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Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من AmphibiaWeb articles
Kihansi spray toads are tiny, with adults measuring 10 - 18 mm snout-vent length. The overall background color is yellow/golden, with yellow and brown speckles on the dorsal surface, or dark lateral bands with adjacent lighter striping. Ventrally the skin is translucent whitish near the throat and posterior, with the liver, fat bodies, and intestines visible through the ventral skin. Gravid females also have a bluish-green cast to the abdominal wall, due to the developing larvae pressing up against the skin. These toads have flaps over the nostrils that may be a special adaptation for living in the spray zone of waterfalls. On the feet, toes are partially webbed. No external tympana are present (Poynton et al. 1998; Lee et al. 2006).Females are slightly larger than males but morphologically difficult to distinguish unless gravid, when the females become more rotund (Lee et al. 2006). Males have somewhat more dark pores dorsally, especially around the head and shoulders (Lee et al. 2006). Breeding males in captivity have been observed to develop dark patches of interfemoral glands, in the inguinal cavities (on the lateral surfaces of the body and thighs, where they meet) (Poynton et al. 1998).No free-living tadpole stage is present since this species is a direct developer. Newly hatched froglets are 5 mm in snout-vent length, and are dark gray dorsally with white ventral skin. As juveniles grow, lateral blue-gray streaks develop, along with striations on the head. In captivity, the yellow ground color and brown striping develop at about 6 - 8 weeks of age, along with sacral V-shaped marks (Poynton 1998).(image, http://amphibiaweb.org/images/amazing/amazing_logo.jpg) Featured in Amazing Amphibians on 10 June 2013 (http://amphibiaweb.org/amazing_amphibians/20130610_Necto_asperginis.html)

مراجع

  • CBSG (IUCN/SSC). 2007. Kihansi Spray Toad (Nectophrynoides asperginis) Population and Habitat Viability Assessment: Briefing Book. CBSG, Apple Valley.
  • Channing, A., Finlow-Bates, K. S., Haarklau, S. E. and Hawkes, P. G. (2006). ''The biology and recent history of the Critically Endangered Kihansi Spray Toad Nectophrynoides asperginis in Tanzania.'' Journal of East African Natural History, 95, 117-138.
  • Channing, A., Howell, K., Loader, S., Menegon, M. and Poynton, J. 2009. Nectophrynoides asperginis. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 05 January 2010.
  • IUCN (2012). ''Kihansi Spray Toad returns to the wild'' https://www.iucn.org/content/kihansi-spray-toad-returns-wild. Downloaded on 16 October 2018.
  • Krajik, K. (2006). ''The lost world of the Kihansi Toad: NewsFocus.'' Science, 311, 1230-1232.
  • Lee, S., Zippel, K., Ramos, L., and Searle, J. (2006). ''Captive-breeding programme for the Kihansi spray toad Nectophrynoides asperginis at the Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York.'' International Zoo Yearbook, 40, 241-253.
  • NORPLAN (2002). Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project: immediate rescue and emergency measures. Final specialist report: amphibian studies. Report produced for Tanzania Electric Supply Company Ltd. (TANESCO), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
  • Poynton, J. C., Howell, K. M., Clarke, B. T., and Lovett, J. C. (1998). ''A critically endangered new species of Nectophrynoides (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Kihansi Gorge, Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.'' African Journal of Herpetology, 47, 59-67.
  • Quinn, C. H., Ndangalasi, H. J., Gerstle, J., and Lovett, J. C. (2005). ''Effect of the Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project and post-project mitigation measures on wetland vegetation in Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania.'' Biodiversity and Conservation, 14, 297-308.

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Distribution and Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

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This toad is known only from one location encompassing about 2 hectares, the Kihansi River Gorge upper falls spray wetland in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. It has been found at several sites within the spray zone along the escarpments of the Gorge, in rocky, mist-shrouded wetland spray meadow. Vegetation includes club moss (Selaginella kraussiana), snail ferns (Tectaria gemmifera) and low grasses (Panicum spp.) (Poynton et al. 1998).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( الإنجليزية )

