen, aber zu 78 % von Hummeln bestäubt. In Finnland hat man daher den Anbau in solche Gebiete verlegt, in denen noch sehr viele Hummeln vorkommen.[2]

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Medicago sativa, reife Hülsenfrüchte
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Mehrfach gewundene Hülsenfrucht von Medicago sativa subsp. sativa

Die Samen werden aus den mehrsamigen, spiraligen, sich nur wenig öffnenden Hülsen durch den Wind herausgeschleudert. Danach können sie sich als Rollfrüchte weiter ausbreiten; meist erfolgt jedoch eine Zufallsausbreitung durch Huftiere. Die Fruchtreife erfolgt ab August. Vegetative Vermehrung ist durch Verzweigung des Rhizoms möglich.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 32.[3]

Die Luzerne wird vom Rostpilz Uromyces striatus mit Uredien und Telien befallen.[4]

Vorkommen

Sie wird in Mitteleuropa oft feldmäßig angebaut und sie verwildert beständig; dann besiedelt sie Wegränder, ruderal werdende Halbtrockenrasen und Trockenwiesen.[5] Sie fehlt im mitteleuropäischen Tiefland und in den höheren Mittelgebirgen gebietsweise; sonst kommt sie in Mitteleuropa zerstreut vor.[5]

Die Luzerne gedeiht am besten auf tiefgründigen, etwas kalkhaltigen, aber nur mäßig nährstoff- und humusreichen Lehm- oder Lössböden.[5]

Landwirtschaft

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Luzerne-Sprossen
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Intensive Landwirtschaft: Luzerne-Anbau in der Kalahari-Trockensavanne (2017)
24°20′21.5″S 018°35′36.4″E-24.33930555555618.593444444444

Die Luzerne wird weltweit als Vieh-Futter, aber auch als Lebensmittel (Sprossen) angebaut. Sehr häufig, wenn nicht überwiegend, handelt es sich bei den angebauten Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa jedoch nicht um die reine Art Medicago sativa, sondern um die Bastard-Luzerne (Medicago × varia).[6]

Geschichte der Kultivierung

Schon in Persien war die Luzerne eine wichtige Futterpflanze für Pferde.[7] Nach Überlieferungen wurde sie um etwa 470 v. Chr. nach Griechenland gebracht. Von dort kam sie etwa um 150–50 v. Chr. nach Italien, wo sie als Futter für Schafe genutzt wurde. Zu Beginn des 16. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. brachten die spanischen Kolonialherren die Luzerne nach Amerika, primär nach Mexiko und Peru. Nach Deutschland kam sie aus Italien durch Waldenser aus dem Luserna-Tal im Piemont, die 1699 bei Wurmberg die Siedlung Lucerne gründeten. Die Verbreitung, zunächst in Württemberg, wird dem Waldenser Anton Seignoret zugeschrieben.[8] Die Sichelluzerne wird erst seit etwa 200 Jahren in nördlichen Gebieten angebaut.[9]

Als Luzerne und Wiesen(=Rot-)klee im 19. Jahrhundert nach Australien und Neuseeland eingeführt wurden, zeigte sich, dass wegen der dort nicht vorkommenden Hummeln kein nennenswerter Samenertrag erzielt werden konnte. Auf Vorschlag von Charles Darwin wurden daraufhin 1885 vier Hummelarten importiert, um die Bestäubung sicherzustellen.[2]

Bis in die heutige Zeit hat sich die Luzerne in gemäßigten bis subhumiden tropischen Gebieten behauptet.

Anbau

Ihre stickstoffbindende Fähigkeit verbessert die Leistungsfähigkeit landwirtschaftlicher Böden. Wenn sie auf geeigneten Böden angebaut wird, ist die Luzerne eine ergiebige Futterpflanze. Die Aussaat erfolgt im Frühling auf einem gut abgesetzten Saatbett mit einem pH-Wert von etwa 6,8 bis 7,5.

Luzerne wird meist als Silage oder Grünmehl für Pellets, wegen hoher Bröckelverluste seltener als Heu geerntet, kann aber auch beweidet werden. Sie erreicht ein Alter von fünf bis zwölf Jahren, abhängig von zum Beispiel Boden und Klima. In Deutschland wird sie 2–3 Jahre genutzt, in anderen Klimazonen länger. In den meisten Klimazonen wird Luzerne drei oder viermal pro Jahr geschnitten. Der Ertrag beträgt etwa 10 t Trockenmasse/ha und Jahr, schwankt aber regional, abhängig vom Wetter und Stadium der Reife, wenn sie geschnitten wird. Dabei sollte die Pflanze einmal pro Jahr zur Blüte gelangen, um mehrere Jahre nutzbar zu bleiben.

Um bayerische Bauern speziell bei der Fütterung von Rindern unabhängiger von Import-Soja aus Übersee zu machen, unterstützte der ehemalige Landwirtschaftsminister Helmut Brunner den Anbau heimischer Luzerne.[10] Er sah im Vergleich zur Sojabohne Vorteile bezüglich des Proteingehalts, des Weiteren zeichne sich die Luzerne durch Stickstoffdüngerersparnis, Angepasstheit an trockene Standorte und die Fähigkeit zur Bodenverbesserung aus. Für Bienen und Insekten stelle sie eine reichhaltige Futterquelle dar.[11]

Der Wasserbedarf beträgt etwa 500–650 mm je Doppelzentner Trockenmasse.

Gentechnisch veränderte Luzerne

2005 wurde in den USA der erste gentechnisch veränderte (gv) Alfalfa sowohl als Nahrungsmittel als auch als Futtermittel zugelassen. Der von der Firma Monsanto entwickelte RoundupReady-Alfalfa ist gegen Roundup (das Breitbandherbizid Glyphosat) resistent. Im ersten Anbaujahr 2006 wurde dieser Alfalfa in den USA auf einer Fläche von rund 80.000 bis 100.000 Hektar angebaut.[12]

2007 wurde die Zulassung in den USA nach umfangreichen Protesten durch Umwelt- und Verbraucherschutzgruppen auf Anordnung eines kalifornischen Gerichtes wieder aufgehoben, da der Zulassung erst eine umfangreiche Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung vorausgehen müsse. Seither war der Anbau nur unter starken Einschränkungen möglich. Im Dezember 2009 veröffentlichte das United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) seinen Prüfungsbericht, der die Gefahr von Umweltschäden als „unwahrscheinlich“ ansah und empfahl, den Anbau von RoundupReady-Alfalfa ohne Auflagen freizugeben.[12] Am 27. Januar 2011 gab der Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service des USDA bekannt, dass RoundupReady-Alfalfa nach umfangreichen und transparenten Prüfungen wieder uneingeschränkt für den Anbau freigegeben ist.[13]

Weitere Zulassungen für den Anbau des Produktes bestehen in Kanada und Japan. Freilandversuche wurden darüber hinaus in Argentinien durchgeführt sowie 1994 in Belgien und Spanien; eine kommerzielle Nutzung wird in Europa allerdings vorerst nicht erwartet.[14]

Zusammensetzung

100 g frisches Blattgut enthalten:[15]

Weitere Inhaltsstoffe sind Cumarinderivate und Saponine. Samen enthalten die gesundheitsschädliche Aminosäure Canavanin, die bei der Keimung größtenteils abgebaut wird.[16]

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Peter v. Sengbusch: Stickstoff-Fixierung. In: biologie.uni-hamburg.de. Botanik online 1996-2004, abgerufen am 4. Januar 2022.
  2. a b Helmut Hintermeier, Margrit Hintermeier: Bienen, Hummeln, Wespen im Garten und in der Landschaft. 2. Auflage. Obst- und Gartenbauverlag, München 1997, ISBN 3-87596-098-X.
  3. Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. 8. Auflage, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, S. 588.
  4. Peter Zwetko: Die Rostpilze Österreichs. (PDF; 1,8 MB) Supplement und Wirt-Parasit-Verzeichnis zur 2. Auflage des Catalogus Florae Austriae, III. Teil, Heft 1, Uredinales.
  5. a b c Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: Die Blütenpflanzen Mitteleuropas. Band 2: Eibengewächse bis Schmetterlingsblütengewächse, Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-440-06192-2.
  6. Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): Die Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Baden-Württembergs. Band 3: Spezieller Teil (Spermatophyta, Unterklasse Rosidae): Droseraceae bis Fabaceae. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1992, ISBN 3-8001-3314-8.
  7. F. F. Matenaers: Der Luzernebau. Nach den praktischen Erfahrungen, wissenschaftlichen Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen in Nordamerika. Parey, Berlin 1912.
  8. Wurmberg in der Beschreibung des Oberamts Maulbronn (Wikisource)
  9. Otto E. Heuser: Die Luzerne. Eigenschaften, Anbau und Verwertung einer wertvollen Futterpflanze. Parey, Berlin 1931.
  10. Agrarminister Brunner hört im Herbst auf. Süddeutsche Zeitung, 5. Januar 2018, abgerufen am 20. Februar 2021.
  11. Bayrisches Staatsministerium Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten: Luzerne statt Soja. (Memento des Originals vom 10. September 2014 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.stmelf.bayern.de
  12. a b Anonymus: Anbau von Gentechnik-Alfalfa in den USA: Grünes Licht nach Umweltprüfung. In: TransGen. 21. Januar 2010, Online (Memento des Originals vom 25. Februar 2015 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.transgen.de
  13. USDA Announces Decision to Fully Deregulate Roundup Ready Alfalfa. USDA press release, 27. Januar 2011 (Memento des Originals vom 4. März 2016 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.usda.gov
  14. Eintrag bei der Transgen Lebensmitteldatenbank: Luzerne – Alfalfa. 29. Oktober 2009. (Memento des Originals vom 25. Oktober 2010 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.transgen.de
  15. Ternes, Täufel, Tunger, Zobel: Lebensmittel-Lexikon. 4. Auflage. Behr’s Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-89947-165-2.
  16. B.-E. van Wyk: Food Plants of the World. Timber Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-88192-743-6, S. 243.
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Luzerne: Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE
 src= Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter Luzerne (Begriffsklärung) aufgeführt.

Die Luzerne (Medicago sativa), auch Saat-Luzerne, Alfalfa, Schneckenklee oder Ewiger Klee, britisches Englisch lucerne, amerikanisches Englisch alfalfa genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Schneckenklee (Medicago) in Unterfamilie Schmetterlingsblütler (Faboideae) innerhalb der Familie der Hülsenfrüchtler (Fabaceae). Sie ist auch eine Nutzpflanze.

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Alfalfey ( المنكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

She lus sheer-vio 'sy chynney pishyryn Fabaceae ee Alfalfa (Medicago sativa). She foddyr scanshoil t'ayn.

Jalloo-oaylleeaght

T'ee gaase dys mysh 70 kentimeadar er yrjid. Ta gish gyn fynney eck, as ymmodee gish gobbey ass yn un vun.

Ta duillagyn maylartey tree-ghuillagagh eck, as dagh duillageen oblanceolatagh, as giarrit ec y jerrey, bunnys. Ta oirryn reaey oc, er lhimmey jeh kuse dy 'eeacklyn. Ta ny duillageenyn mysh 3 kentimeadar er lhiurid.

Ta daa stipule beg sleeanagh ec bun yn yl-ghuillag. Ta raceme er jerrey kuse dy ghish, as blaaghyn echey. Ta ny blaaghyn mysh kentimeader er lhiurid. Ta 5 petylyn oc, 10 staimynyn, as un phistil.[2] T'ad cur magh blaaghyn 'sy tourey son y chooid smoo. Ny yei shen, t'ad cur magh fynneigyn caslit mysh kentimeadar er lhiurid. T'ad moggylagh, as ta fynney creoi orroo ny keayrtyn. Ta rassyn buighey-ouyrey ayndaue.

Ta corys fraueagh dowiney eck, wheesh as 4.5 meadar ny keayrtyn. Myr shen, t'ee feer aahassooagh noi çhirmid.

Ta genome tetraploid eck.

Eggoaylleeaght

Ta alfalfey skeaylley liorish cur magh rassyn. Ta bea 3-12 vlein eck, as shen croghey er yn emshir as y sorçh t'ayn.

T'ee hene-nieunagh, dy ghra myr shen, s'doillee da rassyn alfalfey noa aase mastey alfalfey t'ayn foast. Myr shen, t'ad caghlaa alfalfey lesh dooieyn elley.

Imraaghyn

  1. Medicago sativa - ILDIS LegumeWeb. www.ildis.org. Feddynit er 2008-03-07.
  2. Dr. John Hilty. Illinois Wildflowers (Baarle). Feddynit er 2010-03-27.
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Alfalfey: Brief Summary ( المنكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

She lus sheer-vio 'sy chynney pishyryn Fabaceae ee Alfalfa (Medicago sativa). She foddyr scanshoil t'ayn.

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Alpalpa ( التاغالوغية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Ang alpalpa (Medicago sativa) na tinatawag din na lucerne, ay isang pang-namumulaklak na halaman sa pamilya ng pea familia na Fabaceae na nilinang bilang isang mahalagang pananim ng pagkain sa maraming bansa sa buong mundo. Ginagamit ito para sa greysing, dayami, at silage, pati na rin ang isang berdeng pataba at takip ng crop. Ang pangalang alpalpa ay ginagamit sa Hilagang Amerika. Ang pangalang lucerne ay ang mas karaniwang ginagamit na pangalan sa United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, at New Zealand. Ang planta ay bahagyang kahawig ng klouber (isang pinsan sa parehong pamilya), lalo na habang bata, kapag dahon ng trifoliate na binubuo ng mga leaflet na namamayani. Mamaya sa kapanahunan, ang mga leaflet ay pinahaba. Mayroon itong mga kumpol ng maliliit na mga lilang bulaklak na sinusundan ng mga prutas na may spiral sa 2 hanggang 3 liko na naglalaman ng 10-20 buto. Ang alpalpa ay katutubong sa mas maiinit na temperate na klima. Ito ay nilinang bilang kumpay ng hayop dahil sa hindi bababa sa panahon ng mga sinaunang Griyego at Romano.


Usbong Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.

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Jonxhë ( الألبانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Medicago sativa - harilik lutsern Keilas.jpg
Apis mellifera - Medicago sativa - Valingu.jpg

Alfalfa

Ky është emri me i përshtatshëm qe mund ti gjendej kësaj bime, te jashtezakonshme dhe qe vjen nga fjala arabe "al-fal-fa" babai i te gjith ushqimeve. Ajo njihet edhe me emrin bari mjeksor apo bar spanjoll, dhe permban te gjitha llojet e vitaminave dhe mineraleve te nevojshem per te jetuar. Jonxha është një nga bimët foragjere me të rëndësishme e cila zë një % të lartë në sipërfaqet e mbjella me jonxhe. Jonxha ka një rendiment të lartë e cila shkon deri në 200 kv/ha bar të thatë ose e barabartë me 100 – 150 njësi ushqimore. Vlerat e jonxhës qëndrojnë në faktin se është një ushqim mjaft i parapëlqyer për bagëtinë (kryesisht gjedhët) pasi ka vlera të larta proteinike. Bari i saj është i pasur me proteina, përmban aminoacide, është i pasur me vitamina dhe lëndë minerale. Nga studimet e bëra rezulton se bari i njomë përmban mesatarisht këto lëndë ushqyes: 20.3% proteinë, 1.8 yndyrë, 43.2% lëndë energjetike të energjetike të paazotuara (l.e.p.a) 22.9% celulozë dhe Hi 9.3%. Ndërsa bari i thatë përmban 17.4% proteinë, 1.4% yndyrë, 45.2% l.e.p.a, 27%, celulozë dhe Hi 8.5%.Në varësi të kohës së kositjes dhe teknologjisë së tharjes bari i thatë dhe ai i njomë ka përmbajtje të ndryshme të proteinave. Bari i jonxhës është i pasur me një sërë vitaminash të cilin e bëjnë atë tepër të rëndësishëm për blegtorinë, ndër të cilat mund të përmendim: vitaminën A, B1, B2, D, E, K, C. Për këtë arsye jonxha është një bimë me vlera shumë të larta për blegtorinë, shtuar këtu edhe tretshmërinë dhe përvetimin e lartë nga kafshët. Në kushtet e vendit tonë jonxha është bimë e kultivuar gjerësisht edhe për një arsye tjetër, sepse është parabimë shumë e mire sidomos për drithërat, dhe e lë tokët të pastër nga barnat e këqij. Në sajë të sistemit rrënjor të thellë ndihmon në shkrifërimin e tokës dhe shpërndarjen në thellësi të tokës lëndës organike. Përmirëson kullimin rrit qëndrueshmërinë ndaj thatësirës, përmirëson reaksionin e tokës dhe lufton një sërë sëmundjesh pasi u ndërpret ciklin e tyre për disa vite dhe për këtë arsye e lë tokën të pastër nga barërat e këqia.

Te dhenat ushqyese

Eshte i pasur ne enzime natyrale qe ndihmojne tretjen, ne bioflavonoidi, vitamina, minerali dhe aminoacidi. Permban vitamine C katër here me shume se agrumet.

Permban tetë lloj enzimesh tretje digestive fitoestrogeni (ormoni vegetali) permban gjithashtu 40 bioflavonoidi (qe jane substanca antiosiduese dhe antifiamatore), forcojne enet e gjakut. Permban gjithashtu nje perqindje te larte calcio.

Organet e interesuara

Pasuron gjakun dhe tonifikon intestinon, jep energji aparatit tretes.

Mund te perdoret ne kurimin e infiamazioneve te mushkrive, duke lehtesuar shume ata qe vuajjne nga asma, polmonite, dhe bronkit. Sipas eksperimenteve te bere me kafshet rezulton se pengon krijimin ose perparimin e ulceres.

Te dhena te tjera

Kur merret para buke favorizon tretjen e ushqimeve ndersa kur merret pas buke ndihmon ne asimilimin e ushqimeve nga organizmi.

Ndalon aciditetin ne stomak, meteorizmin, dhe fryrjen, ndihmon ne shkrirjen e yndyrnave, te celulozas dhe te amidos.

Ate mund ta gjeni ne erboristeri, te besuar, ne forme pluhuri ose komprese. Mund te konsumohet edhe si fare.

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Luzere ( والون )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
del floreye luzere
 src=
del floreye luzere
 src=
Del luzere balotêye e ronds boteas
Apis mellifera - Medicago sativa - Valingu.jpg

Li luzere ou l' advalfa [1], c' est ene ridjetante plante, del famile des clåves, ki vént so les teres castinnixheuses, avou des belès bleuwès fleurs.

Elle est voltî semêye po do fôraedje.

Ene luzere, c' est eto l' tchamp la k' on-z a semé ci plante la.

No e sincieus latén : Medicago sativa.

Famile : legumineuses

Alez s' vey e splitchant motî po des linwincieusès racsegnes so les mots "luzere" et "advalfa".

Ahivaedje del luzere

El Fåmene, on l' fåtchive deus côps. Li prumire côpe di djun esteut po vinde. On fåtchive, et leyî souwer djusse on djoû. Après, on fjheut des djaveas, et lzès dressî e båsheles. Si on l' leye dipus d' on djoû po fener, elle est trop setche po loyî, et les foyes toumèt. Ci comiece la s' a fwait disk' e 1945.

Dins l' payis d' Welin, on l' moennéve al gåre a Pondrome, et la gn aveut des martchands ki l' atchtént.

Tant k' waeyén, fåtchî e moes d' setimbe, c' esteut po les biesses.

El Tchampagne, co asteure (2004), li luzere est semêye a martchî inte les cinsîs et ene oujhene. On fwait troes fåtches. L' oujhene prind l' vete luzere.

El Wisconsene, dins l' payis di Sturgeon Bay, les Walons ebagués li lomèt four di may, u advalfa. Endè rsaetchèt cwate côpes par an.

Dins les pus tchôds payis, on pout l' fåtchî disk' a ene nouvinne di côps par anêye, come dins l' payis d' Marakech e Marok, et dins les owazisses do Sara.

Uzaedjes del luzere

C' est onk des fôraedjes avou li pus hôte tineur e blandoû. Les deujhinme et troejhinme côpe sont pus tinres et, dabôrd, co pus ritches e proteyenes: di 16 a 18 åcint do souwé fôraedje. Les oujhenes maxhèt les cwålités, cwand i fjhèt des pules di luzere.

Ça fwait ki l' luzere est foirt ricmandêye po les vaetches a laecea, aprume les grandes dineuses. Copurade pask' el luzere est eto ritche e tchåsse, ene sacwè ki passe dins l' laecea.

Les luzeres sont ritches, avou, e carotinne, li produt ki va dner del vitamene A dins l' coir. Eto, si on ndè dene ås poyes, on årè des pus djaenes oûs.

Etertinaedje d' ene luzere

Sol castinne, ene luzere va poleur viker cwate cénk ans, dj' ô bén k' i nel fåt nén rsemer.

Dins les pus seurès teres (metans l' Årdene), ele ni vénrè nén si bén, et ele ni durrè nén si lontins (deus troes ans).

Djusse après semaedje, on pout kécfeye mete ene ecråxhe avou d' l' azote. Mins après, tins d' l' ivier inte deus campagnes, on n' pout pus mete ki des ecråxhes P-K (fosfate et potasse). Ôtmint, on va aidî les fenaesses crexhe pus vigreuzmint kel luzere, et l' sitofer.

Come les ôtès trefes, li luzere fwait leye-minme si nitrodjinne avou des microbes ki sont agritchtés a ses raecinêyes.

No e sacwants ôtes lingaedjes

Sourdants & pî-notes

  1. No rlevé amon les Walons del Wisconsene.
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Luzere: Brief Summary ( والون )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
 src= del floreye luzere  src= del floreye luzere  src= Del luzere balotêye e ronds boteas Apis mellifera - Medicago sativa - Valingu.jpg

Li luzere ou l' advalfa , c' est ene ridjetante plante, del famile des clåves, ki vént so les teres castinnixheuses, avou des belès bleuwès fleurs.

Elle est voltî semêye po do fôraedje.

Ene luzere, c' est eto l' tchamp la k' on-z a semé ci plante la.

No e sincieus latén : Medicago sativa.

Famile : legumineuses

Alez s' vey e splitchant motî po des linwincieusès racsegnes so les mots "luzere" et "advalfa".

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Luzerno ( إيدو )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
Luzerno

Luzerno esas medicago, planto leguminosa quan onu kultivas en prati artificala, kom nutrivo por bestii.

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Medicago sativa ( الأراغونية )

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L'alfalz (Medicago sativa L. 1753) ye una planta herbacia d'a familia d'as fabacias (también ditas papileonacias u leguminosas) a sobén emplegada xuta u verda como a chenta ta o bestiar. O suyo circlo vital pende d'o clima y d'a variedat, pero s'estendilla d'entre as 5 y las 12 anyadas. Cheneralment s'apresenta con trazas de hierba baixa pero pued plegar ta fer 1 m. d'altaria. Fa flors de color morada.

 src=
Flors d'alfalz.

As suyas venas gosan a estar muit fundas, a sobén de diversos metros de lonchitut, y forman noduletz que contienen bacterias metabolizadoras de nitrocheno que lis son simbiontas (chenero Rhyzobium). A lonchitut d'as venas garancia que la planta pueda sobrevivir en tierra xuta, mientres que ixa simbiosi con as bacterias permit un aproveitamiento d'o nitrocheno que altras plantas no pueden fer. Ista zaguera caracteristica li'n'ha aganato l'uso en es sistemas de cautivo alternantz.

Una caracteristica chenetica prou destacable d'ista planta ye que tien un chenoma tetraploide, con 4 copias de cada cromosoma, per cuentas d'as 2 que son habituals en a mayoría d'es sers vivos pluricelulars.

Ye un cautivo important en Aragón, a on d'alto u baixo ye produita a mitat d'a producción espanyola, prencipalment en a Val d'Ebro, a on ye cautivata o 80 % d'a producción aragonesa. Un 80 % de l'alfaz produita en Aragón ye destinata ta a exportación como ferraina a países como China, Irán y atros paises arabes d'o Golfo Persico dende o Puerto Seco de Zaragoza dica o Puerto de Barcelona, a on ye o producto aragonés con mas exportacions.

Fitonimia

O fitonimo alfalz ye un arabismo que substituyó a la denominación romanica mielca u mielga derivada d'o latín MĒDICA, nombre que feba referencia a Media, a tierra d'os medos. A denominación mielca u mielga encara existe en aragonés, pero a sobén s'aplica a atras especies d'o chenero Medicago diferents de l'alfalz. Plinio o Viello transmite a hipotesi d'una introducción d'esta planta en Grecia dende Persia arredol de l'anyo 490 aC quan a primera Guerra Medica.

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Medicago sativa: Brief Summary ( الأراغونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

L'alfalz (Medicago sativa L. 1753) ye una planta herbacia d'a familia d'as fabacias (también ditas papileonacias u leguminosas) a sobén emplegada xuta u verda como a chenta ta o bestiar. O suyo circlo vital pende d'o clima y d'a variedat, pero s'estendilla d'entre as 5 y las 12 anyadas. Cheneralment s'apresenta con trazas de hierba baixa pero pued plegar ta fer 1 m. d'altaria. Fa flors de color morada.

 src= Flors d'alfalz.

As suyas venas gosan a estar muit fundas, a sobén de diversos metros de lonchitut, y forman noduletz que contienen bacterias metabolizadoras de nitrocheno que lis son simbiontas (chenero Rhyzobium). A lonchitut d'as venas garancia que la planta pueda sobrevivir en tierra xuta, mientres que ixa simbiosi con as bacterias permit un aproveitamiento d'o nitrocheno que altras plantas no pueden fer. Ista zaguera caracteristica li'n'ha aganato l'uso en es sistemas de cautivo alternantz.

Una caracteristica chenetica prou destacable d'ista planta ye que tien un chenoma tetraploide, con 4 copias de cada cromosoma, per cuentas d'as 2 que son habituals en a mayoría d'es sers vivos pluricelulars.

Ye un cautivo important en Aragón, a on d'alto u baixo ye produita a mitat d'a producción espanyola, prencipalment en a Val d'Ebro, a on ye cautivata o 80 % d'a producción aragonesa. Un 80 % de l'alfaz produita en Aragón ye destinata ta a exportación como ferraina a países como China, Irán y atros paises arabes d'o Golfo Persico dende o Puerto Seco de Zaragoza dica o Puerto de Barcelona, a on ye o producto aragonés con mas exportacions.

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Séwnô lucerna ( كاشوبيان )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
Séwnô lucerna

Séwnô lucerna (Medicago sativa L.) - to je ôrt wielelatny roscënë z rodzëznë bòbòwatëch (Fabaceae). Czedës ona rosła w Azje. Òna je wôżnô w gbùrzëznie.

Lëteratura

  • Przewodnik do rozpoznawania roślin i zwierząt na wycieczce / tekst Ute E. Zimmer, Alfred Handel ; oprac. całości Wilhelm i Dorothee Eisenreich ; [przekł. Ewa Rachańska, Piotr Kreyser] Warszawa : Multico, 1996, s. 184.

Bùtnowé lënczi


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Séwnô lucerna: Brief Summary ( كاشوبيان )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
 src= Séwnô lucerna

Séwnô lucerna (Medicago sativa L.) - to je ôrt wielelatny roscënë z rodzëznë bòbòwatëch (Fabaceae). Czedës ona rosła w Azje. Òna je wôżnô w gbùrzëznie.

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Луцерка ( المقدونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Луцерка (науч. Medicago sativa) е едно од најраспронатите индустриски растенија. Во Македонија е познато и под името детелина и турцизмот јонџа.

Во 2007 г. во Македонија луцерката се одгледувала на вкупна површина од 13.709 хектари.[2]

Галерија

Наводи

  1. „Medicago sativa – ILDIS LegumeWeb“. ildis.org. конс. 7 март 2008.
  2. Површина на фуражни растенија, Попис на земјоделството 2007 — база МАКСтат, Државен завод за статистика на РМ

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Луцерка: Brief Summary ( المقدونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Луцерка (науч. Medicago sativa) е едно од најраспронатите индустриски растенија. Во Македонија е познато и под името детелина и турцизмот јонџа.

Во 2007 г. во Македонија луцерката се одгледувала на вкупна површина од 13.709 хектари.

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Ришқаи боғӣ ( الطاجيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Ришқа (лот. Medicágo satíva), аспист, ришқаи боғӣ, ришқаи мазруъ, рушқаи боғӣ, юнучқаи боғӣ — рустании алафӣ, як навъе аз ришқа (Medicago).

Ҳамчун хӯроки чорво ба таври васеъ истифода мешавад.

 src=
Ришқаи боғӣ.
Тасвири гиёҳшиносӣ аз китоби О. В. Томе «Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz», 1885

Тавсифоти гиёҳшиносӣ

Пояаш сершох, баландиаш 70 — 100 (баъзан 150) см. Баргаш дарозрӯяи себарга, мевааш ғилофаки досшакл. Тухмаш гурдашакл, зард ё зардтоби бӯр. Ришқа тиррешаи бақувват дошта, ба хок 5 — 10 м чуқур меравад.

Ришқа хӯроки хуби чорвост. Протеини ҳозими ришқа назар ба рустаниҳои хӯшадор 2,5 — 3 баробар зиёд аст. Ришқаро дар Осиёи Марказӣ тақрибан 5 ҳазор сол то м. мекоштанд. Тақрибан 2 — 2,5 ҳазор сол пеш аз м. онро ба Юнони қадим, Рим ва Африкаи Шимолӣ бурдаанд. Минбаъд ришқа дар Аврупо, Амрикои Шимолию Ҷанубӣ ва Австралия маъмул шуд. Ришқакорӣ дар ИМА, Аргентина ва Ҳиндустон вусъат ёфтааст.

Хосияти шифоӣ

Ришқа рустании доруӣ мебошад. Бо ақидаи табибони мардумӣ мизољи он дар дараљаи якум гарм ва тар аст. Агар ришқаро бихӯранд, дарунро мулоим мекунад, қувваи боҳ мебахшад, вале дамиш меорад. Ришқаро кӯфта, бо асал хамир сохта гузошта банданд, варамҳои сардро таҳлил медиҳад; бо сирко сиришта гузошта банданд, варами гармро мегардонад. Дар давогӣ тухми ришқа назар ба дигар қисмҳои он қавитар аст, вале хосияти қабзкунандагӣ дорад. Агар онро бихӯранд, манӣ ва шир пайдо мекунад, баданро фарбеҳ месозад, ҳайзро меравонад, барои дуруштии узвҳои сина ва сурфа дору мешавад.

Эзоҳ

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».

Адабиёт

  • Зоҳидова ҳ., Канзи шифо, Д., 1998.
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Ришқаи боғӣ: Brief Summary ( الطاجيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Ришқа (лот. Medicágo satíva), аспист, ришқаи боғӣ, ришқаи мазруъ, рушқаи боғӣ, юнучқаи боғӣ — рустании алафӣ, як навъе аз ришқа (Medicago).

Ҳамчун хӯроки чорво ба таври васеъ истифода мешавад.

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Таримал царгас ( المنغولية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Таримал царгас (лат. Medicago sativa L.) нь буурцагтны овгийн, өвслөг, олон наст, царгасын төрлийн нэгэн зүйл ургамал.[4] Таримал царгас нь ногоон тэжээл, ногоон бордуур ба бүрхүүл ургамал байдлаар дэлхий дахинд өргөн тариалагддаг таримал ургамал юм. Америкт Alfalfa, бусад оронд ихэвчлэн lucerne, оросод люцерна посевная гэж тус тус нэрлэдэг.

Эх сурвалж

  1. illustration from Amédée Masclef - Atlas des plantes de France. 1891
  2. Medicago sativa – ILDIS LegumeWeb. ildis.org. 7 March 2008-д хандсан.
  3. The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species. 3 October 2014-д хандсан.
  4. Монгол орны гуурст дээд ургамлын хураангуйлсан нэрийн жагсаалт (pdf). Монголын Бэлчээрийн Менежментийн Холбоо. 2017-02-06-д хандсан.

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Таримал царгас: Brief Summary ( المنغولية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Таримал царгас (лат. Medicago sativa L.) нь буурцагтны овгийн, өвслөг, олон наст, царгасын төрлийн нэгэн зүйл ургамал. Таримал царгас нь ногоон тэжээл, ногоон бордуур ба бүрхүүл ургамал байдлаар дэлхий дахинд өргөн тариалагддаг таримал ургамал юм. Америкт Alfalfa, бусад оронд ихэвчлэн lucerne, оросод люцерна посевная гэж тус тус нэрлэдэг.

