dcsimg

Comments ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
The most southern locality of Carya laciniosa is an outlier from Hardin County, Texas. Carya laciniosa hybridizes with C . illinoinensis ( C . × nussbaumeri Sargent) and C . ovata ( C . × dunbarii Sargent), and possibly C . cordiformis .

Cherokee Indians used Carya laciniosa medicinally as an analgesic, a gastrointestinal aid, and a general disease remedy (D. E. Moerman 1986).

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Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Trees , to 41 m. Bark light gray, fissured or exfoliating, separating freely into large, thick, broad plates that persist. Twigs orange-tan, stout, hirsute, scaly. Terminal buds tan, broadly ovoid with apices of outer scales prolonged, 12-20 mm, tomentose; bud scales imbricate; axillary buds protected by bracteoles fused into hood. Leaves 6-9 dm; petiole 6-13 cm, minutely hirsute, becoming glabrous at base. Leaflets (5-)7-9(-11), lateral petiolules 0-1 mm, terminal petiolules 2-14 mm; blades ovate to obovate or elliptic, not falcate, 9-20 × 3-10 cm, margins coarsely serrate, apex narrowly acuminate; surfaces abaxially hirsute with unicellular, 2-6-rayed fasciculate and occasionally multiradiate hairs, scaly with abundant large peltate scales and small round peltate scales, adaxially hirsute along midrib, puberulent throughout. Staminate catkins pedunculate, to 20 cm, stalks and bracts minutely hirsute, capitate-glandular; anthers hirsute. Fruits tan to brown, spheric to ellipsoid, not compressed or slightly so, 4.5-6 × 4-5 cm; husks minutely hirsute, 7-13 mm thick, dehiscing to base, sutures smooth; nuts tan, ellipsoid, compressed, 4-angled, rugulose; shells thick. Seeds sweet.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Ont.; Ala., Ark., Del., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Md., Mich., Miss., Mo., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va.
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حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flowering/Fruiting ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Flowering spring.
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حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Rich bottomlands, along creeks, and in open cedar glades; 20-300m.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Synonym ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Juglans laciniosa F. Michaux, Hist. Arbr. Forest. 1(2): 199, plate 8. 1811; Hicoria laciniosa (F. Michaux) Sargent
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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eFloras

Associated Forest Cover ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Shellbark hickory may be found in pure groups of several trees but is more frequent singly in association with other hardwoods. The species is a minor component of the forest cover types Bur Oak (Society of American Foresters Type 42), Pin Oak-Sweetgum (Type 65), and Swamp Chestnut Oak-Cherrybark Oak (Type 91). It may also be found in one or more of the types in which hickories are included, but it is not identified at the species level (3).

Shellbark hickory commonly grows in association with American (Ulmus americana), slippery (U. rubra), and winged elms (U. alata), white (Fraxinus americana) and green ash (F pennsylvanica), basswood (Tilia americana), American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), red maple (Acer rubrum), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and cottonwood (Populus deltoides). It is found in association with four other hickories-shagbark, mockernut, bitternut (Carya cordiformis), and water (C. aquatica), and numerous oak species, including swamp white Quercus bicolor), pin Q. palustris), white (Q. alba), Shumard (Q. shumardii), water (Q. nigra), Delta post (Q. stellata var. paludosa), swamp chestnut (Q. michauxii), and Nuttall (Q. nuttallii).

The herbaceous stratum includes numerous sedges and grasses. The shrub and small tree layer may be composed of painted buckeye (Aesculus sylvatica), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis), possumhaw (Ilex decidua), poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), and trumpet-creeper (Campsis radicans).

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Silvics of North America

Climate ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
The mean length of the frost-free period within the range of shellbark hickory is from 150 to 210 days. The average January temperature is between -4° and 5° C (25° and 41° F), and for July the mean temperature is from 23° to 27° (73° to 81° F). An average minimum temperature of -26° C (-15° F) occurs in the northern part of the range, and an average maximum temperature of 38° C (100° F) is found throughout the range. Precipitation varies between 750 and 1500 mm (30 and 59 in) per year including 15 to 90 cm (6 to 35 in) of snow (7).

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Silvics of North America

Damaging Agents ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Although numerous insects and diseases affect hickories, shellbark hickory has no enemies that seriously threaten its development or perpetuation as a species. Seed production can be reduced significantly, however, through attack by several insects. Two of the most important are the pecan weevil (Curculio caryae) and the hickory shuckworm (Laspeyresia caryana).

The hickory bark beetle (Scolytus quadrispinosus) feeds in the cambium and seriously weakens or even kills some trees. Adults of the hickory spiral borer (Agrilus arcuatus torquatus) feed on leaves, but the larvae feed beneath the bark and can be very destructive to hickory seedlings. The flatheaded appletree borer (Chrysobothris femorata) likewise is a foliage feeder as an adult, but its larvae feed on the phloem and outer sapwood.