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In 1999, over 20,000 toads were estimated to be present in the Upper Spray Wetland region alone, but by January 2004, only three were seen in the wild with another two males heard calling (Lee et al. 2006). There was an unconfirmed report from May 2005 (CBSG 2007), but none have been seen since despite surveys of its very limited range. This species was classified as Extinct in the Wild in 2009 (Channing et al. 2009). Captive populations are being maintained in zoos.The construction of a massive hydroelectric dam ($270 million US, funded by loans from the World Bank) caused the site to become considerably drier in early 2000 (Quinn et al. 2005). Brief experiments with high-flow water release were conducted in 2002 and late spring 2003 (Lee et al. 2006). In October 2000, it was estimated that 11,400 toads were present in five wetland areas (Upper, Lower, Mhalala, Mid-Falls, and Mid-Gorge Spray Wetlands; NORPLAN 2002, cited in Lee et al. 2006). Between Dec. 2002 and June 2003 the population was estimated to be 8,000 - 17,000 toads. In June 2003, one week after the last high-flow release experiments were conducted, only 43 Kihansi spray toads were seen in the area. In January 2004, three Kihansi spray toads were observed and two males were heard vocalizing, for a total of five toads (Lee et al. 2006). Although there is one unconfirmed report from 2005 (CBSG 2007), no toads have been sighted or heard since (Channing et al. 2009). To try to save the toads in the wild, a sprinkler system was deployed over about 1/4 of their habitat between July 2000 and March 2001 to mimic the natural spray from the waterfall. Despite the artificial sprinkler system, the plant species assemblage changed and within 18 months the marsh and stream-side plants had retreated, with weedy species proliferating (Quinn et al. 2005). Thus the habitat was irreversibly altered by the dam (Lee et al. 2006). Factors also associated with the population crash are chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) and pesticides used upstream, but these factors are considered secondary to the effects of the dam cutting off the waterfall spray (Quinn et al. 2005, Krajik 2006). Fearing the toads would go extinct, the Tanzanian government and the Wildlife Conservation Society collected a total of 499 animals from two localities for captive breeding, in late 2000. About 460 individuals, most captive-bred, survive in two zoos in the United States, the Toledo Zoo, in Ohio, and the Bronx Zoo, in New York (CBSG 2007). In 2010, a captive population was established in Tanzania by National Environmental Management Council and University of Dar Salaam researchers. As of Dec 2012, the captive populations were estimated to have over 6,000 individuals (IUCN 2012). By 2010, suitable habitat was restored by the sprinkler system and habitat restoration. On 29 October 2012, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (specifically their Amphibian Specialist Group and Re-introduction Specialist Group) released 2,500 individuals back into the wild with more individuals slated for release (IUCN 2012).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( الإنجليزية )

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This species is ovoviviparous and a direct developer, meaning that there is no free-living tadpole stage; fertilization is internal and larvae are retained within the female, with juvenile toadlets being born through the female's cloaca (Lee et al. 2006). Eggs are 2.4 mm in diameter (Poynton et al. 1998). Although Lee et al. (2006) reported that the clutch size may be as large as 24 - 28 eggs, Channing et al. (2006) state that clutch size varies from 5 - 13 offspring.The male's dark interfemoral gland patches may produce both pheromones and a visual cue to signal territoriality to other males. In captivity, males have been observed stretching the rear legs out behind them and presenting patches, often while vocalizing. Axillary amplexus has been observed in captivity, and there is also a single report of ventrally opposed amplexus (Lee et al. 2006).In captivity, this species has been observed feigning death when disturbed. It may also eject water from the bladder after being disturbed (Lee et al. 2006).Stomach content analysis indicates that wild Kihansi spray toads prefer to feed on dipterids and dipterid larvae, but also consume some acarine mites as well as springtails (Lee et al. 2006).Sympatric species include Arthroleptis stenodactylus, Schoutedenella xenodactyla, Nectophrynoides tornieri, and Arthroleptides spp. (NORPLAN 2002, cited in Lee et al. 2006).
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Relation to Humans ( الإنجليزية )

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The decline of this species was unintentionally caused by human alteration of the environment. Efforts to keep the toad from going extinct have illustrated just how difficult it is to reverse a near extinction.
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Nectophrynoides asperginis ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

Nectophrynoides asperginis és una espècie d'amfibi que vivia a Tanzània i que va ésser descoberta l'any 1996. Es considera extint des de 2004-2005, car no se n'ha trobat cap exemplar des d'aleshores.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Nectophrynoides asperginis Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Nectophrynoides asperginis: Brief Summary ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

Nectophrynoides asperginis és una espècie d'amfibi que vivia a Tanzània i que va ésser descoberta l'any 1996. Es considera extint des de 2004-2005, car no se n'ha trobat cap exemplar des d'aleshores.

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Nectophrynoides asperginis ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ

Nectophrynoides asperginis (anglicky: Kihansi Spray Toad) je druh žáby z rodu Nectophrynoides z čeledi ropuchovitých. Poprvé byl objeven v roce 1996 a jde o endemitní druh, jehož výskyt byl v minulosti lokalizován na pohoří Udzungwa v Tanzanii. V roce 2009 byl status druhu změně z kriticky ohroženého na v přírodě vyhynulý. Masivní pokles populace byl způsoben výstavbou přehrady na řece Kihansi, která značně ovlivnila habitat tohoto druhu.[2] V srpnu 2010 bylo sto žab přepraveno z newyorské zoologické zahrady do Tanzanie, kde by měly být vypuštěny do svého přirozeného prostředí na území o rozloze 0,02 km2.[3]

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Kihansi Spray Toad na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. Species' extinction threat grows [online]. BBC, 2009-11-03 [cit. 2010-11-02]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  3. International rescue: toads airlifted home [online]. New Scientist, 2010-08-18 [cit. 2010-11-03]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