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अल्फाल्फा ( الهندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

रिज़का या अल्फाल्फा (मेडिकागो सटिवा एल.) मटर परिवार फबासिए का फूल देने वाला एक पौधा है जिसकी खेती एक महत्वपूर्ण चारे के फसल के रूप में की जाती है। यूनाइटेड किंगडम, ऑस्ट्रेलिया, दक्षिण अफ्रीका और न्यूजीलैंड में लुसर्न के रूप में जाना जाता है और दक्षिण एशिया में लुसर्न घास के रूप में. यह तिपतिया के समरूप दिखता है तथा छोटे बैंगनी रंग के फूल इस पर लगते हैं।

इसकी उत्पत्ति संभवत: दक्षिण-पश्चिमी एशिया के किसी देश, टर्की, ईरान या अफगानिस्तान में समझी जाती है। अमरीका, पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश आदि में यह अधिक बोया जाता है। एक बार बोने पर यह चार पाँच साल तक उपजता रहता है।

पारिस्थितिकी

अल्फाल्फा ठंडी के मौसम का एक बारहमासी फलीदार पौधा है, जो कि अपनी विविधता और जलवायु के आधार पर बीस वर्ष से भी अधिक जीवित रह सकता है। यह पौधा 1 मीटर (3 फीट) तक की ऊंचाई तक बढ़ता है और इसकी जड़ों की व्यवस्था खाफी गहरी होती है जो कभी-कभी 15 मीटर (49 फीट) तक होती है। जिस कारण इसकी जीने की क्षमता खासकर अकाल की स्थिति में अधिक होती है।[2] इसमें टेट्राप्लोइड पित्रैक होते हैं।[3]

यह पौधे स्व-विषाक्तता का प्रदर्शन करते है, जो कि पहले से ही उगे अल्फाल्फा में दूसरे अल्फाल्फा के बीजों के उगने को मुश्किल कर देता है।[4] इस कारण यह सुझाया जाता है कि अल्फाल्फा के खेतों में अन्य नस्लों (उदाहरणतः मकई और गेहूं) को पुनः बीजारोपण से पहले उगाया जाना चाहिए। [5]

संवर्धन

अल्फाल्फा को पूरे संसार में पशुओं के चारे के रूप में उगाया जाता है और ज्यादार इसकी खेती सूखे घांस के रूप में होती है, पर इसे परिरक्षित चारे, चरने हेतु, या हरे चारे के रूप में भी बनाया जा सकता है।[6] सूखे घांस कि सभी फसलों में अल्फाल्फा में सबसे ज्यादा पोषण मूल्य है, क्योंकि इसका इस्तेमाल चारे के रूप में ज्यादातर कम ही होता है।[5] अल्फाल्फा सबसे अधिक चारे के पैदावार का पौधा होता है अगर इसे अच्छे अनुकूलन वाली मिट्टी पर उगाया जाता है।[7]

मुख्यतः इसका प्रयोग दूध देने वाले पशुओं के चारे के रूप में होता है - क्योंकि इसमें में प्रोटीन की मात्रा अधिक होती है तथा पचाने वाले रेशे अधिक होते हैं - गौण रूप में इसका इस्तेमाल मांस प्रदान करने वाले जानवरों, घोड़ों, भेड़ों और बकरियों के चारे के रूप में किया जाता है।[8][9] इंसान भी अल्फाल्फा के अंकुरों को सलाद और सैंडविच में खाते हैं।[10][11] सूखे अल्फाल्फा के पत्ते आहारीय वर्द्धकों के भिन्न रूप जैसे कि गोलियां, पावडर और चाय के व्यावसायिक रूप में उपलब्ध हैं।[12] कुछ लोगों का विश्वास है कि अल्फाल्फा गांगेय होता है, एक ऐसा पदार्थ जो दुग्धता का वर्द्धन करता है।[13]

अन्य फलीय पौधों की तरह इसके जड़ की ग्रंथिकाओं में सिनोरीहिज़ोबिएम मेलिलोटी, बैक्टीरिया होते हैं जो नाइट्रोजन की पूर्ति करते हैं, जिससे नाइट्रोजन के मिट्टी में उपलब्ध न होने के बाबजूद अधिक-प्रोटीन से युक्त चारे की पैदावार होती है।[14] नाइट्रोजन को निर्धारित करने की क्षमता (जो कि मिट्टी के नाइट्रोजन की क्षमता को बढ़ा देती है) और पशु चारे के रूप में इसके प्रयोग ने कृषि उपयोगिता को बहुत अधिक बेहतर बना दिया है।[15][16]

अल्फाल्फा को वसंत या पतझड़ में रोपा जा सकता है और अच्छे पानी से सिक्त मिट्टी जिसका 6.8-7.5 का तटस्थ pH होता है।[17][18] अच्छी उपज के लिए पोटैशियम और फोस्फोरस का अनवरत स्तर जरुरी होता है।[19] यह मिट्टी और सिंचाई के जल में नमक के स्तर को लेकर थोडा संवेदनशील होता है, हालांकि संयुक्त राज्य के सूखे दक्षिण-पशिमी इलाकों में इसकी खेती हो रही है, जहां कि खारापन एक उभरता हुआ मुद्दा है।[20][21][22] मिट्टी जो कम उपजाऊ हैं उनमें खाद या रासायनिक खाद डाल के उपजाऊ बनाया जा सकता है, पर pH का निर्धारण खासतौर पर महत्वपूर्ण है।[23] सामान्यतः बीजारोपण के दर को 13-20 किलोग्राम/प्रति हेक्टेअर (12-25 पाउंड/प्रति एकड़) की सिफारिश की जाती है।[24] कभी-कभी सहयोगी फसल को लगाया जाता है ताकि अपतृण और मिट्टी के कटाव की समस्याएं कम हों, पर यह रौशनी, पानी और पोषक तत्वों को लेकर प्रतिस्पर्द्धा का कारण हो सकते हैं।[25]

अधिकांश जलवायु में अल्फाल्फा को तीन या चार बार काटा जाता है, परन्तु एरिजोना और दक्षिणी कैलिफोर्निया में साल में 12 बार होती है।[26][27] आदर्श रूप में प्रति हेक्टेयर लगभग 8 टन (छोटे चार टन प्रति एकड़) परन्तु 20 टन प्रति हेक्टेयर (छोटे 16 टन प्रति एकड़) की पैदावार का लेखा भी प्राप्त होता है।[27] पैदावार क्षेत्र, मौसम और काटने से पहले पकने के स्तर को लेकर अंतर होता है। आगे की फसल काटने पर पैदावार की बढ़ोतरी तो होती है परन्तु पोषक तत्वों की मात्रा में कमी आती है।[28]

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अल्फाल्फा लीफकटर मधुमक्खी, मेगाचिली रोटनडाटा, अल्फाल्फा फूल पर एक पोलिनेटर

अल्फाल्फा को कीट आकर्षक माना जाता है, क्योंकि यह बहुत कीटों को अपनी ओर आकर्षित करता है।[29] कुछ कीट जैसे अल्फाल्फा घुन, माहू, आर्मीवोर्म और आलू पत्ताफतिंगा अल्फाल्फा की पैदावार को नाटकीय रूप से कम कर सकता है, खासकर दूसरी कटाई के दौरान जब मौसम गर्म होता है।[30] कभी-कभी रसायन नियंत्रण का इस्तेमाल इसे रोकने के लिए किया जाता है।[30] अल्फाल्फा जड़ों के सड़ने को लेकर भी संवेदनशील होता है जिनमें फाइटोपथोरा, राइजोटोनिया, और टेक्सस जड़ों की सड़न भी शामिल है।[31][32][33]

कटाई

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अल्फाल्फा के बेलनाकार बेल

जब अल्फाल्फा का इस्तेमाल सूखे घांस के रूप में किया जाता है, तो उसे काट कर गट्ठा बनाया जाता है।[34] खुले सूखे घास का ढेर अभी भी बहुत सारे क्षेत्रों में इस्तेमाल होता है, परन्तु गट्ठो को आसानी से ढुलाई, जमा करें, तथा चारे को आसानी से खिलाने में किया जा सकता है।[35] आदर्श रूप में, पहली कटाई कली देने के समय होनी चाहिए और दूसरी जब फूल पैदा होने लगे हों, या तब जब फूल एक-दहाई खिलने की स्थिति में हो क्योंकि उस समय कार्बोहाइड्रेट की मात्रा अधिक होती है।[36] हाथ की कटाई की अपेक्षा जब खेती के उपकरणों का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है तब स्वैथर अल्फाल्फा को काट कर घास की एक पट्टी विंडरोस की कतार में व्यवस्थित कर देता है।[37] वे क्षेत्र जहां अल्फाल्फा खुद से जल्दी नहीं सूखते वहां एक मशीन जिसे मोवर-कंडिशनर कहते हैं उसका इस्तेमाल चारे को काटने के लिए किया जाता है।[34] मोवर-कंडिशनर में रोलर या सांट का एक सेट होता है जो मोवर के ऊपर से गुजरते हुए तने को मोड देता है और तोड़ देता है, जिससे अल्फाल्फा जल्दी सूख जाता है।[38] अल्फाल्फा के एक बार सूखने के बाद एक ट्रैक्टर गठरी बनाने वाले मशीन को खींचता है जो कि चारे को गठरी के रूप में जमा देता है।

कई प्रकार के घांस के गट्ठरों का इस्तेमाल अल्फाल्फा के लिए किया जाता है। छोटे जानवरों के लिए और एक घोड़े के लिए, अल्फाल्फा को को दो, तीन या इसी प्रकार छह सूत्र "चौकोर" गट्ठर-जो कि वास्तव में रेक्टेंगुलर होते हैं तथा जो आदर्श रूप में 40 x 45 x 100 cm (14 में x 18 में x 38 में) के रूप में बांधा जाता है, सूत्र वाले गट्ठरों में बांधे जाते हैं।[3] छोटे चौकोर गट्ठे नमी के आधार पर 25 – 30 किलोग्राम (50 – 70 पाउंड) के बीच वजनदार हो सकते हैं और इन्हें आसानी से छोटे छोटे तहों में अलग किया जा सकते है। पशु-फार्म आदर्श रूप में 1.4 से 1.8 मीटर (4 से 6 फीट) के आयतन के बड़े गट्ठरों का इस्तेमाल करते हैं जिनका वजन 500 to 1,000 kg, (1000 to 2000 lbs) के बीच में होता है। इन गट्ठरों को स्थायी चारे के स्थान में या विशाल चारागाह में घोड़ों के समूह के लिए रखा जा सकता है, या फिर इन्हें जमीन पर खोलकर पशुओं कि एक विशाल झुण्ड के लिया रखा जा सकता है।[3] गट्ठरों को चढाने और ढेर बनाने में एक ट्रैक्टर का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है जिसमें स्पाईक लगा होता है, जिसे गट्ठरे के फावड़े के रूप में जाना जाता है, यह गठरे को बीच में से चीर देता है।[39] या इनका नियोजन ग्रेपल (पंजे) द्वारा किया जा सकता है जो कि ट्रैक्टर के आगे लगा होता है। हाल की नयी खोज विशाल "चौकोर" गट्ठर हैं, जो कि छोटे चौकोरों के अनुपात में ही होते हैं, परन्तु विशाल होते हैं। इन गट्ठरों के आकार को इसलिए व्यवस्थित किया गया ताकि ये सपाट ताल वाले ट्रकों में आसानी से बैठ जायें. पश्चिमी संयुक्त राज्य में यह एक आम बात है।

जब दूध देने वाले पशु के चारे के रूप में अल्फाल्फा का प्रयोग किया गया जाता है तब उसे एन्सिलिंग की प्रक्रिया से चारा बनाया जाता है।[8] सूखे घांस के रूप में उसे सुखाने के बजाय अल्फाल्फा को अच्छी तरह काटा जाता है, तथा सीलों, गड्ढों और बोरियों में खमीर के लिए रखा जाता है, जहां भी आक्सीजन की पूर्ति को सीमित किया जा सके ताकि खमीर संभव हो। [40] अल्फाल्फा के इस वात निरपेक्ष खमीर के कारण पोषक तत्वों का स्तर बना रहता है जो कि ताजे चारे में देखने को मिलता है तथा सूखे चारे के मुकाबले यह दूध देने वाले पशुओं के लिए काफी स्वादिष्ट होता है।[41] कई मामलों में, अल्फाल्फा सिलेज में कई अन्य जीवाणुओं को संचारित किया जाती है ताकि खमीरी की गुणवत्ता में बढोतरी हो और सिलेज के वाट व्यवस्था में संतुलन आये। [42]

वैश्विक उत्पादन

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अल्फाल्फा का वैश्विक उत्पादन

अल्फाल्फा दुनिया में सबसे अधिक उपजाए जाने वाली फली है। 2006 में दुनिया भर में इसका उत्पादन लगभग 436 लाख टन के आसपास में था।[43]. दुनिया भर में अमेरिका अल्फाल्फा का सबसे बड़ा निर्माता है, लेकिन इसके लिए उपयुक्त क्षेत्र को अर्जेंटीना (मुख्य रूप घास), ऑस्ट्रेलिया, दक्षिण अफ्रीका और मिडिल इस्ट में पाया गया।

संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के भीतर, अल्फाल्फा उगाने वाले अग्रणी राज्यों में कैलिफोर्निया, साउथ डकोटा और विस्कोन्सिन हैं। ऊपरी मध्य-पश्चिमी राज्य अमेरिकी उत्पादन में 50% का योगदान देते हैं, पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों में 10%, पश्चिमी राज्यों में 40% और दक्षिणी राज्यों में लगभग कुछ नहीं। अल्फाल्फा में अनुकूलन की व्यापक सीमा होती है और इसे अत्यंत ठन्डे उत्तरी मैदानों से लेकर ऊंची पर्वतीय घाटियों में, उच्च शीतोष्ण कृषि क्षेत्रों से लेकर भूमध्य सागरीय जलवायु और गर्म रेगिस्तानों में उगाया जा सकता है।

अल्फाल्फा और मक्खियां

अल्फाल्फा के बीज के उत्पादन के लिए परागणों की मौजूदगी की जरुरत पड़ती है जब अल्फाल्फा के खेत खिलने की स्थिति में होते हैं।[3] अल्फाल्फा का परागणन थोडा-बहुत कठिन होता है, क्योंकि पश्चिमी मधुमक्खियां, जिनका इस्तेमाल परागणों के रूप में किया जाता है, इस काम के लायक नहीं होते हैं; अल्फाल्फा फूल के पराग को ग्रहण करने वाला पेंदा अक्सर हिल जाता है और पराग गिराने वाली मधुमक्खी के सर से जा टकराता है, जो कि चारा ढूंढ रहे मधुमक्खी को पराग स्थानांतरित करने में मदद करता है।[3] लेकिन पश्चिमी मधुमक्खियां बार-बार सर पर चोट खाना पसंद नहीं करतीं, वे इस क्रिया को फूल के बगल से पराग खींच कर परास्त करती है। इस प्रकार मधुमक्खियां केवल पराग इकट्ठा कर लेती हैं पर परागण इकट्ठा नहीं करतीं, इस प्रकार दूसरे फूल पर जाने पर वे उसका परागणन नहीं करतीं.[44] चूंकि वृद्ध मधुमक्खियां, अल्फाल्फा का परागणन अच्छी तारा नहीं कर पातीं, ज्यादातर परागणन युवा मधुमक्खियों द्वारा होता है जिन्होंने बिना पराग को ग्रहण करने वाले पेंदे से टकराए वगैर फूल से चोरी करने की जादूगरी अभी नहीं सीखी है। जब पश्चिमी मधुमक्खियों का इस्तेमाल अल्फाल्फा को परागणित करने के लिए किया जाता है तब मक्खियों वाला खेत को मक्खियों के ऊंचे दर से भर देता है ताकि युवा मधुमक्खियों की संख्या में अधिकता आये। [44]

आजकल आल्फाल्फा लीफकट्टर मधुमक्खी का बड़े पैमाने में इस समस्या के गतिरोद्धक के रूप में इस्तेमाल किया जा रहा है।[45] एकांतवासी परन्तु मिलनसार मध्मक्खी की यह नस्ल छतों का निर्माण नहीं करतीं या शहद जमा नहीं करतीं हैं तथा अल्फाल्फा के परागणन में उपयोगी होती हैं।[45] इनका निवास वैयक्तिक लकड़ी के सुरंगों अथवा प्लास्टिक की वस्तुओं में होता है, जिनकी पूर्ति अल्फाल्फा के बीज उगाने वालों द्वारा कि जाती है।[44] लीफकट्टर मधुमक्खियों का इस्तेमाल प्रशांतीय उत्तरपश्चिम के भागों में किया जाता है, वहीं पश्चिमी मधुमक्खियां कैल्फोर्निया के बीज उत्पाद में प्रभुता रखती हैं।[44]

एक छोटी तादाद में अल्फाल्फा का उत्पादन क्षार मधुमक्खियों द्वारा होता है, ज्यादातर यह उत्तरपश्चिमी संयुक्त राज्य में होता है। इनका पालन-पोषण खेत के पास ही की क्यारियों में होता है। इन मक्खियों की अपनी समस्यायें होती हैं। ये अन्य मधुमक्खियों की तरह वहनीय नहीं होतीं और जब नए क्षेत्रों में जब खेत जोते जाते हैं, तब इन मक्खियों को बड़े होने में काफी मौसम लाग जाते हैं।[44] आज भी खेतों के फूल देने के समय में मधुमक्खियों को ट्रकों द्वारा स्थानांतरित किया जाता है।

प्रकार

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अल्फाल्फा के छोटे वर्ग बेल

इस महत्वपूर्ण पौधे को लेकर उल्लेखनीय शोध कार्य और विकास हुआ है। पुराने कल्टीवार जैसे कि ‘वर्नल’ सालों तक मानक रहे हैं, परन्तु कई अच्छे सार्वजनिक और निजी प्रकार आज उपलब्ध हैं और वे विशेष जलवायु के अनुकूलन में समर्थ हैं।[46] US में निजी कम्पनियां प्रति वर्ष कई नए प्रकारों को जारी करती है।[47]

कई प्रकार पतझड़ में, न्यून तापमान और छोटे दिनों के वजह से निष्क्रिय हो जाते हैं।[47] 'गैर-निष्क्रिय' प्रकार जो की सारी सर्दी भर में पनपते हैं, इन प्रकारों को लंबे-मौसम वाले पर्यावरण जैसे मेक्सिको, एरिज़ोना और दक्षिणी कैलिफोर्निया में जोता जाता है, जहां कि ‘निष्क्रिय’ प्रकारों को उपरी मध्यपश्चिम, कनाडा और उत्तरी पूर्व के इलाकों में जोता जाता है। 'गैर-निष्क्रिय' प्रकार अधिक उपज दे सकते हैं, परन्तु शीत जलवायु में वे सर्दी की मार को लेकर संदेहास्पद होते हैं और ये सतात्य की क्षमता में दीन होते हैं।[47]

ज्यादार अल्फाल्फा कल्टीवर सिकल मेडिक (एम. फलकाटा), अल्फाल्फा का एक जंगली प्रकार जो प्राकृतिक रूप में एम. सटिवा के साथ सैंड लुसर्न (एम. सटिवा एसएसपी. वारिया) के उत्पाद के लिए संकरन करता है। यह नस्ल बैंगनी फूल अथवा या फिर सिकल मेडीक के फूल ग्रहण करता है, जिसे यह नाम इसके रेतीले मिट्टी में स्वाभाविक रूप से बढ़ने के कारण दिया जाता है।[48]

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अल्फाल्फा के एक खेत में सिंचाई

पिछले दशकों में अल्फाल्फा के विकास में ज्यादातर सहायक कारण थे बारिश के सालों में अच्छी तरह नहीं सींचे गए मिट्टी पर बिमारियों से बचाव, शीत जलवायु में अधिक सर्दी को सहने की योग्यता तथा अधिक पत्तों का उत्पाद शामिल रहा है। बहु-पत्तों वाले प्रकार में प्रति पत्ते में तीन छोटी पत्तियां होती हैं, जो की वजन के आधार पर पोषक-तत्व की मात्रा को बढ़ा देती है क्योंकि एक ही तने पर अब ज्यादा पत्ते होते हैं।

द केलिफोर्निया अल्फाल्फा वर्कग्रुप [1] (युसी डेविस) के पास अल्फाल्फा के प्रकारों के परीक्षा आंकड़ों का दिनांक सूची [2] स्थानों के साथ है, साथ ही साथ प्रत्येक वर्ष के कृषि-विज्ञान विकास विवरण भी हैं।

आनुवंशिक रूप से संशोधित अल्फाल्फा

राउंडअप रेडी, मोनसान्टो कम्पनी द्वारा अधिकृत अनुवांशिक रूप से संशोद्धित अल्फाल्फा का एक प्रकार है जो कि मोनसान्टो गलाइफोसेट का प्रतिरोधी है। हालांकि चौड़े पत्ते वाले पौधे, जिनमें सामान्य अल्फाल्फा भी शामिल है राउंडअप को लेकर थोड़े संवेदनशील हैं, फिर भी उत्पादक राउंडअप रेडी अल्फाल्फा का छिड़काव राउंडअप के साथ कर सकते हैं जो कि अल्फाल्फा के फसल को बिना नुकसान पहुंचाए अपतृण का नाश कर देती है।

अमेरिका में कानूनी मुद्दे

राउंडअप रेडी अल्फाल्फा को यूनाईटेड स्टेटेस में 2005-2007 से बेचा गया और 21,000,000 एकड़ (85,000 कि॰मी2) में से 300,000 एकड़ (1,200 कि॰मी2) से अधिक का रोपण किया गया। हालांकि 2006 में, ओर्गेनिक किसानों ने अनुवांशिक रूप से संशोधित अल्फाल्फा का अपने फसल पर प्रभाव को लेकर चिंतित हुए तथा मोनसान्टो (मोनसान्टो कम्पनी वी. गेर्टसन सीड फर्म्स पर नालिश कर दिया। इसके प्रतिक्रिया स्वरूप मई 2007 में, कैलिफोर्निया के जिला न्यायलय ने एक आदेश जारी किया जिसमें किसानों पर राउंडअप रेडी की खेती को लेकर तब तक पाबन्दी लगा दी गई जब तक कि अमेरिकी कृषि-विभाग (USDA) अनुवांशिक रूप से अभियंत्रित फसल के पर्यावरणीय प्रभाव का अध्ययन न कर ले. परिणाम स्वरूप USDA ने भविष्य में राउंडअप रेडी अल्फाल्फा की खेती पर रोक लगा दी। अभियोग के मुख्य मुद्दे में यह सम्भावना जताई गई कि राउंडअप प्रतिरोधकता दूसरे फसलों को भी संक्रमित कर देगी, जिनमें दूसरे फसल और अपतृण शामिल होंगे, जो कि महत्वपूर्ण कीटनाशक राउंडअप के प्रति अहम कीटों को प्रतिरोधक बना देंगे; साथ ही साथ सबसे बड़ी चिंता जैविक अल्फाल्फा के दूषण को लेकर थी।[49] 21 जून 2010 को, US सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने इस मुद्दे को लेकर निर्णय जारी किया। निर्णय का प्रभाव अधिक स्पष्ट नहीं है, क्योंकि दोनों खेमे में जीत का दावा करते दिख रहे हैं।[50] द अटलांटिक वेबसाईट पर बेरी इस्टब्रुक के अनुसार.

हालांकि तकनिकी रूप से मोनसान्टो जीता है परन्तु निचले न्यायालय द्वारा दिए गए निर्णयों का समर्थन किया गया, जिसका मतलब यह हुआ कि व्यवसायिक पैमाने पर जीएम अल्फाल्फा को वैध रूप से कई नियामक अवरोधों से मुक्त होना होगा. और एक निर्णय जिसका व्यापक प्रभाव भविष्य के जीएम मामलों पर पड़ सकता है, वह है न्याय अधिकारीयों का यह मानना कि जीएम फसल संकर-परागण द्वारा पर्यावरणीय नुकसान पहुंचा सकते हैं।[51]

अल्फाल्फा में फाइटोएस्ट्रोजेन

अल्फाल्फा दूसरे, फलीय फसलों की तरह फाइटोएस्ट्रोजेन का एक जानामाना स्रोत है।[52] अल्फाल्फा चरने के कारण भेड़ों की उर्वरता में कमी आई है।

चिकित्सीय प्रयोग

अल्फाल्फा का प्रयोग का हर्बल दवाईयों के रूप में करीब 1,500 वर्षों से हो रहा है। अल्फाल्फा में प्रोटीन, कैल्शियम और अन्य धातुओं का, विटामिनों में B समूह, विटामिन C, विटामिन E और विटामिन K का अधिक्य होता है।[53][54]

पारंपरिक प्रयोग

आरंभिक चाईना की दवाईयों में, चिकित्सक कंवले अल्फाल्फा के पत्तों का इस्तेमाल अपच के स्थानों और गुर्दे से सम्बंधित विकारों के लिए करते थे। आयुर्वेद कि दवाईयों में, चिकित्सक पत्तों का इस्तेमाल कमजोर पाचन के ईलाज के लिए करते थे। फोड़ों के लिए वे इसके बीज से शीतल पौल्टी से तैयार करते थे। उस समय में मान जाता था कि अल्फाल्फा गठिया के रोगियों तथा पानी के रुकने वाले रोगियों के लिए सहायक था.

दीर्घा

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Medicago sativa
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Medicago sativa
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Medicago sativa
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Medicago sativa
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Flowers
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Yellow flowers
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Light violet flowers
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Seeds
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Lucern field
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Bee on alfalfa flower

सन्दर्भ

  1. "Medicago sativa - ILDIS LegumeWeb". www.ildis.org. अभिगमन तिथि 2008-03-07.
  2. http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/22014/1/IND23276500.pdf
  3. http://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/wfc/proceedings2001/understanding_autotoxicity_in_alfalfa.htm
  4. http://www.kansasruralcenter.org/publications/alfalfa.pdf
  5. http://www.caf.wvu.edu/~forage/library/forglvst/bulletins/salfalfa.pdf/
  6. <http://www.uky.edu/Ag/AnimalSciences/pubs/id97.pdf
  7. http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-4000.pdf
  8. http://www.hayusa.net/alfalfa.html
  9. http://cookeatshare.com/ingredients/alfalfa-sprouts
  10. <http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu/IrrigatedAlfalfa/pdfs/UCAlfalfa8305Industrial_free.pdf
  11. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-alfalfa.html
  12. http://www.midwiferytoday.com/enews/enews0614.asp
  13. http://cmgm.stanford.edu/ ~ mbarnett genome.htm /
  14. https://portal.sciencesocieties.org/Downloads/pdf/B40724.pdf
  15. http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu/-files/pdf/alfalfaFactSheet.pdf
  16. http://cestanislaus.ucdavis.edu/files/299.htm
  17. http://forageresearch.tamu.edu/1985/CloverEstablishmentGrowth.pdf
  18. http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/AY/AY-331-W.pdf
  19. http://extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=G4555
  20. http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/studies/mrb/salinity_briefing_sheet.pdf
  21. http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1129.pdf
  22. http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/DC3814.html
  23. http://www.uwex.edu/CES/crops/AlfSeedingRate.htm
  24. http://msuextension.org/publications/AgandNaturalResources/MT200504AG.pdf
  25. http://www.uwex.edu/ces/crops/uwforage/AlfalfaCutHeight.htm
  26. http://www.cfaitc.org/Commodity/pdf/Alfalfa.pdf
  27. http://www.alfalfa.org/pdf/Alfalfa%20for%20Horses%20(low%20res).pdf
  28. http://www.pfspbees.org/Exhibit%203%20to%20PFSP%20Comments%20on%20NRCS%20Conservation%20Practice%20Standards.pdf
  29. http://ohioline.osu.edu/ent-fact/0031.html
  30. http://nu-distance.unl.edu/homer/disease/agron/alfalfa/AlfPhyt.html
  31. http://ohioline.osu.edu/ac-fact/0042.html
  32. http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-2321/EPP-7621web.pdf
  33. http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-2005.pdf
  34. http://extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=G4570
  35. ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/ID/programs/technotes/tn8_alfalfaguide3.pdf
  36. http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca1505p2-64859.pdf
  37. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/257652/hay-mower-conditioner
  38. http://www.washburncompany.com/
  39. http://ucanr.org/alf_symp/1995/95-55.pdf
  40. http://cals-cf.calsnet.arizona.edu/animsci/ansci/swnmc/papers/2005/Hartnell_SWNMC%% 20Proceedings 202005.pdf
  41. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/PM417H.pdf
  42. FAO, 2006.FAOSTAT-संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन of the संयुक्त राष्ट्र
  43. Milius, Susan (2007). "Most Bees Live Alone: No hives, no honey, but maybe help for crops". Science News. 171 (1): 11–3. डीओआइ:10.1002/scin.2007.5591710110. नामालूम प्राचल |month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); |access-date= दिए जाने पर |url= भी दिया जाना चाहिए (मदद)
  44. http://www.pollination.com/publications/IPSpub01.cfm
  45. http://ohioline.osu.edu/agf-fact/0014.html
  46. http://msuextension.org/publications/AgandNaturalResources/MT199303AG.pdf
  47. जोसेफ एल्विन विंग, अल्फाल्फा फारमिंग इन द यू.एस. 79 (सैंडर्स प्रकाशन कं 1912)
  48. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/alfalfa.shtml
  49. Supreme Court on Modified Foods: Who Won? बैरी इस्टाब्रुक द्वारा द अटलांटिक. 22 जून 2010 (22 जून 2010से एक्सेस)
  50. Supreme Court on Modified Foods: Who Won?, Estabrook द्वारा बैरी, 'अटलांटिक'. 22 जून 2010 (22 जून 2010से एक्सेस)
  51. Phytoestrogen सामग्री और फली चारे की इस्ट्रोजेनिक प्रभाव. PMID 7892287
  52. पोषण अनुसंधान केंद्र, अल्फाल्फा पोषण मान.
  53. The Facts About Alfalfa, Melissa Kaplans' Herb Care

बाहरी कड़ियाँ

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अल्फाल्फा: Brief Summary ( الهندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

रिज़का या अल्फाल्फा (मेडिकागो सटिवा एल.) मटर परिवार फबासिए का फूल देने वाला एक पौधा है जिसकी खेती एक महत्वपूर्ण चारे के फसल के रूप में की जाती है। यूनाइटेड किंगडम, ऑस्ट्रेलिया, दक्षिण अफ्रीका और न्यूजीलैंड में लुसर्न के रूप में जाना जाता है और दक्षिण एशिया में लुसर्न घास के रूप में. यह तिपतिया के समरूप दिखता है तथा छोटे बैंगनी रंग के फूल इस पर लगते हैं।

इसकी उत्पत्ति संभवत: दक्षिण-पश्चिमी एशिया के किसी देश, टर्की, ईरान या अफगानिस्तान में समझी जाती है। अमरीका, पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश आदि में यह अधिक बोया जाता है। एक बार बोने पर यह चार पाँच साल तक उपजता रहता है।

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ਲੂਸਣ ( البنجابية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

ਅਲਫਾਲਫਾ/ਲੂਸਰਨ (ਇੰਗ: ਮੈਡੀਕਾਗੋ ਸਤੀਵਾ) ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿਚ ਆਮ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਲੂਸਣ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਇਹ ਇਕ ਫੈਲਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਫੁੱਲਦਾਰ ਪੌਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਦੁਨੀਆਂ ਭਰ ਦੇ ਕਈ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਇਕ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਣ ਫਸਲਾਂ ਦੀ ਕਾਸ਼ਤ ਵਜੋਂ ਉਗਾਇਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਚਰਾਉਣ, ਪਰਾਗ ਅਤੇ ਸਿੰਜ ਲਈ ਅਤੇ ਹਰੀ ਫਸਲ ਲਈ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਨਾਮ ਅਲਫਾਲਫਾ ਦਾ ਨਾਮ ਉੱਤਰੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਯੂਨਾਈਟਿਡ ਕਿੰਗਡਮ, ਸਾਊਥ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ, ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ ਅਤੇ ਨਿਊਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਾਮ ਲੁਸਬਨ ਨਾਂ ਆਮ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। ਪੌਦਾ ਛਲਾਂਗਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਕਲੌਵਰ (ਇਕੋ ਪਰਿਵਾਰ ਦੇ ਇੱਕ ਚਚੇਰੇ ਭਰਾ) ਨਾਲ ਮਿਲਦਾ-ਜੁਲਦਾ ਹੈ, ਖਾਸ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਨੌਜਵਾਨ ਜਦੋਂ ਗੋਲ ਫੁੱਲਾਂ ਦੇ ਟ੍ਰਿਲੀਓਂਓਲੀਜ਼ ਪੱਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਬਲ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ. ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿਚ ਮਿਆਦ ਪੂਰੀ ਹੋਣ 'ਤੇ, ਪਰਚੇ ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾ ਲੰਬੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਛੋਟੇ ਜਾਮਨੀ ਫੁੱਲਾਂ ਦੇ ਕਲਸਟਰ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਫਲ਼ ਨੂੰ 2 ਤੋਂ 3 ਵਾਰੀ ਵਧਾਇਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ 10-20 ਬੀਜ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਅਲਫਾਲਫਾ ਗਰਮ ਸੰਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ ਮਾਹੌਲ ਦੇ ਮੂਲ ਸਥਾਨ ਹੈ. ਇਹ ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਅਤੇ ਰੋਮਨ ਦੇ ਯੁਗ ਤੋਂ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਪਸ਼ੂ ਚਾਰਰਾ ਦੇ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਉਗਾਇਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। ਅਲਫਾਲਫਾ ਸਪਾਉਟ ਦੱਖਣੀ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਰਸੋਈ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ ਵਿਚ ਬਣਾਏ ਗਏ ਪਕਵਾਨਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਇਕ ਆਮ ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਹਨ।

ਲਾਭਕਾਰੀ ਕੀੜੇ

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ਅਲਫਾਲਫਾ ਫੁੱਲ ਤੇ ਇੱਕ ਪੋਲਿਨੇਟਰ, ਮਧੂ ਮੱਖੀ (ਅਪਿਸ ਮੇਲੀਫਰਾ)।

ਅਲਫਾਲਫਾ ਨੂੰ ਇਕ ਕੀੜੇ-ਮਕੌੜੇ ਵਾਲਾ ਪੌਦਾ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਥੇ ਇਕ ਜਗ੍ਹਾ ਜਿੱਥੇ ਕੀੜੇ-ਮਕੌੜੇ ਪੈਦਾ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ, ਅਤੇ ਦੂਜੀਆਂ ਫਸਲਾਂ ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ ਕਪਾਹ, ਆਦਿ ਲਈ ਲਾਭਕਾਰੀ ਪ੍ਰਸਤਾਵ ਦੇ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਸਤੁਤ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ, ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਅਲਫਾਲਫਾ ਪਿੰਜਰੇ ਅਤੇ ਪਰਜੀਵੀ ਕੀੜੇ ਜੋ ਹੋਰ ਫਸਲਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ।