The living-hickory borer (Goes pulcher) feeds in the trunks and branches of trees. A twig girdler (Oncideres cingulata) can seriously affect reproduction by killing back the tops of seedlings and sprouts. Both standing dead trees and freshly cut logs are highly susceptible to attacks by numerous species of wood borers.

A large number of insect species feed on hickory foliage. None of them cause serious problems for shellbark hickory, although they may be responsible for some stem deformity and growth loss (1).

Shellbark hickory is free of serious diseases, but it is a host species for a variety of fungi. More than 130 fungi have been identified from species of Carya. These include leaf disease, stem canker, wood rot, and root rot-causing fungi. Specific information for shellbark hickory is not available (4).

Shellbark hickory is susceptible to bole injury from fire, and fire injuries are often invaded by wood rot fungi. It is resistant to snow and ice damage but is susceptible to frost damage.

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Silvics of North America

Flowering and Fruiting ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Shellbark hickory is monoecious, producing flowers from April to June after the leaves appear. The male flowers develop from the axils of leaves of the previous season or from inner scales of the terminal buds at the base of the current growth. The female flowers appear in short spikes or peduncles terminating in shoots of the current year. The pollen is wind disseminated. The fruit ripens from September to November (2).

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Silvics of North America

Genetics ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Shellbark hickory hybridizes with pecan, Carya illinoensis (C. x nussbaumeri Sarg.), and shagbark hickory, C. ovata (C. x dunbarii Sarg.). Shellbark hickory has 32 chromosomes. In general, species within the genus with the same chromosome number are able to cross. Numerous hybrids among the Carya species with 32 chromosomes (pecan, bitternut, shellbark, and shagbark) have been described (5,6).

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Silvics of North America

Growth and Yield ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
The hickories as a group grow slowly in diameter, and shellbark hickory is no exception. Sapling size trees average 2 mm (0.08 in) per year in diameter growth, increasing to 3 mm (0.12 in) per year as poles and sawtimber. Second-growth trees show growth rates of 5 mm (0.20 in) per year. Shellbark hickory occasionally grows to a height of 40 in (131 ft) and a diameter of 100 cm (39 in) (7).

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Silvics of North America

Reaction to Competition ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Shellbark hickory is very shade tolerant, exceeded only by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and beech (Fagus grandifolia). It grows slowly under a dense canopy, however. In stands with only partial shade, it reproduces well. It is a very strong competitor in most of the species associations in which it is found.

Under forest conditions, shellbark hickory often develops a clear bole for half its length and has a narrow, oblong crown. Open-grown trees have egg-shaped crowns (7). Heavy release sometimes results in epicormic branching.

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Silvics of North America

Rooting Habit ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Shellbark hickory develops a large taproot that penetrates deeply into the soil. Lateral roots emerge at nearly right angles to the taproot, spreading horizontally through the soil. No distinct major lateral roots develop. In Illinois, root growth was rapid in April, slowed during July and August, increased again in September, and ended in late November (7).

Mycorrhizal associations are formed when trees are young. The only specific fungus identified from shellbark hickory roots is an ectotrophic mycorrhiza, Laccaria ochropurpurea (8).

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Silvics of North America

Seed Production and Dissemination ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
- Shellbark nuts are the largest produced by any hickory. The number of cleaned seed per kilogram ranges from 55 to 75 (25 to 35/lb). Hickories show embryo dormancy. Shellbark hickory seeds require from 90 t
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Seedling Development ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Shellbark hickory requires moist soil for good germination and establishment. Germination is hypogeal. Seeds germinate from late April to early June. The seedlings rapidly develop a long taproot, but shoot growth is initially slow. Shellbark hickory seedlings grow faster in height than most of the other hickories (7).

Shellbark hickory is shade tolerant in early life and reproduces under forest conditions. Under light shade height growth may be slow. In the Ohio Valley, seedlings were only 11 cm (4 in) tall after 1 year and 56 cm (22 in) tall at the end of 5 years.

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Soils and Topography ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Shellbark hickory grows best on deep, fertile, moist soils, most typical of the order Alfisols. It does not thrive in heavy clay soils but grows well on heavy loams or silt loams. Shellbark hickory requires moister situations than do pignut, mockernut, or shagbark hickories (Carya glabra, C. tomentosa, or C. ovata), although it is sometimes found on dry, sandy soils. Specific nutrient requirements are not known, but generally the hickories grow best on neutral or slightly alkaline soils.