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Nectophrynoides asperginis: Brief Summary ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ

Nectophrynoides asperginis (anglicky: Kihansi Spray Toad) je druh žáby z rodu Nectophrynoides z čeledi ropuchovitých. Poprvé byl objeven v roce 1996 a jde o endemitní druh, jehož výskyt byl v minulosti lokalizován na pohoří Udzungwa v Tanzanii. V roce 2009 byl status druhu změně z kriticky ohroženého na v přírodě vyhynulý. Masivní pokles populace byl způsoben výstavbou přehrady na řece Kihansi, která značně ovlivnila habitat tohoto druhu. V srpnu 2010 bylo sto žab přepraveno z newyorské zoologické zahrady do Tanzanie, kde by měly být vypuštěny do svého přirozeného prostředí na území o rozloze 0,02 km2.

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Kihansi spray toad ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

The Kihansi spray toad (Nectophrynoides asperginis) is a small toad endemic to Tanzania.[3][4] The species is live-bearing and insectivorous.[3] The Kihansi spray toad is currently categorized as Extinct in the Wild by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), though the species persists in ex situ, captive breeding populations.

Physiology

The Kihansi spray toad is a small, sexually dimorphic anuran, with females reaching up to 2.9 cm (1.1 in) long and males up to 1.9 cm (0.75 in).[3] The toads display yellow skin coloration with brownish [5] They have webbed toes on their hind legs,[6][5] but lack expanded toe tips.[5] They lack external ears, but do possess normal anuran inner ear features, with the exception of tympanic membranes and air-filled middle ear cavities.[7] Females are often duller in coloration, and males normally have more significant markings [6] Additionally, males exhibit dark inguinal patches on their sides where their hind legs meet their abdomens.[6] Abdominal skin is translucent, and developing offspring can often be seen in the bellies of gravid females.[6] The toad breeds by using internal fertilization, in which females retain larvae internally in the oviduct until their offspring are born.

Kihansi spray toad at the Toledo Zoo

Habitat

Prior to its extirpation, the Kihansi spray toad was endemic only to a two-hectare (5-acre) area at the base of the Kihansi River waterfall in the Udzungwa escarpment of the Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania.[8] The Kihansi Gorge is about 4 km (2.5 mi) long with a north–south orientation.[5] A number of wetlands made up the habitat of this species, all fed by spray from the Kihansi River waterfall.[5] These wetlands were characterized by dense, grassy vegetation including Panicum grasses, Selaginella kraussiana clubmosses, and snail ferns (Tectaria gemmifera).[5] Areas within the spray zones of the waterfall experienced near-constant temperatures and 100% humidity.[5] Currently, an artificial gravity-fed sprinkler system is in place to mimic the original conditions of the spray zones.[9] The species' global range covered an area of less than two hectares around the Kihansi Falls, and no additional populations have been located after searching for it around other waterfalls on the escarpment of the Udzungwa Mountains.[9]

Extinction in the wild

Prior to extinction, there was a population of around 17,000 individuals and fluctuating naturally. The population hit a high in May 1999, dropped to lower numbers in 2001 and 2002, hit a high again in June 2003 (around 20,989 individuals), before steeply declining to a point in January 2004 when only three individuals could be seen and two males were heard calling. The species was listed as Extinct in the Wild in May 2009.[9] The extinction in the wild of the Kihansi spray toad was mainly due to habitat loss following the construction of Kihansi Dam in 1999, which reduced the amount of water coming down from the waterfall into the gorge by 90 percent, hugely reducing the volume of the spray, particularly in the dry season, as well as altering vegetational composition.[1][5] This led to the spray toad's microhabitat being compromised, as it reduced the amount of water spray, which the toads were reliant on. The sprinkler system that mimicked the natural water spray was not yet operational when the Kihansi Dam opened.[1] In 2003 there was a final population crash in the species. This coincided with a breakdown of the sprinkler system during the dry season, the appearance of the disease chytridiomycosis, and the brief opening of the Kihansi Dam to flush out sediments, which contained pesticides used in maize farming operations upstream.[1][5] The last confirmed record of wild Kihansi spray toads was in 2004.[1]

Conservation efforts

Environmental management

Between July 2000 and March 2001, gravity-fed artificial spray systems were built and placed in three areas of spray wetlands that were affected by the Kihansi Dam. These spray systems functioned to mimic the fine water spray that had existed prior to the diversion of the Kihansi river, maintaining the microhabitat. The installation was initially successful in maintaining the spray-zone habitat, but after 18 months, marsh and stream-side plants retreated and a weedy species overran the area, changing the overall plant-species composition.[6] The next steps in environmental management included ecological monitoring, mitigation, establishing rights of water authority and Tanesco to implement hydrological resources for conservation of the Kihansi spray toad and spray wetlands habitat.[6]