ਕੀੜੇ ਅਤੇ ਰੋਗ

ਬਹੁਤੇ ਪੌਦਿਆਂ ਵਾਂਗ, ਅਲਫ਼ਾਲਫਾ ਨੂੰ ਕਈ ਕੀੜਿਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਜਰਾਸੀਮ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਹਮਲਾ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ। ਰੋਗਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਕਸਰ ਸੂਖਮ ਲੱਛਣ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ ਜਿਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਅਸਾਨੀ ਨਾਲ ਦੇਖਿਆ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਜੋ ਪੱਤੇ, ਜੜ੍ਹਾਂ, ਅਤੇ ਪੈਦਾਵਾਰ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਿਤ ਕਰ ਸਕਦੇ ਹਨ।

ਪੋਸ਼ਟਿਕ ਮੁੱਲ

 src=
ਅਲਫਾਲਫਾ ਦੇ ਬੀਜ।

ਅਲਫਾਲਫਾ ਕਲੋਰੋਫਿਲ, ਕੈਰੋਟਿਨ, ਪ੍ਰੋਟੀਨ, ਕੈਲਸੀਅਮ ਅਤੇ ਹੋਰ ਖਣਿਜਾਂ, ਬੀ ਗਰੁੱਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ, ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ ਸੀ, ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ ਡੀ, ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ ਈ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ ਕੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਮੀਰ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਅਲਫਲਾ ਦੇ ਸੂਰਜ ਦੀ ਖੁਸ਼ਕ ਪਰਾਗ ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਸਰੋਤ ਡੀ, 48 ਐੱਚ. ਜੀ.ਜੀ. (1920 ਆਈਯੂ / ਕਿਲੋਗ੍ਰਾਮ) ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ ਡੀ 2 ਅਤੇ 0.63 ਜੀ.ਜੀ. / ਜੀ (25 ਆਈ.ਯੂ. / ਕਿਲੋਗ੍ਰਾਮ) ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ ਡੀ 3 ਹੈ। ਅਲਫਾਲਫਾ ਦੇ ਤਣੇ ਵਿਚ ਪਾਇਆ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ ਡੀ 2 ਅਤੇ ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ ਡੀ 3, ਅਜੇ ਤਸਦੀਕ ਦੀ ਉਡੀਕ ਕਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ।

ਗੈਲਰੀ

 src=
Medicago sativa
 src=
M. sativa
 src=
M. sativa
 src=
M. sativa
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Flowers
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Yellow flowers
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Light violet flowers
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M. sativa var. sativa, mature fruits
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Seeds (actual size ≈2mm)
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Lucerne field
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Bee on alfalfa flower

ਹਵਾਲੇ

  1. illustration from Amédée Masclef - Atlas des plantes de France. 1891
  2. "Medicago sativa – ILDIS LegumeWeb". ildis.org. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
  3. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 3 October 2014.
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ਲੂਸਣ: Brief Summary ( البنجابية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

ਅਲਫਾਲਫਾ/ਲੂਸਰਨ (ਇੰਗ: ਮੈਡੀਕਾਗੋ ਸਤੀਵਾ) ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿਚ ਆਮ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਲੂਸਣ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਇਹ ਇਕ ਫੈਲਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਫੁੱਲਦਾਰ ਪੌਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਦੁਨੀਆਂ ਭਰ ਦੇ ਕਈ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਇਕ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਣ ਫਸਲਾਂ ਦੀ ਕਾਸ਼ਤ ਵਜੋਂ ਉਗਾਇਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਚਰਾਉਣ, ਪਰਾਗ ਅਤੇ ਸਿੰਜ ਲਈ ਅਤੇ ਹਰੀ ਫਸਲ ਲਈ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਨਾਮ ਅਲਫਾਲਫਾ ਦਾ ਨਾਮ ਉੱਤਰੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਯੂਨਾਈਟਿਡ ਕਿੰਗਡਮ, ਸਾਊਥ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ, ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ ਅਤੇ ਨਿਊਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਾਮ ਲੁਸਬਨ ਨਾਂ ਆਮ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। ਪੌਦਾ ਛਲਾਂਗਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਕਲੌਵਰ (ਇਕੋ ਪਰਿਵਾਰ ਦੇ ਇੱਕ ਚਚੇਰੇ ਭਰਾ) ਨਾਲ ਮਿਲਦਾ-ਜੁਲਦਾ ਹੈ, ਖਾਸ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਨੌਜਵਾਨ ਜਦੋਂ ਗੋਲ ਫੁੱਲਾਂ ਦੇ ਟ੍ਰਿਲੀਓਂਓਲੀਜ਼ ਪੱਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਬਲ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ. ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿਚ ਮਿਆਦ ਪੂਰੀ ਹੋਣ 'ਤੇ, ਪਰਚੇ ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾ ਲੰਬੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਛੋਟੇ ਜਾਮਨੀ ਫੁੱਲਾਂ ਦੇ ਕਲਸਟਰ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਫਲ਼ ਨੂੰ 2 ਤੋਂ 3 ਵਾਰੀ ਵਧਾਇਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ 10-20 ਬੀਜ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਅਲਫਾਲਫਾ ਗਰਮ ਸੰਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ ਮਾਹੌਲ ਦੇ ਮੂਲ ਸਥਾਨ ਹੈ. ਇਹ ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਅਤੇ ਰੋਮਨ ਦੇ ਯੁਗ ਤੋਂ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਪਸ਼ੂ ਚਾਰਰਾ ਦੇ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਉਗਾਇਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। ਅਲਫਾਲਫਾ ਸਪਾਉਟ ਦੱਖਣੀ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਰਸੋਈ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ ਵਿਚ ਬਣਾਏ ਗਏ ਪਕਵਾਨਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਇਕ ਆਮ ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਹਨ।

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રજકો ( الغوجاراتية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

રજકો (વૈજ્ઞાનિક નામ: Medicago sativa, અંગ્રેજી: Alfalfa, lucerne, lucerne grass) કઢોળ વર્ગની બહુવર્ષાયુ વનસ્પતિ છે. તેને ઘોડાઘાસ તરીકે પણ ઓળખવામાં આવે છે. ચોમાસા સિવાયના સમયમાં લીલો ઘાસચારો પ્રાપ્ય ન હોય ત્યારે પશુપાલનનો વ્યવસાય કરતા ખેડૂતો રજકાનું પોતાના ખેતરમાં વાવેતર કરી તેની ખેતી કરે છે. આ રજકો એકથી દોઢ ફૂટ જેટલો ઉંચો થાય ત્યારે તેને કાપીને પશુઓને ખવડાવવામાં આવે છે. આ વનસ્પતિ ભારત દેશમાં પાલતુ પશુઓ માટેના મુખ્ય લીલા ખોરાક તરીકે વાપરવામાં આવે છે. ભારત ઉપરાંત યુ.કે., દક્ષિણ આફ્રિકા, ઓસ્ટ્રેલિયા અને ન્યૂઝીલેન્ડમાં તથા એશિયાના અન્ય દેશોમાં તેનું વાવેતર કરવામાં આવે છે.

ગુજરાતમાં રજકાની બે મુખ્ય જાતો વવાય છે, બારમાસિયો રજકો અને ભૂંગળીઓ રજકો. બારમાસી રજકો એક વર્ષ સુધી સતત વણઅટક્યે ઉત્પાદન આપે છે જ્યારે ભૂંગળીઓ રજકો પૌષ્ટિક અને સત્વધારી હોય છે. આ રજકાનો સમયકાળ ૭ મહિનાથી ૧૦ મહિના જેટલો હોય છે.

સંદર્ભ

  1. "Medicago sativa - ILDIS LegumeWeb". www.ildis.org. Retrieved 2008-03-07. Check date values in: |accessdate= (મદદ)
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રજકો: Brief Summary ( الغوجاراتية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

રજકો (વૈજ્ઞાનિક નામ: Medicago sativa, અંગ્રેજી: Alfalfa, lucerne, lucerne grass) કઢોળ વર્ગની બહુવર્ષાયુ વનસ્પતિ છે. તેને ઘોડાઘાસ તરીકે પણ ઓળખવામાં આવે છે. ચોમાસા સિવાયના સમયમાં લીલો ઘાસચારો પ્રાપ્ય ન હોય ત્યારે પશુપાલનનો વ્યવસાય કરતા ખેડૂતો રજકાનું પોતાના ખેતરમાં વાવેતર કરી તેની ખેતી કરે છે. આ રજકો એકથી દોઢ ફૂટ જેટલો ઉંચો થાય ત્યારે તેને કાપીને પશુઓને ખવડાવવામાં આવે છે. આ વનસ્પતિ ભારત દેશમાં પાલતુ પશુઓ માટેના મુખ્ય લીલા ખોરાક તરીકે વાપરવામાં આવે છે. ભારત ઉપરાંત યુ.કે., દક્ષિણ આફ્રિકા, ઓસ્ટ્રેલિયા અને ન્યૂઝીલેન્ડમાં તથા એશિયાના અન્ય દેશોમાં તેનું વાવેતર કરવામાં આવે છે.

ગુજરાતમાં રજકાની બે મુખ્ય જાતો વવાય છે, બારમાસિયો રજકો અને ભૂંગળીઓ રજકો. બારમાસી રજકો એક વર્ષ સુધી સતત વણઅટક્યે ઉત્પાદન આપે છે જ્યારે ભૂંગળીઓ રજકો પૌષ્ટિક અને સત્વધારી હોય છે. આ રજકાનો સમયકાળ ૭ મહિનાથી ૧૦ મહિના જેટલો હોય છે.

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குதிரை மசால் ( التاميلية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

குதிரை மசால்( தாவர வகைப்பாடு : Medicago sativa) பபேசியே குடும்பத்தைச் சார்ந்த ஒரு தாவரம். இதன் தாவரவியல் பெயர் மெடிகேகா சட்டைவா (Medicago sativa) என்பதாகும்.

இது பசுந்தழைத் தீவனத்திற்காக உலகெங்கும் அதிகமாக வளர்க்கப்படுகிறது. தமிழ்நாட்டைப் பொறுத்த மட்டில் கோயமுத்தூர் பகுதிகளில் வளர்க்கப்படுகிறது.

சோயா பீன்சு போன்ற மற்ற லெகூம் தாவரங்களில் இருப்பது போல குதிரை மசாலிலும் தாவர ஈஸ்ட்ரோஜன்கள் உள்ளன. இது கர்ப்பத் தடை போல செயல்படுகிறது.[4][5]

மேற்கோள்கள்

  1. illustration from Amédée Masclef – Atlas des plantes de France. 1891
  2. "Medicago sativa – ILDIS LegumeWeb". ildis.org. பார்த்த நாள் 7 March 2008.
  3. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". பார்த்த நாள் 3 October 2014.
  4. . பப்மெட்:7892287.
  5. Natural Health Products Ingredients Database. Webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca (18 April 2007). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
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குதிரை மசால்: Brief Summary ( التاميلية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

குதிரை மசால்( தாவர வகைப்பாடு : Medicago sativa) பபேசியே குடும்பத்தைச் சார்ந்த ஒரு தாவரம். இதன் தாவரவியல் பெயர் மெடிகேகா சட்டைவா (Medicago sativa) என்பதாகும்.

இது பசுந்தழைத் தீவனத்திற்காக உலகெங்கும் அதிகமாக வளர்க்கப்படுகிறது. தமிழ்நாட்டைப் பொறுத்த மட்டில் கோயமுத்தூர் பகுதிகளில் வளர்க்கப்படுகிறது.

சோயா பீன்சு போன்ற மற்ற லெகூம் தாவரங்களில் இருப்பது போல குதிரை மசாலிலும் தாவர ஈஸ்ட்ரோஜன்கள் உள்ளன. இது கர்ப்பத் தடை போல செயல்படுகிறது.

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ಆಲ್ಫಾಲ್ಫ ( الكانادا )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

ಆಲ್ಫಾಲ್ಫ ಲೆಗ್ಯೊಮಿನೋಸಿ ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಪಾಪಿಲಿಯೊನೇಸಿ ವಿಭಾಗಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಗಿಡ. ಲೊಸರ್ನ ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುವ ಈ ಗಿಡಕ್ಕೆ ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಕುದುರೆ ಮಸಾಲೆಸೊಪ್ಪು ಎಂದು ಹೆಸರಿದೆ. ಇದನ್ನು ದನಗಳ ಮತ್ತು ಕುದುರೆಗಳ ಮೇವಿಗಾಗಿ ಹುಲ್ಲುಗಾವಲುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಳೆಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಮಣ್ಣಿನ ಸಾರವನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಸುವುದಕ್ಕಾಗಿಯೂ ಬೆಳೆಸುವುದಿದೆ.

ಸಸ್ಯದ ಗುಣಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು

ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ 1'-4' ಎತ್ತರಕ್ಕೆ ಬೆಳೆಯುವ ಈ ಗಿಡದಲ್ಲಿ ನೆಲದಲ್ಲೇ ಭಾಗಶಃ ಹುದುಗಿರುವ ಮುಖ್ಯಕಾಂಡವಿದೆ. ಈ ಕಾಂಡದಿಂದ ಸುಮಾರು 20-30 ಸಣ್ಣ ರೆಂಬೆಗಳು ಮೇಲ್ಮುಖವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ರೆಂಬೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಪರ್ಯಾಯ ಜೋಡಣೆ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಎಲೆಗಳಿವೆ. ಒಂದೊಂದು ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಎಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಮೂರು ಕಿರುಎಲೆಗಳಿವೆ. ರೆಂಬೆಗಳ ಮೇಲ್ಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಎಲೆಗಳ ಕಂಕುಳಿನಿಂದ ರೇಸಿಮ್ ಹೂಗೊಂಚಲುಗಳು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತವೆ ಹೂಗಳ ಬಣ್ಣ ಊದಾ. ಕಾಯಿಗಳು ಸುರುಳಿಯಾಗಿ ಸುತ್ತಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದು ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದರಲ್ಲಿಯೂ 2-8 ಅಥವಾ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಹುರುಳಿ ಬೀಜದ ಆಕಾರದ ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಬೀಜಗಳಿವೆ. ಮುಖ್ಯಕಾಂಡದ ಕೆಳಭಾಗದಿಂದ ಭೂಮಿಯೊಳಕ್ಕೆ ಆಳವಾಗಿ ಇಳಿದಿರುವ ತಾಯಿಬೇರು ಪ್ರಮುಖವಾಗಿರುವ ಬೇರಿನ ಸಮೂಹ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ತಾಯಿಬೇರು ಪರಿಸ್ಥಿತಿ ಅನುಕೂಲವಾಗಿದ್ದಾಗ 30'-50' ಆಳದವರೆಗೂ ಬೆಳೆಯಬಲ್ಲದು.

ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳು

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ಮೆಡಿಕ್ಯಾಗೊ ಸಟೈವ ಹೂವು

ಆಲ್ಫಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲವಾರು ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳಿವೆ. ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಮೆಡಿಕ್ಯಾಗೊ ಸಟೈವ ಮತ್ತು ಮೆಡಿಕ್ಯಾಗೊ ಫಾಲ್ಕೇಟ ಎಂಬ ಎರಡು ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳನ್ನು ಬೆಳೆಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ಪ್ರಭೇದ ಊದಾಬಣ್ಣದ ಹೂಗಳನ್ನು ಮೇಲಕ್ಕೆ ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದರ ಕಾಯಿಗಳು ಸುರುಳಿಯಾಗಿ ಸುತ್ತಿಕೊಂಡಿವೆ. ಎರಡನೆಯದು ಹಳದಿಬಣ್ಣದ ಹೂಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು, ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಬಾಗಿಕೊಂಡು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದರ ಕಾಯಿಗಳು ಕುಡುಗೋಲಿನ ಆಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿವೆ.

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ಮೆಡಿಕ್ಯಾಗೊ ಸಟೈವ ಹೂವು

ಬೇಸಾಯ

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ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ಅಲ್ಫಾಲ್ಫ ಬೆಳೆ

ಆಲ್ಫಾಲ್ಫ ಗಿಡ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಒಣ ಹವೆಯನ್ನೊ ಅತ್ಯುಷ್ಣ ಅಥವಾ ಅತಿ ಶೀತ ವಾತಾವರಣವನ್ನೂ ತಡೆದುಕೊಂಡು ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯಬಲ್ಲ ಶಕ್ತಿ ಹೊಂದಿರಲು ಬಲು ಆಳಕ್ಕೆ ಬೆಳೆಯುವ ಇದರ ತಾಯಿಬೇರೇ ಕಾರಣ. ಇದರ ಬೇರಿನ ಮೂಲಕ ನೆಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಎಷ್ಟೇ ಆಳದಲ್ಲಿರಬಹುದಾದ ನೀರನ್ನೂ ಹೀರಿಕೊಂಡು ಗಿಡ ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದಲೇ ಇದನ್ನು ಒಣಹವೆಯಿರುವ ಸರಿಸುಮಾರು ಬಂಜರು ಎನ್ನಬಹುದಾದ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಳೆಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.ಬೀಜ ಬಿತ್ತಿದ ಹಲವಾರು ತಿಂಗಳುಗಳಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಗಿಡ ಬೆಳೆದರೂ ಕೊನೆಯ ಪಕ್ಷ 2-3 ವರ್ಷಗಳಾದರೂ ಅದನ್ನು ಹಾಗೆಯೇ ಕತ್ತರಿಸದೆ ಬಿಡುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಆಮೇಲೆ ಪ್ರತಿವರ್ಷವೂ 2-8 ಬಾರಿ ಸೊಪ್ಪನ್ನು ಕತ್ತರಿಸಬಹುದು. ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಎಕರೆಗೆ 2-4 ಟನ್ ಸೊಪ್ಪು ದೊರಕುವುದಾದರೊ ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿ ನೀರು ಹಾಯಿಸಿದಲ್ಲಿ ಉತ್ಪನ್ನ 10 ಟನ್‍ಗಳಷ್ಟು ಹೆಚ್ಚಬಲ್ಲದು ಮೂಲತಃ ಪೂರ್ವ ಮೆಡಿಟರೆನಿಯನ್ ಪ್ರದೇಶವಾಸಿಯಾದ ಈ ಗಿಡ ರಷ್ಯ ದೇಶದ ದಕ್ಷಿಣದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಕಾಕಸಸ್ ಪರ್ವತಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವಾಭಾವಿಕವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಬಹಳ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಕಾಲದಿಂದಲೂ ಇದರ ವ್ಯವಸಾಯ ರೂಢಿಯಲ್ಲಿದೆ. ಕ್ರಿ.ಪು. 400ರ ಸುಮಾರಿನಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಇದನ್ನು ಗ್ರೀಸ್ ದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಳೆಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರೆಂದು ದಾಖಲೆಯಿದೆ. ಇದರ ಸೊಪ್ಪಿನ ಉತ್ಕೃಷ್ಟಗುಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಈ ಗಿಡವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ಎಲ್ಲ ದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಬೆಳೆಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನ ಅಂದಾಜಿನ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಸುಮಾರು 6 ಕೋಟಿ ಎಕರೆಗಳಷ್ಟು ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಲ್ಫಾಲ್ಫವನ್ನು ಬೆಳೆಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿವೆ. ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಅಮೆರಿಕದ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನಗಳು, ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಅಮೆರಿಕ, ಕೆನಡ, ಯೂರೋಪ್ ದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ.

ಪೌಷ್ಟಿಕಾಂಶಗಳು

ಇದರ ಸೊಪ್ಪು ಅಧಿಕ ಪೌಷ್ಟಿಕಾಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು ದನಗಳಿಗೆ, ಕುದುರೆಗಳಿಗೆ ರುಚಿಕರವಾಗಿಯೂ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ 10% ಭಾಗ ಪ್ರೋಟೀನ್, 8% ಭಾಗ ಲವಣಾಂಶಗಳೂ ಅಲ್ಲದೆ ಎ, ಇ, ಡಿ ಮತ್ತು ಕೆ ಜೀವಾತುಗಳು ಇವೆ. ಆಲ್ಫಾಲ್ಫ ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಹಸುರು ಮೇವಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗವಾಗುವುದಾದರೂ ಇದರ ಸೊಪ್ಪನ್ನು ಕೋಳಿ, ಹಂದಿ ಮುಂತಾದ ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳ ಮಿಶ್ರ ಆಹಾರ ತಯಾರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಅಲ್ಲದೆ ಇದರ ವ್ಯವಸಾಯದಿಂದ ಭೂಮಿಯಲ್ಲಿನ ನೈಟ್ರೊಜನ್ ಪ್ರಮಾಣ ಹೆಚ್ಚುವುದೆಂದು ಕಂಡುಬಂದಿದೆ. ಇದರ ಬೇರುಗಂಟುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವು ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಜಾತಿಯ ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯವಿದ್ದು ಅವು ವಾತಾವರಣದಲ್ಲಿನ ನೈಟ್ರೊಜನ್ನನ್ನೇ ಭೂಮಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಥಿರೀಕರಣಗೊಳಿಸುವುದರಲ್ಲಿ ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಹೀಗೆ ಭೂಮಿಯ ಸಾರ ಹೆಚ್ಚುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಗಿಡಕ್ಕೆ ಹಲವಾರು ಬಗೆಯ ಬೂಷ್ಟು, ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ ವೈರಸ್ ರೋಗಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಹುಳುಗಳು ತಗಲುತ್ತವೆ. ಕೆಲವು ಬಾರಿ ಗಣನೀಯ ನಷ್ಟವನ್ನುಂಟು ಮಾಡುವುದೂ ಉಂಟು. ಈ ರೋಗಗಳನ್ನು ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಔಷಧಿಗಳ ಉಪಯೋಗದಿಂದ ತಡೆಯಬಹುದು. ಅಲ್ಲದೆ ರೋಗನಿರೋಧಕ ಶಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನುಳ್ಳ ತಳಿಗಳನ್ನು ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಪಡಿಸುವುದರಿಂದ ರೋಗಗಳಾಗಲಿ, ಹುಳುಗಳಾಗಲಿ ಅಂಟದಂತೆ ಮಾಡಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ.

ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು

ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು

  1. illustration from Amédée Masclef - Atlas des plantes de France. 1891
  2. "Medicago sativa – ILDIS LegumeWeb". ildis.org accessdate 7 March 2008.
  3. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species accessdate 3 October 2014".
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ಆಲ್ಫಾಲ್ಫ: Brief Summary ( الكانادا )

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ಆಲ್ಫಾಲ್ಫ ಲೆಗ್ಯೊಮಿನೋಸಿ ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಪಾಪಿಲಿಯೊನೇಸಿ ವಿಭಾಗಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಗಿಡ. ಲೊಸರ್ನ ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುವ ಈ ಗಿಡಕ್ಕೆ ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಕುದುರೆ ಮಸಾಲೆಸೊಪ್ಪು ಎಂದು ಹೆಸರಿದೆ. ಇದನ್ನು ದನಗಳ ಮತ್ತು ಕುದುರೆಗಳ ಮೇವಿಗಾಗಿ ಹುಲ್ಲುಗಾವಲುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಳೆಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಮಣ್ಣಿನ ಸಾರವನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಸುವುದಕ್ಕಾಗಿಯೂ ಬೆಳೆಸುವುದಿದೆ.

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Otá'tavö'êstse

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging_languages

Otá'tavö'êstse, póovónáévó'êstse (Medicago sativa)

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Èrba mèdga (Medicago sativa) ( Eml )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging_languages

èrba mèdga (Medicago sativa L.) ćiamèda anca èrba Spagnà o, pù raramént alfalfa a la mòda d'ingles (cal véna da la paròla araba al-fáṣfaṣa c'la vól dir"forağ"), l'é n'èrba dla famija dil Fabacei (che fin a socuant ani fà la s'ćiamèva dil Léguminósi).

Lèrba médga l'é originèria ed l'Asia e, in Italja, l'é coltivèda bombén a caval dl'Emilja, dla Lómbardia e dal Vènèto.

Descrisión

Il foij i'én trifoijèdi tant c'me i tarfoj, mo i s'cònòsén par via d'la présénsa dal picól che i trafoj i n'gan miga. Al fioór, c'al pol isór bianc, rósa o violètt al ga la forma tipica di fioór dil Leguminosi, l'è compign –o par lo meno simil– a col chi fan il fävi (Viccia faba) e i revjoòt (Pisum sativum). L'èrba médga la fa di frutt pićen (che in pratica pò i'én d'il teghi tant c'me culì di fasò) a fórma ed còva ed gozèn con dentór sinc'o sés sminsén'ni (sént i pesén si e no 200 milìgram).

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Bali'd fén d'èrba médga.
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Una vaca frison'na, al "cliént" pù important par chi fa dal fén d'èrba médga.

Mod éd drovèrla

L'é la pianta da forağ pù difusa e la vén drovèda principalmént par fèr dal fén o dil farén'ni disidratèdi. Al momént bón par tajer l'èrba médga da fén l'é quanda la fiorisà, dòpa la vénà pù legnósa e la pèrda in nutriént, specialmént in protéini. Al fén d'èrba médga l'é praticament la bèsa dl'alimentasión dil vachi in t'la produsiòn dal formaj nòstran.

A l'èrba médga i n'ghe piäson miga il téri acidi e la produsà pù sè in t'il téri pini ed calsén'na con un pH bén pù ält. La véna coltivèda c'me prè in tal stés sit par pù ani, ed sòlit tri o quator, e la pól där anc quattr'o sinc taij ed fén con dil produsión chi pólén pasèr, s'la ven daqueda bén, i 40 quintäl par Biólca ed Pärma.

A ghé da stär a l'òć a drovèrla vérda col bésti ca rumna: la contènà dil sóstansi chimichi, ćiamèdi saponini, ch'i fan dla sćuma una vòlta ch'i en in tal bartón e i al fan infièr, al s'ćiama meteorismo di ruminant.

Al fioór, o mej, col ca ghe dentór, al ven drovè bombén par la produsiòn ed méla ed bésión.

Étimológia

L'èrba médga (in latén medica e in greco μηδική, pronuncè mediké) la ne s'ćiama miga acsì parché la pól curèr quél, ma parché l'é originèria d'un pòst ćiamè anticamént Média (ch'incò la sarìs la Pèrsia)

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Èrba mèdga (Medicago sativa): Brief Summary ( Eml )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging_languages

èrba mèdga (Medicago sativa L.) ćiamèda anca èrba Spagnà o, pù raramént alfalfa a la mòda d'ingles (cal véna da la paròla araba al-fáṣfaṣa c'la vól dir"forağ"), l'é n'èrba dla famija dil Fabacei (che fin a socuant ani fà la s'ćiamèva dil Léguminósi).

Lèrba médga l'é originèria ed l'Asia e, in Italja, l'é coltivèda bombén a caval dl'Emilja, dla Lómbardia e dal Vènèto.

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Дүжер-меде тарымал

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging_languages
 src=
Тарымал дүжер-меде
 src=
Чечектери
 src=
Үрезиннери

Дүжер-меде тарымал (орус. Люцерна посевная, лат. Medicágo sativa) - Бобтар (Fabaceae) өгбезиниң дүжер-меде үнүштүң хөй чылдыг 30-80 см бедик хевири. Эм кылдыр ажыглап турар.

Тодарадылгазы

Бедии 30-80 см. Хөй чылдыг үнүш. Чечектери ягаан-көк. Бобтары спиральзыг-долгашкак.

Өзер черлери: Кургаг шыктарлыг ийлер, кужурларлыг шыктар, элезиннер, чыдымнар, ховулар, даглар эдектери болгаш ховуланы берген шыктар.

Хереглеттинер чүүлдери: сигени.

Чечектелири: июль.

Белеткээр үелери: июнь-август.

Ажыглаары

Кургадып каан чечектерлиг сывын нерви аарыгларында мага-бот оожургадыр чүүл кылдыр ажыглап турар. Сугга хандылап алгаш, ижип эмненир.

Дөзүк

  1. Серенот Станислав К. "Тыва улусчу эмнээшкин:эм оъттар, үнүштер, чааттар, мөөгүлер; моол, тибет, кыдат улусчу медициналар-биле чергелештирип бижээни". Тываның ном үндүрер чери, 2009. ISBN 5-7655-0636-4
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Дүжер-меде тарымал: Brief Summary

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 src= Тарымал дүжер-меде  src= Чечектери  src= Үрезиннери

Дүжер-меде тарымал (орус. Люцерна посевная, лат. Medicágo sativa) - Бобтар (Fabaceae) өгбезиниң дүжер-меде үнүштүң хөй чылдыг 30-80 см бедик хевири. Эм кылдыр ажыглап турар.

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Alfalfa ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

A close up of alfalfa sprouts, which are commonly used as a garnish on soups or as a filling in sandwiches and salads.

Alfalfa (/ælˈfælfə/) (Medicago sativa), also called lucerne, is a perennial flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. It is cultivated as an important forage crop in many countries around the world. It is used for grazing, hay, and silage, as well as a green manure and cover crop. The name alfalfa is used in North America. The name lucerne is the more commonly used name in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The plant superficially resembles clover (a cousin in the same family), especially while young, when trifoliate leaves comprising round leaflets predominate. Later in maturity, leaflets are elongated. It has clusters of small purple flowers followed by fruits spiralled in 2 to 3 turns containing 10–20 seeds. Alfalfa is native to warmer temperate climates. It has been cultivated as livestock fodder since at least the era of the ancient Greeks and Romans.

Etymology

The word alfalfa is a Spanish modification of the Arabic word al-faṣfaṣa ultimately from an Old Persian compound *aspa-sti- meaning horse food.[4][5]

History

Alfalfa seems to have originated in south-central Asia, and was first cultivated in ancient Iran.[6][7] According to Pliny (died 79 AD), it was introduced to Greece in about 490 BC when the Persians invaded Greek territory. Alfalfa cultivation is discussed in the fourth-century AD book Opus Agriculturae by Palladius, stating: "One sow-down lasts ten years. The crop may be cut four or six times a year ... A jugerum of it is abundantly sufficient for three horses all the year ... It may be given to cattle, but new provender is at first to be administered very sparingly, because it bloats up the cattle."[8] Pliny and Palladius called alfalfa in Latin medica, a name that referred to the Medes, a people who lived in ancient Iran. The ancient Greeks and Romans believed, probably correctly, that alfalfa came from the Medes' land, in today's Iran. (The ancient Greeks and Romans also used the name medica to mean a citron fruit, once again because it was believed to have come from the Medes' land). This name is the root of the modern scientific name for the alfalfa genus, Medicago.

The medieval Arabic agricultural writer Ibn al-'Awwam, who lived in Spain in the later 12th century, discussed how to cultivate alfalfa, which he called الفصفصة (al-fiṣfiṣa).[9] A 13th-century general-purpose Arabic dictionary, Lisān al-'Arab, says that alfalfa is cultivated as an animal feed and consumed in both fresh and dried forms.[10] It is from the Arabic that the Spanish name alfalfa was derived.[11]

In the 16th century, Spanish colonizers introduced alfalfa to the Americas as fodder for their horses.[12]

In the North American colonies of the eastern US in the 18th century, it was called "lucerne", and many trials at growing it were made, but generally without sufficiently successful results.[7] Relatively little is grown in the southeastern United States today.[13] Lucerne (or luzerne) is the name for alfalfa in Britain, Australia, France, Germany, and a number of other countries. Alfalfa seeds were imported to California from Chile in the 1850s. That was the beginning of a rapid and extensive introduction of the crop over the western US States[6] and introduced the word "alfalfa" to the English language. Since North and South America now produce a large part of the world's output, the word "alfalfa" has been slowly entering other languages.

Ecology

Alfalfa is a perennial forage legume which normally lives four to eight years, but can live more than 20 years, depending on variety and climate.[14] The plant grows to a height of up to 1 metre (3 feet 3 inches), and has a deep root system, sometimes growing to a depth of more than 15 m (49 ft) to reach groundwater. Typically the root system grows to a depth of 2–3 m (7–10 ft) depending on subsoil constraints.[14] Owing to this deep root system, it helps to improve soil nitrogen fertility and protect from soil erosion.[15] This depth of root system, and perenniality of crowns that store carbohydrates as an energy reserve, make it very resilient, especially to droughts. Alfalfa has a tetraploid genome.[16]

Alfalfa is a small-seeded crop, and has a slowly growing seedling, but after several months of establishment, forms a tough "crown" at the top of the root system. This crown contains shoot buds that enable alfalfa to regrow many times after being grazed or harvested; however, overgrazing of the buds will reduce the new leaves on offer to the grazing animal.