The species is essentially a bottom-land species and is often found on river terraces and second bottoms. Land that is subject to shallow inundations for a few weeks early in the growing season is favorable for shellbark. However, the tree will grow on a wide range of topographic and physiographic sites (7).

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Silvics of North America

Special Uses ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Shellbark hickory nuts are used for food by ducks, quail, wild turkeys, squirrels, chipmunks, deer, foxes, raccoons, and white-footed mice. A few plantations of shellbark hickory have been established for nut production, but the nuts are difficult to crack even though the kernel is sweet. The wood is used for furniture, tool handles, sporting goods, veneer, fuelwood, and charcoal.

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Silvics of North America

Vegetative Reproduction ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Shellbark hickory sprouts readily when cut, and coppice management has been recommended for this and other hickories. It is a persistent sprouter following fire and/or grazing. Although more difficult to propagate by grafting and budding than fruit trees, this species can be reproduced by these techniques with good success. It is not known whether shellbark hickory will root from cuttings.

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Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Shellbark hickory is widely distributed but is nowhere common. The range extends from western New York through southern Michigan to southeast Iowa, south through eastern Kansas into northern Oklahoma, and eastward through Tennessee into Pennsylvania. This species is most prominent in the lower Ohio River region and south along the Mississippi River to central Arkansas. It is frequently found in the great river swamps of central Missouri and the Wabash River region in Indiana and Ohio (5).


The native range of shellbark hickory.


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Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Juglandaceae -- Walnut family

Richard C. Schlesinger

Shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa) is also called shagbark hickory, bigleaf shagbark hickory, kingnut, big shellbark, bottom shellbark, thick shellbark, and western shellbark, attesting to some of its characteristics. It is a slow-growing long-lived tree, hard to transplant because of its long taproot, and subject to insect damage. The nuts, largest of all hickory nuts, are sweet and edible. Wildlife and people harvest most of them; those remaining produce seedling trees readily. The wood is hard, heavy, strong, and very flexible, making it a favored wood for tool handles. A specimen tree has been reported in Missouri with 117 cm (46.2 in) in d.b.h., 36.9 m (121 ft) tall, and a spread of 22.6 m (74 ft).

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Carya laciniosa ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Carya laciniosa, the shellbark hickory, in the Juglandaceae or walnut family is also called kingnut, big, bottom, thick, or western shellbark, attesting to some of its characteristics. It is a slow-growing, long-lived tree, hard to transplant because of its long taproot, and subject to insect damage. The nuts, largest of all hickory nuts, are sweet and edible. Wildlife and people harvest most of them; those remaining produce seedling trees readily. The wood is hard, heavy, strong, and very flexible, making it a favored wood for tool handles. A specimen tree has been reported in Missouri with 117 cm (46 in) diameter at breast height, 36.9 m (121 ft 1 in) tall, and a spread of 22.6 m (74 ft 2 in).

Habitat

Native range

Shellbark hickory is widely distributed, but is nowhere common. The range extends from western New York through southern Michigan to southeast Iowa, south through eastern Kansas into northern Oklahoma, and eastward through Tennessee into Pennsylvania. This species is most prominent in the lower Ohio River region and south along the Mississippi River to central Arkansas. It is frequently found in the great river swamps of central Missouri and the Wabash River region in Indiana and Ohio. It's also found scattered in the Hudson valley in New York state

In part due to the activities of humans, shellbark hickory has become rare in its natural range. The heavy seeds do not travel far from the parent tree and many stands have been lost to forest clearing and lumber harvesting. It is also not planted much as an ornamental due to its slow growth and difficulty of transplanting.

Climate

The mean length of the frost-free period within the range of shellbark hickory is from 150 to 210 days. The average January temperature is between −4 and 5 °C (25 and 41 °F), and for July the mean temperature is from 23 to 27 °C (73 to 81 °F). An average minimum temperature of −26 °C (−15 °F) occurs in the northern part of the range, and an average maximum temperature of 38 °C (100 °F) is found throughout the range. Precipitation varies between 750 and 1,500 mm (30 and 59 in) per year including 15 to 90 cm (5.9 to 35.4 in) of snow.

Soils and topography

Shellbark hickory grows best on deep, fertile, moist soils, most typical of the order Alfisols. It does not thrive in heavy clay soils, but grows well on heavy loams or silt loams. Shellbark hickory requires moister situations than do pignut, mockernut, or shagbark hickories (Carya glabra, C. alba, or C. ovata), although it is sometimes found on dry, sandy soils. Specific nutrient requirements are not known, but generally the hickories grow best on neutral or slightly alkaline soils.

The species is essentially a bottomland species and is often found on river terraces and second bottoms. Land subject to shallow inundations for a few weeks early in the growing season is favorable for shellbark. However, the tree will grow on a wide range of topographic and physiographic sites.