Captive breeding

An ex situ breeding program is maintained by North American zoos in the effort to reintroduce the species back into the wild. The program was initiated in 2001 by the Bronx Zoo when almost 500 Kihansi spray toads were taken from their native gorge and placed in six U.S. zoos as a possible hedge against extinction.[10][11][12] Initially its unusual life style and reproduction mode caused problems in captivity, and only Bronx Zoo and Toledo Zoo were able to maintain populations.[11] By December 2004, fewer than 70 remained in captivity, but when their exact requirements were discovered greater survival and breeding success was achieved.[10][11] In November 2005, the Toledo Zoo opened an exhibit for the Kihansi spray toad, and for some time this was the only place in the world where it was on display to the public.[10] The Toledo Zoo now has several thousand Kihansi spray toads,[10][13] the majority off-exhibit. The Bronx Zoo also has several thousand Kihansi spray toads,[13] and it opened a small exhibit for some of these in February 2010.[11][14] In 2010 Toledo Zoo transferred 350 toads to Chattanooga Zoo,[10] which has created a small exhibit for them. Groups numbering in the hundreds are now also maintained at Detroit Zoo and Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo.[13]

Reintroduction into the wild

In August 2010, a group of 100 Kihansi spray toads were flown from the Bronx Zoo and Toledo Zoo to their native Tanzania,[10] as part of an effort to reintroduce the species into the wild, using a propagation center at the University of Dar es Salaam.[12][15] In 2012, scientists from the center returned a test population of 48 toads to the Kihansi gorge, having found means to co-inhabit the toads with substrates presumed to contain chytrid fungus.[16][17] The substrates were extracted from the Kihansi gorge spray wetlands, and mixed with captive toads with their surrogate species from the wild. Reintroduction commenced because its substrate appeared to not harbor any infectious agents that could threaten the survival of the species.[17] In 2017 a reintroduction program will be launched and currently a few Kihansi spray toads will be successfully reintroduced in Tanzania.

Despite strict protocols in the breeding facilities, toads are occasionally attacked by chytrid fungus, resulting in mass deaths at the Kihansi facility. Air conditioning and water filtration system malfunctions have also contributed to toad mortality. Researchers suggest that reintroduction of the species in the wild might take time because it needs to adapt slowly to the wild habitat in which it needs to search for food, evade predators, and overcome disease, in contrast to the controlled environment they lived in during captivity.[17]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015). "Nectophrynoides asperginis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T54837A16935685. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T54837A16935685.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b c Channing and Howell. (2006). Amphibians of East Africa. Pp. 106-107. ISBN 3-930612-53-4
  4. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Nectophrynoides asperginis Poynton, Howell, Clarke, and Lovett, 1999". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Channing, A.; Finlow-Bates, S.; Haarklau S.E. & Hawkes P.G. (2006). "The biology and recent history of the critically endangered Kihansi Spray Toad Nectophrynoides asperginis in Tanzania". Journal of East African Natural History. 95 (2): 117–138. doi:10.2982/0012-8317(2006)95[117:tbarho]2.0.co;2. S2CID 86263463.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Lee, S.; Zippel, K.; Ramos, L. & Searle, J. (2006). "Captive-breeding program for the Kihansi spray toad Nectophrynoides asperginis at the Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York". International Zoo Yearbook. 40: 241–253. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00241.x.
  7. ^ Arch, V.S.; Richards-Zawaki, C.L. & Feng, A.S. (2011). "Acoustic communication in the Kihansi spray toad (Nectophrynoides asperginis): Insights from a captive population". Journal of Herpetology. 45 (1): 45–49. doi:10.1670/10-084.1. S2CID 41292396.
  8. ^ Menegon, M.; S. Salvidio & S.P. Loader (2004). "Five new species of Nectophrynoides Noble 1926 (Amphibia Anura Bufanidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania". Tropical Zoology. 17: 97–121. doi:10.1080/03946975.2004.10531201. hdl:11567/213502. S2CID 84973032.
  9. ^ a b c Channing, A. (2015). "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2015-2.rlts.t54837a16935685.en.
  10. ^ a b c d e f "TZ to Tanzania: A Kihansi Spray Toad Fact Sheet". Toledo Zoo. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
  11. ^ a b c d New York Times (1 February 2010). Saving Tiny Toads Without a Home. Accessed 8 January 2012.
  12. ^ a b Science Daily (17 August 2010). Kihansi Spray Toads Make Historic Return to Tanzania. Accessed 8 January 2011.
  13. ^ a b c ISIS (2012). Nectophrynoides asperginis. Version 23 December 2011. Accessed 8 January 2012.
  14. ^ World Conservation Society (2 February 2010). Extinct toad in the wild on exhibit at WCS's Bronx zoo. Archived 2010-02-08 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 8 January 2011
  15. ^ Rhett A. Butler (4 September 2008). "Yellow toad births offer hope for extinct-in-the-wild species". mongabay.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  16. ^ Tanzania: Kihansi Toads Pass Anti-Fungal 'Test', by Abdulwakil Saiboko, Tanzania Daily News, 14 August 2012.
  17. ^ a b c Nahonyo, Cuthbert; Goboro, Ezekiel; Ngalason, Wilirk; Mutagwaba, Severinus; Ugomba, Richard; Nassoro, Mohammed; Nkombe, Emmanuel (2017-01-01). "Conservation efforts of Kihansi spray toad Nectophrynoides asperginis: its discovery, captive breeding, extinction in the wild and re-introduction". Tanzania Journal of Science. 43 (1): 23–35. ISSN 2507-7961.