This plant exhibits autotoxicity, which means it is difficult for alfalfa seed to grow in existing stands of alfalfa.[17] Therefore, alfalfa fields are recommended to be rotated with other species (for example, corn or wheat) before reseeding.[18] The exact mechanism of auto-toxicity is unclear, with medicarpins and phenols both seeming to play a role.[19] Levels of autotoxicity in soil depends on soil type (clay soils maintain autotoxicity for longer), cultivar and age of the previous crop. A soil assay can be used to measure autotoxicity.[20] Resistant to autotoxicity also varies by cultivar, a tolerant one being 'WL 656HQ'.[21]

Culture

Lucerne fields in the Kalahari Desert (2017)

Alfalfa is widely grown throughout the world as forage for cattle, and is most often harvested as hay, but can also be made into silage, grazed, or fed as greenchop.[22] Alfalfa usually has the highest feeding value of all common hay crops. It is used less frequently as pasture.[18] When grown on soils where it is well-adapted, alfalfa is often the highest-yielding forage plant, but its primary benefit is the combination of high yield per hectare and high nutritional quality.[23]

Its primary use is as feed for high-producing dairy cows, because of its high protein content and highly digestible fiber, and secondarily for beef cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.[24][25] Alfalfa hay is a widely used protein and fiber source for meat rabbits. In poultry diets, dehydrated alfalfa and alfalfa leaf concentrates are used for pigmenting eggs and meat, because of their high content in carotenoids, which are efficient for colouring egg yolk and body lipids.[26] Humans also eat alfalfa sprouts in salads and sandwiches.[27][28] Dehydrated alfalfa leaf is commercially available as a dietary supplement in several forms, such as tablets, powders and tea.[29] Fresh alfalfa can cause bloating in livestock, so care must be taken with livestock grazing on alfalfa because of this hazard.[30]

Like other legumes, its root nodules contain bacteria, Sinorhizobium meliloti, with the ability to fix nitrogen, producing a high-protein feed regardless of available nitrogen in the soil.[31] Its nitrogen-fixing ability (which increases soil nitrogen) and its use as an animal feed greatly improve agricultural efficiency.[32][33]

Alfalfa can be sown in spring or fall, and does best on well-drained soils with a neutral pH of 6.8–7.5.[34][35] Alfalfa requires sustained levels of potassium and phosphorus to grow well.[36] It is moderately sensitive to salt levels in both the soil and irrigation water, although it continues to be grown in the arid southwestern United States, where salinity is an emerging issue.[37][38][39] Soils low in fertility should be fertilized with manure or a chemical fertilizer, but correction of pH is particularly important.[40] Usually a seeding rate of 13–20 kg/ha (12–18 lb/acre) is recommended, with differences based upon region, soil type, and seeding method.[41] A nurse crop is sometimes used, particularly for spring plantings, to reduce weed problems and soil erosion, but can lead to competition for light, water, and nutrients.[42]

In most climates, alfalfa is cut three to four times a year, but it can be harvested up to 12 times per year in Arizona and southern California.[43][44] Total yields are typically around 8 tonnes per hectare (3+12 short tons per acre) in temperate environments, but yields have been recorded up to 20 tonnes per hectare (9 short tons per acre).[44] Yields vary with region, weather, and the crop's stage of maturity when cut. Later cuttings improve yield, but with reduced nutritional content.[45]

Beneficial insects

Honey bee (Apis mellifera), a pollinator on alfalfa flower

Alfalfa is considered an insectary, a place where insects are reared, and has been proposed as helpful to other crops, such as cotton, if the two are interplanted, because the alfalfa harbours predatory and parasitic insects that would protect the other crop.[46] Harvesting the alfalfa by mowing the entire crop area destroys the insect population, but this can be avoided by mowing in strips so that part of the growth remains.[46]

Pests and diseases

Like most plants, alfalfa can be attacked by various pests and pathogens. Diseases often have subtle symptoms which are easily misdiagnosed and can affect leaves, roots, and stems.

Some pests, such as the alfalfa weevil, aphids, armyworms, and the potato leafhopper,[47] can reduce alfalfa yields dramatically, particularly with the second cutting when weather is warmest.[48] Spotted alfalfa aphid, broadly spread in Australia, not only sucks sap but also injects salivary toxins into the leaves.[49] Registered insecticides or chemical controls are sometimes used to prevent this and labels will specify the withholding period before the forage crop can be grazed or cut for hay or silage.[48] Alfalfa is also susceptible to root rots, including Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, and Texas root rot.[50][51][52] Alfalfa is also susceptible to downy mildew caused by the oomycete species Peronospora aestivalis.[53]

Harvesting

Alfalfa hay on the way to Clayton, New Mexico, circa 1915.
Cylindrical bales of alfalfa

When alfalfa is to be used as hay, it is usually cut and baled.[54] Loose haystacks are still used in some areas, but bales are easier for use in transportation, storage, and feed.[55] Ideally, the first cutting should be taken at the bud stage, and the subsequent cuttings just as the field is beginning to flower, or one-tenth bloom because carbohydrates are at their highest.[56] When using farm equipment rather than hand-harvesting, a swather cuts the alfalfa and arranges it in windrows.[57] In areas where the alfalfa does not immediately dry out on its own, a machine known as a mower-conditioner is used to cut the hay.[54] The mower-conditioner has a set of rollers or flails that crimp and break the stems as they pass through the mower, making the alfalfa dry faster.[58] After the alfalfa has dried, a tractor pulling a baler collects the hay into bales.

Several types of bales are commonly used for alfalfa. For small animals and individual horses, the alfalfa is baled into small, two-string bales, commonly named by the strands of string used to wrap it. Other bale sizes are three-string, and so on up to half-ton (six-string) "square" bales – actually rectangular, and typically about 40 cm × 45 cm × 100 cm (16 in × 18 in × 39 in).[16] Small square bales weigh from 25 to 30 kg (55 to 66 lb) depending on moisture, and can be easily hand separated into "flakes". Cattle ranches use large round bales, typically 1.4 to 1.8 m (4 ft 7 in to 5 ft 11 in) in diameter and weighing from 500 to 1,000 kg (1,100 to 2,200 lb). These bales can be placed in stable stacks or in large feeders for herds of horses or unrolled on the ground for large herds of cattle.[16] The bales can be loaded and stacked with a tractor using a spike, known as a bale spear, that pierces the center of the bale,[59] or they can be handled with a grapple (claw) on the tractor's front-end loader. A more recent innovation is large "square" bales, roughly the same proportions as the small squares, but much larger. The bale size was set so stacks would fit perfectly on a large flatbed truck. These are more common in the western United States.

When used as feed for dairy cattle, alfalfa is often made into haylage by a process known as ensiling.[24] Rather than being dried to make dry hay, the alfalfa is chopped finely and fermented in silos, trenches, or bags, where the oxygen supply can be limited to promote fermentation.[60] The anaerobic fermentation of alfalfa allows it to retain high nutrient levels similar to those of fresh forage, and is also more palatable to dairy cattle than dry hay.[61] In many cases, alfalfa silage is inoculated with different strains of microorganisms to improve the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of the silage.[62][63]

Worldwide production

Worldwide alfalfa production

During the early 2000s, alfalfa was the most cultivated forage legume in the world.[64] Worldwide production was around 436 million tons in 2006.[64] In 2009, alfalfa was grown on approximately 30 million hectares (74 million acres) worldwide; of this North America produced 41% (11.9 million hectares; 29 million acres), Europe produced 25% (7.12 million hectares; 17.6 million acres), South America produced 23% (7 million hectares; 17 million acres), Asia produced 8% (2.23 million hectares; 5.5 million acres), and Africa and Oceania produced the remainder.[65] The US was the largest alfalfa producer in the world by area in 2009, with 9 million hectares (22 million acres), but considerable production area is found in Argentina (6.9 million hectares; 17 million acres), Canada (2 million hectares; 4.9 million acres), Russia (1.8 million hectares; 4.4 million acres), Italy (1.3 million hectares; 3.2 million acres), and China (1.3 million hectares; 3.2 million acres).[65]

United States

In the United States in 2012, the leading alfalfa-growing states were California, Idaho, and Montana.[13] Alfalfa is predominantly grown in the northern and western United States;[13] it can be grown in the southeastern United States, but leaf and root diseases, poor soils, and a lack of well-adapted varieties are often limitations.[66]

California

Varieties resistant to the spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis maculata) are necessary there, but even that is not always enough due to constant resistance evolution.[67] See also § Varieties.[67]

Australia

New South Wales

New South Wales produces 40% of Australia's lucerne.[68] Due to the introduction of the spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis maculata) in the 1700s all varieties grown there must be resistant to it (see also § Varieties).[68]

Alfalfa and bees

Alfalfa field

Alfalfa seed production requires the presence of pollinators when the fields of alfalfa are in bloom.[16] Alfalfa pollination is somewhat problematic, however, because western honey bees, the most commonly used pollinator, are less than ideal for this purpose; the pollen-carrying keel of the alfalfa flower trips and strikes pollinating bees on the head, which helps transfer the pollen to the foraging bee.[16] Western honey bees, however, do not like being struck in the head repeatedly and learn to defeat this action by drawing nectar from the side of the flower. The bees thus collect the nectar, but carry no pollen, so do not pollinate the next flower they visit.[69] Because older, experienced bees do not pollinate alfalfa well, most pollination is accomplished by young bees that have not yet learned the trick of robbing the flower without tripping the head-knocking keel.

When western honey bees are used to pollinate alfalfa, the beekeeper stocks the field at a very high rate to maximize the number of young bees.[69] However, Western honey bee colonies may suffer protein stress when working alfalfa only, because alfalfa pollen protein is deficient in isoleucine, one of the amino acids essential in the diet of honeybee larvae.

Today, the alfalfa leafcutter bee (Megachile rotundata) is increasingly used to circumvent these problems.[70] As a solitary but gregarious bee species, it does not build colonies or store honey, but is a very efficient pollinator of alfalfa flowers.[70] Nesting is in individual tunnels in wooden or plastic material, supplied by the alfalfa seed growers.[69] The leafcutter bees are used in the Pacific Northwest, while western honeybees dominate in California alfalfa seed production.[69]

M. rotundata was unintentionally introduced into the United States during the 1940s, and its management as a pollinator of alfalfa has led to a three-fold increase in seed production in the U.S. The synchronous emergence of the adult bees of this species during alfalfa blooming period in combination with such behaviors as gregarious nesting, and utilization of leaves and nesting materials that have been mass-produced by humans provide positive benefits for the use of these bees in pollinating alfalfa.[71]

A smaller amount of alfalfa produced for seed is pollinated by the alkali bee, mostly in the northwestern United States. It is cultured in special beds near the fields. These bees also have their own problems. They are not portable like honey bees, and when fields are planted in new areas, the bees take several seasons to build up.[69] Honey bees are still trucked to many of the fields at bloom time.

B. affinis is important to the agricultural industry, as well as for the pollination of alfalfa.[72] It is known that members of this species pollinate up to 65 different species of plants, and it is the primary pollinator of key dietary crops, such as cranberries, plums, apples, onions, and alfalfa.[73]

Varieties

Small square bales of alfalfa

Considerable research and development has been done with this important plant. Older cultivars such as 'Vernal' have been the standard for years, but many public and private varieties better adapted to particular climates are available.[74] Private companies release many new varieties each year in the US.[75]

Most varieties go dormant in the fall, with reduced growth in response to low temperatures and shorter days.[75] 'Nondormant' varieties that grow through the winter are planted in long-season environments such as Mexico, Arizona, and Southern California, whereas 'dormant' varieties are planted in the Upper Midwest, Canada, and the Northeast.[75] 'Nondormant' varieties can be higher-yielding, but they are susceptible to winter-kill in cold climates and have poorer persistence.[75]

Most alfalfa cultivars contain genetic material from sickle medick (M. falcata), a crop wild relative of alfalfa that naturally hybridizes with M. sativa to produce sand lucerne (M. sativa ssp. varia). This species may bear either the purple flowers of alfalfa or the yellow of sickle medick, and is so called for its ready growth in sandy soil.[76] Traits for insect resistance have also been introduced from M. glomerata and M. prostrata, members of alfalfa's secondary gene pool.[77]

Watering an alfalfa field

Most of the improvements in alfalfa over the last decades have consisted of better disease resistance on poorly drained soils in wet years, better ability to overwinter in cold climates, and the production of more leaves. Multileaf alfalfa varieties have more than three leaflets per leaf.[78]

Alfalfa growers or lucerne growers have a suite of varieties or cultivars to choose from in the seed marketplace and base their selection on a number of factors including the dormancy or activity rating, crown height, fit for purpose (i.e., hay production or grazing), disease resistance, insect pest resistance, forage yield, fine leafed varieties and a combination of many favourable attributes. Plant breeding efforts use scientific methodology and technology to strive for new improved varieties.

The L. Teweles Seed Company claimed it created the world's first hybrid alfalfa.[79]

Wisconsin and California and many other states publish alfalfa variety trial data. A complete listing of state variety testing data is provided by the North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference (NAAIC) State Listing, as well as additional detailed alfalfa genetic and variety data published by NAAIC.

Genetic modification

Roundup Ready alfalfa, a genetically modified variety, was released by Forage Genetics International in 2005. This was developed through the insertion of a gene owned by Monsanto Company that confers resistance to glyphosate, a broad-spectrum herbicide, also known as Roundup. Although most grassy and broadleaf plants, including ordinary alfalfa, are killed by Roundup, growers can spray fields of Roundup Ready alfalfa with the glyphosate herbicide and kill the weeds without harming the alfalfa crop.

Legal issues in the US

In 2005, after completing a 28-page environmental assessment (EA)[80] the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) granted Roundup Ready alfalfa (RRA) nonregulated status[81] under Code of Federal Regulations Title 7 Part 340,[82] called, "Introduction of Organisms and Products Altered or Produced Through Genetic Engineering Which Are Plant Pests or Which There Is Reason to Believe Are Plant Pests", which regulates, among other things, the introduction (importation, interstate movement, or release into the environment) of organisms and products altered or produced through genetic engineering that are plant pests or that there is reason to believe are plant pests. Monsanto had to seek deregulation to conduct field trials of RRA, because the RRA contains a promoter sequence derived from the plant pathogen figwort mosaic virus.[80] The USDA granted the application for deregulation, stating that the RRA with its modifications: "(1) Exhibit no plant pathogenic properties; (2) are no more likely to become weedy than the nontransgenic parental line or other cultivated alfalfa; (3) are unlikely to increase the weediness potential of any other cultivated or wild species with which it can interbreed; (4) will not cause damage to raw or processed agricultural commodities; (5) will not harm threatened or endangered species or organisms that are beneficial to agriculture; and (6) should not reduce the ability to control pests and weeds in alfalfa or other crops."[80] Monsanto started selling RRA and within two years, more than 300,000 acres were devoted to the plant in the US.[83]

The granting of deregulation was opposed by many groups, including growers of non-GM alfalfa who were concerned about gene flow into their crops.[80] In 2006, the Center for Food Safety, a US non-governmental organization that is a critic of biotech crops, and others, challenged this deregulation in the California Northern District Court.[84] Organic growers were concerned that the GM alfalfa could cross-pollinate with their organic alfalfa, making their crops unsalable in countries that ban the growing of GM crops.[85] The District Court ruled that the USDA's EA did not address two issues concerning RRA's effect on the environment,[86] and in 2007, required the USDA to complete a much more extensive environmental impact statement (EIS). Until the EIS was completed, they banned further planting of RRA but allowed land already planted to continue.[83][87] The USDA proposed a partial deregulation of RRA but this was also rejected by the District Court.[84] Planting of RRA was halted.

In June 2009, a divided three-judge panel on the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the District Court's decision.[88] Monsanto and others appealed to the US Supreme Court.[88]

On 21 June 2010, in Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms, the Supreme Court overturned the District Court decision to ban planting RRA nationwide as there was no evidence of irreparable injury.[89] They ruled that the USDA could partially deregulate RRA before an EIS was completed. The Supreme Court did not consider the District Court's ruling disallowing RRA's deregulation and consequently RRA was still a regulated crop waiting for USDA's completion of an EIS.[84]

This decision was welcomed by the American Farm Bureau Federation, Biotechnology Industry Organization, American Seed Trade Association, American Soybean Association, National Alfalfa and Forage Alliance, National Association of Wheat Growers, National Cotton Council, and National Potato Council.[90] In July 2010, 75 members of Congress from both political parties sent a letter to Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack asking him to immediately allow limited planting of genetically engineered alfalfa.[91][92] However the USDA did not issue interim deregulatory measures, instead focusing on completing the EIS. Their 2,300-page EIS was published in December 2010.[93] It concluded that RRA would not affect the environment.

Three of the biggest natural food brands in the US lobbied for a partial deregulation of RRA,[94] but in January 2011, despite protests from organic groups, Secretary Vilsack announced that the USDA had approved the unrestricted planting of genetically modified alfalfa and planting resumed.[95][96][97] Secretary Vilsack commented, "After conducting a thorough and transparent examination of alfalfa ... APHIS [Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service] has determined that Roundup Ready alfalfa is as safe as traditionally bred alfalfa."[98] About 20 million acres (8 million hectares) of alfalfa were grown in the US, the fourth-biggest crop by acreage, of which about 1% were organic. Some biotechnology officials forecast that half of the US alfalfa acreage could eventually be planted with GM alfalfa.[99]

The National Corn Growers Association,[100] the American Farm Bureau Federation,[101] and the Council for Biotech Information[102] warmly applauded this decision. Christine Bushway, CEO of the Organic Trade Association, said, "A lot of people are shell-shocked. While we feel Secretary Vilsack worked on this issue, which is progress, this decision puts our organic farmers at risk."[99] The Organic Trade Association issued a press release in 2011 saying that the USDA recognized the impact that cross-contamination could have on organic alfalfa and urged them to place restrictions to minimize any such contamination.[103] However, organic farming groups, organic food outlets, and activists responded by publishing an open letter saying that planting the "alfalfa without any restrictions flies in the face of the interests of conventional and organic farmers, preservation of the environment, and consumer choice."[104] Senator Debbie Stabenow, Chairwoman of the Senate Agriculture Committee,[105] House Agriculture Committee Chairman Frank Lucas[105] and Senator Richard Lugar[106] issued statements strongly supporting the decision "... giving growers the green light to begin planting an abundant, affordable and safe crop" and giving farmers and consumers the choice ... in planting or purchasing food grown with GM technology, conventionally, or organically." In a joint statement, US Senator Patrick Leahy and Representative Peter DeFazio said the USDA had the "opportunity to address the concerns of all farmers", but instead "surrender[ed] to business as usual for the biotech industry."[107]

The non-profit Center for Food Safety appealed this decision in March 2011[108] but the District Court for Northern California rejected this motion in 2012.[109]

Phytoestrogens in alfalfa and effect on livestock fertility

Alfalfa, like other leguminous crops, is a known source of phytoestrogens,[110] including spinasterol,[111] coumestrol, and coumestan.[112] Because of this, grazing on alfalfa during breeding can cause reduced fertility in sheep and in dairy cattle if not effectively managed.[112][113]

Coumestrol levels in alfalfa have been shown to be elevated by fungal infection, but not significantly under drought stress[114] or aphid infestation.[115] Grazing management can be utilised to mitigate the effects of coumestrol on ewe reproductive performance, with full recovery after removal from alfalfa.[113] Coumestrol levels in unirrigated crops can be predicted practically using weather variables.[116]

Toxicity of canavanine

Raw alfalfa seeds and sprouts are a source of the amino acid canavanine. Much of the canavanine is converted into other amino acids during germination so sprouts contain much less canavanine than unsprouted seeds.[117] Canavanine competes with arginine, resulting in the synthesis of dysfunctional proteins. Raw unsprouted alfalfa has toxic effects in primates, including humans, which can result in lupus-like symptoms and other immunological diseases in susceptible individuals,[118][119] and sprouts also produced these symptoms in at least some primates when fed a diet made of 40% alfalfa. Stopping consumption of alfalfa seeds can reverse the effects.[120]

Nutritional value

Sprouted alfalfa seeds

Raw alfalfa seed sprouts are 93% water, 2% carbohydrates, 4% protein, and contain negligible fat (table). In a 100-gram (3+12-ounce) reference amount, raw alfalfa sprouts supply 96 kilojoules (23 kilocalories) of food energy and 29% of the Daily Value of vitamin K. They are a moderate source of vitamin C, some B vitamins, phosphorus, and zinc.

Sprouting

Sprouting alfalfa seeds is the process of germinating seeds for consumption usually involving just water and a jar. However, the seeds and sprouts must be rinsed regularly to avoid the accumulation of the products of decay organisms along with smells of rot and discoloration. Sprouting alfalfa usually takes three to four days with one tablespoon of seed yielding up to three full cups of sprouts.[121]

Health effects

The United States National Institutes of Health (US NIH) reports there is "Insufficient evidence to rate effectiveness [of alfalfa] for" the following:[122]

  • High cholesterol
  • Kidney problems
  • Bladder problems
  • Prostate problems
  • Asthma
  • Arthritis
  • Diabetes
  • Upset stomach
  • Other conditions

Further, the US NIH has identified several safety concerns and medication interactions. US NIH summarizes:

Alfalfa leaves are POSSIBLY SAFE for most adults. However, taking alfalfa seeds long-term is LIKELY UNSAFE. Alfalfa seed products may cause reactions that are similar to the autoimmune disease called lupus erythematosus.

Alfalfa might also cause some people's skin to become extra sensitive to the sun.[122]

As noted above, raw unsprouted alfalfa has toxic effects in primates, including humans, which can result in lupus-like symptoms and other immunological diseases in susceptible individuals.[118][119][122]

The US NIH calls out special precautions and warnings for the following:[122]

  • Pregnancy or breast-feeding: Using alfalfa in amounts larger than what is commonly found in food is possibly unsafe during pregnancy and breast-feeding. There is some evidence that alfalfa may act like estrogen, and this might affect the pregnancy.
  • Auto-immune diseases: Alfalfa might cause the immune system to become more active, and this could increase the symptoms of these diseases.
  • Hormone-sensitive conditions (such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis, or uterine fibroids): Alfalfa might have the same effects as the female hormone estrogen.
  • Diabetes: Alfalfa might lower blood sugar levels.
  • Kidney transplant: There is one report of a kidney transplant rejection following the three-month use of a supplement that contained alfalfa and black cohosh. This outcome is more likely due to alfalfa than black cohosh. Alfalfa's immune system boost might make the anti-rejection drug cyclosporine less effective.

US NIH warns that alfalfa interacts with warfarin (Coumadin) in a major way; the two should not be combined.[122] US NIH warns that alfalfa interacts with the following medicine types moderately; the user should be cautious when taking alfalfa with these:[122]

  • Birth control pills (contraceptive drugs)
  • Estrogens – Large amounts of alfalfa might have some of the same effects as estrogen. However, even large amounts of alfalfa are not as strong as estrogen pills. Taking alfalfa along with estrogen pills might decrease the effects of estrogen pills.
  • Medications for diabetes (antidiabetes drugs)
  • Medications that decrease the immune system (immunosuppressants)
  • Medications that increase sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitizing drugs)

US NIH warns that alfalfa may interact with herbs and supplements associated with the following:[122]

  • Those that might lower blood sugar
  • Iron
  • Vitamin E

Refer to [122] for the most current information and details.

Gallery

References

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  86. ^ These two issues were: 1) evaluation of the risk that complete deregulation of RRA would lead to cross-pollination or the transmission of the gene conferring glyphosate tolerance from RRA to conventional alfalfa 2) evaluation of the risk that growing RRA might lead to the development of Roundup-resistant weeds.
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Alfalfa: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN
A close up of alfalfa sprouts, which are commonly used as a garnish on soups or as a filling in sandwiches and salads.

Alfalfa (/ælˈfælfə/) (Medicago sativa), also called lucerne, is a perennial flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. It is cultivated as an important forage crop in many countries around the world. It is used for grazing, hay, and silage, as well as a green manure and cover crop. The name alfalfa is used in North America. The name lucerne is the more commonly used name in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The plant superficially resembles clover (a cousin in the same family), especially while young, when trifoliate leaves comprising round leaflets predominate. Later in maturity, leaflets are elongated. It has clusters of small purple flowers followed by fruits spiralled in 2 to 3 turns containing 10–20 seeds. Alfalfa is native to warmer temperate climates. It has been cultivated as livestock fodder since at least the era of the ancient Greeks and Romans.

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Luzerno ( إسبرانتو )

المقدمة من wikipedia EO
Medicago sativa - harilik lutsern Keilas.jpg
Apis mellifera - Medicago sativa - Valingu.jpg

Luzerno (Medicago sativa) estas plurjara herbo, apartenanta al la genro medikago, al la familio fabacoj (Fabaceae). Ĝi bone toleras sekecon, varmon kaj froston, ĝi havas elstaran produktemon. Ĝi estas bonkvalita paŝteja herbo kaj plibonigas la produktemon de la grundo. Oni uzas ĝin larĝ-skale por paŝtado, seka furaĝo (fojno) kaj kiel insilaĵon.

Luzerno altas 30–90 cm, la ŝosoj kreskas el la burĝonoj de la rizomo. Ĝi havas triopan folion kiel ĉe trifolio. Ĉe la supra parto de la tigo evoluas akselaj infloreskoj el floretoj. La frukto estas tordita, eta guŝo kun 2–8 grajnoj. Luzerno ŝatas la sunlumajn lokojn kaj moderan klimaton.

La ĉefa radiko de luzerno povas penetri en lozan grundon eĉ ĝis 15 m (tio klarigas la sekotoleron). La radiko de dumonataj junluzernoj penetras je 90 cm, tiu de 5-monataj je 180 cm.

Ĉar ĝi rapide sin regeneras kaj reproduktas, oni povas ĝin falĉi multfoje dum la jaro (en bonaj kondiĉoj eĉ 10-13-foje). Verda luzerno estas tre altvalora kaj bongusta, ĝi entenas proteinojn je 16% kaj mineralajn materialojn je 8% kaj estas riĉa je vitaminoj A-, E-, D-, kaj K.

La ĝermoj estas manĝataj en salatoj k.t.p.

damaĝantoj

Sur humida kaj akvumata tereno ĝi ne restas pli ol 3 jarojn pro bakteria velkiĝo, kaŭzita de Phytomonas insidiosum.

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Luzerno: Brief Summary ( إسبرانتو )

المقدمة من wikipedia EO
Medicago sativa - harilik lutsern Keilas.jpg Apis mellifera - Medicago sativa - Valingu.jpg

Luzerno (Medicago sativa) estas plurjara herbo, apartenanta al la genro medikago, al la familio fabacoj (Fabaceae). Ĝi bone toleras sekecon, varmon kaj froston, ĝi havas elstaran produktemon. Ĝi estas bonkvalita paŝteja herbo kaj plibonigas la produktemon de la grundo. Oni uzas ĝin larĝ-skale por paŝtado, seka furaĝo (fojno) kaj kiel insilaĵon.

Luzerno altas 30–90 cm, la ŝosoj kreskas el la burĝonoj de la rizomo. Ĝi havas triopan folion kiel ĉe trifolio. Ĉe la supra parto de la tigo evoluas akselaj infloreskoj el floretoj. La frukto estas tordita, eta guŝo kun 2–8 grajnoj. Luzerno ŝatas la sunlumajn lokojn kaj moderan klimaton.

La ĉefa radiko de luzerno povas penetri en lozan grundon eĉ ĝis 15 m (tio klarigas la sekotoleron). La radiko de dumonataj junluzernoj penetras je 90 cm, tiu de 5-monataj je 180 cm.

Ĉar ĝi rapide sin regeneras kaj reproduktas, oni povas ĝin falĉi multfoje dum la jaro (en bonaj kondiĉoj eĉ 10-13-foje). Verda luzerno estas tre altvalora kaj bongusta, ĝi entenas proteinojn je 16% kaj mineralajn materialojn je 8% kaj estas riĉa je vitaminoj A-, E-, D-, kaj K.

La ĝermoj estas manĝataj en salatoj k.t.p.

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Medicago sativa ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES
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Inflorescencia y hojas trifolioladas.
Apis mellifera - Medicago sativa - Valingu.jpg
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Frutos en hélices apicalmente dextras, maduros e inmaduros.

Medicago sativa, es una especie de planta herbácea perteneciente a la familia de las fabáceas o leguminosas. Conocida como mielga o alfalfa.

Descripción

Son hierbas perennifolias, sobre todo rectas a subrectas que alcanzan un tamaño de 30-60 cm de altura, pubescentes a subglabras. Los foliolos de 5-20 mm de largo, 3-10 mm de ancho, obovadas a sublineal, dentados en el ápice, adpreso pubescentes; entera o dentada en la base. Inflorescencia en racimo pedunculado, el pedúnculo mucho más largo que el pecíolo. Corola de 6-12 mm de largo, violeta pálido lavanda. Las fruta o en una espiral floja de 1-4 giros, glabras a pilosas.[1]

Usos

Es una planta que se utiliza ampliamente como pasto y con este propósito se cultiva intensivamente en el mundo entero. Tiene un ciclo vital de entre cinco y doce años, dependiendo de la variedad utilizada, así como del clima; en condiciones benignas puede llegar a veinte años.[2]​ Llega a alcanzar una altura de 1 metro, desarrollando densas agrupaciones de pequeñas flores púrpuras. Sus raíces suelen ser muy profundas, pudiendo medir hasta 4,5 metros. De esta manera, la planta es especialmente resistente a la sequía.

Tiene un genoma tetraploide.[3]

Es una especie que muestra autotoxicidad, por lo que es difícil para su semilla crecer en cultivares de Medicago sativa[4]​ ya existentes. Así, se recomienda que sus cultivares se roten con otras especies (por ejemplo, maíz o trigo) antes de resembrar.[5]

El Medicago sativa es originaria de Persia y se cree que su primer uso humano fue para alimentar a los caballos de guerra. Igualmente, es familia de las legumbres como las lentejas, las arvejas o los garbanzos.

Historia

Medicago sativa procede de Persia, donde probablemente fue adoptada para el uso por parte del humano durante la Edad del Bronce para alimentar a los caballos procedentes de Asia Central.[6][5]​ Según Plinio el Viejo, se introdujo en Grecia alrededor del 490 a. C., durante la Primera Guerra Médica,[7]​ posiblemente en forma de semillas llegadas con el pienso de la caballería persa. Pasó a ser un cultivo habitual destinado a la alimentación de los caballos.[8][9][10]​ El humano puede ingerirla como brotes en ensaladas y emparedados.[11][12]

Como muchas de las leguminosas, sus raíces poseen nódulos que contienen las bacterias Sinorhizobium meliloti, con habilidad de fijar nitrógeno, que producen alimento altoproteico, sin importar el nitrógeno disponible en el suelo.[13]​ Su habilidad fijadora de nitrógeno (incrementando el N del suelo) y su uso como pienso animal mejora la eficiencia de la agricultura.[14][15]

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Ilustración
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En su hábitat
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Vista de la planta

Nutrientes y principios activos

Propiedades nutricionales

Se utiliza la hoja. Tiene cualidades nutritivas excepcionales. Contiene más proteínas que la mayor parte de los vegetales. Es también rica en Vitamina A, y minerales derivados. Contiene cantidades poco usuales de Vitamina K (necesaria para coagular la sangre).[16]

Plagas y enfermedades

Enfermedades

Enfermedades bacterianas

  • Marchitez bacteriana (Corynebacterium insidiosum, Mc.Cull): las plantas atacadas presentan síntomas de detención de crecimiento de la punta del tallo, y amarilleamiento al segundo o tercer año del establecimiento.[17]​ Los brotes tienen hojas pequeñas y las puntas se marchitan en verano cuando hace calor. La sección de las raíces pasa a tener un color marrón claro en el cambium.

No existe tratamiento para combatir la enfermedad, pero se pueden tomar precauciones para mantener la productividad del Medicago sativa como es la fertilización, buen manejo, y efectuar los cortes en las épocas secas, ya que hay que tener en cuenta que la infección tiene lugar a través de heridas y grietas de la planta.

Enfermedades producidas por hongos[18][19][20]

  • Mal vinoso, podredumbre de la corona (Rhizoctonia solani, Kuhn): enfermedad de mayores daños en el Medicago sativa, siendo difícil de combatir. El síntoma clásico es la aparición en la corona o cuello de una podredumbre. Se expande por encharcamiento y por los daños producidos por el ganado o la maquinaria.
Otras enfermedades producidas por hongos son

Enfermedades de los órganos aéreos

Es la enfermedad más frecuente de las partes aéreas de Medicago sativa, similar a la roya. Presenta manchas cloróticas en las hojas jóvenes e inferiores al tener estas mayor humedad. Su tratamiento consiste en aplicar productos fungicidas organocúpricos.

Otras enfermedades aéreas son

Plagas

Importante en todo el sur de España. De color verde amarillento y pequeño tamaño. Plaga invernal y de principios de primavera, desaparece con el aumento de la temperatura y la sequía.[21]

Dentro de este grupo de hemípteros el más importante es el pulgón verde (Acyrtosiphon trifolii T. maculata), son chupadores de savia y de los jugos del parénquima. Para su eliminación es frecuente el uso de insecticidas.