Associated forest cover

Shellbark hickory may be found in pure groups of several trees but is more frequent singly in association with other hardwoods. The species is a minor component of the forest cover types bur oak (Society of American Foresters type 42), pin oak–sweetgum (type 65), and swamp chestnut oak–cherrybark oak (type 91). It may also be found in one or more of the types in which hickories are included, but it is not identified at the species level.

Shellbark hickory commonly grows in association with American elm (Ulmus americana), slippery (U. rubra), and winged elms (U. alata), white (Fraxinus americana) and green ash (F. pennsylvanica), basswood (Tilia americana), American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), red maple (Acer rubrum), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and cottonwood (Populus deltoides). It is found in association with four other hickories–shagbark, mockernut, bitternut (Carya cordiformis), and water (C. aquatica), and numerous oak species, including swamp white (Quercus bicolor), pin (Q. palustris), white (Q. alba), Shumard (Q. shumardii), water (Q. nigra), Delta post (Q. stellata var. paludosa), swamp chestnut (Q. michauxii), and Nuttall (Q. nuttallii).

The herbaceous stratum includes numerous sedges and grasses. The shrub and small tree layer may be composed of painted buckeye (Aesculus sylvatica), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis), possumhaw (Ilex decidua), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), and trumpet-creeper (Campsis radicans).

Life history

Sapling and pole stages to maturity

Bark
Maturing fruit
Mature fruit

Growth and yield: The hickories as a group grow slowly in diameter, and shellbark hickory is no exception. Sapling size trees average 2 mm (332 in) per year in diameter growth, increasing to 3 mm (18 in) per year as poles and sawtimber. Second-growth trees show growth rates of 5 mm (316 in) per year. Shellbark hickory occasionally grows to a height of 40 m (130 ft) and a diameter of 100 centimetres (39 in).

Rooting habit: Shellbark hickory develops a large taproot that penetrates deeply into the soil. Lateral roots emerge at nearly right angles to the taproot, spreading horizontally through the soil. Major distinct lateral roots usually develop 12 inches or more below ground level and appear only after taproot is well formed. In Illinois, root growth was rapid in April, slowed during July and August, increased again in September, and ended in late November.

Mycorrhizal associations are formed when trees are young. The only specific fungus identified from shellbark hickory roots is an ectotrophic mycorrhiza, Laccaria ochropurpurea.

Reaction to competition: Shellbark hickory is very shade-tolerant, exceeded only by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and beech (Fagus grandifolia). It grows slowly under a dense canopy, however. In stands with only partial shade, it reproduces well. It is a very strong competitor in most of the species associations in which it is found.

Under forest conditions, shellbark hickory often develops a clear bole for half its length and has a narrow, oblong crown. Open-grown trees have egg-shaped crowns.[2] Heavy release sometimes results in epicormic branching.

Damaging agents: Although numerous insects and diseases affect hickories, shellbark hickory has no enemies that seriously threaten its development or perpetuation as a species. Seed production can be reduced significantly, however, through attack by several insects. Two of the most important are the pecan weevil (Curculio caryae) and the hickory shuckworm (Laspeyresia caryana).

The hickory bark beetle (Scolytus quadrispinosus) feeds in the cambium and seriously weakens or even kills some trees. Adults of the hickory spiral borer (Agrilus arcuatus torquatus) feed on leaves, but the larvae feed beneath the bark and can be very destructive to hickory seedlings. The flatheaded appletree borer (Chrysobothris femorata) likewise is a foliage-feeder as an adult, but its larvae feed on the phloem and outer sapwood.

The living-hickory borer (Goes pulcher) feeds in the trunks and branches of trees. A twig girdler (Oncideres cingulata) can seriously affect reproduction by killing back the tops of seedlings and sprouts. Both standing dead trees and freshly cut logs are highly susceptible to attacks by numerous species of wood borers.

A large number of insect species feed on hickory foliage. None of them causes serious problems for shellbark hickory, although they may be responsible for some stem deformity and growth loss.[3]

Shellbark hickory is free of serious diseases, but it is a host species for a variety of fungi. More than 130 fungi have been identified from species of Carya. These include leaf disease, stem canker, wood rot, and root rot-causing fungi. Specific information for shellbark hickory is not available.[4]

Shellbark hickory is susceptible to bole injury from fire, and fire injuries are often invaded by wood rot fungi. It is resistant to snow and ice damage, but is susceptible to frost damage.

Uses

The seeds within shellbark hickory nuts are edible[5] and consumed by ducks, quail, wild turkeys, squirrels, chipmunks, deer, foxes, raccoons, and white-footed mice. A few plantations of shellbark hickory have been established for nut production, but the nuts are difficult to crack, though the kernel is sweet. The wood is used for furniture, tool handles, sporting goods, veneer, fuelwood, charcoal, and drum sticks.