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Kihansi spray toad: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

The Kihansi spray toad (Nectophrynoides asperginis) is a small toad endemic to Tanzania. The species is live-bearing and insectivorous. The Kihansi spray toad is currently categorized as Extinct in the Wild by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), though the species persists in ex situ, captive breeding populations.

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Nectophrynoides asperginis ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

El sapo de Kihansi es una especie de anfibios de la familia Bufonidae endémica de Tanzania. Fue descubierta en el año 1996 en las cascadas de las montañas Udzungwa.

Se encontraba extinta en libertad debido a la pérdida de su hábitat natural, pero en octubre de 2012 se han reintroducido 2500 individuos en su antiguo hábitat.[1]

Referencias

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Nectophrynoides asperginis: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

El sapo de Kihansi es una especie de anfibios de la familia Bufonidae endémica de Tanzania. Fue descubierta en el año 1996 en las cascadas de las montañas Udzungwa.

Se encontraba extinta en libertad debido a la pérdida de su hábitat natural, pero en octubre de 2012 se han reintroducido 2500 individuos en su antiguo hábitat.​

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Nectophrynoides asperginis ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Nectophrynoides asperginis Nectophrynoides generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Ikus, gainera

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Nectophrynoides asperginis: Brief Summary ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Nectophrynoides asperginis Nectophrynoides generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Nectophrynoides asperginis ( الفرنسية )

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Nectophrynoides asperginis est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique des monts Udzungwa dans l'est de la Tanzanie[1]. Elle se rencontrait entre 600 et 940 m d'altitude dans les gorges de Kihansi. Son aire de répartition couvrait une superficie de moins de deux hectares.

Description

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Nectophrynoides asperginis
 src=
Nectophrynoides asperginis

Nectophrynoides asperginis mesure adulte de 10 à 18 mm[2].

Élevage et réintroduction

L'espèce semble disparaître à l'état sauvage vers 2005, en raison de la construction d'une centrale hydroélectrique.

Deux élevages en captivité situés à Toledo et à New York au zoo du Bronx ont été créés. Les colonies captives étaient composées d'un total de 460 individus au 12 février 2007[3]. En 2010, un troisième élevage géré par l'université de Dar es Salaam a été créé en Tanzanie. 2 000 individus ont été relâchés dans leur milieu naturel en décembre 2012[4].

Publication originale

  • Poynton, Howell, Clarke & Lovett, 1999 "1998" : A critically endangered new species of Nectophrynoides (Anura: Bufonidae) from Kihansi Gorge, Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. African Journal of Herpetology, vol. 47, p. 59-67.

Notes et références

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Nectophrynoides asperginis: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Nectophrynoides asperginis est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae.

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Nectophrynoides asperginis ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Il rospo dello spruzzo di Kihansi (Nectophrynoides asperginis Poynton, Howell, Clarke & Lovett, 1999) è un piccolo rospo della famiglia Bufonidae endemico della Tanzania.[2][3] La specie è insettivora.[2] Il rospo dello spruzzo di Kihansi è attualmente classificato come estinto in natura dalla IUCN[1], sebbene la specie persista ex situ, attraverso popolazioni in cattività.

Descrizione

Nectophrynoides asperginis è un anuro piccolo e sessualmente dimorfo, con gli esemplari femmina che raggiungono fino a 2,9 cm in lunghezza, contro i 1,9 cm dei maschi.[2] Questi rospi possiedono una colorazione gialla con strisce che tendono al marrone sui fianchi.[4] Gli esemplare femmina sono spesso più scuri nella colorazione, mentre i maschi normalmente hanno segni più evidenti.[5] Inoltre i maschi esibiscono scure macchie inguinali sui loro fianchi, dove le loro zampe si attaccano all'addome.[5] La pelle nella zona addominale è traslucida così da rendere possibile vedere lo sviluppo della prole nelle pance delle femmine gravide.[5]
Questi rospi possiedono piedi palmati nelle zampe posteriori,[4][5] ma mancano di punte di piedi allargate[4] Essi mancano di orecchie esterne, ma possiedono la normali funzionalità in possesso degli altri anuri, con l'eccezione delle membrane dei timpani e le cavità dell'orecchio medio riempite di aria.[6]