Otras plagas frecuentes en los cultivos de Medicago sativa,[21]​ son

Medicago sativa genéticamente modificada

Existe una variedad (Roundup Ready) modificada por ingeniería genética, patentada por Monsanto Co., resistente al herbicida de Monsanto «glifosato».[cita requerida]

Taxonomía

Medicago sativa fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum, VOL. 2, P. 778–779[4]], 1753.[1]

Etimología
  • Medicago: vocablo derivado del latín mědǐca, -ae, a su vez prestado del griego μηδιχή πόα, hierba de Meda, del persa Mâda; . Documentado en las Geórgicas (1, 215) de Virgilio y Naturalis Historia (18, 144) de Plinio el Viejo , con su sentido original, la Mielga.[23][24]
  • sativa: prestado del latín sǎtīva, -a, -um, de sěro, saēvi, sātum, sembrar, o sea 'que proviene de la siembra, cultivada'.[24]
Variedades aceptadas
  • Medicago sativa subsp. ambigua (Trautv.) Tutin
  • Medicago sativa subsp. microcarpa Urb.
  • Medicago sativa subsp. varia (Martyn) Arcang.
Sinonimia
  • Medica sativa Lam.
  • Medicago afganica (Bordere) Vassilcz.
  • Medicago alaschanica Vassilcz.
  • Medicago asiática subsp. sinensis Sinskaya
  • Medicago beipinensis Vassilcz.
  • Medicago grandiflora (Grossh.) Vassilcz.
  • Medicago ladak Vassilcz.
  • Medicago mesopotamica Vassilcz.
  • Medicago orientalis Vassilcz.
  • Medicago polia (Brand) Vassilcz.
  • Medicago praesativa Sinskaya
  • Medicago praesativa subsp. spontanea Sinsk.
  • Medicago roborovskii Vassilcz.
  • Medicago sativa f. alba Benke
  • Medicago sativa var. grandiflora Grossh.
  • Medicago sativa var. tibetana Alef.
  • Medicago sogdiana (Brand) Vassilcz.
  • Medicago tibetana (Alef.) Vassilcz.
  • Trigonella upendrae H.J.Chowdhery & R.R.Rao[25]

Nombres vernáculos

Afalfe, afarfa, alfal, alfalce (2), alfalce bordo, alfalfa (11), alfalfa brava, alfalfa mansa, alfalfa silvestre, alfalfe (5), alfalz, alfance, alfange, alfarfa, alfauce, alfaz, alfás, alholva, almierca, amelca, amielcas, arfarfa (2), carretón (2), carretón borde, ervaye, falfa, farfa, melga (2), merga (2), miajera, mielca (2), mielcón, mielga (10), mielgas, mierga (3), miergas, mierpes, nielga, probayernos, trebolillo, trébol de España, zarza. Entre paréntesis, la frecuencia del vocablo en España, y en negrita los más extendidos.[26]

Referencias

  1. a b «Medicago sativa». Tropicos.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 28 de julio de 2014 de 2013.
  2. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14595/alfalfa
  3. https://web.archive.org/web/20120328041828/http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/22014/1/IND23276500.pdf
  4. http://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/wfc/proceedings2001/understanding_autotoxicity _in_alfalfa.htm
  5. a b https://web.archive.org/web/20120907083135/http://www.kansasruralcenter.org/publications/alfalfa.pdf
  6. https://web.archive.org/web/20120717124316/http://www.caf.wvu.edu/~forage/library/forglvst/bulletins/salfalfa.pdf
  7. Plinio el Viejo: Historia natural XVIII, 43 (en inglés).
  8. http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-4000.pdf
  9. http://www.hayusa.net/alfalfa.html
  10. Lane Fox, Robin (2005): El mundo clásico. La epopeya de Grecia y Roma. – Crítica, Barcelona, 2007, p. 180. ISBN 978-84-8432-898-8
  11. http://cookeatshare.com/ingredients/alfalfa-sprouts
  12. http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu/IrrigatedAlfalfa/pdfs/UCAlfalfa8305Industrial_free.pdf
  13. «Copia archivada». Archivado desde el original el 19 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 8 de agosto de 2010.
  14. https://web.archive.org/web/20120324033638/https://portal.sciencesocieties.org/Downloads/pdf/B40724.pdf
  15. http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu/-files/pdf/alfalfaFactSheet.pdf
  16. (PASSE). 2008. Pag. 73 a 75
  17. Potato Leafhopper on Alfalfa, en Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, PennState.
  18. Phytophthora Root Rot of Alfalfa Key words: Plant Disease, Lucerne, black medic, birdsfoot trefoil, Phytophthora megasperma F. sp. medicaginis Archivado el 23 de julio de 2010 en Wayback Machine.. Nu-distance.unl.edu (26 de febrero de 1997) visto 17 de octubre de 2011.
  19. «Rhizoctonia Root, Stem, and Crown Rot of Alfalfa AC-42-96». Archivado desde el original el 18 de julio de 2012. Consultado el 17 de octubre de 2011.
  20. «Phymatotrichum Root Rot». Pods.dasnr.okstate.edu. Consultado el 19 de abril de 2013.
  21. a b c «Insect Pest Management on Alfalfa, FC-ENT-0031-00». Archivado desde el original el 14 de diciembre de 2012. Consultado el 17 de octubre de 2011.
  22. Section, Government of Alberta, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Livestock and Crops Division, Crop Research and Extension Branch, Pest Surveillance (1 de marzo de 1983). «Spotted Alfalfa Aphid». www1.agric.gov.ab.ca (en inglés). Consultado el 26 de julio de 2018.
  23. Alexandre, C., Dictionnaire grec-français composé sur un nouveau plan..., p. 908, Hachette, Paris, 1850
  24. a b Gaffiot F., Dictionnaire Latin-Français, Hachette, Paris, 1934
  25. Sinónimos en Medicago sativa en The Plant List, vers, 1.1, 2013
  26. Nombres en Anthos - Real Jardín Botánico [1]

Bibliografía

  1. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  2. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  3. Cronquist, A.J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, Reveal & P. K. Holmgren. 1989. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A., FABALES. 3B: 1–279. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
  4. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  5. Foster, R. C. 1958. A catalogue of the ferns and flowering plants of Bolivia. Contr. Gray Herb. 184: 1–223. View in Biodiversity Heritage Library
  6. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S.. New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  7. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  8. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  9. Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California 1–1400. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  10. Hitchcock, C. H., A.J. Cronquist, F. M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1961. Saxifragaceae to Ericaceae. Part III: 614pp. In C. L. Hitchcock Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W.. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

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Medicago sativa: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES
 src= Inflorescencia y hojas trifolioladas. Apis mellifera - Medicago sativa - Valingu.jpg  src= Frutos en hélices apicalmente dextras, maduros e inmaduros.

Medicago sativa, es una especie de planta herbácea perteneciente a la familia de las fabáceas o leguminosas. Conocida como mielga o alfalfa.

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Harilik lutsern ( الإستونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ET

Harilik lutsern ehk taevasinine lutsern (Medicago sativa) on mitmeaastane ühekojaline rohttaim liblikõieliste sugukonnast lutserni perekonnast.

Taime kõrgus 30–90 cm.

Eestis kasvab metsistunult. Põldudel kasvatatakse söödataimena.

Õitseb juunist septembrini. Taime õied on sinised.

Välislingid

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Harilik lutsern: Brief Summary ( الإستونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ET

Harilik lutsern ehk taevasinine lutsern (Medicago sativa) on mitmeaastane ühekojaline rohttaim liblikõieliste sugukonnast lutserni perekonnast.

Taime kõrgus 30–90 cm.

Eestis kasvab metsistunult. Põldudel kasvatatakse söödataimena.

Õitseb juunist septembrini. Taime õied on sinised.

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Argi-belar ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Argi-belarra, luzerna, frantses-belar edo alpapa (Medicago sativa) lekadunen familiako landare belarkara da, zuhain gisa erabiltzen dena. Bere fruitua hazi asko dituen leka da.

Abereen bazkarako lantzen den belar landarea da. 80 cm inguruko zuztar tentea izaten du, hiru orriko hosto luzexka eta sortako lore morea. Jatorria Asia Txikian eta Erdialdeko Asian du, baina gaur egun oso zabaldua dago Europan ere.[2]

Erreferentziak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Argi-belar: Brief Summary ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Argi-belarra, luzerna, frantses-belar edo alpapa (Medicago sativa) lekadunen familiako landare belarkara da, zuhain gisa erabiltzen dena. Bere fruitua hazi asko dituen leka da.

Abereen bazkarako lantzen den belar landarea da. 80 cm inguruko zuztar tentea izaten du, hiru orriko hosto luzexka eta sortako lore morea. Jatorria Asia Txikian eta Erdialdeko Asian du, baina gaur egun oso zabaldua dago Europan ere.

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Sinimailanen ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI

Sinimailanen (Medicago sativa) eli alfalfa, joskus myös luserni[1], on valkuaisainepitoinen hernekasvi. Sen sinipunertavat kukat ovat tertuissa. Lehdet ovat kolmilehdykkäisiä. Kasvin varren pituus on 50–70 cm, ja sillä on voimakkaat juuret. Sinimailaselle kasvaa heinä-elokuussa pallomaiset siniset-sinivioletit kukat. Laji on levinnyt kaikkialle Eurooppaan Islantia lukuun ottamatta sekä Aasian länsipuolelle.[2] Se on yleinen rehukasvi.[3] Sinimailasen alalaji on sirppimailanen (Medicago sativa ssp. falcata), joka voi risteytyä sinimailasen kanssa.

Sinimailasta käytettiin ja kasvatettiin hevosten rehuksi jo ennen ajanlaskun alkua. Kiinalainen Han-dynastian keisari Wudi (140–87 eaa.) hankki nykyisessä Uzbekistanissa sijaitsevasta Ferganan laaksosta (ks. Ferganan alue) kookkaita sotahevosia, joiden tärkeä rehu sinimailanen oli.[4]

Käyttö ihmisravintona

Sinimailasta voi idättää. Idut sisältävät muun muassa A-, C-, E- ja K-vitamiineja.[5][6][7]

Sinimailanen kerää kultaa

Tutkijat huomasivat, että sinimailanen erottaa luonnostaan kasvualustastaan kultaa.[8] Lisäksi se säilöö kullan nanohippuina, jotka sopivat mainiosti nanoelektroniikan käyttöön.[9]

Kasvit käyttävät juuriaan ravinnon hankintaan. Ne erottavat maaperästä veden ja mineraalien lisäksi raskasmetalleja. Kansainvälinen tutkijaryhmä selvitti kasvien kykyä imeä metalleja kasvualustastaan tutkimalla sinimailasta. Pian he huomasivat, että sinimailanen todella kerää alustastaan kultaa nanohippuina, jotka ovat kooltaan 5–15 nanometriä. [10]

Elektroniikkateollisuus on jo pitkään käyttänyt hyväkseen kullan lämmön- ja sähkönjohtokykyä sekä sitä, ettei se hapetu helposti. Kasvien tuottamilla kultahipuilla olisi kysyntää, sillä nanokokoisten hippujen kemiallinen valmistus on hankalaa.[9]

Stanfordin yliopiston tiedote kertoo, että amerikkalaiset ja meksikolaiset tutkijat yrittävät parhaillaan löytää keinon kullan erotteluun. Ensimmäiseksi kokeillaan "linkoamista" sentrifugilla. [9]

Lähteet

  1. Sadeniemi, Matti ym.: Nykysuomen sanakirja L–N, 14. painos, s. 271. WSOY, 1996. ISBN 951-0-18264-8.
  2. Bo Nylén: Suomen ja Pohjolan kasvit, s. 303. suomeksi toim. Pentti Alanko, Lasse Kosonen, Pekka Rintamäki ja Eevi Karvonen. WSOY, 1993. ISBN 951-0-18540-X.
  3. Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön asetus nurmi- ja rehukasvien siemenkaupasta annetun maa- ja metsätalousministeriön asetuksen muuttamisesta (asetus 16/10) (PDF) finlex.fi. 8.6.2010. (suomeksi)
  4. McNeill, J.R. & McNeill, William H.: Verkottunut ihmiskunta: yleiskatsaus maailmanhistoriaan, s. 109. Tampere: Vastapaino, 2006. ISBN 951-768-185-2. (suomeksi)
  5. Idätys
  6. Idätystaulukko
  7. Alfalfa hay, cube and pellet supplier
  8. Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge: Plants with the Midas Touch: Formation of Gold Nanoparticles by Alfalfa Plants (University of Texas at El Paso) ssrl.slac.stanford.edu. 2002. (englanniksi)
  9. a b c Mead, Tom: Scientists use alfalfa plants to harvest nanoparticles of gold News release 8/14/02. 14.8.2002. Stanford News Service. (englanniksi)
  10. Gardea-Torresdey, J.L. et al.: Formation and Growth of Au Nanoparticles inside Live Alfalfa Plants (PDF) (page C, Figure 3 c: Particle size (nm)) 200.20.105.7. 2002. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

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Sinimailanen: Brief Summary ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI

Sinimailanen (Medicago sativa) eli alfalfa, joskus myös luserni, on valkuaisainepitoinen hernekasvi. Sen sinipunertavat kukat ovat tertuissa. Lehdet ovat kolmilehdykkäisiä. Kasvin varren pituus on 50–70 cm, ja sillä on voimakkaat juuret. Sinimailaselle kasvaa heinä-elokuussa pallomaiset siniset-sinivioletit kukat. Laji on levinnyt kaikkialle Eurooppaan Islantia lukuun ottamatta sekä Aasian länsipuolelle. Se on yleinen rehukasvi. Sinimailasen alalaji on sirppimailanen (Medicago sativa ssp. falcata), joka voi risteytyä sinimailasen kanssa.

Sinimailasta käytettiin ja kasvatettiin hevosten rehuksi jo ennen ajanlaskun alkua. Kiinalainen Han-dynastian keisari Wudi (140–87 eaa.) hankki nykyisessä Uzbekistanissa sijaitsevasta Ferganan laaksosta (ks. Ferganan alue) kookkaita sotahevosia, joiden tärkeä rehu sinimailanen oli.

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Luzerne cultivée ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Medicago sativaLuzerne

La luzerne ou luzerne cultivée (Medicago sativa), « reine des plantes fourragères », parfois appelée « grand trèfle » ou « foin de Bourgogne », est une espèce de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des Fabaceae, sous-famille des Faboideae, originaire des régions tempérées du Proche-Orient et de l'Asie centrale. Ce sont des plantes herbacées vivaces, largement cultivées comme plantes fourragères pour leur productivité, leur grande résistance à la sécheresse et leur richesse en protéines[1], en vitamines et en sels minéraux. L'espèce a été introduite par la culture dans toutes les régions tempérées du monde notamment dans toute l'Europe, en Afrique du Nord et du Sud, en Amérique du Nord et du Sud et Australie et Nouvelle-Zélande et en Asie de l'Est.

Elle est très cultivée pour sa richesse en protéines (pour un taux compris habituellement entre 15 et 25 %) et ses qualités d'amélioration des sols. Abondamment répandue dans les contrées tempérées, tant à l'état sauvage que cultivée, la luzerne est une des espèces fourragères les plus utilisées pour l'alimentation du bétail. Elle est aussi cultivée comme source industrielle de protéines et de carotène, et utilisée en diététique.

Étymologie

Le mot « luzerne », attesté dès 1600 chez Olivier de Serres (Le Théâtre d'agriculture)[2], est un emprunt au provençal moderne luzerno, « ver luisant », lui-même dérivé du latin lucerna, « lampe », en référence à l'aspect brillant des graines de luzerne[3].

Description

 src=
Luzerne jaune (Medicago sativa subsp. falcata)
 src=
Vue rapprochée d'une culture de luzerne
 src=
M. sativa sativa: fruit en hélice senestre
Apis mellifera - Medicago sativa - Valingu.jpg

C'est une plante herbacée de 30 à 80 cm de hauteur, vivace par sa grosse souche ligneuse[4].

Le système racinaire de la luzerne est particulièrement développé[5] et lui permet d'atteindre des profondeurs importantes (plusieurs mètres). Cette particularité lui confère une excellente résistance à la sécheresse ainsi qu'une certaine capacité à décolmater les sols et à améliorer leur perméabilité [6]. En outre les nodosités qui se forment sur ses racines, comme pour les autres légumineuses, lui confèrent la capacité de fixer l'azote atmosphérique et d'enrichir ainsi le sol.

La tige très ramifiée est pleine, avec une consistance plutôt coriace, à section ronde. Chaque pied peut comporter de 5 à 15 tiges. Les feuilles sont alternes, avec une base simple, munie de stipules acuminées et dentées à la base. Composées, elles sont formées de trois folioles oblongues à sommet présentant des dents mucronées, sont pubescentes, d'un vert gris. Le pétiole de la foliole centrale est relativement plus long[4].

Ses fleurs à la corolle violette longue de 8-11 mm, sont groupées en grappes fournies hautes de (15-)20-40 mm sont très reconnaissables[4].

Les fruits sont des gousses recourbées en hélice senestre sur deux à trois tours en moyenne, contenant 10 à 20 graines[4].

Distribution

C'est une plante originaire de l'ouest de l'Asie (Afghanistan, Iran, Turquie), cultivée, et présente à l'état subspontané, dans tous les continents, dans les régions tempérées, jusqu'à 2 000 m d'altitude environ, et débordant largement vers les régions arctiques au nord et équatoriales au sud. Elle préfère les climats de type méditerranéen.

Culture

Cycle de la luzerne

 src=
nodosités produites par Rhizobium permettant la fixation de l'azote

La luzerne nécessite un sol sain, au pH neutre. La luzerne est semée soit en culture pure, on parle de luzernière (on disait aussi autrefois prairie artificielle), soit en association avec une graminée comme le dactyle (prairie temporaire de longue durée). L'inoculation des semences avec une bactérie du type Rhizobium (par exemple Rhizobium meliloti) est recommandée dans les sols lourds, battants, mal drainés ou encore trop acides (pH6)[7].

La luzerne assurant la fixation symbiotique de l'azote atmosphérique, un apport d'azote minéral ou organique est inutile et sans effet, ou peut être négatif (sur-fertilisation) sur le rendement[8], ni sur la teneur en protéines de la plante. Par contre, la luzerne a besoin d'un sol contenant phosphates, potasse, calcium, magnesium et soufre : l'apport d'engrais contenant ces minéraux peut être nécessaire.

 src=
Champs et meule de luzerne récoltée dans une région désertique (1893)

Le semis se fait en automne ou vers le mois d'avril pour une première coupe en juillet (première floraison), et pour une deuxième coupe en septembre (deuxième floraison). Le semis sous couvert de céréales ou tournesol est possible au printemps.[9]

Une luzernière peut fournir 3 à 6 coupes par an, la fenaison s'effectuant toutes les cinq semaines. Une luzernière peut être maintenue en production pendant sept ans. Cette durée est souvent raccourcie en culture intensive.

Maladies et ravageurs

La luzerne a des pathogènes ou des prédateurs naturels (autochtones ou importés) peu actifs chez la luzerne sauvage, mais qui en contexte de culture intensive peuvent poser problème,

Luzerne génétiquement modifiée

La luzerne (Medicago sativa) a fait l'objet de transgénèses, par exemple pour exprimer une enzyme (Mn-superoxide dismutase cDNA) visant à réduire sa vulnérabilité au stress hydrique par une meilleure résistance au stress oxydatif[11], certaines variétés anciennes exprimant déjà naturellement un caractère similaire.

D'autres expériences visaient à la rendre plus résistante au gel, par modification de l'ADN mitochondrial (Génome mitochondrial) et des chloroplastes[12], tout en leur conférant éventuellement une meilleure tolérance aux herbicides de type diphényl-éther ou Acifluorfène[12] ou encore une meilleure tolérance à l'aluminium[13] (phytotoxique pour de nombreuses plantes sur des sols acides ou certains sols pollués).
Des luzernes génétiquement modifiées pour produire moins de lignine ont aussi été produites[14].

Cultivars

De nombreux cultivars de Medicago sativa sont cultivées sous le nom collectif de luzerne. Ils appartiennent à deux sous-espèces :

  • Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa, la luzerne à fleurs violettes,
  • Medicago sativa L. subsp. falcata (L.) Arcang., la luzerne à fleurs jaunes.

La première est plus adaptée aux climats secs, la seconde, originaire de Mongolie et Sibérie, aux climats froids. Il existe de nombreux croisements entre ces sous-espèces qui combinent les aptitudes des plantes-mères.

En France on utilise essentiellement des semences des variétés de type 'Flamand', plus productives et plus résistantes au froid, et moins du type 'Provence', mieux adaptées aux coupes fréquentes.

Au catalogue officiel français[15] on compte plus de 180 variétés, dont plus de 10 de type 'Provence' mieux adaptées à la zone méditerranéenne.

Actuellement, 380 variétés de luzerne sont inscrites au Catalogue européen des espèces et variétés[16].

Dans le genre Medicago, qui comporte une quarantaine d'espèces, on peut signaler aussi Medicago lupulina, la minette ou luzerne lupuline, qui présente un intérêt agricole certain.

Utilisation

 src=
Champ de luzerne avec coquelicots messicoles (Lozère, France).

Alimentation animale

La luzerne est la plante fourragère susceptible de produire le plus de protéines à l'hectare : jusqu'à 2,5 tonnes de protéines (mais 9 tonnes pour un bassin de culture de spirulines) contre 0,8 tonne pour le soja avec une composition en acides aminés intéressante ; le rendement en matière sèche peut atteindre 16 tonnes par hectare en culture irriguée ; sa valeur énergétique est cependant médiocre, environ 0,5 unité fourragère par kg[9].

C'est une plante cultivée surtout pour l'alimentation du bétail, et distribuée soit à l'état frais, pâturée ou fauchée, soit sèche sous forme de foin[17], soit sous forme déshydratée. Les manipulations nécessaires au fanage doivent être réalisées de façon délicate afin de ne pas perdre les feuilles qui représentent la meilleure part de la valeur fourragère.

Le meilleur compromis qualité-quantité pour la fauche se situe au stade « apparition des bourgeons floraux »[18].

Le pâturage peut être risqué et doit être rationné pour éviter la météorisation, un accident digestif pouvant entraîner la mort de l'animal par accumulation de gaz de fermentation dans la panse des herbivores ruminants. Pour le pâturage, la luzerne est souvent cultivée en mélange avec d'autres plantes, notamment des graminées telles que le dactyle ou le brome[19]. La luzerne est sensible au piétinement, à l'humidité et au surpâturage[18].

L'ensilage est difficile, mais possible surtout après un préfanage. L'enrubannage permet de la conserver dans de bonnes conditions[19].

La déshydratation présente de nombreux avantages pour la conservation et la préservation des qualités nutritives de la plante fraîche, et pour la consommation, car les granulés ou bouchons, qui se conservent six mois sans problème, constituent un correctif azoté de la ration. En outre, en France, la luzerne déshydratée d'origine nationale peut remplacer le tourteau de soja d'importation. Mais il faut noter les odeurs très désagréables émises par les unités de déshydratation et le coût variable de l'énergie nécessaire au séchage.

En France, une grosse partie de la production déshydratée provient de la région Champagne-Ardenne. La luzerne déshydratée, que ce soit en France ou même en Espagne (Aragon) par exemple, est en général séchée dans des sortes de fours (les fourrages séchés au soleil sont peu fréquents).

C'est également une plante mellifère.

Alimentation humaine sous forme de graines germées ou de jeunes pousses

La consommation de graines germées ou de jeunes pousses vertes de luzerne est très commune chez les adeptes de l'alimentation biologique. De toutes les graines germées habituellement consommées par l'homme, la graine germée de luzerne est celle qui contient le plus de vitamines. Après le germe de haricot mungo, elle est la plus consommée en France, avec le germe de lentille. Et elle est beaucoup plus facile à faire germer chez soi que le germe de haricot mungo. (Lequel nécessite des rinçages beaucoup plus fréquents.)

Alimentation humaine sous forme d'extrait foliaire (EFL)

L'« extrait foliaire de luzerne »[20], parfois appelé « fromage de luzerne »[21] est le résultat du retrait des fibres qui bloquent l'assimilation des composants contenus dans les feuilles, puis la coagulation du jus obtenu et ensuite le séchage[22],[23]. De la vitamine C y est parfois ajoutée en fin de process. Cet extrait foliaire permet d'apporter des protéines (l'EFL contient 55 % de protéines[23]) et du fer chez les populations n'ayant pas accès à ceux-ci[24],[25]. En 2006, les ONG sont peu enclines à les utiliser[26]. L’’Afssa indique que les extraits foliaires de luzerne pouvaient provoquer certaines allergies dû à la présence de L-Canavanine. Cet acide aminé est 4000 fois plus présent dans les haricots, les lentilles et les oignons[26],[27].

Les feuilles de luzernes contiennent des protéines complètes[28].

Les feuilles d'ortie[29], de tilleul[30], chicorée, mauve,pissenlit[31] et contiennent également des protéines complètes en quantité non négligeable. Toutes les protéines contenues dans les feuilles des végétaux sont des protéines complètes dont la valeur est comparable aux œufs[31] et aux autres produits animaux[32]. Les céréales et légumineuses ne possédant pas de protéines complètes doivent être prises ensemble[31].

Phytothérapie

En phytothérapie, elle est appréciée pour ses qualités reminéralisantes (elle contient d'importantes quantités de fer, de calcium, de magnésium et de potassium), et nutritives, mais aussi pour son action supposée antihémorragique, grâce à la vitamine K, et anti-cholestérol, grâce au coumestrol, un œstrogène végétal.

Indications traditionnelles :

Contre indiqués pour:

Intérêt écologique et économique

 src=
L'Abeille Megachile rotundata est l'un des hyménoptères qui sont de bons pollinisateurs de la luzerne[33]. Elle fait pour cette raison l'objet de programme de gestion restauratoire en Amérique du Nord[34],[35], comme d'autres abeilles sauvages[36], alors que l'abeille domestique est également en forte régression. Les grandes monocultures intensives de luzerne peuvent aussi favoriser la pullulation de prédateurs des pollinisateurs de la luzerne [37]
 src=
L’une des parcelles expérimentales de la Coopedom [38] ; coopérative de la région de Domagné (Ille-et-Vilaine). On y distingue quelques pissenlits et quelques petites fleurs blanches ; Au moment de la photo, prise par beau temps (le 21 aout 2012 à 11h30) aucun oiseau ou papillon (ou autre insecte volant) n’était visible dans le champ de vision à proximité de l’observateur [39]

La luzerne est la légumineuse la plus cultivée au monde. La récolte annuelle mondiale est de 454 millions de tonnes environ (FAO 2002).

Luzerne et biodiversité

Le Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle a constaté que la biodiversité hébergée par la luzerne était globalement et significativement plus importante que celle dans les autres cultures. Une étude expérimentale, menée avec le concours de scientifiques notamment du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, a permis l’élaboration d’un protocole de mesure et d’indicateurs de la biodiversité afin d’évaluer les effets d’une gestion différenciée de la luzerne, c’est-à-dire le maintien de bandes non-fauchées.

Sur 15 sites suivis, comprenant des modalités luzernes et des modalités de grandes cultures, on a ainsi démontré que la luzerne, même quand elle est fauchée, favorise fortement la biodiversité, principalement en diversité et en richesse d’oiseaux et de papillons mais aussi en termes de maintien des abeilles. En effet, la luzerne est une des rares plantes qui fleurit après la mi-juillet, période à laquelle trouver de quoi se nourrir devient plus difficile pour les abeilles.

L’effet est encore plus important dans les situations où l’on conserve des bandes de luzerne non fauchées : l’abondance de pollen et nectar y est encore plus favorable à la faune apicole, et l’on y trouve, en nombre important d’autres auxiliaires tels que les chauves-souris.

Enfin, la luzerne fournit un habitat à une grande variété d’insectes et de micro-organismes et chacun sait que la vie microbienne des sols est un indicateur précieux pour les rendements agricoles !

Comme le trèfle blanc sauvage, c'est une des plantes appréciées des abeilles et bourdons du printemps à l'été, mais les cultures de luzerne sont en forte régression, en Europe notamment [40]. Elle peut être intégrée dans les jachères et jachères apicoles (Elle alimente les abeilles, puis restitue 30 à 40 unités d'azote assimilables à la culture qui lui succède)[40] et est parfois plantée dans les périmètres de captage d'eau pour y protéger les sols et la nappe[41]. Inversement les producteurs de semence de luzerne ont besoin d'abeilles (dont mégachiles [42]), et plus encore des bourdons qui semblent être les meilleurs pollinisateurs de la luzerne[43]. On a même cherché à sélectionner des luzernes (Medicago sativa L.) émettant plus d'hormones attractives pour les abeilles à miel (Apis mellifera L.), montrant à l'occasion que l'un des composés émis par les fleurs de luzerne (et perçus par les antennes des abeilles) les plus attractifs pour l'abeille était le Linalol, alors que deux autres (3-octanone et méthyl-salicylate étaient plutôt répulsifs, ce qui doit être pris en compte par les sélectionneurs qui voudraient rendre la luzerne plus attractive pour les abeilles domestiques)[44]. On a aussi cherché par des attractifs chimiques à encourager la nidification d'abeilles mégachiles[45]
Introduite dans l'agriculture industrielle, sous forme de culture pérenne dans un cycle d'assolement, elle peut contribuer à réduire la pollution par l'Azote des nappes ou des eaux exportées par le drainage agricole[46]

Luzerne, qualité de l'eau et intérêt agronomique

De nombreux travaux, notamment menés par l’INRA montrent que la culture de la luzerne produit un effet positif sur la qualité de l’eau. La luzerne est une plante pérenne et une légumineuse, c’est-à-dire une plante qui a la particularité de capter l’azote de l’air, bien qu’elle absorbe prioritairement l’azote disponible dans le sol ; ainsi lorsqu’elle est introduite dans les successions culturales, la luzerne réduit la concentration en nitrates des eaux de drainage à l’échelle de la rotation culturale.

Le retournement des luzernes n’entraîne pas de libération intempestive d’azote. En effet, un article de Perspectives Agricoles (n° 264, Janvier 2001, Justes et al.) montre que l’incorporation de l’azote présent dans les racines et les collets (parties aériennes non récoltées) provoque d’abord une organisation de l’azote minéral du sol par les micro-organismes avant d’être progressivement reminéralisé, notamment au printemps suivant.

Enfin, la luzerne est une plante rustique qui ne nécessite pratiquement aucun traitement phytosanitaire : une enquête de la Chambre d’Agriculture de la Marne démontre ainsi que la luzerne n’a quasiment pas besoin d’insecticides : 94 % des parcelles de 1re année et 97 % des parcelles de 2e année ne reçoivent aucun insecticide. De plus, la luzerne ne nécessite que peu de traitements herbicides : 72 % des parcelles de 1re année et 68 % des parcelles de 2e n’ont reçu aucun traitement anti-dicotylédones durant l’hiver. Enfin, la luzerne ne reçoit aucun traitement fongicide, la recherche variétale ayant fait progresser efficacement la tolérance naturelle aux maladies telles que verticilliose, sclérotiniose ou anthracnose. C’est pour ces raisons que la luzerne a été choisie sur les recommandations de l’INRA pour protéger le périmètre de captage des eaux de Vittel[réf. souhaitée], elle fait ainsi partie des seules cultures autorisées dans les 500 zones de captages prioritaires d’eau potable.

La luzerne représente donc une réponse économique, écologique et moderne au défi de la qualité de l’eau.

En culture pure, la luzerne occupe 33 millions d'hectares, dont 13 en Amérique du Nord (États-Unis), 8 en Amérique du Sud (Argentine), et 8 en Europe, incluant de vastes surfaces consacrées à la production de semences de luzerne (46 400 ha (114 500 acres) aux États-Unis à la fin des années 1980[47] selon l'AOSCA[48], et 21,800 ha (53,800 acres) au Canada in 1990 (AOSCA 1990) [47]).

En France, la surface cultivée en luzerne couvre 600 000 hectares, dont 150 000 pour la déshydratation soit environ 1 100 000 tonnes en majorité sous forme de granulés. La région Champagne-Ardenne est la première région européenne pour la production de luzerne déshydratée. Selon les producteurs de luzerne cette culture est cependant en forte régression[40] (moins 70 % de surfaces de luzerne en France en 30 ans[40], moins 30 % en Champagne-Ardenne depuis 2005[40]) à cause d'importations de soja sud-américain notamment.

C'est une culture qui nécessite peu d'intrants, constitue une bonne tête d'assolement pour le blé, et fournit des protéines nécessaires à l'élevage.
Selon les producteurs, en culture industrielle, elle est la « culture la plus sobre en traitements. Un herbicide par an au maximum, et pas de fongicides. Amie des insectes pollinisateurs, la luzerne est peu attaquée par les insectes ravageurs ; elle se contente d'un insecticide tous les 3 ans en moyenne, comparé au blé et à l'orge (1 insecticide par an) ou au colza (de 3 à 5 insecticides par an) »[49].

En Europe, au début des années 2000, la filière luzerne déshydratée était soutenue sous forme d'une subvention à la tonne produite, dans le cadre de l'organisation commune du marché des fourrages séchés (OCM) et compte tenu de l'important déficit, 35 millions de tonnes (77 % des besoins annuels), de la communauté européenne en protéines pour l'alimentation animale, des élevages hors-sols notamment. Ce déficit étant couvert par des importations de tourteaux de soja d'Argentine, du Brésil et des États-Unis, majoritairement OGM. La suppression de cette subvention a été décidée à l’occasion du bilan de santé de la politique agricole commune de 2009 et entre en vigueur à compter de la récolte 2011 incluse. Le budget de l’OCM «fourrages séchés» sera intégré dès 2012 aux droits à paiement uniques (DPU) des exploitations bénéficiaires, soit 35,60 millions d’euros pour la France.