Genetics

Shellbark hickory hybridizes with the pecan, Carya illinoensis (C. x nussbaumeri Sarg.), and shagbark hickory, C. ovata (C. x dunbarii Sarg.). Shellbark hickory has 32 chromosomes. In general, species within the genus with the same chromosome number are able to cross. Numerous hybrids among the Carya species with 32 chromosomes (pecan, bitternut, shellbark, and shagbark) have been described.

Gallery

References

  1. ^ Stritch, L. (2018). "Carya laciniosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T62019631A62019633. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62019631A62019633.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Merz, Robert W. 1965. Shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud.). In Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 132-135. H. A. Fowells, comp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 27 1. Washington, DC.
  3. ^ Baker, Whiteford L. 1976. Eastern forest insects. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication 1175. Washington, DC. 642 p.
  4. ^ Hepting, George H. 1971. Diseases of forest and shade trees of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 386. Washington, DC. 658 p.
  5. ^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 350. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
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Carya laciniosa: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Carya laciniosa, the shellbark hickory, in the Juglandaceae or walnut family is also called kingnut, big, bottom, thick, or western shellbark, attesting to some of its characteristics. It is a slow-growing, long-lived tree, hard to transplant because of its long taproot, and subject to insect damage. The nuts, largest of all hickory nuts, are sweet and edible. Wildlife and people harvest most of them; those remaining produce seedling trees readily. The wood is hard, heavy, strong, and very flexible, making it a favored wood for tool handles. A specimen tree has been reported in Missouri with 117 cm (46 in) diameter at breast height, 36.9 m (121 ft 1 in) tall, and a spread of 22.6 m (74 ft 2 in).

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Seitsikkohikkori ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI

Seitsikkohikkori[2] (Carya laciniosa) on jalopähkinäkasveihin kuuluva kesävihanta puu, joka kasvaa alkuperäisenä Yhdysvaltojen itäosissa.[3][4] Tämä keski- tai suurikokoinen puu ei ole levinneisyysalueensa missään osissa kovin yleinen.[5] Sen makeanmakuiset pähkinät ovat suuremmat kuin millään muulla hikkorilajilla. Kovasta puuaineksesta valmistetaan jonkin verran työkalujen kahvoja, tikkaita ja huonekaluja.[3][6]

Lajin suomenkielinen nimi tulee sen seitsenlehdykkäisistä lehdistä.[6] Tieteellinen nimi laciniosa tarkoittaa ’rispaantunutta’ ja viittaa kaarnan olemukseen.[7]

Ulkonäkö ja koko

 src=
Seitsikkohikkori François André Michaux’n teoksessa The North American Sylva vuodelta 1819.

Seitsikkohikkori on suurikokoinen ja hidaskasvuinen puu, joka kasvaa keskimäärin 20–30 metriä korkeaksi ja rinnankorkeusläpimitaltaan 60–100 senttimetriä paksuksi.[4][7] Suotuisilla kasvupaikoilla se voi kuitenkin saavuttaa jopa yli 40 metrin korkeuden ja yli 100 senttimetrin paksuuden. Se on suhteellisen pitkäikäinen ja voi elää noin 300 vuoden ikäiseksi.[3][4]

Seitsikkohikkorilla on syvälle ulottuva pääjuuri, josta erkanee vaakatasoon sivujuuria.[3] Sillä on suora runko, ja sen lyhyet oksat muodostavat kapean ja pyöreän latvuksen.[6][7] Runkoa peittää vaaleanharmaa kaarna, joka muuttuu vanhemmiten rispaantuneeksi ja irtoaa puusta pitkittäisinä suikaleina samaan tapaan kuin valkohikkorilla.[6][5] Kuluvan vuoden versot ovat jäykät, karvaiset ja vaaleanoranssit.[6] Suuret silmut ovat tummanruskeat, karvaiset ja jopa 2–2,5 senttimetriä pitkät.[6][7]

Hyväntuoksuiset lehdet ovat päätöpariset ja varrella vuorottain.[4][7] Niiden ruoti on jäykkä ja joskus karvainen.[5] Lapa on 30–50 senttimetriä pitkä ja jakaantunut seitsemään (harvemmin viiteen tai yhdeksään) lähes ruodittomaan lehdykkään, joista päätölehdykkä on suurin.[4][6] Yksittäinen lehdykkä on 5–20 senttimetriä pitkä, leveänsuikea, pitkäsuippuinen ja sahalaitainen.[4] Lehden yläpinta on kiiltävän tummanvihreä ja alapinta hieman vaaleampi ja nukkainen.[6] Lehdet puhkeavat vasta touko-kesäkuussa ja varisevat lokakuussa.[4]