Distribuzione e habitat

Prima della scomparsa, questa specie era endemica di due soli ettari alla base delle cascate del fiume Kihansi nei Monti Udzungwa appartenenti ai Monti dell'Arco Orientale in Tanzania.[7] La Gola Kihansi è circa lunga 4 km con orientamento nord-sud.[4] Un sistema di zone umide forma il suo habitat, tutte costituite dallo spruzzo della cascata del fiume Kihansi.[4] Queste zone umide erano caratterizzate da una vegetazione densa, erbosa, che include Panicum, il muschio Salaginalla kraussiana, e le felci lumaca (Tectaria gemmifera).[4] Le aree all'interno della zona di spruzzo delle cascate possiedono una temperatura pressoché costante ed un'umidità del 100%.[4]

Conservazione

Estinzione in natura

L'estinzione in natura di Nectophrynoides asperginis fu causa perlopiù della perdita di habitat conseguente alla creazione della diga di Kihansi nel 1999, che ridusse la quantità d'acqua proveniente dalla cascata di circa il 90%.[1] Questo compromise irrimediabilmente il microhabitat di questa specie, in quanto ridusse la quantità di schizzi d'acqua, fondamentali per la sua sopravvivenza. Un sistema di irrigazione che imitasse il getto d'acqua naturale non era ancora operativo quando la diga di Kihansi aprì.[1] Nel 2003 ci fu un'ultima riduzione nella popolazione, in coincidenza della rottura dei sistemi di irrigazione durante la stagione secca, la apparizione di malattie quali la chitridiomicosi, e la breve apertura della diga per eliminare i sedimenti, che contenevano pesticidi.[1] L'ultimo avvistamento ufficiale di questa specie in natura avvenne nel 2004.[1]

Sopravvivenza in cattività

Lo Zoo del Bronx iniziò nel 2001 un progetto dove almeno 500 esemplari della specie vennero prelevati dalla loro originaria sede e trasportati in 6 diversi zoo americani così da poterne evitare l'estinzione.[8][9][10] Inizialmente l'inusuale stile di vita di Nectophrynoides asperginis e la sua modalità di riproduzione causò problemi in cattività, e solamente gli zoo del Bronz e Toledo riuscirono a mantenere in vita le loro popolazioni.[9] A dicembre del 2004 meno di 70 esemplari rimanevano in cattività, ma quando furono scoperte le loro precise necessità si ottennero migliori tassi di sopravvivenza e riproduzione.[8][9] Nel novembre del 2005 lo zoo di Toledo aprì un'esposizione per Nectophrynoides asperginis e per un po' di tempo questo fu l'unico luogo nel mondo in cui il pubblico potesse vederlo.[8] Lo zoo di Toledo possiede ora diverse migliaia di esemplari,[8][11] perlopiù non in esposizione. Anche lo zoo del Bronx possiede diverse migliaia di Nectophrynoides asperginis,[11] e ha aperto un piccolo spazio espositivo per alcuni di essi nel febbraio del 2010.[9][12] Nel 2010 lo zoo di Toledo trasferì 350 esemplari allo Zoo di Chattanooga,[8] che aveva creato uno spazio espositivo per essi. Diverse centinaia di esemplari sono ora tenuti sia allo Zoo di Dallas che all'Omaha's Henry Doorly zoo.[11]

Reintroduzione

Nell'agosto del 2010 un gruppo di 100 Nectophrynoides asperginis vennero rimandate in Tanzania dagli zoo di Toledo e del Bronx,[8] come parte di uno sforzo per reintrodurre la specie in natura, usando un centro di propagazione presso l'università di Dar es Salaam.[10][13] Nel 2012 scienziati del centro richiamarono al centro 48 esemplari ritenendo che avessero contratto la chitridiomicosi. Essi pianificarono di rilasciare l'intera popolazione di 1800 rospi dopo aver monitorato il rilascio iniziale per alcuni mesi.[14]