Symbolique

Calendrier républicain

Voir aussi

Notes et références
  1. La luzerne : culture utilisation A. le Gall, J. D. Arnaud, P. Guy ITCF, 1982 - 39 pages
  2. « LUZERNE, subst. fém. », sur Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales, CNRTL (consulté le 13 janvier 2019).
  3. Dictionnaire de la Langue française, Dauzat A., Dubois J., Mitterand H., 1971.
  4. a b c et d François Couplan, Guide des plantes sauvages comestibles et toxiques, Delachaux et Niestlé, 1994, p. 104
  5. Les légumineuses, pour des systèmes agricoles et alimentaires durables, Anne Schneider, Christian Huyghe, Quae éditions p 92
  6. http://www.arvalisinstitutduvegetal.fr/fr/fichier/communique/279_luzerne.pdf
  7. « La luzerne », sur GNIS (consulté le 25 mai 2018)
  8. « Légumineuses et azote : Comment ça marche ? », SOLAG, Chambre d'agriculture des pays de Loire, septembre 2016.
  9. a et b Mazoyer, Marcel, 1933-, Larousse agricole, Paris, Larousse, 2002, 767 p. (ISBN 2-03-091022-8, 9782030910221 et 2035910226, OCLC , lire en ligne)
  10. ANSES (2013) Analyse de risque phytosanitaire Ditylenchus dipsaci sur luzerne ; Avis de l’Anses Rapport d’expertise collective, Avril 2013, PDF, 146 pages
  11. B. D. McKersie, S. R. Bowley, E. Harjanto et O. Leprince, Water-Deficit Tolerance and Field Performance of Transgenic Alfalfa Overexpressing Superoxide Dismutase ; doi: 10.1104/pp.111.4.1177 Plant Physiology August 1996 vol. 111 no. 4 1177-1181 (Résumé)
  12. a et b B. D. McKersie, Y. Chen, M. de Beus, S. R. Bowley, C. Bowler,D. Inze, K. D'Halluin et J. Botterman, Superoxide Dismutase Enhances Tolerance of Freezing Stress in Transgenic Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) ; doi:10.1104/pp.103.4.1155 Plant Physiology December 1993 vol. 103 no. 4 1155-1163 (Résumé)
  13. Mesfin Tesfaye, Stephen J. Temple, Deborah L. Allan, Carroll P. Vance et Deborah A. Samac; , Overexpression of Malate Dehydrogenase in Transgenic Alfalfa Enhances Organic Acid Synthesis and Confers Tolerance to Aluminum ; Plant Physiology December 2001 vol. 127 no. 4 1836-1844, doi:10.1104/pp.010376 (Résumé)
  14. Dianjing Guo, Fang Chen, Kentaro Inoue, Jack W. Blount, and Richard A. Dixon, Downregulation of Caffeic Acid 3-O-Methyltransferase and Caffeoyl CoA 3-O-Methyltransferase in Transgenic Alfalfa: Impacts on Lignin Structure and Implications for the Biosynthesis of G and S Lignin ; Plant Cell, Vol. 13, 73-88, January 2001, American Society of Plant Physiologists ; doi:10.1105/tpc.13.1.73 ; The Plant Cell Online (Résumé)
  15. Bases de données des variétés du catalogue sur le site du GNIS
  16. Plant variety database European commission
  17. Heuzé V., Tran G., Boval M., Lebas F., Lessire M., Noblet J., Renaudeau D., « Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) », Feedipedia.org. A programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO, 24 octobre 2012
  18. a et b « Comment exploiter la luzerne », sur GNIS (consulté le 13 janvier 2019)
  19. a et b Récolte de la luzerne par Arvalis
  20. « Surveillance Souriez, vous êtes fliqués ! », L'Humanité,‎ 30 janvier 2002 (lire en ligne, consulté le 28 mai 2017)
  21. « permaculture - recherches de Marc Bonfils », p. 103
  22. Eliza Gaweł, « Chemical composition of lucerne leaf extract (EFL) and its applications as a phytobiotic in human nutrition », Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Technologia Alimentaria, vol. 11, no 3,‎ 1er juillet 2012, p. 303–310 (ISSN , PMID , lire en ligne, consulté le 28 mai 2017)
  23. a et b « Les extraits foliaires de luzerne »
  24. Xavier de Bayser, L'Effet papillon : Petits gestes, grands effets, Archipel, 23 mars 2011, 224 p. (ISBN 978-2-8098-0535-2, lire en ligne)
  25. « Des extraits de luzerne contre la malnutrition », sur www.lafranceagricole.fr (consulté le 28 mai 2017)
  26. a et b « 01/05/2006 La distribution d’extraits foliaires de luzerne avance lentement », sur www.agrapresse.fr (consulté le 28 mai 2017)
  27. « Chemical composition of lucerne leaf extract (EFL) and its applications as a phytobiotic in human nutrition »
  28. Philippe de Mélambès, Jus et cocktails santé, Ixelles Éditions, 22 avril 2009 (ISBN 978-2-87515-307-4, lire en ligne)
  29. François Couplan, La cuisine est dans le pré : 52 recettes à glaner dans la nature, Primento, 1er avril 2014 (ISBN 978-2-930543-51-2, lire en ligne)
  30. François Couplan, Le régal végétal : plantes sauvages comestibles, Paris, Editions Ellebore, 2009, 527 p. (ISBN 978-2-86985-184-9, lire en ligne)
  31. a b et c François Couplan, Le guide de la survie douce en pleine nature, Larousse, 3 juin 2015, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2-03-587942-4, lire en ligne)
  32. François Couplan, Dégustez les plantes sauvages : promenades en pleine nature, recettes gastronomiques de Marc Veyrat, Paris, Éditions Ellebore, 2007, 271 p. (ISBN 978-2-86985-172-6, lire en ligne)
  33. SS Peterson, CR Baird et al., Current status of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, as a pollinator of alfalfa seed ; Bee Science, 1992 -
  34. Bitner, R.M. 1976. Ecological management of the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile pacifica (Panzer), with emphasis on diapause induction. Ph.D. dissertation, Utah State University, Logan. 66 pp.
  35. Bitner, R.M. (1982), Current management practices with the leafcutter bee in Idaho, U.S.A., Proc. 1st Inter. Symp. Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee Management. Univ. Saskat., Saskatoon, Can. pp. 161-164.
  36. Bohart, G.E. 1972. Management of wild bees for the pollination of crops. Ann Rev. Entomol. 17:287-312.
  37. Kious, C., C. Johansen et D. Mayer (1978), Checkered flower beetle : a destructive predator of the alfalfa leafcutting bee. Washington. State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. EM 4107.
  38. Site internet de la Coopérative Coopédom
  39. Voir aussi (pour une autre région : [JEREMY MIROIR-PROGRAMME SYMBIOSE TRAME VERTE.pdf « Le projet Symbiose et l’expérimentation luzerne »], document de Jeremy MIROIR, Animateur du Conservatoire botanique régional Champagne Ardenne, pour un colloque « Agriculture, Productivité et Biodiversité: L'exemple de la luzerne » (12 octobre 2011)
  40. a b c d et e Communiqué « Sauvons la luzerne » et site internet consacré à cette question, 2011/02/10
  41. Page du site "Sauvons la luzerne" consacrée à l'eau
  42. Mueller, S. et R. Bitner (1991). Evaluating leafcutter bees for alfalfa pollination in the central San Joaquin Valley 1990 research summary. Optimizing Pollination of Agricultural Crops. Oregon State Univ. Corvallis, Oregon. 62 pp
  43. S N Holm The Utilization and Management of Bumble Bees for Red Clover and Alfalfa Seed Production ; Annual Review of Entomology Vol. 11: 155-182, janvier 1966, DOI:10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.001103 (résumé)
  44. Henning, John A.; Peng, Ying-Shin; Montague, Mary Ann; Teuber, Larry R. ; Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Behavioral Response to Primary Alfalfa (Rosales: Fabaceae) Floral Volatiles ; Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 85, Number 1, février 1992, pp. 233-239(7) (Résumé)
  45. Parker, F.D., R. Teranishi et A.C. Olson (1983), Influence of attractants on nest establishment by the alfalfa leafcutting bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in styrofoam and rolled paper. J. Kansas Entomol Soc. 56:477-482.
  46. G.W. Randall, D.R. Huggins, M.P. Russelle, D.J. Fuchs, W.W. Nelson and J.L. Anderson ; Nitrate Losses Through Subsurface Tile Drainage in CRP, Alfalfa, and Row Crop Systems (en ligne sur le site de l'USDA); U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center p 13-14
  47. a et b AOSCA, 1990. Report of acres applied for certification in 1990 by seed certification agencies. In AOSCA Production Publication No. 44. AOSCA, Raleigh, NC.
  48. Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies, Association d'organisations nord américaines responsables de la production, de l'identification, de la distribution et de la promotion des semences classées et certifiées et d'autres matériels de multiplication des cultures.
  49. Page du site "Sauvons la luzerne", consultée 2011/05/03
  50. Ph. Fr. Na. Fabre d'Églantine, Rapport fait à la Convention nationale dans la séance du 3 du second mois de la seconde année de la République Française, p. 27.

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Luzerne cultivée: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Medicago sativa • Luzerne

La luzerne ou luzerne cultivée (Medicago sativa), « reine des plantes fourragères », parfois appelée « grand trèfle » ou « foin de Bourgogne », est une espèce de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des Fabaceae, sous-famille des Faboideae, originaire des régions tempérées du Proche-Orient et de l'Asie centrale. Ce sont des plantes herbacées vivaces, largement cultivées comme plantes fourragères pour leur productivité, leur grande résistance à la sécheresse et leur richesse en protéines, en vitamines et en sels minéraux. L'espèce a été introduite par la culture dans toutes les régions tempérées du monde notamment dans toute l'Europe, en Afrique du Nord et du Sud, en Amérique du Nord et du Sud et Australie et Nouvelle-Zélande et en Asie de l'Est.

Elle est très cultivée pour sa richesse en protéines (pour un taux compris habituellement entre 15 et 25 %) et ses qualités d'amélioration des sols. Abondamment répandue dans les contrées tempérées, tant à l'état sauvage que cultivée, la luzerne est une des espèces fourragères les plus utilisées pour l'alimentation du bétail. Elle est aussi cultivée comme source industrielle de protéines et de carotène, et utilisée en diététique.

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Alfalfa ( الأيرلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia GA

Is planda dosach ilbhliantúil a fhásann 90 cm ar airde é Alfalfa. Na duilleoga le 3 dhuilleoigín atá leathan is fiaclach ag an mbarr. Pisbláthanna corcra nó gorma i mbláthraí dlútha spíceacha. An toradh i gcochall bíseach le 1½ lúb. Níl eolas ar a bhunús, ach is barr tábhachtach foráiste é anois a shaothraítear go forleathan i réigiúin mheasartha.

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Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar ábhar as Fréamh an Eolais, ciclipéid eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta leis an Ollamh Matthew Hussey, foilsithe ag Coiscéim sa bhliain 2011. Tá comhluadar na Vicipéide go mór faoi chomaoin acu beirt as ucht cead a thabhairt an t-ábhar ón leabhar a roinnt linn go léir.
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Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Alfalfa ( الجاليكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia gl Galician
 src=
Inflorescencia e follas trifolioladas.
 src=
Froitos en hélices sinistras, maduros e inmaturos.
Medicago sativa - harilik lutsern Keilas.jpg
Apis mellifera - Medicago sativa - Valingu.jpg

A alfalfa, alforfa ou lucerna[1] ( Medicago sativa), é unha especie de planta herbácea pertencente á familia das fabáceas ou legumes empregada coma forraxe. Cultívase en todo o mundo. No caso de Galiza non é unha cultura común, porén, agás en casos extremos e zonas moi sombrizas, a alforfa pódese sementar en calquera zona de Galiza e da cornixa cantábrica[2].

Descrición

É unha planta que se utiliza amplamente como pasto e con este propósito é cultivada intensivamente no mundo enteiro. Ten un ciclo vital de entre cinco e doce anos, dependendo da variedade utilizada, así como do clima; en condicións benignas pode chegar a vinte anos.[3] Chega acadar unha altura de 1 metro, desenvolvendo mestos feixes de flores miúdas de cor púrpura. As súas raíces adoitan ser moi fondas, podendo acadar os 4,5 metros. Deste xeito, a planta é especialmente resistente á seca.

Ten un xenoma tetraploide.[4]

É unha especie que amosa autotoxicidade, polo que non é doado para a súa semente medrar en cultivares de alforfa[5] xa existentes. Así, recoméndase que os seus cultivares se roten con outras especies (por exemplo, millo ou trigo) antes de volver sementar.[6]

Historia

A alforfa procede de Persia, onde probabelmente foi adoptada para o uso por parte do ser humano durante a Idade de bronce para alimentar as bestas procedentes de Asia Central.[6][7] Segundo Plinio o Vello, introduciuse en Grecia arredor do 490 a. C., durante a Primeira Guerra Médica,[8] posibelmente en forma de sementes chegadas co penso da cabalaría persiano. Pasou a ser un cultivo habitual destinado á alimentación dos cabalos.[9][10][11] O humano pode inxerila como rebentos en ensaladas e emparedados.[12][13]

Coma todos os legumes, as súas raíces posúen nódulos que conteñen as bacterias Sinorhizobium meliloti, con habilidade de fixar nitróxeno, que producen alimento altoproteico, sen importar o nitróxeno dispoñíbel no solo.[14] A súa habilidade fixadora de nitróxeno (incrementando o N do solo) e o seu uso como penso animal mellora a eficiencia da agricultura.[15][16]

Cultivo en Galiza

Tradicionalmente, nas zonas húmidas de España, veñense cultivando pasteiros mixtos dando lugar a unha produción estacional de forraxe con dous picos ou puntas, unha máxima a final da primavera ou comezos do verán e outra menor ao comezo do outono. Fica, entrambas, unha paraxe estival, máis curta canto máis preto esteamos da costa cantábrica, que ten que ser cuberta ben con forraxes conservadas ou ben con cultura de alternativa estival, como millo e en menor contía con híbrido sorgo e pasto do Sudán ou ben con catasol forraxeiro ultimamente. Isto obriga a facer labores anuais, o que supón, ademais do gasto, un trastorno para a explotación, xa que as épocas máis axeitadas para as facer adoitan coincidir coas tempadas de choivas primaverais e outonizas. O incremento dosregadíos e a implantación de especies máis resistentes ás temperaturas estivais son factores que paliaron, en parte, estes problemas. Entre estas especies cómpre salientar a alforfa e mais a festuca. As maiores dificultades para a expansión do cultivo da alforfa en Galiza, e en xeral en zonas húmidas, foron entre outras, as falla de inoculación con cepas de bacterias específicas para esta especie, a carencia de coñecementos agronómicos para a súa implantación e, por último, o descoñecemento dos sistemas para axudar á alforfa a combater as especies espontáneas, moito máis agresivas, especialmente no final do inverno e comezo da primavera. Exceptuando casos extremos e zonas moi sombrizas, a alforfa pódese sementar en calquera zona de Galiza e da cornixa cantábrica[17].

Sinónimos

  • Medicago afganica (Bordere) Vassilcz.
  • Medicago alaschanica Vassilcz.
  • Medicago asiatica subsp. sinensis Sinskaya
  • Medicago beipinensis Vassilcz.
  • Medicago grandiflora (Grossh.) Vassilcz.
  • Medicago ladak Vassilcz.
  • Medicago mesopotamica Vassilcz.
  • Medicago orientalis Vassilcz.
  • Medicago pekinensis Vassilcz.
  • Medicago polia (Brand) Vassilcz.
  • Medicago praesativa Sinskaya
  • Medicago praesativa subsp. spontanea Sinsk.
  • Medicago roborovskii Vassilcz.
  • Medicago sativa f. alba Benke
  • Medicago sativa var. grandiflora Grossh.
  • Medicago sativa var. tibetana Alef.
  • Medicago sogdiana (Brand) Vassilcz.
  • Medicago tibetana (Alef.) Vassilcz.
  • Trigonella upendrae H.J.Chowdhery & R.R.Rao[18]

Principios activos

Propiedades medicinais

Utilízase a folla, tendo cualidades nutritivas excepcionais. Contén máis proteínas que a maior parte dos vexetais. É tamén rica en Vitamina A, e minerais derivados. Contén cantidades pouco usuais de Vitamina K (necesaria para callar o sangue).[20]

Alforfa xeneticamente modificada

A alforfa Roundup Ready é unha variedade xeneticamente modificada por enxeñaría xenética, patentada por Monsanto Co., resistente ao herbicida de Monsanto «glifosato»; así aínda que a meirande parte das plantas de folla ancha, incluíndo a alforfa común, son sensíbeis a dito herbicida, o agricultor pode pulverizar os cultivares de "Alfalfa Roundup Ready" co 'glifosato', e así matar as malezas, sen danar a cultura de alforfa modificada.

Nomes vernáculos

En galego recibe os nomes comúns de alforfa, alfalfa , lucerna e trevo caracol[21]. Cómpre destacar que o nome alforfa corresponde tamén a unha planta brava semellante: Trigonella foenum-graecum.

Pragas e doenzas

Polo de agora non se teñen ollado ataques de insectos en Galiza, agás os de rosquilla (Prodenia litura) na costa de Lugo. Téñense ollado pradeiras achegadas a alforfais atacadas de típula e non se manifestar o ataque na alforfa, o que se pode deber a teren un ciclo vexetativo distinto ou ben a que ao manter o chan ceibo de más herbas non atopa o acubillo que as pradarías polífitas lle fornecen. É de agardar que, de se estender o cultivo, as primeiras pragas que aparezan sexan: cuca (Co/aspidema atrum) en zonas cálidas e dificilmente no norte; verme verde (Phytonomus variabilis) nas mesmas condicións; apion (Apion s.p.) e pulgón (Aphis s.p.) algo entrado o verán. Para todos eles poden utilizarse produtos a base de Carbaril, Lindano, Clorpirifos, Fenitrotión, Malatión, Triclorfón etc., seguindo as instrucións do fabricante e utilizando uns ou outros segundo a época de ataque e a marxe de seguranza que se desexe entre tratamento e aproveitamento. No se teñen ollado ataques de nematodos nos talos (Ditylenchus dipsaci). Respecto das enfermidades, aínda non se presentaron ataques graves de raíz, aínda que si existiron casos de asfixia cos conseguintes fungos saprofíticos posteriores. Tampouco de Verticillium, Sclerotinia e Colletotrichum (antracnose), o que non significa que non aparezan no futuro. Se ocorrer habería que pensar en utilizar variedades resistentes a Verticillium (Prima,Vertus, Verneuil, Lutece, Sverre, Maris kabul e Sabilt). En conxunto, as variedades flamingas son resistentes aos fungos que atacan as follas: Pseudopeziza, Uromyces etc., no A cuscuta non é problema se se utilizan variedades seleccionadas e certificadas. Os mesmos tratamentos contra as herbas daniñas a base de Paracuat resultan bastante efectivos no seu control[17].

Lista de enfermidades

Enfermidades bacterianas

As plantas atacadas presentan síntomas de detención de crecemento da punta do talo, e amareleamento ó segundo ou terceiro ano do estabelecemento. Os abrochos teñen follas cativas e as puntas murchan no verán cando vai calor. A sección das raíces pasa a ter unha cor marrón clara no cambium. Non existe tratamento para combater a doenza, mais pódense tomar precaucións para manter a produtividade da alfalfa como é a fertilización, o bo manexo, e efectuar os cortes nas épocas secas, xa que hai que ter en conta que a infección ten lugar a través de feridas e fendas da planta.

Enfermidades producidas por fungos

Doenza que causa os maiores danos na alforfa, sendo difícil de combater. O síntoma clásico é a aparición na coroa ou colo dunha podremia. Espállase ao se anegar o chan e por danos producidos polo gado ou a maquinaria.

  • Outras enfermidades producidas por fungos son:
Verticilose (Verticillium albo-atrum, Reinke e Berth).
Podremia branda, mal do esclerocio (Sclerotinia trifoliorum).
Enfermidades deos órganos aéreos

É a doenza máis frecuenta das partes aéreas da alforfa, semellante á roia. Presenta tacas cloróticas nas follas novas e inferiores ao teren estas máis humidade. O tratamento consiste en aplicar produtos funxicidas organocúpricos.

  • Outras enfermidades aéreas son:
Roia da alforfa (Uromyces striatus ).
Mildio da alforfa (Peronospora trifoliorum ou Peronospora estivalis, De Bary).
Oídio da alforfa (Erysiphe polygoni, Erysiphe pisi ou Erysiphe martii).
Antracnose (Colletotrichum trifolli, Bain).

Pragas

Importante en todo o sur de España.

Dentro deste grupo de hemípteros o máis importante é o pulgón verde (Acyrtosiphon trifolii T. maculata), son chuchadores do zume do parénquima. Para a súa eliminación é frecuente o uso de insecticidas.

  • Outras pestes frecuentes nos cultivos de alforfa son:
As chinchas da alforfa.
A gardama (Laphigma exigua HB).
A prodenia negra [22] Spodoptera littoralis, Prodenia litura, Agrotis segetis).
O verme verde (Phytonomus ou Hypera variabilis Hb).
Cuca, ou verme negro (Colaspidema atrum, Latr.).
Os apións (Apión spp).
Gurgullos.
Sitonas.
As moscas da alforfa.
Trips (Frankliniella spp).
Ácaros (Tetranynchus spp).

Notas

  1. Vocabulario do medio agrícola,Santiago de Compostela], Dirección Xeral de Política Lingüística, 1988. Termos esenciais de botánica. Santiago de Compostela, Universidade, 2004. Vocabulario de ciencias naturais. Santiago de Compostela, Xunta, 1991. Gran dicionario Xerais da lingua galega. Vigo, Xerais, 2009. Diccionario da Real Academia Galega. A Coruña, RAG, 2012
  2. El cultivo de la alfalfa en zonas húmedas José Jesús García González. Hojas Divulgadoras do Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Alimentación, 1984
  3. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14595/alfalfa
  4. "Copia arquivada" (PDF). Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 28 de marzo de 2012. Consultado o 18 de xullo de 2013.
  5. "Understanding Autotoxicity in Alfalfa". Team Forage (en inglés). Consultado o 01 de febreiro de 2019.
  6. 6,0 6,1 "Copia arquivada" (PDF). Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 07 de setembro de 2012. Consultado o 18 de xullo de 2013.
  7. "Copia arquivada" (PDF). Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 17 de xullo de 2012. Consultado o 18 de xullo de 2013.
  8. Plinio o Vello: Historia natural XVIII, 43 (en inglés).
  9. http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-4000.pdf
  10. http://www.hayusa.net/alfalfa.html
  11. Lane Fox, Robin (2005): El mundo clásico. La epopeya de Grecia y Roma. – Crítica, Barcelona, 2007, p. 180. ISBN 978-84-8432-898-8
  12. http://cookeatshare.com/ingredients/alfalfa-sprouts
  13. <http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu/IrrigatedAlfalfa/pdfs/UCAlfalfa8305Industrial_free.pdf
  14. "Copia arquivada". Arquivado dende o orixinal o 19 de maio de 2011. Consultado o 18 de xullo de 2013.
  15. "Copia arquivada" (PDF). Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 24 de marzo de 2012. Consultado o 18 de xullo de 2013.
  16. http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu/-files/pdf/alfalfaFactSheet.pdf
  17. 17,0 17,1 ’’El cultivo de la alfalfa en zonas húmedas’’ José Jesús García González. ‘’Hojas Divulgadoras’’ do Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Alimentación, 1984
  18. Sinónimos en The Plant List, Kew Gardens
  19. Font Quer, Pío : Plantas Medicinales - El Dioscórides Renovado, Editorial Labor, Barcelona, 1980, p.367-368.
  20. (PASSE). 2008. Pag. 73 a 75
  21. Nomes vulgares en diferentes fontes: Vocabulario do medio agrícola,Santiago de Compostela], Dirección Xeral de Política Lingüística, 1988. Termos esenciais de botánica. Santiago de Compostela, Universidade, 2004. Vocabulario de ciencias naturais. Santiago de Compostela, Xunta, 1991. Gran dicionario Xerais da lingua galega. Vigo, Xerais, 2009. Diccionario da Real Academia Galega. A Coruña, RAG, 2012
  22. Proposta de definición do Servizo de Normalización Lingüística da USC

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Alfalfa: Brief Summary ( الجاليكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia gl Galician
 src= Inflorescencia e follas trifolioladas.  src= Froitos en hélices sinistras, maduros e inmaturos. Medicago sativa - harilik lutsern Keilas.jpg Apis mellifera - Medicago sativa - Valingu.jpg

A alfalfa, alforfa ou lucerna ( Medicago sativa), é unha especie de planta herbácea pertencente á familia das fabáceas ou legumes empregada coma forraxe. Cultívase en todo o mundo. No caso de Galiza non é unha cultura común, porén, agás en casos extremos e zonas moi sombrizas, a alforfa pódese sementar en calquera zona de Galiza e da cornixa cantábrica.

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Plava djetelina ( الكرواتية )

المقدمة من wikipedia hr Croatian

Plava djetelina (velika djetelina, bosanska djetelina, lucerna, vija, lat. Medicago sativa), jedna od osamdesetak vrsta lucerni, roda iz porodice mahunarki.

To je zeljasta medonosna biljka uspravne, razgranate stabljike, danas raširena po cijelom svijetu. Uzgajala se još 700. godina prije Krista, a uzgaja se i danas kao krmna biljka.

Korijen je dobro razvijen i dubok, često oko pet metara, a postoje podaci o dužini od 15 metara. Listovi su naizmjenični, cvjetovi dvospolni, a plod spiralno savijrena mahuna. Jestivi su mladi listovi i vrhovi stabljika.

Prema starim Grcima i Rimljanima podrijetlom je iz Mezopotamije. [1]

Izvori

  1. Priroda i biljke pristupljeno 18. siječnja 2019
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Na Zajedničkom poslužitelju postoje datoteke vezane uz: Plava djetelina
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Wikivrste imaju podatke o: Medicago sativa
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wikipedia hr Croatian

Plava djetelina: Brief Summary ( الكرواتية )

المقدمة من wikipedia hr Croatian

Plava djetelina (velika djetelina, bosanska djetelina, lucerna, vija, lat. Medicago sativa), jedna od osamdesetak vrsta lucerni, roda iz porodice mahunarki.

To je zeljasta medonosna biljka uspravne, razgranate stabljike, danas raširena po cijelom svijetu. Uzgajala se još 700. godina prije Krista, a uzgaja se i danas kao krmna biljka.

Korijen je dobro razvijen i dubok, često oko pet metara, a postoje podaci o dužini od 15 metara. Listovi su naizmjenični, cvjetovi dvospolni, a plod spiralno savijrena mahuna. Jestivi su mladi listovi i vrhovi stabljika.

Prema starim Grcima i Rimljanima podrijetlom je iz Mezopotamije.

 src=

lucerna u polju

 src=

M. sativa

 src=

M. sativa

 src=

M. sativa, plod

 src=

M. sativa, cvjetovi

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Módra šlinčina ( اللغة الصربية العليا )

المقدمة من wikipedia HSB

Módra šlinčina[2] (Medicago sativa) je wužitna rostlina ze swójby łušćinowcow (Fabaceae). Dalše mjeno je lucerna[2].

 src=
Módra šlinčina
 src=
Symjenja
 src=
ilustracija, Otto Wilhelm Thomé (1885)

Wopis

Módra šlinčina je zrunane, nimale nahe trajne zelo, kotrež docpěje wysokosć mjezy 20 a 80 cm. Rostlina jako hromadźer dusyka pódu polěpšuje.

Stołpik je zrunany, nimale nahi.

Łopjena

Łopjena su třiličbne. Pjerite łopješka docpěja dołhosć wot 2 hač do 3 cm a na špicku su zubate a kałačikowótre. Při tym srjedźne łopješko je dlěje stołpikate.

Kćenja

Kćěje wot junija hač do septembra. Módre hač wioletne kćenja docpěja dołhosć wot 8 hač 12 mm a steja w łopješkopažostejacych, hłójčkoformowych, hustych kićach. Króna je módra abo fijałkojta.

Kćenja buchu nimale dospołnje wot čmjełow wupróšene, kaž pospyty w Šwedskej su pokazowałe.

Płody

Płody su łušćiny, kotrež maja 2-3 wukorkowakojte zawitki.

Stejnišćo

Módra šlinčina rosće ruderalnje na wobwliwowanych połsuchich trawnikach a na suchich łukach, na ćopłych suchich trawnikach, při pućnych kromach a na skłoninach. Wona je často kultiwowana.

Rozšěrjenje

Pochadźa originalnje ze zapadneje Azije. Hižo je z antiki kulturna rostlina, ale nětko tež wodźiwjena wustupuje.

Módra šlinčina je w nimale cyłej Europje z wuwzaćom sewjera rozšěrjena.

Wužiwanje

Módra šlinčina je asimilacije dla dusyka z pomocu bakterijow hódnotna picowa rostlina. Łopjena wobsahuja prowitamin A, witaminy C, D, E, K1, ale tež mineralije. Tohodla wone so móžeja w supach kaž zelenina, kaž solotej, we přirodnej hojenskej znajomosći kaž dodawar wapna a přećiwo anemiji wužiwać. Industrija zhotowi z tuteje rostliny chlorofyl, karotin, witamin K1 a ranu hojacu žałbu.

Podobna družina

Nóžki

  1. W internetowym słowniku: Schneckenklee
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 W internetowym słowniku: Luzerne

Žórła

  • Schauer - Caspari: Pflanzenführer für unterwegs, ISBN 978-3-8354-0354-3, 2. nakład, 2008, strona 306 (němsce)
  • Seidel/Eisenreich: BLV Bestimmungsbuch Blütenpflanzen, ISBN 3-405-13557-5, stronje 210-211 (němsce)
  • Spohn, Aichele, Golte-Bechtle, Spohn: Was blüht denn da? Kosmos Naturführer (2008), ISBN 978-3-440-11379-0, strona 234 (němsce)
  • Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
  • Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
  • Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
  • Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)

Eksterne wotkazy

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Hlej wotpowědne dataje we Wikimedia Commons:
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Módra šlinčina: Brief Summary ( اللغة الصربية العليا )

المقدمة من wikipedia HSB

Módra šlinčina (Medicago sativa) je wužitna rostlina ze swójby łušćinowcow (Fabaceae). Dalše mjeno je lucerna.

 src= Módra šlinčina  src= Symjenja  src= ilustracija, Otto Wilhelm Thomé (1885)
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Alfalfa ( الإندونيسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ID

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) adalah spesies tanaman yang dimanfaatkan sebagai makanan ternak (pakan) untuk sapi perah, kuda, sapi potong, domba, dan kambing.[2] Alfalfa juga digunakan dalam sistem rotasi tanaman pangan karena dapat mengikat nitrogen, memperbaiki struktur tanah, dan mengontrol gulma untuk tanaman berikutnya yang akan dibudidayakan.[2] Sejarah tertua mengenai tanaman ini berasal dari sisa-sisa alfalfa berusia 6000 tahun telah ditemukan di Iran.[3] Tulisan tertua mengenai alfalfa diperkirakan berangka tahun 1300 SM dan ditemukan di Turki.[3]

Sebagai pakan ternak, tanaman ini memiliki kandungan protein, vitamin, dan mineral yang tinggi.[2] Untuk melakukan budidaya alfalfa, kondisi tanah yang harus diperhatikan adalah pH (tingkat keasaman) tanah berkisar 6,3-7,5 dan kandungan garam dalam tanah tidak boleh terlalu tinggi.[2] Selama masa aktif pertumbuhannya, alfalfa tidak membutuhkan tanah yang basah.[2]

Deskripsi

Alfalfa adalah tanaman sejenis tanaman herba tahunan yang memiliki beberapa ciri, yaitu berakar tunggang, batang menyelusur tegak dari dasar kayu dan tingginya berkisar 30-120 cm, serta daun tersusun tiga. Tangkai daun berbulu dan berukuran 5-30 mm.[4] Kedalaman akar alfalfa dapat mencapai 2-4 meter. Saat memulai perkembangan batang, tunas aksiler di bagian bawah ketiak daun akan membentuk batang sehingga mahkota pada bagian dasar menjadi pangkal dan tunas aksiler di atas tanah membentuk percabangan. Perbungaan tersusun pada tandan yang padat dengan bunga kecil berwarna kuning.[5] Tumbuhan ini mampu hidup hingga 30 tahun, bergantung dari keadaan lingkungan.[6] Alfalfa juga memiliki bintil (nodul) akar yang mengandung bakteri Rhizobium meliloti sehingga dapat menambat atau mengikat nitrogen dari atmosfer untuk keperluan tumbuhan.[6]

Kultivasi

Musim penanaman alfalfa biasanya berlangsung pada peralihan antara musim semi ke musim gugur, namun pertumbuhan utama terjadi pada akhir musim semi atau awal musim panas. Tumbuhan ini memerlukan waktu penyinaran yang panjang. Perkembangan perbungaan dari setiap kultivar alfalfa dapat berbeda satu sama lain karena lama penyinaran yang diperlukan juga berbeda. Alfalfa tahan terhadap herbisida seperti benazolin, bentazon, dan asam 2,4-Diklorofenoksiasetat. Apabila ingin menanam alfalfa saja (monokultur), terutama pada musim dingin, dapat digunakan propizamida untuk mencegah pertumbuhan gulma yang mengganggu.[5]

Tanaman ini dapat dibudidayakan bersamaan dengan beberapa tanaman lain, seperti kembang telang (Clitoria ternatea), Cenchrus ciliaris, Macroptilium bracteatum, dan lain-lain.[4] Tanaman alfalfa lebih tahan terhadap kekeringan bila dibandingkan tanaman kacang-kacangan lainnya. Hal ini dikarenakan akar yang panjang dan tanaman memiliki kemampuan melakukan dormansi (tidak aktif) saat musim kemarau yang parah. Saat mencapai kelembaban tertentu, alfalfa dorman dapat kembali aktif.[5]

Pada tahap pembenihan, irigasi umumnya diperlukan. Untuk mencegah hama dan penyakit, penyemprotan fungisida dan insektisida diperlukan dalam masa penanaman. Beberapa agen penyebab penyakit pada alfalfa adalah Xanthomonas alfalfa, Alternaria solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora megasperma, dan Uromyces striatus. Pada waktu panen, biji-bijian biasanya disemprot dengan pengering tanaman untuk mempercepat pengeringan. Waktu panen yang tepat adalah ketika polong-polongan berisi biji sudah 65-75% berwarna coklat gelap.