Seitsikkohikkori on yksikotinen, tuulipölytteinen kasvi, jonka pikkuruiset, vihertävät kukat puhkeavat huhti–kesäkuussa suurin piirtein samoihin aikoihin lehtien kanssa. Hedekukissa on 3–10 hedettä, ja ne muodostavat ohuita, riippuvia ja enimmillään 20 senttimetriä pitkiä norkkoja, jotka kasvavat kolmen norkon ryppäissä edellisen vuoden versoista tai päätesilmujen tyvestä. Lyhyet ja pystyt emikukat kasvavat 2–5 kukan ryhmissä kuluvan vuoden versojen kärjessä.[3][4][6]

Syys–marraskuussa kypsyvä hedelmä on paksun hedelmäsuojuksen suojaama suuri pähkinä.[3][5] Se on 4,5–6 senttimetrin mittainen ja lähes pyöreä, joskus hieman litteä. Vihreä hedelmäsuojus muuttuu hedelmän kypsyessä vaalean- tai tummanruskeaksi. Se jakaantuu neljään liuskaan, jotka avautuvat hedelmän tyveen saakka. Sisältä paljastuu paksukuorinen, nelisärmäinen ja kermanvalkoinen pähkinä, joka kätkee sisälleen syötävän siemenen.[4][5][6]

Seitsikkohikkori on pitkäikäinen ja hidaskasvuinen puu. Sen siementuotanto alkaa vasta 40 vuoden iässä ja saavuttaa huippunsa 75–200 vuoden iässä. Hyvät siemenvuodet kertautuvat 1–2 vuoden välein. Yksittäinen puu saattaa tuottaa vuodessa 70–105 litraa pähkinöitä. Siemenet leviävät oravien, lintujen ja muiden eläinten kuljettamina. Siementen lisäksi laji voi lisääntyä kantovesojen avulla.[3][4]

Seitsikkohikkori muistuttaa paljon lähisukulaistaan valkohikkoria, mutta on tätä pienempi ja kasvaa yleensä kosteammassa maaperässä. Lisäksi sillä on valkohikkoria suuremmat silmut, suurempi hedelmä, enemmän lehdyköitä lehdissä sekä karvaiset ja oranssit versot.[5] Seitsikkohikkori voi risteytyä luonnossa paitsi valkohikkorin myös pekaanipähkinän kanssa.[3]

Levinneisyys

 src=
Seitsikkohikkorin norkkoja.

Seitsikkohikkori kasvaa harvinaisena Yhdysvaltojen itäosissa. Levinneisyysalue ulottuu pohjoisessa New Yorkin länsiosista Etelä-Michiganin kautta Kaakkois-Iowaan; lännessä Iowasta Itä-Kansasin kautta Pohjois-Oklahomaan; ja etelässä Oklahomasta Tennesseen kautta Pennsylvaniaan. Se on yleisin vyöhykkeellä, joka ulottuu Ohiojoen alajuoksulta Mississippijoen laaksoa pitkin Arkansasin keskiosiin etelässä. Sitä tavataan yleisesti myös laajoilla joenvarsisoilla Missourin keskiosissa ja Wabashjoen laaksossa Indianassa ja Ohiossa.[3]

Elinympäristö

Seitsikkohikkori menestyy parhaiten syvässä ja kosteassa hiesu- tai silttimaassa, joka sisältää runsaasti ravinteita ja on pH-arvoltaan neutraalia tai hieman emäksistä. Se sietää hyvin ajoittaista tulvimista ja vaatii enemmän kosteutta kuin luutahikkori, valkohikkori tai nukkahikkori.[3] Tyypillisiä kasvupaikkoja ovat jokien tulvatasangot ja laaksot noin 300 metrin korkeudelle saakka.[4][6] Lajia esiintyy myös vähäisissä määrin kuivemmilla, hiekkaisilla paikoilla.[3][4] Tiiviissä savimaassa se ei kuitenkaan selviä.[3]

Seitsikkohikkori muodostaa joskus pieniä metsiköitä mutta kasvaa yleisemmin yksittäisinä puina muiden lehtipuiden joukossa.[3][6] Se sietää hyvin varjostusta – pohjoisamerikkalaisista puulajeista vain sokerivaahtera ja amerikanpyökki menestyvät vielä syvemmässä varjossa.[3] Sen yleisimpiä seuralaislajeja ovat valkojalava, punajalava, Ulmus alata, valkosaarni, punasaarni, amerikanlehmus, amerikanvalkopyökki, punavaahtera, mustatupelo, lännenambrapuu ja amerikanmustapoppeli. Samoilla paikoilla kasvaa usein myös tammia ja neljää muuta hikkorilajia – valkohikkoria, nukkahikkoria, karvashikkoria ja Carya aquatica -hikkoria.[3]