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e f (EN) IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2015, Nectophrynoides asperginis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 4 settembre 2015.
  2. ^ a b c Channing and Howell. (2006). Amphibians of East Africa. Pp. 106-107. ISBN 3-930612-53-4
  3. ^ (EN) Frost D.R. et al., Nectophrynoides asperginis Poynton, Howell, Clarke, and Lovett, 1999, in Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0, New York, American Museum of Natural History, 2014. URL consultato il 9 giugno 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Channing, A., Finlow-Bates, S., Haarklau S.E., and Hawkes P.G., The biology and recent history of the critically endangered Kihansi Spray Toad Nectophrynoides asperginis in Tanzania, in Journal of East African Natural History, vol. 95, n. 2, 2006, pp. 117-138.
  5. ^ a b c d Lee, S., Zippel, K., Ramos, L., and Searle, J., Captive-breeding program for the Kihansi spray toad Nectophrynoides asperginis at the Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, in International Zoo Yearbook, vol. 40, 2006, pp. 241–253.
  6. ^ Arch, V.S., Richards-Zawaki, C.L., and Feng, A.S., Acoustic communication in the Kihansi spray toad (Nectophrynoides asperginis): Insights from a captive population, in Journal of Herpetology, vol. 45, n. 1, 2011, pp. 45–49.
  7. ^ Menegon, M., S. Salvidio, and S.P. Loader, Five new species of Nectophrynoides Noble 1926 (Amphibia Anura Bufanidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania, in Tropical Zoology, vol. 17, 2004, pp. 97–121.
  8. ^ a b c d e f TZ to Tanzania: A Kihansi Spray Toad Fact Sheet, su toledozoo.org, Toledo Zoo. URL consultato l'8 gennaio 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale il 12 novembre 2012).
  9. ^ a b c d New York Times (1 February 2010). Saving Tiny Toads Without a Home. Accessed 8 January 2012.
  10. ^ a b Science Daily (17 August 2010). Kihansi Spray Toads Make Historic Return to Tanzania. Accessed 8 January 2011.
  11. ^ a b c ISIS (2012). Nectophrynoides asperginis. Version 23 December 2011. Accessed 8 January 2012.
  12. ^ World Conservation Society (2 February 2010). Extinct toad in the wild on exhibit at WCS's Bronx zoo. Archiviato l'8 febbraio 2010 in Internet Archive. Accessed 8 January 2011
  13. ^ Rhett A. Butler, Yellow toad births offer hope for extinct-in-the-wild species, su mongabay.com, 4 September 2008. URL consultato il 9 giugno 2015 (archiviato dall'url originale il 12 luglio 2012).
  14. ^ Tanzania: Kihansi Toads Pass Anti-Fungal 'Test', by Abdulwakil Saiboko, Tanzania Daily News, 14 August 2012.

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Nectophrynoides asperginis: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Il rospo dello spruzzo di Kihansi (Nectophrynoides asperginis Poynton, Howell, Clarke & Lovett, 1999) è un piccolo rospo della famiglia Bufonidae endemico della Tanzania. La specie è insettivora. Il rospo dello spruzzo di Kihansi è attualmente classificato come estinto in natura dalla IUCN, sebbene la specie persista ex situ, attraverso popolazioni in cattività.

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Nectophrynoides asperginis ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

Herpetologie

Nectophrynoides asperginis is een kikker uit de familie padden (Bufonidae).[2] De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door John Charles Poynton, Kim M. Howell, Barry Thomas Clarke en Jon C. Lovett in 1999.

Nectophrynoides asperginis is een zeer kleine soort, de lichaamslengte bedraagt ongeveer 10 tot 18 millimeter.

De kikker komt endemisch voor in Tanzania maar wordt beschouwd als uitgestorven in het wild. De soort is alleen nog aanwezig in de Toledo Zoo, in Ohio en de Bronx Zoo, in New York (beide in de Verenigde Staten).[3]

Referenties
  1. (en) Nectophrynoides asperginis op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Nectophrynoides asperginis.
  3. Amphibia Web, Nectophrynoides asperginis.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Nectophrynoides asperginis - Website Geconsulteerd 26 november 2016
  • (en) - Amphibiaweb - Nectophrynoides asperginis - Website
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Sapo-de-kihansi ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

O sapo-de-kihansi (Nectophrynoides asperginis) é uma espécie de sapo da família Bufonidae. Sofre o risco de desaparecer, uma vez que já não existe no ambiente selvagem, e vive somente em cativeiro.[1][2] Esta espécie só é conhecida das cataratas de Kihansi, nas montanhas Udzungwa, Tanzânia. Eles habitavam a uma altitude que variava de 600 a 940 metros. Em 2006 foi feita uma pesquisa nas montanhas Udzungwa para coletar informações da espécie, porém nenhum animal ou população desse sapo foi encontrada. Já no ano de 2009, a IUCN, sem nenhum outro exemplar vivo no meio selvagem deste anfíbio, declarou que a espécie está Extinta na natureza.[1]

Esta espécie já foi muito abundante em uma pequena área, com cerca de 17.000[3] sapos-de-kihansi. Outras pesquisas mostraram que a população diminuiu naturalmente para 11.000 entre 2001 e 2002, mas conseguiu se recuperar em 2003 com uma população estimada em 20.000 anfíbios.[3] Entretanto após esse ano, a população entrou em um profundo declínio, até ao ponto em que, em 2004, foram encontrados apenas 3 sapos-de-kihansi em sua área. Depois do ano de 2005 a população já não foi mais vista.[3]

Referências

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Sapo-de-kihansi: Brief Summary ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

O sapo-de-kihansi (Nectophrynoides asperginis) é uma espécie de sapo da família Bufonidae. Sofre o risco de desaparecer, uma vez que já não existe no ambiente selvagem, e vive somente em cativeiro. Esta espécie só é conhecida das cataratas de Kihansi, nas montanhas Udzungwa, Tanzânia. Eles habitavam a uma altitude que variava de 600 a 940 metros. Em 2006 foi feita uma pesquisa nas montanhas Udzungwa para coletar informações da espécie, porém nenhum animal ou população desse sapo foi encontrada. Já no ano de 2009, a IUCN, sem nenhum outro exemplar vivo no meio selvagem deste anfíbio, declarou que a espécie está Extinta na natureza.