Manfaat

Budidaya alfalfa sebagai pakan ternak dilakukan untuk beberapa tujuan, yaitu penggembalaan dan konservasi. Alfalfa dapat ditanaman sendiri ataupun sebagai campuran di antara rumput tropis dan sub-tropis. Bibit alfalfa juga banyak ditanaman sebagai kecambah untuk makanan manusia.[4]

Alfalfa banyak diproduksi karena nilai nutrisi dan produksinya yang menguntungkan, selain itu tanaman ini juga disebutkan memiliki rasa yang enak. Dibandingkan dengan pakan ternak dari tanaman lainnya, alfalfa memiliki kandungan protein dan kalsium yang tinggi, tetapi energi termetabolisme dan kadar fosfor di dalamnya relatif rendah. Alfalfa juga termasuk berserat rendah sehingga mudah mencapai rumen (perut besar) dan mudah dicerna oleh hewan ternak.[4]

Dengan pemberian irigasi, tanaman alfalfa dapat memproduksi 25-27 ton per hektare kadar kering pada tahun pertama dan turun hingga 8-15 ton per tahun pada tahun ketiga. Produksi tersebut bergantung pada densitas tanaman, tingkat resistensi hama dan penyakit, aktivitas di musim dingin, dan hujan yang memengaruhi kelembaban tanah. Dengan hasil produksi tersebut, penanaman alfalfa dapat meningkatkan produksi susu pada sapi. Alfalfa yang tumbuh sepanjang tahun ini juga mencegah terjadinya defisiensi (kekurangan) energi pada ternak dan memperbaiki atau meningkatkan padang rumput.[4]

Galleri

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Bunga Medicago sativa
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Bunga kuning pada alfalfa
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Bunga ungu pada alfalfa
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Biji alfalfa
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Ladang alfalfa
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Lebah pada bunga alfalfa

Referensi

  1. ^ "Medicago sativa - ILDIS LegumeWeb". www.ildis.org. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07.
  2. ^ a b c d e (Inggris) Steve B. Orloff (1996). Intermountain alfalfa management. ANR Publications. ISBN 978-1-879906-24-2.Page.1-6
  3. ^ a b (Inggris) California Foundation for Agriculture. "Commodity Fact Sheet: Alfalfa" (PDF).
  4. ^ a b c d e Medicago sativa, Tropical Forages.
  5. ^ a b c Medicago sativa L., John Frame.
  6. ^ a b (Inggris)Derek B. Munro, Ernest Small (1997). Vegetables of Canada. NRC Press. ISBN 978-0-660-19503-2.Page.270-278.
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Alfalfa: Brief Summary ( الإندونيسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ID

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) adalah spesies tanaman yang dimanfaatkan sebagai makanan ternak (pakan) untuk sapi perah, kuda, sapi potong, domba, dan kambing. Alfalfa juga digunakan dalam sistem rotasi tanaman pangan karena dapat mengikat nitrogen, memperbaiki struktur tanah, dan mengontrol gulma untuk tanaman berikutnya yang akan dibudidayakan. Sejarah tertua mengenai tanaman ini berasal dari sisa-sisa alfalfa berusia 6000 tahun telah ditemukan di Iran. Tulisan tertua mengenai alfalfa diperkirakan berangka tahun 1300 SM dan ditemukan di Turki.

Sebagai pakan ternak, tanaman ini memiliki kandungan protein, vitamin, dan mineral yang tinggi. Untuk melakukan budidaya alfalfa, kondisi tanah yang harus diperhatikan adalah pH (tingkat keasaman) tanah berkisar 6,3-7,5 dan kandungan garam dalam tanah tidak boleh terlalu tinggi. Selama masa aktif pertumbuhannya, alfalfa tidak membutuhkan tanah yang basah.

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Refasmári ( الآيسلندية )

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Refasmári eða lúserna (fræðiheiti: Medicago sativa) er fjölær belgjurt af ertublómaætt sem gjarnan er ræktuð sem fóður fyrir nautgripi, hross, sauðfé og geitur. Það er auðverkanlegt sem hey.

Refasmári gerir kröfur um djúpan jarðveg þar sem rótakerfið getur teygt sig í allt að 4,5 metra dýpt. Ofanjarðar verður hann gjarnan metershár og endist í 3 til 12 ár í túni, allt eftir veðurfari. Eins og aðrar belgjurtir lifir refasmári í samlífi með rótarbakteríum sem binda köfnunarefni úr andrúmsloftinu og nýtist það plöntunni til vaxtar. Algengt er að Sinorhizobium meliloti lifi á rótum refasmára.

Refasmári er mest ræktaður í Bandaríkjunum en stærstu ræktunarsvæðin eru Kalifornía, Suður-Dakóta og Wisconsin.

Spírur refasmára eru ætar og bera hnetukeim. Þær eru notaðar í salöt og á samlokur.

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Medicago sativa ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT
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Fiore di M. sativa visitato da un'ape.

L'erba medica (Medicago sativa L.) detta anche erba Spagna, o anche alfalfa (dall'arabo al-fáṣfaṣa "foraggio"), è una pianta erbacea appartenente alla famiglia delle Fabaceae (o Leguminose).[1]

Originaria dell'Asia sud-occidentale, è diffusa in Italia prevalentemente in Emilia-Romagna, Lombardia, Marche, Veneto, Calabria, Campania.

Descrizione

La M. sativa è una pianta perenne, con apparato radicale fittonante che può arrivare anche a una lunghezza di 3–5 m; presenta una corona basale da cui si originano steli più o meno eretti che possono raggiungere il metro di altezza, cavi all'interno.
Le foglie sono trifogliate e si distinguono da quelle dei trifogli in quanto la foglia centrale non è sessile ma picciolata. L'infiorescenza è costituita da un racemo di fiori zigomorfi di colore viola-azzurro. I frutti sono dei legumi spiralati contenenti 2-6 semi. I semi sono molto piccoli (100 di essi pesano 0,2 g).

La pianta rifugge i terreni acidi, producendo su terreni ricchi di calcio freschi e profondi. Il medicaio è un prato poliennale che è in grado di fornire anche diversi tagli in un anno. L'erba medica, anche in ragione della sua provenienza da regioni aride, soffre degli eccessi di umidità durante il periodo vegetativo, mentre tollera bene l'umidità durante il riposo: dal che ne consegue che se viene coltivata in zone ad elevata piovosità estiva un ottimo sgrondo del terreno si rende necessario. D'altra parte, di converso, l'apparato radicale estremamente fittonante dell'erba medica permette a questa pianta di soffrire raramente di stress idrici, dato che è in grado di accedere anche a riserve d'acqua profonde.

Come per molte leguminose da prato, parte delle riserve di carboidrati dell'erba medica non sono localizzate in posizione ipogea (radici) ma epigea (colletto) per cui nei casi in cui venga sfalciata è importante non procedere a tagli troppo bassi.

Il periodo migliore per raccogliere la medica è nel pieno della fioritura. Tagli precedenti forniscono foraggio di qualità migliore, ma riducono la capacità dell'erba di riprendersi dello stress del taglio: infatti la medica comincia ad accumulare riserve nelle radici solo in corrispondenza della fioritura.

Avversità di natura biotica

Le avversità di natura biologica sono dovute ad attacchi di agenti patogeni, parassiti e fitofagi.

Tra i patogeni si annoverano Colletotrichum trifolii, agente dell'antracnosi, Rhizoctonia violacea, agente del mal vinato; Sclerotinia trifoliorum, agente del mal dello sclerozio; Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis, agente del marciume radicale. Questi ultimi tre funghi attaccano la pianta al colletto o alle radici. Il primo colpisce a macchie nel campo portando alla morte dei tessuti ed al diradamento. Pseudopeziza medicaginis è invece agente della maculatura fogliare.

Tra i parassiti vegetali che possono colpire l'erba medica si possono ricordare le cuscute.

Tra i fitofagi si annoverano Phytodecta fornicata e Phytonomus punctatus entrambi colpevoli di gravi perdite quanti-qualitative del foraggio, nonché Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata.

Modi di uso

Pianta foraggera per eccellenza, è utilizzata soprattutto come coltura da fieno o per produrre farine zootecniche attraverso disidratazione. Meno frequentemente è impiegata con il pascolamento e raramente per l'insilamento, pratica ormai desueta. L'utilizzo del foraggio fresco sfalciato o pascolato richiede accorgimenti particolari per prevenire l'insorgenza del meteorismo nei ruminanti: in generale si procede ad un preappassimento dell'erba sfalciata o alla presomministrazione di concentrati o foraggi agli animali mandati al pascolo. Tali accorgimenti non sono invece necessari se la medica è coltivata in consociazione con una graminacea.

Come foraggio rappresenta la specie più usata tra le leguminose in quanto presenta un alto tenore proteico e vitaminico (caroteni) e la possibilità di essere conservata, in genere, sotto forma di fieno o farina (sebbene quest'ultima abbia elevati costi energetici per la sua produzione). La farina di medica è classificata a tutti gli effetti tra i concentrati, per il discreto valore proteico, dell'ordine del 20%. Relativamente basso è invece il valore energetico. L'insilamento della medica, poco frequente, necessita di alcuni accorgimenti a causa del basso tenore in glucidi fermentescibili: il preappassimento, tecnica adottata per la produzione del fieno-silo, l'aggiunta di lactobacilli e, soprattutto la consociazione con una graminacea.

È un vegetale azotofissatore (per la presenza del batterio Rhizobium meliloti) e quindi la sua coltivazione produce anche il risultato di arricchire nuovamente il suolo di azoto, in modo naturale, dopo l'impoverimento dato da precedenti coltivazioni di altre famiglie di vegetali. I residui dei suoi apparati radicali inoltre migliorano la permeabilità del suolo.

Il suo successo si deve anche alle caratteristiche del suo ciclo riproduttivo: è capace di autoimpollinazione e dopo 3 mesi dalla semina produce già seme.

Il fiore è visitato dalle api per il nettare,[2] tant'è che in presenza di coltivazioni si riesce a produrre facilmente miele uniflorale[3], e per il suo polline ad alto contenuto di proteine.[4]

Proprietà terapeutiche

Contiene 8 enzimi digestivi, fitoestrogeni, 40 diversi bioflavonoidi (con azione antiossidante, antinfiammatoria, rinforzante dei vasi sanguigni), flavoni (rinforzanti dei capillari fragili), glucosidi, alcaloidi (sostegno all'attività antibiotica, antinfiammatori, favoriscono la formazione proteica), aminoacidi, vitamina A, vitamina C, vitamina D, vitamina E, vitamina K, sali minerali, oligoelementi, elevate quantità di clorofilla (ottima per il trattamento delle anemie).

È dotata di proprietà deodoranti (clorofilla), antimicrobiche (clorofilla, vitamina A).

Etimologia

Il nome "erba medica" (già in latino medica e in greco μηδική = mediké) non ha nulla che a vedere con la medicina, ma deriva dalla Media (Persia), di cui era considerata originaria: "erba medica" = "erba della Media".

Note

  1. ^ mèdica, in Sapere.it, De Agostini.
  2. ^ (FR) Medicago sativa & Apis mellifera, su Florabeilles, 6 febbraio 2013. URL consultato l'8 luglio 2019.
  3. ^ Mieli Uniflorali Italiani - I principali mieli uniflorali italiani - Miele di erba medica, su api.entecra.it. URL consultato l'8 luglio 2019 (archiviato dall'url originale il 2 luglio 2019).
  4. ^ Alicia Forcone, Pía Valeria Aloisi e Silvina Ruppel, Botanical composition and protein content of pollen collected by Apis mellifera L. in the north-west of Santa Cruz (Argentinean Patagonia), in Grana, vol. 50, n. 1, 22 marzo 2011, pp. 30–39, DOI:10.1080/00173134.2011.552191. URL consultato l'8 luglio 2019.

Bibliografia

  • Antonio Saltini, Storia delle scienze agrarie, vol. I Dalle origini al Rinascimento, Bologna 1974

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Medicago sativa: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

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 src= Fiore di M. sativa visitato da un'ape.

L'erba medica (Medicago sativa L.) detta anche erba Spagna, o anche alfalfa (dall'arabo al-fáṣfaṣa "foraggio"), è una pianta erbacea appartenente alla famiglia delle Fabaceae (o Leguminose).

Originaria dell'Asia sud-occidentale, è diffusa in Italia prevalentemente in Emilia-Romagna, Lombardia, Marche, Veneto, Calabria, Campania.

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Medicago sativa ( لاتينية )

المقدمة من wikipedia LA

Medicago sativa, Latinitate classica medica, est planta Asiae meridionalis indigena, utilis rusticis ut pabulum boum. Species Medicago sativa attribuitur genere "Medicagine" in subfamilia Faboidearum plantarum florentium.

Fontes antiqui

Notae

Medicago sativa

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    Medicago sativa

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    Medicago sativa

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    Medicago sativa

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    Flores

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    Plantatio medicaginis sativae

  • Faboideae Haec stipula ad Faboideas spectat. Amplifica, si potes!
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    Medicago sativa: Brief Summary ( لاتينية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia LA

    Medicago sativa, Latinitate classica medica, est planta Asiae meridionalis indigena, utilis rusticis ut pabulum boum. Species Medicago sativa attribuitur genere "Medicagine" in subfamilia Faboidearum plantarum florentium.

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    Sējas lucerna ( اللاتفية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia LV

    Sējas lucerna (Medicago sativa) ir tauriņziežu dzimtas lakstaugs. Sējas lucernas dabiskais izplatības areāls ir Dienvidrietumāzija. Mūsdienās to kā lopbarības augu kultivē visā pasaulē. Bieži sastopams sējumos, kā arī atmatās, ceļmalās un grāvjos.[1]

    Sējas lucernas stublājs ir stāvs un kails. Lapas uz stublāja izkārtotas pamīšus, trīsstaraini saliktas no iegarenām līdz lineārām lapiņām. Lapu garums ir 1-2,5 cm, bet platums 0,3-1,2 cm. Ziedi atrodas īsos, blīvos, iegarenos vai ieapaļos ķekaros. Parasti vienā ķekarā ir no 10 līdz 30 ziediem. Ziedi var atrasties arī žāklēs. Zied no jūnija līdz septembrim. Sējas lucernas auglis ir pāksts.

    Atsauces

    1. «Sējas lucerna» (latviski). Sugu enciklopēdija "Latvijas Daba". Skatīts: 2015. gada 25. martā.


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    Sējas lucerna: Brief Summary ( اللاتفية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia LV

    Sējas lucerna (Medicago sativa) ir tauriņziežu dzimtas lakstaugs. Sējas lucernas dabiskais izplatības areāls ir Dienvidrietumāzija. Mūsdienās to kā lopbarības augu kultivē visā pasaulē. Bieži sastopams sējumos, kā arī atmatās, ceļmalās un grāvjos.

    Sējas lucernas stublājs ir stāvs un kails. Lapas uz stublāja izkārtotas pamīšus, trīsstaraini saliktas no iegarenām līdz lineārām lapiņām. Lapu garums ir 1-2,5 cm, bet platums 0,3-1,2 cm. Ziedi atrodas īsos, blīvos, iegarenos vai ieapaļos ķekaros. Parasti vienā ķekarā ir no 10 līdz 30 ziediem. Ziedi var atrasties arī žāklēs. Zied no jūnija līdz septembrim. Sējas lucernas auglis ir pāksts.

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    Luzerne ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia NL
    Zie artikel Voor andere betekenissen, zie Luzerne (Iowa) en Luzerne (Pennsylvania).

    Luzerne (Medicago sativa) is een vaste plant. Afhankelijk van variëteit en klimaat kan de plant vijf tot twaalf jaar oud worden. Met een hoogte tot 1 m en trosjes kleine blauwe bloemen lijkt de plant op klaver. De plant beschikt over een diep en krachtig ontwikkeld wortelsysteem dat zich tot 4,5 m kan uitstrekken. Hierdoor kan de plant tijdens tijdelijke droogten overleven.

    Luzerne is inheems in Europa en wordt wereldwijd verbouwd als veevoer. In Nederland wordt luzerne hoofdzakelijk kunstmatig gedroogd voor de productie van eiwitrijk veevoer. Er wordt drie tot vier maal per jaar gemaaid. De inzaai vindt plaats zowel met als zonder dekvrucht. Als dekvrucht wordt onder andere wintertarwe gebruikt. Alfalfa is in het Nederlands de naam van de spruitgroente (ontkiemde zaden) van de luzerne. Luzerne kan het hele jaar ontkiemen, zodat alfalfa het hele jaar verkrijgbaar is. Alfalfa kan op dezelfde manier worden gebruikt bij de voedselbereiding als taugé, een andere bekende spruitgroente.

    Zoals andere soorten uit de vlinderbloemenfamilie (Leguminosae) heeft de plant het vermogen om met behulp van stikstofbindende bacteriën stikstof te binden, zodat het proteïnerijk voedsel kan produceren onafhankelijk van de aanwezigheid van stikstof in de bodem.

    De uitgebreide teelt, die is begonnen in de 17e eeuw, was een belangrijke stap vooruit in de Europese landbouw. De stikstofbindende eigenschap en het gebruik als veevoer verhoogde in belangrijke mate de efficiëntie van de landbouw. Wanneer het op de juiste grond verbouwd wordt, heeft luzerne een hoge opbrengst.

    Luzerne is een van de weinige planten die zelf-toxisch zijn. Hierdoor is het niet mogelijk om tussen oude planten opnieuw luzerne in te zaaien. De oude luzerne moet daarom eerst ondergeploegd worden voor het opnieuw op hetzelfde perceel ingezaaid kan worden. Beter is echter ook in verband met ziekten om vruchtwisseling toe te passen.

    Luzerne kan vooral bij langjarige teelt aangetast worden door verwelkingsziekte (Verticillium albo-atrum) en bladvlekkenziekte (Pseudopeziza medicaginis). Pleksgewijze verwelking en afsterving wordt vaak veroorzaakt door het stengelaaltje (Ditylenchus dipsaci).

    Externe link

    Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Medicago sativa van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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    Luzerne: Brief Summary ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia NL

    Luzerne (Medicago sativa) is een vaste plant. Afhankelijk van variëteit en klimaat kan de plant vijf tot twaalf jaar oud worden. Met een hoogte tot 1 m en trosjes kleine blauwe bloemen lijkt de plant op klaver. De plant beschikt over een diep en krachtig ontwikkeld wortelsysteem dat zich tot 4,5 m kan uitstrekken. Hierdoor kan de plant tijdens tijdelijke droogten overleven.

    Luzerne is inheems in Europa en wordt wereldwijd verbouwd als veevoer. In Nederland wordt luzerne hoofdzakelijk kunstmatig gedroogd voor de productie van eiwitrijk veevoer. Er wordt drie tot vier maal per jaar gemaaid. De inzaai vindt plaats zowel met als zonder dekvrucht. Als dekvrucht wordt onder andere wintertarwe gebruikt. Alfalfa is in het Nederlands de naam van de spruitgroente (ontkiemde zaden) van de luzerne. Luzerne kan het hele jaar ontkiemen, zodat alfalfa het hele jaar verkrijgbaar is. Alfalfa kan op dezelfde manier worden gebruikt bij de voedselbereiding als taugé, een andere bekende spruitgroente.

    Zoals andere soorten uit de vlinderbloemenfamilie (Leguminosae) heeft de plant het vermogen om met behulp van stikstofbindende bacteriën stikstof te binden, zodat het proteïnerijk voedsel kan produceren onafhankelijk van de aanwezigheid van stikstof in de bodem.

    De uitgebreide teelt, die is begonnen in de 17e eeuw, was een belangrijke stap vooruit in de Europese landbouw. De stikstofbindende eigenschap en het gebruik als veevoer verhoogde in belangrijke mate de efficiëntie van de landbouw. Wanneer het op de juiste grond verbouwd wordt, heeft luzerne een hoge opbrengst.

    Luzerne is een van de weinige planten die zelf-toxisch zijn. Hierdoor is het niet mogelijk om tussen oude planten opnieuw luzerne in te zaaien. De oude luzerne moet daarom eerst ondergeploegd worden voor het opnieuw op hetzelfde perceel ingezaaid kan worden. Beter is echter ook in verband met ziekten om vruchtwisseling toe te passen.

    Luzerne kan vooral bij langjarige teelt aangetast worden door verwelkingsziekte (Verticillium albo-atrum) en bladvlekkenziekte (Pseudopeziza medicaginis). Pleksgewijze verwelking en afsterving wordt vaak veroorzaakt door het stengelaaltje (Ditylenchus dipsaci).

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    Bloem

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    Close-up bloem

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    Luzernescheuten

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    Luzerne

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    Zaad

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    Lusern ( النرويجية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia NO

    Lusern (Medicago sativa) er en flerårig urt i erteblomstfamilien.[1] Det finnes to underarter; blålusern (ssp. sativa) og gul-lusern (ssp. falcata).

    Blålusern kjennes også ved det engelske navnet alfalfa.[2] Blålusern dyrkes i betydelig omfang, spesielt i Nord-Amerika, på grunn av sin egnethet og verdi som fôr til dyr. I Norge har det vært dyrket blålusern, men i dag dyrkes det lite, selv om det er et stort potensial for dyrking. Blålusern finnes derfor forvillet her og der. Dyrking av lusern krever en dyp, god jord med høy pH for å trives.

    Lusern, og de fleste artene i erteblomstfammilien, lever i et symbiotisk forhold til rhizobiumbakterien som lever på roten og fikserer nitrogen fra luften (biologisk nitrogenfiksering).

    Spirer av blålusern er spiselige (alfalfaspirer) og har en nøtteaktig smak.

    Referanser

    1. ^ Lusern Store norske leksikon
    2. ^ Blålusern Den virtuella floran


    Eksterne lenker

    botanikkstubbDenne botanikkrelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
    Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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    Lusern: Brief Summary ( النرويجية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia NO

    Lusern (Medicago sativa) er en flerårig urt i erteblomstfamilien. Det finnes to underarter; blålusern (ssp. sativa) og gul-lusern (ssp. falcata).

    Blålusern kjennes også ved det engelske navnet alfalfa. Blålusern dyrkes i betydelig omfang, spesielt i Nord-Amerika, på grunn av sin egnethet og verdi som fôr til dyr. I Norge har det vært dyrket blålusern, men i dag dyrkes det lite, selv om det er et stort potensial for dyrking. Blålusern finnes derfor forvillet her og der. Dyrking av lusern krever en dyp, god jord med høy pH for å trives.

    Lusern, og de fleste artene i erteblomstfammilien, lever i et symbiotisk forhold til rhizobiumbakterien som lever på roten og fikserer nitrogen fra luften (biologisk nitrogenfiksering).

    Spirer av blålusern er spiselige (alfalfaspirer) og har en nøtteaktig smak.

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    Lucerna siewna ( البولندية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia POL

    Lucerna siewna (Medicago sativa L.) – gatunek rośliny należący do rodziny bobowatych. Rodzimy obszar jego występowania to Afryka Północna (Algieria, Libia, Maroko, Tunezja), znaczna część Azji i niemal cała Europa, ale rozprzestrzenił się także na niektórych innych obszarach Afryki (Egipt, Afryka Południowa, Azory), w Australii i na Nowej Zelandii, w Finlandii, w Ameryce Północnej i Południowej[2]. Jest uprawiany w licznych rejonach świata. W Polsce jest uprawiany, często dziczejący, kenofit[3].

    Morfologia

    Łodyga
    Prosta, wzniesiona, silnie rozgałęziona, osiąga długość 30-90 cm.
    Liście
    Złożone, trzylistkowe. Listki podłużne, owalne, na szczycie ząbkowane i zaostrzone.
    Korzeń
    Palowy, drewniejący, bez rozgałęzień, rośnie na głębokość 3-10 m.
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    Morfologia
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    Kwiaty
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    Nasiona
    Kwiaty
    Fioletowe do purpurowych, zebrane w groniasty, główkowaty kwiatostan złożony z 5-30 kwiatków. Kwiaty wielkości 8-12 mm.
    Owoce
    Wielonasienny strąk, brunatny, skręcony z drobnymi, jasnobrązowymi, owalnymi nasionami.

    Biologia i ekologia

    Bylina, hemikryptofit. Spotykana jest przede wszystkim w uprawie, ale często dziczeje i porasta także przydroża, murawy i zarośla. Kwitnie od maja do września. Nasiona powstać mogą wyłącznie w wyniku zapylenia krzyżowego, jest bowiem rośliną samopłonną – zarodki powstałe w wyniku zapylenia własnym pyłkiem obumierają[4].

    Systematyka i zmienność

    Zastosowanie

    • Roślina uprawna – uprawiana już w starożytności. Ze względu na dużą zawartość białka jest ważną rośliną pastewną[5]. Nadaje się na zielonkę, na siano i na kiszonkę, wchodzi w skład wielu mieszanek traw pastewnych[5]. 1 kg zielonki z lucerny ma wartość 0,15–0,20 jednostek owsianych, zawiera 25–40 g białka strawnego. 1 kg siana z lucerny odpowiada 0,45–0,70 j.o. i zawiera 90–160 g białka strawnego w zależności od fazy wegetacji. Zaletą lucerny jako rośliny paszowej jest wysoka zawartość białka, wapnia i karotenu[6]. Znajduje się w rejestrze roślin rolniczych Unii Europejskiej.
    • Od niedawna jest używana również w celach spożywczych. Jej podkiełkowane nasiona nadają się do sałatek i na kanapki[7].

    Przypisy

    1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website/Fabaceae (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2009-09-23].
    2. a b c Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [dostęp 2010-02-22].
    3. a b Lucjan Rutkowski: Klucz do oznaczania roślin naczyniowych Polski niżowej. Warszawa: Wyd. Naukowe PWN, 2006. ISBN 83-01-14342-8.
    4. Wykłady. Morfologia. [dostęp 2010-02-26].
    5. a b Uprawa lucerny siewnej (pol.). [dostęp 2010-01-25].
    6. praca zbiorowa: Zootechniczny słownik encyklopedyczny. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1965, s. 296.
    7. zbiorowe: Rośliny ogrodowe. Könemann, 2005. ISBN 978-3-8331-1916-3.

    Linki zewnętrzne

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    Lucerna siewna: Brief Summary ( البولندية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia POL

    Lucerna siewna (Medicago sativa L.) – gatunek rośliny należący do rodziny bobowatych. Rodzimy obszar jego występowania to Afryka Północna (Algieria, Libia, Maroko, Tunezja), znaczna część Azji i niemal cała Europa, ale rozprzestrzenił się także na niektórych innych obszarach Afryki (Egipt, Afryka Południowa, Azory), w Australii i na Nowej Zelandii, w Finlandii, w Ameryce Północnej i Południowej. Jest uprawiany w licznych rejonach świata. W Polsce jest uprawiany, często dziczejący, kenofit.

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    Medicago sativa ( البرتغالية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia PT

    Medicago sativa L., conhecida pelos nomes comuns de luzerna e alfafa, é uma leguminosa perene, pertencente à família Fabaceae e subfamília Faboideae,[1] amplamente utilizada como alimento para ruminantes em regiões de clima temperado e seco. O nome alfafa significa em árabe "O melhor alimento".[2]

    História

    A alfafa parece ter se originado no centro-sul da Ásia,e foi cultivada pela primeira vez na Pérsia.[3][4] Foi introduzido na Grécia por volta de 490 a.C. quando persas invadiram, como forragem para gado e cavalos do exército, e de lá foi introduzido na Itália no século I.[3][4]

    Ecologia

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    Produção mundial de alfafa

    Alfafa é uma leguminosa de folhagem perene que normalmente vive quatro a oito anos, mas podem viver mais de 20 anos, dependendo da variedade e clima.[5] A planta cresce a uma altura de até 1 m (3 pés), e possui um sistema radicular profundo, por vezes mais do que o alongamento de 15m (49 pés).[5] Isto a torna muito resistente, especialmente às secas.[5] Possui genoma tetraplóide.[6]

    A alfafa é muito nutritiva, apresentando importantes qualidades como forrageira: proteína bruta = 22 a 25%, cálcio = 1,6%, fósforo = 0,26% e NDT = 60%, níveis muito superiores aos de outras fontes de alimentos habitualmente utilizados (milho, cana-de-açúcar e capim-elefante), isso se deve ao fato de abrigar bactérias simbióticas (rizóbios) nódulos que fixam nitrogênio do ar no solo.[7]

    Esta planta apresenta autotoxicidade, o que significa que é difícil para sementes de alfafa crescerem em locais onde a alfafa já existe.[8] Portanto, é recomendado que os campos de alfafa sofram a rotação de culturas com outras espécies (por exemplo, milho ou trigo) antes da ressementeira.[9]

    Produção mundial

    Produção no Brasil

    Foi introduzida no Rio Grande do Sul, a partir do Uruguai e da Argentina, cobrindo uma área de 26.000 ha na Argentina, seu baixo plantio no Brasil ocorre pela falta de conhecimento e exigências peculiares.[10]

    Estados Unidos

    Nos Estados Unidos, em 2012, os líderes de produção da alfafa foram a Califórnia, Idaho e Montana.[11] A alfafa é predominantemente cultivada no norte e no oeste dos Estados Unidos;[11]

    Portugal

    Foi introduzida em Portugal por Guilherme Stephens[12].

    Referências

    1. Paulo Eiró Gansalves. Livro Dos Alimentos. MG Editores; 2001. ISBN 978-85-7255-027-7. p. 12.
    2. Enciclopédia agrícola brasileira. EdUSP; 1995. ISBN 978-85-314-0129-9. p. 116.
    3. a b Westgate, J. M. (1908). Alfalfa (PDF). Washington: U. S. Department of Agriculture. p. 5. Consultado em 28 de julho de 2013
    4. a b Oakley, R. A.; Westover, H. L. (1922). How to Grow Alfalfa. [S.l.]: United States Department of Agriculture. p. 3. OCLC 15432716. Consultado em 28 de julho de 2013 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda)
    5. a b c «alfalfa (plant) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia». Britannica.com. Consultado em 29 de junho de 2011. Cópia arquivada em 7 de junho de 2011 |deadurl= e |urlmorta= redundantes (ajuda)
    6. «CELL BIOLOGY & MOLECULAR GENETICS» (PDF). Ddr.nal.usda.gov. Consultado em 19 de abril de 2013. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 28 de março de 2012
    7. «Informações sobre a Planta de Alfafa». Wikifarmer. 9 de julho de 2017
    8. «Understanding Autotoxicity in Alfalfa». Uwex.edu. Consultado em 29 de junho de 2011. Arquivado do original em 14 de junho de 2011 |deadurl= e |urlmorta= redundantes (ajuda)
    9. «SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE MANAGEMENT GUIDES» (PDF). Kansas Rural Center. Consultado em 19 de abril de 2013. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 7 de setembro de 2012
    10. Joaquim Bartolomeu Rassini et al', Cultivo da Alfafa, Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Sistemas de Produção, ISSN 1679-1495, jan/2003
    11. a b «Crop Production: 2012 Summary» (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2013. p. 33. Consultado em 3 de agosto de 2013
    12. «Guilherme Stephens. A fabulosa história do inglês que moldou a indústria em»

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    Medicago sativa: Brief Summary ( البرتغالية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia PT

    Medicago sativa L., conhecida pelos nomes comuns de luzerna e alfafa, é uma leguminosa perene, pertencente à família Fabaceae e subfamília Faboideae, amplamente utilizada como alimento para ruminantes em regiões de clima temperado e seco. O nome alfafa significa em árabe "O melhor alimento".

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    Lucernă ( الرومانية، المولدوفية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia RO
    Apis mellifera - Medicago sativa - Valingu.jpg

    Lucerna (Medicago sativa) este o plantă furajeră din familia leguminoaselor.

    Caractere morfologice

    Lucerna este o plantă ierboasă care poate atinge 1 m înălțime. Rădăcinile plantei ating o adâncime de peste 1-2 m, această caracterstică permite plantelor să supraviețuiască în perioadele de secetă. Ca și majoritatea leguminoaselor, lucerna are la rădăcină nodozități, unde trăiesc bacterii fixatoare de azot cu care planta trăiește în simbioză. După un studiu realizat în Suedia, florile plantei sunt polenizate în proporție de 78 % de bondari și 1 % de albine. De acea în Scandinavia se cultivă lucerna în regiunile unde trăiesc bondari. Planta conține un procent ridicat de proteine, fiind folosită ca nutreț, pentru însilozare, ori uscată ca fân. Ea este o plantă perenă, care atinge o vârstă de 4 până la 12 ani. În Germania, o cultură de lucernă este folosită 2-3 ani. În funcție de sol și regiunile climatice, lucerna poate asigura o canitate de 10 t de fân la hectar. Pentru a obține recolte mai mulți ani la rând din aceași cultură, se recomandă recoltarea lucernei după perioada înfloritului o dată pe an.

    Istoric

    Planta provine din Persia, unde era un nutreț valoros pentru cai. După unele izvoare din antichitate, lucerna a fost adusă prin anul 470 î.Hr. în Grecia și prin anii 150–50 î.Hr. în Italia unde era folosită în furajarea oilor. Pe la începutul secolului XVI a fost dusă de coloniștii spanioli în Mexic de unde apoi a ajuns în toată America. În Australia și Noua Zeelandă planta va ajunge abia prin secolul XIX unde la început au apărut probleme create de lipsa bondarilor. La propunerea lui Charles Darwin au fost aduși în 1885, bondari pentru a asigura polenizarea florilor de lucernă. Planta mulțumită rădăcinilor adânci poate suprieviețui în regiunile aride tropicale.

    Conținut

    100 g, frunze proaspete de lucernă conțin:

    Element g sau mg Apă 79,5 g Glucide 12,2 g Proteină 6,9 g Lipide 0,13 g Potasiu 137 mg Calciu 16,6 mg Sodiu 1,2 mg Fier 0,34 mg Caroten 28,1 mg

    Din anul 2005 au fost produse variante noi în SUA prin modificări genetice. Aceste variante de lucernă pot atinge la recoltare o cantitate de 80 - 100.000 kg la hectar.

    Legături externe

    Commons
    Wikimedia Commons conține materiale multimedia legate de Lucernă
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    Lucernă: Brief Summary ( الرومانية، المولدوفية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia RO
    Apis mellifera - Medicago sativa - Valingu.jpg

    Lucerna (Medicago sativa) este o plantă furajeră din familia leguminoaselor.

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    Lucerna siata ( السلوفاكية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia SK
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    Lucerna siata

    Lucerna siata (lat. Medicago sativa) je rastlina z čeľade bôbovité. Má dôležitý hospodársky význam, používa sa ako krmivo už od čias starovekého Grécka a Rímskej ríše.