Seitsikkohikkorin kasvukausi vaihtelee sijainnin mukaan 150 päivästä 210 päivään. Keskilämpötila on tammikuussa −4–5 astetta ja heinäkuussa 23–27 astetta. Vuotuinen sademäärä voi olla 750–1 500 millimetriä, josta sataa lumena 15–90 senttimetriä.[3]

Käyttö

Seitsikkohikkorin puuaines on lujaa, kestävää ja erittäin kimmoisaa, minkä vuoksi se soveltuu erinomaisesti työkalujen kahvojen ja tikkaiden valmistamiseen. Tämän lisäksi siitä valmistetaan jonkin verran huonekaluja, kaappeja ja puuviilua sekä polttopuuta ja puuhiiltä.[4][7] Hidaskasvuisuutensa vuoksi sitä käytetään vain vähän koristekasvina.[4]

Seitsikkohikkorin makeat pähkinät ovat suuremmat kuin millään muulla hikkorilajilla. Niiden paksu kuori on kuitenkin hankala rikkoa, minkä vuoksi lajin kaupallinen hyödyntäminen pähkinöiden tuotannossa on jäänyt vähäiseksi. Ihmisen lisäksi pähkinöitä käyttävät ravintonaan sorsat, amerikanviiriäiset, kalkkuna, oravat, maaoravat, hirvieläimet, ketut, pesukarhu ja valkojalkahiiri.[3][4] Pähkinöitä suojaavista hedelmäsuojuksista valmistettiin aikaisemmin kalamyrkkyä.[7] Cherokeet käyttivät seitsikkohikkoria kipulääkkeenä sekä hoitamaan ruoansulatuskanavan vaivoja ja sairauksia.[8]

Lähteet

  • Elbert L. Little: National Audubon Society Field Guide to Trees – Eastern Edition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980. ISBN 0-394-50760-6. (englanniksi)
  • David Allen Sibley: The Sibley Guide to Trees. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. ISBN 978-0-375-41519-7. (englanniksi)
  • Linda Kershaw: Trees of Ontario, including tall shrubs. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing, 2001. ISBN 978-1-55105-274-8. (englanniksi)

Viitteet

  1. Carya laciniosa The Plant List. Viitattu 7.4.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Kassu – Carya laciniosa
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Richard C. Schlesinger: Shellbark Hickory Silvics of North America – Volume 2: Hardwoods. Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry. Viitattu 7.4.2014.
  4. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Guy Nesom: Shellbark Hickory (pdf) Plant Guide. USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center & the Biota of North America Program. Viitattu 7.4.2014.
  5. a b c d e f Sibley 2009, s. 144
  6. a b c d e f g h i j k l Little 1980, s. 350–351
  7. a b c d e f g Kershaw 2001, s. 85
  8. Carya laciniosa Flora of North America. efloras.org. Viitattu 7.4.2014. (englanniksi)
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Seitsikkohikkori: Brief Summary ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI

Seitsikkohikkori (Carya laciniosa) on jalopähkinäkasveihin kuuluva kesävihanta puu, joka kasvaa alkuperäisenä Yhdysvaltojen itäosissa. Tämä keski- tai suurikokoinen puu ei ole levinneisyysalueensa missään osissa kovin yleinen. Sen makeanmakuiset pähkinät ovat suuremmat kuin millään muulla hikkorilajilla. Kovasta puuaineksesta valmistetaan jonkin verran työkalujen kahvoja, tikkaita ja huonekaluja.

Lajin suomenkielinen nimi tulee sen seitsenlehdykkäisistä lehdistä. Tieteellinen nimi laciniosa tarkoittaa ’rispaantunutta’ ja viittaa kaarnan olemukseen.

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Carya laciniosa ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Caryer lacinié

Le Caryer lacinié, Carya laciniosa, est une espèce d’arbres de la famille des Juglandaceae, originaire d'Amérique du nord et cultivée pour son bois et ses noix comestibles.

Notes et références

Références taxinomiques

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Carya laciniosa: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Caryer lacinié

Le Caryer lacinié, Carya laciniosa, est une espèce d’arbres de la famille des Juglandaceae, originaire d'Amérique du nord et cultivée pour son bois et ses noix comestibles.

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Orzesznik siedmiolistkowy ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL

Orzesznik siedmiolistkowy (Carya laciniosa (F.Michx.) G.Don) – gatunek drzewa należącego do rodziny orzechowatych. Występuje naturalnie w Ameryce Północnej od Nowego Jorku po Oklahomę w Stanach Zjednoczonych[3].