Esta espécie já foi muito abundante em uma pequena área, com cerca de 17.000 sapos-de-kihansi. Outras pesquisas mostraram que a população diminuiu naturalmente para 11.000 entre 2001 e 2002, mas conseguiu se recuperar em 2003 com uma população estimada em 20.000 anfíbios. Entretanto após esse ano, a população entrou em um profundo declínio, até ao ponto em que, em 2004, foram encontrados apenas 3 sapos-de-kihansi em sua área. Depois do ano de 2005 a população já não foi mais vista.

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Nectophrynoides asperginis ( الأوكرانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia UK

Поширення

Цей вид був ендеміком Удзунгвайських гір на сході Танзанії. Вид зустрічався на висотах між 600 і 940 м в ущелинах Кіхансі. Вид охоплював територію площею менше двох гектарів. Полюбляв скелясті, водно-болотні угіддя. Вид, здається, зник в дикій природі близько 2005 року, у зв'язку з будівництвом гідроелектростанції. Для збереження виду були створені два розплідники. Колонія полонених складала цілому 460 особин 2007 року.

Опис

Довжина морда-живіт: 1-2 см, середня вага: 0,3-0,66 гр. Спостерігається статевий диморфізм: самиці більші за самців. Забарвлення коливається від світлих кольорів: жовтого, рожевого до коричнюватого.

Спосіб життя

Живиться безхребетними. Вид денний.

Розмноження

Це яйцеживородні амфібії. Мають внутрішнє запліднення. Яйця формуються всередині самиці, там розвиваються. Народжується зазвичай 5-13 (до 24) повністю сформованих ропушат. Діти, як правило, близько п'яти міліметрів у довжину.

Примітки

  1. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015). Nectophrynoides asperginis: інформація на сайті МСОП (версія 2015.2) (англ.) 25 July 2014

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非洲胎生蟾蜍 ( الصينية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Nectophrynoides asperginis
Poynton, Howell, Clarke & Lovett, 1999

非洲胎生蟾蜍學名Nectophrynoides asperginis),又名奇漢西噴霧蟾蜍,是一種很細小的蟾蜍,只長約2厘米。它們是於1996年被發現,並且只分佈在坦桑尼亞烏德宗瓦山脈(Udzungwa Mountains)南部的奇漢西瀑布(Kihansi Waterfall)。由於分佈地有限、失去棲息地及數量減少,國際自然保護聯盟將它們列為野外滅絕[1][2]棲息地減少是因1999年興建了奇漢西水壩所致,水壩減少了從瀑布帶來的水和泥達90%。非洲胎生蟾蜍的微生境因而受到影響,失去了供應氧氣的噴霧。它們繼而易於感染壺菌病,但諷刺的是於2003年發現壺菌病是源自於用來保護它們的花灑系統。

為了保存非洲胎生蟾蜍免於滅絕,於1990年代末就已經開始飼養它們。飼養的地方包括有美國俄亥俄州妥列多動物園(Toledo Zoo)及紐約布朗克斯動物園(Bronx Zoo)。於2010年,這些飼養的被帶回坦桑尼亞,但仍是在接受飼養,並有計劃地放生到它們的天然棲息地。[3]

參考

外部連結

 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:非洲胎生蟾蜍  src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:非洲胎生蟾蜍
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非洲胎生蟾蜍: Brief Summary ( الصينية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科

非洲胎生蟾蜍(學名Nectophrynoides asperginis),又名奇漢西噴霧蟾蜍,是一種很細小的蟾蜍,只長約2厘米。它們是於1996年被發現,並且只分佈在坦桑尼亞烏德宗瓦山脈(Udzungwa Mountains)南部的奇漢西瀑布(Kihansi Waterfall)。由於分佈地有限、失去棲息地及數量減少,國際自然保護聯盟將它們列為野外滅絕。棲息地減少是因1999年興建了奇漢西水壩所致,水壩減少了從瀑布帶來的水和泥達90%。非洲胎生蟾蜍的微生境因而受到影響,失去了供應氧氣的噴霧。它們繼而易於感染壺菌病,但諷刺的是於2003年發現壺菌病是源自於用來保護它們的花灑系統。

為了保存非洲胎生蟾蜍免於滅絕,於1990年代末就已經開始飼養它們。飼養的地方包括有美國俄亥俄州妥列多動物園(Toledo Zoo)及紐約布朗克斯動物園(Bronx Zoo)。於2010年,這些飼養的被帶回坦桑尼亞,但仍是在接受飼養,並有計劃地放生到它們的天然棲息地。

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