    Lucerna pochádza z Malej a Strednej Ázie. Má perovito zložené listy a fialové kvety. Je to viacročná strukovina, ktorá môže rásť aj 12 rokov. Obsahuje veľké množstvo bielkovín a pre človeka všetkých 8 esenciálnych aminokyselín. Ďalej obsahuje vitamíny A, B, C, E, K a minerály, hlavne vápnik, ale aj železo, horčík, fosfor, draslík, sodík a zinok.

    Dnes sa semená využívajú na pestovanie nutrične hodnotných klíčkov, ktoré sa môžu jesť čerstvé alebo ako prísada do jedál. Pri konzumovaní čerstvých klíčkov hrozí nebezpečenstvo nákazy enterohemoragickými E. coli, ktoré produkujú verotoxín (podobný toxín produkujú baktérie vyvolávajúce dyzentériu).

    Iné projekty

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    Lucerna siata: Brief Summary ( السلوفاكية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia SK
     src= Lucerna siata

    Lucerna siata (lat. Medicago sativa) je rastlina z čeľade bôbovité. Má dôležitý hospodársky význam, používa sa ako krmivo už od čias starovekého Grécka a Rímskej ríše.

    Lucerna pochádza z Malej a Strednej Ázie. Má perovito zložené listy a fialové kvety. Je to viacročná strukovina, ktorá môže rásť aj 12 rokov. Obsahuje veľké množstvo bielkovín a pre človeka všetkých 8 esenciálnych aminokyselín. Ďalej obsahuje vitamíny A, B, C, E, K a minerály, hlavne vápnik, ale aj železo, horčík, fosfor, draslík, sodík a zinok.

    Dnes sa semená využívajú na pestovanie nutrične hodnotných klíčkov, ktoré sa môžu jesť čerstvé alebo ako prísada do jedál. Pri konzumovaní čerstvých klíčkov hrozí nebezpečenstvo nákazy enterohemoragickými E. coli, ktoré produkujú verotoxín (podobný toxín produkujú baktérie vyvolávajúce dyzentériu).

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    Blålusern ( السويدية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia SV

    Foderlusern, Medicago sativa,[1] är en ört med flera underarter: bland dessa den allmänt odlade blålusernen (M. sativa ssp. sativa) och den bland annat i Norden naturligt förekommande gullusernen (M. sativa ssp. falcata). Den blå underarten är kanske mera känd under namnet alfalfa eller helt enkelt bara "lusern".

    Biologi

    Foderlusernen är en flerårig, buskig ört med trefingrade blad och gula, grönaktiga eller violetta blommor i korta huvudlika klasar. Stjälkarna kan bli upp till en knapp meter långa och fruktbaljorna innehåller flera frön. De kan vara böjda som skäror eller spiralvridna i upp till fyra varv. Foderlusernen blommar under högsommaren och den tidiga hösten, från juli till och med september.

    Tidigare ansågs arten som flera separata arter. Blålusern (även kallad blåsmäre) och gullusern (även kallad svensk luzern), som bildade hybrider där de möttes, men numera anser man att de två är underarter av samma art. Blålusern (ssp. sativa) har violetta blommor och spiralvridna fröbaljor, medan gullusernens (ssp. falcata) blommor är gula och dess fruktbaljor skärformiga.

    Alla hybrider mellan gullusern och blålusern kallas mellanlusern (M. sativa ssp. ×varia). Dessa hybrider kan ha varierande blomfärg (ofta gröna till nästan svarta) och mer eller mindre spiralvridna baljor. Både blålusernen och gullusernen är svåra att förväxla med övriga nordiska arter inom släktet luserner Medicago (humlelusern och sandlusern har gula kronor som bara är 2-4 mm långa; humlelusernens frukt är enfröig och njurformad, slutligen svartaktig, medan sandlusernens frukt är spiralvriden och taggig).

    Blålusernen odlas sedan gammalt i Sydeuropa, Nordafrika och Asien och har sannolikt sitt ursprung i dessa trakter. Den introducerades som foderväxt i Nordeuropa och Nordamerika under 1800-talet och förekommer numera även förvildad i dessa områden. Gullusernen är spridd i hela Europa; i Sverige är den allmän på Öland och Gotland, mera sällsynt i övriga delar och den förekommer även i Danmark och Norge, samt är införd i Finland. Blålusernen är vanlig i hela Sverige.[2]

    Underarter[3][4]

    • ssp. sativa, blålusern Krona 7-11 mm, blå till violett. Balja vriden 1½ till 3½ varv, utan glandelhår. Allmänt odlad och naturaliserad, ursprung oklart.
    • ssp. ambigua Krona 5-7 mm, blåviolett. Balja skärformig, utan glandelhår. Sydöstra Ryssland.[5]
    • ssp. caerulea Krona 5-6 mm, violett (sällan vit). Balja vriden 2 till 3 varv, utan glandelhår. Sydöstra Ryssland, västra Kazakstan, Krim.
    • ssp. falcata, gullusern Krona 5-8 mm, gul. Balja nästan rak till skärformig. Större delen av Europa utom längst i norr (saknas i Norden på Island och förekommer endast införd i Finland).
      • ssp. falcata var. falcata Baljor utan glandelhår.
      • ssp. falcata var. viscosa Baljor tätt glandelhåriga.
    • ssp. glomerata, kvarnlusern Krona 6-10 mm, gul. Balja vriden 1½ till 3 varv, tätt glandelhårig. Sydeuropa (tillfällig i Norden).
    • ssp. ×varia, mellanlusern. Hybrider mellan ssp. sativa och ssp. falcata. Baljor ej glandelhåriga, vridna 0,8 till 1,5 varv. Krona av varierande färg.

    Hybrider mellan ssp. glomerata och ssp. sativa har kallats Medicago polychroa. De har blommor av varierande färg och svagt glandelhåriga baljor.[6]

    Etymologi

    Sativa är latin och betyder "odlad". Ambigua betyder "tvetydig"/"osäker". Falcata är latin och betyder "skärformig". Caerulea är latin och betyder "himmelsblå". Glomerata är latin och betyder "klotformig" och syftar på klasarnas huvudlika form. Viscosa är latin och betyder "klibbig" (med hänsyftning till glandlerna). Varia är latin och betyder "varierande", medan polychroa är femininum av polychrous som kommer från grekiska πολύχρους och betyder "mångfärgad" - båda syftande på dessa hybriders varierande blomfärg.

    Användning

    Foderlusern, speciellt blålusern (ssp. sativa), odlas allmänt som foderväxt i stora delar av världen.

    Foderlusern används även för att utvinna lutein som används som livsmedelstillsats för att ge gul kulör, det går då under benämningen E-nummer E 161b.[7]

    Noter

    1. ^ FoderlusernDyntaxa.
    2. ^ Nationalencyklopedin, multimedia plus, 2000 (uppslagsord blålusern och gullusern)
    3. ^ Thomas Gaskell Tutin i Tutin et al., 1968, Flora Europaea band 2, sid 154.ISBN 052106662X
    4. ^ Medicago sativa i Ernest Small, 2011, Alfalfa and Relatives: Evolution and Classification of Medicago, sid. 127 ff. ISBN 9780660199795.
    5. ^ Anses av Small (2011) som tillhörande ssp. ×varia. Se sid. 129.
    6. ^ Tutin (1968) sid. 154. Small (2011) sid 153 och 716.
    7. ^ ”E 161b - Lutein (färgämne)”. Äkta vara Sverige / Äktavara.org. 2 juni 2015. http://aktavara.org/Guide.aspx?r_id=27673. Läst 30 augusti 2016.


    Referenser

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    wikipedia SV

    Blålusern: Brief Summary ( السويدية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia SV

    Foderlusern, Medicago sativa, är en ört med flera underarter: bland dessa den allmänt odlade blålusernen (M. sativa ssp. sativa) och den bland annat i Norden naturligt förekommande gullusernen (M. sativa ssp. falcata). Den blå underarten är kanske mera känd under namnet alfalfa eller helt enkelt bara "lusern".

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    Yonca ( التركية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia TR

    Yonca (Medicago sativa), baklagiller (Fabaceae) familyasından uzun yıllar yaşayan, gerek yeşil ot gerekse kuru ot olarak değerlendirilebilen çok yıllık bir serin mevsim yem bitkisi türü.

    Uluslararası terminolojide alfalfa (kelime kökeni Arapça البرسيم veya الحجازي, halk dilinde Şark yoncası veya Kaba yonca şeklinde de anılır.

    Yonca çok yıllık otsu bir bitkidir. Boyu 50–80 santimetredir. Derin bir kök sistemi vardır. Uygun koşullarda 8-10 metre derine gider. Etkili kök derinliği 120–180 santimetredir. Bu nedenle, anavatanı olan Orta Doğu bölgesinin şartları ile birebir özelliklere sahip olup, kuraklığa dayanıklıdır. Yonca önemli bir yem bitkisidir. Otlatılmaya da oldukça dayanıklıdır. Bu nedenle meraların ıslahında diğer bitkilerle karışıma giren ve meranın kalitesini arttıran bir bitkidir. Ahır besiciliğinde et ve özellikle süt verimini % 30'lara kadar artıran ve yem bitkileri içerisinde en çok besleyicilik değeri olan yoncada, içerisinde 10 kadar vitamin de vardır. Tetraploid genetik yapıya sahip bir bitkidir.

    Genelde hasat edilerek hayvanlara yedirilir, daha ender olarak mera ortamında hayvanlara otlatılır. Köklerinde, diğer hayvan yemlerinde olduğu gibi, bitki bünyesindeki azot değerlerini artıran rhizobia gibi proteobakteriler bulunmaktadır. Bu bakteriler topraktaki azot miktarı ile sınırlı kalınmaksızın yüksek protein değerli bir besi kaynağı oluştururlar. Bu özellikleri nedeniyle etkin üretiminin bilimsel yöntemlerle geliştirilmesinde önemli ilerlemeler sağlanmış, üretiminde en yüksek verim düzeylerine ulaşılmıştır.

    Türkiye'de TÜİK verilerine göre 2004 yılında 320 bin hektar yonca ekilmiş ve 2 milyon 300 bin ton yeşil ot, 2 milyon ton kuru ot elde edilmiştir.

    Tarihçe

    Türkiye coğrafyası kökenli bir bitki olduğu ve ilk kez Tunç Çağı'nda Orta Asya bozkırlarından temin edilen atları besleme amacıyla bugünkü İran topraklarında tarımsal ortamda yetiştirildiği tahmin edilmektedir. Eski Yunan uygarlığı coğrafyasına Pers İmparatorluğu orduları ile birlikte at yemi olarak giriş yapmıştır. 17. yüzyıldan itibaren Avrupa'da düzenli olarak yetiştirilmeye başlanması Avrupa hayvancılığı açısından önemli bir ileri adım oluşturmuştur. 19. yüzyılda Amerika kıtasının özellikle iki ucunda (ABD ve Şili) geniş ölçekli olarak yetiştirilmeye başlanmıştır. ABD'de özellikle Wisconsin ve Kaliforniya eyaletlerinde yetiştirilmektedir. Kaliforniya'daki üretimin büyük bölümü özel sulama düzenlemesi (California Aqueduct) altyapısına sahip Mojave Çölü'nde yapılmaktadır. Günümüzde dünyanın neredeyse bütün bölgelerinde büyükbaş hayvan yemi olarak üretilmektedir.

    Ekolojik özellikleri

    Yoncanın en iyi yetiştiği topraklar; tınlı, kumlu-tınlı, kumu çok fazla olmayan ve yeter derecede kireç içeren topraklardır. Taban suyu düşük ve pH'nın 6.5 dan aşağı olmaması gerekir. Yoncanın normal ürün verebilmesi için toprağın fosfor ve potas kapsamı bakımından iyi olması gerekir.

    Yetiştirme tekniği

     src=
    Yonca balyaları

    İlkbaharda veya sonbaharda hasat edilebilir. Çok yüksek potas düzeylerine sahip, çoğu kez suni gübre kullanılarak zenginleştirilmiş toprağa ihtiyaç duyar. Üretiminde çoğu kez, toprağı yabancı otlardan arındırmak için bir ön ürün, örneğin yulaf veya arpa, ekilir veya herbisit kullanılır. Herbisitlere dayanıklılık sorunu genetik yapısı değiştirilmiş alfalfanın piyasaya sürülerek ekilmesini gündeme getirmiş olup, bu konunun biyogüvenlik açısından doğurduğu tartışmalar sürmektedir.

    Ototoksisite özelliği bulunan ender bitkilerdendir. Bu nedenle mevcut tarhları içinde yeni tohumları yetişmez. Yeni tohum ekmeden önce zeminin temizlenmesi gerekmektedir.

    Toprak hazırlığı

    Yoncanın derin köklü bir bitki olması nedeniyle sonbaharda derin işlenmesi gerekir. İlkbaharda ise kültivatör ve diskaro çekildikten sonra tapan geçirilerek iyi bir tohum yatağı hazırlanmalıdır.

    Ekim

    Nisan ayının ilk yarısında ve toprakta iyi bir tav mevcut iken ekim yapılmalıdır. Ekim elle serpme olarak yapılacak ise 5-5.5 kg/da, mibzerle ekim yapılacak ise 3.5–4 kg dekara tohum kullanılmalıdır. Elle serpme ekimde tohum ince elenmiş kumla 1/1 Kışların çok sert geçmediği bölgelerde sonbahar ekimi en uygun zamandır.

    Gübreleme

    Yoncaya ekimle birlikte 4 kg N ve 23 kg P2O5 verilmelidir. Yani 15 kg %26'lık Amonyum nitrat veya 20 kg %21'lik Amonyum sülfat ile 50 kg %42-44'lük triple süper fosfat gübresi diskarfo çekilmeden önce toprağa serpme olarak atılır. Azotlu gübre yalnız ilk yıl verilir. Fosforlu gübre ise her yıl sıra arasına banta verilerek çapa ile toprağa karıştırılmalıdır.

    Sulama

    Bir yılda 6-8 kez biçim yapılabilmekte ve yıllık su tüketimi sıcak yörelerde 2500 milimetreye kadar varmaktadır. Nisan, Mayıs ve Eylül aylarında 15 gün arayla, Haziran, Temmuz ve Ağustos aylarında ise 10 günde bir sulanmalıdır. Her sulamada toprağın 0–120 cm'si tarla kapasitesine getirilecek şekilde su verilmelidir. Yonca sulamasında dikkat edilecek önemli bir husus her biçimden sonra mutlaka sulanmalıdır. Sulamalar uzun tava veya yağmurlama metoduyla yapılmalıdır.

    Bakım

    Temiz bir yonca tarlasına sahip olmanın en doğru yolu temiz ve küskütsüz tohum ekmek ve tarlayı ekimden önce yabancı otlardan temizlemektir. İlk yıl yoncanın gelişmesi için gerektikçe çapa yapılmalıdır. Diğer yıllarda ise tarlanın yabancı otlardan temizlenmesine özen gösterilmelidir.

    Hastalıkları, zararlıları ve mücadelesi

    Yoncanın en önemli hastalık etmeni virüstür. Virüsten sakınmak için en etkili önlem, sertifikalı tohum, daha önceden virüsle bulaşık olmayan toprak ve temiz sulama suyu kullanılmalıdır. Yoncanın en önemli iki zararlısı yaprak biti (Püseron) ve yonca hortumlu böceğidir. Yoncanın en büyük düşmanı küsküt otudur. Küsküt, ince sarı sülükleri ile yoncanın gövdesini sararak besinini alır, zayıf düşmesine yol açar. Küsküt görüldüğü zaman tohum bağlamadan yonca biraz dipten biçilmeli veya küsküt az ise elle toplanıp yakılmalıdır.

    Hasat, harman ve depolanması

    Otu için yetiştirilen yoncanın en uygun biçim zamanı %10 çiçeklenme devresidir. Biçim yüksekliği 8–10 cm olmalıdır. Son biçim daha yüksekten yapılmalıdır. Biçimden sonra yoncanın hayvanlarda şişkinlik yapmaması için güneşte 1-2 gün soldurularak verilmesi gerekir.

    Yoncanın depolanıp saklanacak ise fazla kurutulmadan ve balyalanarak saklanmalıdır. Yonca fazla kurutulursa hem yaprakların dökülmesi hem de A vitamini kaybına yol açar. Yonca silajı da yapılabilir. %25-50 çiçeklenme döneminde biçilip depolanmalıdır.

    Şifa özellikleri

    Kurutulmuş yonca yaprağı, kapsül, toz veya tisan şeklinde standardize edilmiş halde diyet katkı maddesi olarak yaygın surette kullanılmaktadır. Yüksek fiber düzeyi nedeniyle kolesterol düzeyleri üzerinde dengeleyici etki yaptığını, kötü kolesterolü düşürdüğünü gösterir bulgular bilimsel literatürde yer almaktadır. Baklagiller familyasındaki diğer bitkiler gibi protein, vitaminler ve mineraller açısından zengin bir kaynak oluşturan yüksek genel gıda değeri nedeniyle bünyede enerji eksikliğini önleyici, ayrıca içerdiği saponinler nedeniyle kanı ve karaciğeri temizleyici edici özellikleri bulunduğu üzerinde durulmaktadır. Besin değeri yüksek bir besin olduğu için kansızlık çekenlere faydalıdır.

    Özellikle ABD ve Avustralya mutfağında salatalarda yeri olan bir bitkidir. Bazı ülkelerde genç yaprakları çiğ olarak tüketilmektedir. Daha olgun yoncanın tüketimi çok yüksek diyet lifi içeriği nedeniyle kısıtlıdır.

    Dış bağlantılar

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    Yonca: Brief Summary ( التركية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia TR

    Yonca (Medicago sativa), baklagiller (Fabaceae) familyasından uzun yıllar yaşayan, gerek yeşil ot gerekse kuru ot olarak değerlendirilebilen çok yıllık bir serin mevsim yem bitkisi türü.

    Uluslararası terminolojide alfalfa (kelime kökeni Arapça البرسيم veya الحجازي, halk dilinde Şark yoncası veya Kaba yonca şeklinde de anılır.

    Yonca çok yıllık otsu bir bitkidir. Boyu 50–80 santimetredir. Derin bir kök sistemi vardır. Uygun koşullarda 8-10 metre derine gider. Etkili kök derinliği 120–180 santimetredir. Bu nedenle, anavatanı olan Orta Doğu bölgesinin şartları ile birebir özelliklere sahip olup, kuraklığa dayanıklıdır. Yonca önemli bir yem bitkisidir. Otlatılmaya da oldukça dayanıklıdır. Bu nedenle meraların ıslahında diğer bitkilerle karışıma giren ve meranın kalitesini arttıran bir bitkidir. Ahır besiciliğinde et ve özellikle süt verimini % 30'lara kadar artıran ve yem bitkileri içerisinde en çok besleyicilik değeri olan yoncada, içerisinde 10 kadar vitamin de vardır. Tetraploid genetik yapıya sahip bir bitkidir.

    Genelde hasat edilerek hayvanlara yedirilir, daha ender olarak mera ortamında hayvanlara otlatılır. Köklerinde, diğer hayvan yemlerinde olduğu gibi, bitki bünyesindeki azot değerlerini artıran rhizobia gibi proteobakteriler bulunmaktadır. Bu bakteriler topraktaki azot miktarı ile sınırlı kalınmaksızın yüksek protein değerli bir besi kaynağı oluştururlar. Bu özellikleri nedeniyle etkin üretiminin bilimsel yöntemlerle geliştirilmesinde önemli ilerlemeler sağlanmış, üretiminde en yüksek verim düzeylerine ulaşılmıştır.

    Türkiye'de TÜİK verilerine göre 2004 yılında 320 bin hektar yonca ekilmiş ve 2 milyon 300 bin ton yeşil ot, 2 milyon ton kuru ot elde edilmiştir.

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    Люцерна посівна ( الأوكرانية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia UK

    Опис

    На вигляд, люцерна посівна нагадує конюшини — квітки темно- і світло-синього кольору, біб округлий, з 1–3 обертами спіралі, кущ — прямостоячий (висота стебла 80–150 см), злегка розлогий під кінець вегетації, насінина палево-жовта.[1]

    Розрізняють укісний, пасовищно-укісний і пасовищний екотипи. Укісний екотип має напіврозлогу розетку весняного відростання і прямостоячий кущ; пасовищно-укісний — розлогу розетку весняного відростання і напіврозлогий кущ; пасовищний екотип — сланку розетку і напівсланку форму куща.[1]

    Використання

     src=
    Поле люцерни посівної

    Одна з найцінніших рослин для польового травосіяння. У сіні люцерни, зібраному у фазі бутонізації міститься до 10 % білка, а у висушеному листі — до 20 % білка, який за якостями не поступається білку курячих яєць. У люцерні є багато вітамінів, фосфору і кальцію 100 кг люцернового сіна містить 52 к.о., у 100 кг зеленої маси — до 20 к.о.[2]

    Висока кормова цінність люцерни поєднується з її високою продуктивністю. Вона швидко відростає (3-4 рази протягом вегетаційного періоду) і може давати впродовж літа ніжний поживний корм. Урожайність зеленої маси може становити 400—600 ц/га, сіна 50-120 ц/га і більше.[2]

    Шкідники

    Див. також

    Література

    Примітки

    1. а б в Рослинництво: Підручник, О. І. Зінченко, В. Н. Салатенко, М. А. Білоножко — К.: Аграрна освіта, 2001. — 591 с.
    2. а б Люцерна: Технологія вирощування люцерни, Портал «Аграрний сектор України»
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    Cỏ linh lăng ( الفيتنامية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia VI

    Cỏ linh lăng (danh pháp hai phần: Medicago sativa), tên thường gọi cỏ Alfalfa là một loài cây thuộc chi Linh lăng (Medicago) của họ Đậu (Fabaceae). Hàm lượng protein cao của nó làm cho nó rất thích hợp để làm thức ăn cho gia súc. Nó có bộ nhiễm sắc thể 4n. M. sativa có lẽ có nguồn gốc từ Trung Á và đã được con người gieo trồng tại Trung Cận Đông từ thời kỳ đồ đồng để nuôi ngựa và sau đó đã được đưa vào châu Âu.

    Hiện nay, cỏ Alfalfa là cây thức ăn chăn nuôi quan trọng ở nhiều quốc gia và được thế giới mệnh danh là “nữ hoàng thức ăn chăn nuôi”. M. sativa chủ yếu được trồng để sản xuất cỏ khô.[3]

    Xêm thêm

    Hình ảnh

    Chú thích

    1. ^ “Medicago sativa – ILDIS LegumeWeb”. ildis.org. Truy cập ngày 7 tháng 3 năm 2008.
    2. ^ “The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species”. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 10 năm 2014.
    3. ^ “Nữ hoàng Thức ăn chăn nuôi”.

    Liên kết ngoài

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    Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Tông Cỏ ba lá này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.


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    Cỏ linh lăng: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia VI

    Cỏ linh lăng (danh pháp hai phần: Medicago sativa), tên thường gọi cỏ Alfalfa là một loài cây thuộc chi Linh lăng (Medicago) của họ Đậu (Fabaceae). Hàm lượng protein cao của nó làm cho nó rất thích hợp để làm thức ăn cho gia súc. Nó có bộ nhiễm sắc thể 4n. M. sativa có lẽ có nguồn gốc từ Trung Á và đã được con người gieo trồng tại Trung Cận Đông từ thời kỳ đồ đồng để nuôi ngựa và sau đó đã được đưa vào châu Âu.

    Hiện nay, cỏ Alfalfa là cây thức ăn chăn nuôi quan trọng ở nhiều quốc gia và được thế giới mệnh danh là “nữ hoàng thức ăn chăn nuôi”. M. sativa chủ yếu được trồng để sản xuất cỏ khô.

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    Люцерна посевная ( الروسية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
    Царство: Растения
    Подцарство: Зелёные растения
    Отдел: Цветковые
    Надпорядок: Rosanae
    Порядок: Бобовоцветные
    Семейство: Бобовые
    Подсемейство: Мотыльковые
    Триба: Клеверные
    Род: Люцерна
    Вид: Люцерна посевная
    Международное научное название

    Medicago sativa L., 1753

    Синонимы
    Wikispecies-logo.svg
    Систематика
    на Викивидах
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    на Викискладе
    ITIS 183623NCBI 3879EOL 703652GRIN t:23676IPNI 506409-1TPL ild-8536

    Люце́рна посевна́я, люце́рна си́няя (лат. Medicágo satíva) — травянистое растение; типовой вид рода Люцерна (Medicago) семейства Бобовые (Fabaceae).

    Широко применяется как кормовое растение.

     src=
    Люцерна посевная.
    Ботаническая иллюстрация из книги О. В. Томе Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, 1885

    Распространение и экология

    В диком виде произрастает в Малой Азии и на Балканах. В культуре и как заносное — по всему миру[2].

    Растение произрастает по осыпям, на сухих лугах, травянистых склонах, на степях, на пастбищах, по опушкам, в кустарниках, на галечниках, в долинах рек, как сорное, в посевах и около них.

    Ботаническое описание

    Стебли четырёхгранные, голые или опушённые, в верхней части сильно ветвящиеся, до 80 см высотой, могут быть прямыми, широко кустистыми или лежащими.

    Корневище мощное, толстое, глубоко залегающее.

    Листья на черешках. Листочки 1—2 см длиной и 0,3—1 см шириной, продолговато-обратнояйцевидные, цельные.

    Цветоносы пазушные, длиннее листьев. Кисть головчатая, густая, многоцветковая, 2—3 см длиной. Цветки сине-фиолетовые. Чашечка 0,5—0,6 см длиной трубчато-воронковидная, волосистая.

    Плодбоб, около 0,6 см в поперечнике.

    Хозяйственное значение и использование

    Люцерна посевная — прекрасный медонос. При благоприятных погодных условиях медоносность достигает: в районах поливного земледелия — 300 кг с гектара посевов, без полива — 25—30 кг. Нектар бесцветный, содержит до 50 % сахара. Жидкий люцерновый мёд прозрачен или золотисто-жёлт, сразу после откачивания кристаллизуется до состояния густых сливок[3].

    Примечания

    1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
    2. По данным сайта GRIN (см. раздел Ссылки).
    3. Абрикосов Х. Н. и др. Люцерна // Словарь-справочник пчеловода / Сост. Федосов Н. Ф. — М.: Сельхозгиз, 1955. — С. 179.
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    Люцерна посевная: Brief Summary ( الروسية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию

    Люце́рна посевна́я, люце́рна си́няя (лат. Medicágo satíva) — травянистое растение; типовой вид рода Люцерна (Medicago) семейства Бобовые (Fabaceae).

    Широко применяется как кормовое растение.

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    紫花苜蓿 ( الصينية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科
    二名法 Medicago sativa
    L. 平均地區苜蓿產量 (kg/英畝)
    平均地區苜蓿產量 (kg/英畝)
    亚种

    M. sativa subsp. ambigua
    M. sativa subsp. microcarpa
    M. sativa subsp. sativa
    M. sativa subsp. varia
    Ref: ILDIS as of November 2005

    紫花苜蓿學名Medicago sativa阿拉伯语: البرسيم الحجازي‎)又叫做紫苜蓿牧蓿苜蓿路蒸,属豆科植物

    形态

    多年生草本,最高可以長至一米。根系强大;茎直立或匍匐,光滑多分枝;叶子互生,复叶具三倒卵状长圆形小叶;叶腋生总状花序,紫色花;螺旋形黑褐色的荚果,无毛;黄褐色肾形种子。

    分布

    紫花苜蓿生長期一般有五至十二年,視乎品種和氣候而異。可适应不同的气候和土壤条件,吸收土壤中的矿物质和其他营養,在旱季亦可生存;还可以作为牧草、绿肥作物或者观赏植物,分布于全世界温带地区。

    苜蓿原产于伊朗,但現在全世界都可以找到它的蹤影。其中西欧北美大洋洲栽培面积最大。

    苜蓿是世界上除了大豆之外種植量最大的豆科植物,全球种植面积达到3300万公顷。种植面积覆盖各种海拔高度,但温带种植较多。在欧洲并种植最多的是西班牙,其次是法国

    用途

    具三小叶和蓝紫色花,花成蝶形;结荚果。荚果可食,含有丰富蛋白质脂肪酸(Omegas 3)和维生素K。在阿拉伯语中被称为食物之父,亚历山大大帝曾将麦蒂卡的名字赋予它,而罗马皇帝则将其称为“Lucerna”,光芒之意,因为它带来了生存和发展的希望之光。[來源請求]

    苜蓿的嫩苗亦可食,称为“苜蓿芽菜”,是时下瘦身素食主义者的最爱,一般都會與沙律醬涼拌,亦有夾入三文治或搾汁。


     src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:紫花苜蓿  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:紫花苜蓿
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    紫花苜蓿: Brief Summary ( الصينية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科

    紫花苜蓿(學名:Medicago sativa,阿拉伯语: البرسيم الحجازي‎)又叫做紫苜蓿、牧蓿、苜蓿、路蒸,属豆科植物

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    ムラサキウマゴヤシ ( اليابانية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語
    曖昧さ回避アルファルファ」はこの項目へ転送されています。植物以外の用法については「アルファルファ (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。
    ムラサキウマゴヤシ Medicago sativa
    Medicago sativa
    分類APG III : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 angiosperms 階級なし : 真正双子葉類 eudicots 階級なし : コア真正双子葉類 core eudicots 階級なし : バラ類 rosids 階級なし : マメ類 fabids : マメ目 Fabales : マメ科 Fabaceae 亜科 : マメ亜科 Faboideae : シャジクソウ連 Trifolieae : ウマゴヤシ属 Medicago : ムラサキウマゴヤシ
    M. sativa [1] 学名 Medicago sativa
    L. [1] 和名 ムラサキウマゴヤシ[1] 英名 Alfalfa 亜種

    ムラサキウマゴヤシ(紫馬肥やし、: AlfalfaMedicago sativa)は、マメ科ウマゴヤシ属多年草中央アジア原産。アルファルファルーサンとも呼ばれる。

    特徴[編集]

    頑丈な根株から多数のを叢生し、伸びると1m程になる。に濃紫色から白色の蝶形花を付ける。

    種子は硬実種子で、螺旋状に巻いた果実の中にある。

    根が地中5~10mにも達するため、干害に強い。

    •  src=

    •  src=

    •  src=

      果実

    •  src=

      種子(バーは1mm)

    利用[編集]

    などに与える牧草として使われるほか、スプラウトの状態でサラダなどに使う。根が地中5~10mにも達して栄養分を吸い上げることと、根粒菌共生により、乾燥重量あたりの栄養価は非常に高いが、牛はさほどこの草を好まない。下記の理由から、日本ではアルファルファ乾燥飼料のほとんどを海外からの輸入に依存している。

    1980年代日本国内で健康食品として流行したが、ほどなくして下火になる。しかし最近では加工されサプリメントとして販売されているほか、スプラウトブームで再び注目され始めている。

    研究については、酪農学園大学などで行われている。日本では明治時代に導入されたが、多湿で酸性土壌の多い日本での生産は定着せず、ごく一部が野生化するに留まっていた。しかし、近年では北海道北海道農業研究センター及び雪印種苗により耐病性・耐寒性を持たせた新品種が開発され、栽培が広まっている。

    生産量[編集]

    2007年アメリカでの生産量は、平均で1acあたり3.35t(1haあたり8.375t)、総量は7,257万tである。

    ギャラリー[編集]

    •  src=

      スプラウトとしてのアルファルファ

    •  src=

      収穫された牧草

    脚注[編集]

    [ヘルプ]
    1. ^ a b c 米倉浩司; 梶田忠 (2003-). “「BG Plants 和名−学名インデックス」(YList)”. オリジナルよりアーカイブ。参考文献[編集]
      • 平野隆久(写真) 『野に咲く花』 林弥栄(監修)、山と溪谷社〈山溪ハンディ図鑑〉、ISBN 4-635-07001-8。

      関連項目[編集]

       src= ウィキスピーシーズにムラサキウマゴヤシに関する情報があります。  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ムラサキウマゴヤシに関連するカテゴリがあります。

      外部リンク[編集]

      執筆の途中です この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますプロジェクト:植物Portal:植物)。
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    ムラサキウマゴヤシ: Brief Summary ( اليابانية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語

    ムラサキウマゴヤシ(紫馬肥やし、: Alfalfa、Medicago sativa)は、マメ科ウマゴヤシ属多年草中央アジア原産。アルファルファ、ルーサンとも呼ばれる。

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    자주개자리 ( الكورية )

    المقدمة من wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

    자주개자리(Medicago sativa[1]), 알팔파(alfalfa, 앨팰퍼)는 콩과에 속하는 여러해살이 속씨식물이며, 미국, 캐나다, 아르헨티나, 프랑스, 오스트레일리아, 중동, 남아프리카 등의 수많은 나라에서 중요한 여물 작물로 경작된다. 토끼풀과 매우 비슷하게 생겼다. 자주개자리는 적어도 기원전 4세기부터 사람에 의해 경작되어 왔으며 일부는 약용식물로 사용된다.

    용어

    영어 이름 alfalfa는 스페인어 낱말 alfalfez에서 가져온 것으로, 더 나아가 이 용어는 신선한 마초를 뜻하는 아랍어 낱말 al-fisfisa가 기원이다. 스페인어 이름이 특히 미국에서 널리 쓰이며 영국, 오스트레일리아, 남아프리카, 뉴질랜드에서는 lucerne이라는 용어로, 이탈리아에서는 약용식물을 뜻하는 erba medica로, 프랑스에서는 luzerne로, 남아시아권 영어에서는 lucerne grass로 알려져 있다.

    이용

    자주개자리는 수문학에서 증발산량을 산정하는 데 쓰이는 작물계수를 계산하는 데 이용된다.[2]

    같이 보기

    참조

    1. “Medicago sativa – ILDIS LegumeWeb”. ildis.org. 2008년 3월 7일에 확인함.
    2. 이재수 (2018). 《수문학》 2판. 구미서관. 174쪽. ISBN 9788982252914.

    외부 링크

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