Morfologia

Pokrój
Drzewo dorastające do 27 m wysokości. Pokrój jest smukły i nieregularny. Posiada długi pień[3].
Kora
Łuszcząca się wąskimi pasmami, które odstają od pnia[3].
Pędy
Pędy mają żółtą bądź różową barwę. Młode są owłosione, lecz później stają się nagie[3].
Pąki
Pąk szczytowy jest duży. Ma około 25 mm grubości. Posiada zielone bądź brązowe łuski[3].
Liście
Liście nieparzystopierzaste składające się najczęściej z 7 (czasami z 5 lub 9) listków. Są jednymi z największych u orzeszników. Z wierzchu są niemal, natomiast od spodu są lekko omszone. Wierzchołki nieco opadają ku dołowi. Listki mają do 35 cm długości i są twarde i grube. Są niemal bezwonne. Ogonek liściowy jest lekko, jedwabiście owłosiony na całej długości[3].
Kwiaty
Zebrane w kotki[3].
Owoce
Pestkowce. Są niejadalne[3].

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-01-08].
  2. a b Search results — The Plant List. [dostęp 2011-01-25].
  3. a b c d e f g h Johnson O., More D.: Drzewa. Warszawa: Multico, 2009, s. 174. ISBN 978-83-7073-643-9.
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Orzesznik siedmiolistkowy: Brief Summary ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL

Orzesznik siedmiolistkowy (Carya laciniosa (F.Michx.) G.Don) – gatunek drzewa należącego do rodziny orzechowatych. Występuje naturalnie w Ameryce Północnej od Nowego Jorku po Oklahomę w Stanach Zjednoczonych.

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Carya laciniosa ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Carya laciniosa là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Óc chó. Loài này được (F.Michx.) G.Don mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1830.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Carya laciniosa. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 9 năm 2013.

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Carya laciniosa: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Carya laciniosa là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Óc chó. Loài này được (F.Michx.) G.Don mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1830.

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Кария бахромчатая ( الروسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Rosanae
Порядок: Букоцветные
Семейство: Ореховые
Род: Гикори
Вид: Кария бахромчатая
Международное научное название

Carya laciniosa (F.Michx.) W.P.C.Barton

Синонимы
  • Hicorius laciniosa (F. Michx.) Sarg.
  • Juglans laciniosa (F. Michx.) basionym
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Систематика
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Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 19235NCBI 1370058EOL 594984GRIN t:9254IPNI 442172-1TPL kew-2701789

Ка́рия бахро́мчатая, или Большо́й косма́тый ги́кори (лат. Carya laciniosa) — вид растений из рода Гикори (Carya) семейства Ореховые (Juglandaceae), произрастающий в Северной Америке (США, Канада)[2].

Ботаническое описание

Дерево высотой до 40 метров. Кора светло-серая, отслаивается длинными (до 50 см) узкими полосами, свисая вдоль ствола, как и кора карии яйцевидной, за что оба эти вида получили обиходное название «косматый гикори» (англ. shagbark hickory, shellbark hicory). Молодые побеги карии бахромчатой оранжевого цвета, сначала опушённые, а затем становятся голыми, с красноватыми чечевичками.

Листья крупные, длиной до 50 см, непарноперистые, с 7—9 узко-обратнояйцевидными или ланцетовидными листочками длиной 10—20 см. Рахисы (главные черешки) листьев долго остаются на дереве после опадания листочков, придавая ему своеобразный внешний вид.

Плоды длиной до 5—6 см, круглые или обратнояйцевидные с четырьмя выпуклыми кантами. Перикарп толстый, красновато-коричневый, раскрывается при созревании четырьмя створками. Эндокарп (орех) круглый или обратнояйцевидный, 4- или 6-гранный, с толстой скорлупой. Ядро светло-коричневое, приятного сладкого вкуса.

Значение и применение

Кария бахромчатая культивируется в качестве плодового и декоративного дерева. Кроме того, как и другие виды рода Гикори, она обладает ценной твёрдой и прочной древесиной, применяемой в строительстве и для изготовления различных столярных изделий[3].

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. Кария бахромчатая (англ.): информация на сайте GRIN. (англ.)
  3. Древесные породы мира. В 3-х т. / Под ред. Г. И. Воробьёва. — М.: Лесн. пром-сть, 1982. — Т. 2. — С. 136—138. — 352 с.
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Кария бахромчатая: Brief Summary ( الروسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию

Ка́рия бахро́мчатая, или Большо́й косма́тый ги́кори (лат. Carya laciniosa) — вид растений из рода Гикори (Carya) семейства Ореховые (Juglandaceae), произрастающий в Северной Америке (США, Канада).

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