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Die Rote Katipo (Latrodectus katipo), oft nur Katipo genannt, ist eine Webspinne aus der Familie der Kugelspinnen. Sie gehört zu den neuseeländischen Arten der Gattung der Echten Witwen.
Die Weibchen der Art erreichen eine Körperlänge von etwa 8 Millimetern und die Beinspannweite beträgt etwa 32 Millimeter. Sie haben einen kugeligen Hinterleib von der Größe einer Erbse. Die Beine sind schlank und bei jungen Tieren schwarz und werden später braun. Der Hinterleib hat einen rot-orangen, eckigen Streifen mit weiß-oranger oder roter Umrandung, der bis hin zu den Spinnwarzen reicht. Die Unterseite ist schwarz mit einem roten Fleck und zeigt die bei Echten Witwen üblichen Sanduhrzeichnung, diese Zeichnung kann jedoch bei einigen Weibchen fehlen. Die Art gehört zu den Witwenspinnenarten, deren Grundfärbung matt anstatt glänzend schwarz ist.
Die Männchen sind wesentlich kleiner und erreichen etwa ein Sechstel der Größe der Weibchen. Sie unterscheiden sich zudem durch ihre Färbung. Männchen und Jungtiere haben eine braune Färbung mit einem überwiegend weißen Bauch, mit unregelmäßigen rot-orangen, diamantförmigen Zeichnungen.
Die Katipo lebt endemisch in Neuseeland. Auf der Nordinsel ist sie entlang der Westküste zwischen Wellington und dem North Cape verbreitet. Vereinzelt kommt sie auch an der Ostküste vor. Auf der Great Barrier Island ist sie noch relativ häufig. Auf der Südinsel reicht ihr Verbreitungsgebiet von Norden nach Süden an der östlichen Küste bis Dunedin, an der westlichen Küste bis Greymouth.[1][2] Diese südliche Verbreitungsgrenze hängt mit den niedrigeren Durchschnittstemperaturen im Süden Neuseelands zusammen. Die Eier der Spinne benötigen eine Temperatur von mehr als 17 °C, um sich entwickeln zu können.[3]
In der Regel lebt die Katipo in den Dünenlandschaften nahe der Strände. Ihr unregelmäßiges Haubennetz baut sie an Pflanzen der Art Desmoschoenus spiralis und am Gewöhnlichen Strandhafer (Ammophila arenaria). Aber auch an Treibholz bauen die Tiere Netze oder auch in Müll, beispielsweise leere Konservendosen und Flaschen. Das Netz hat die Form einer Hängematte und ist weiß oder gelb gefärbt.
Die Art ernährt sich von Insekten aller Art. Auch Amphibien werden nicht verschmäht.
Zwischen August und September ist Paarungszeit, das Männchen sucht nach einem Weibchen. Hat es ein Weibchen gefunden, so geht es auf das Netz und bringt es zum Vibrieren. Das Weibchen reagiert darauf anfangs recht aggressiv und verjagt das Männchen. Die Balz besteht daraus, dass das Männchen immer wieder hüpft und am Netz zerrt. Wenn das Weibchen gefügig wird, lässt es das Männchen auf das Netz und lässt sich kopfüber hängen, damit das Männchen die Palpen in die Geschlechtsöffnung des Weibchens stecken kann und die Samen übertragen kann. Anders als viele andere Arten, fressen die Weibchen nach der Paarung die Männchen nicht auf. Das Weibchen produziert 5 bis 6 Eikokons. Die Eier sind rund und gerade mal so groß wie ein Senfkorn. Sie tragen ein transparentes Violett. Fehlpaarungen mit der nah verwandten Rotrückenspinne (L. hasselti) sind bekannt.
Die Katipo hat kaum nennenswerte natürlichen Feinde. Es wurde bisher nur eine Schlupfwespenart beobachtet, die sich von den Eiern der Katipo ernährt.
Anders als bsp. die nah verwandte Weiße Witwe (Latrodectus pallidus) in Nordafrika und dem Nahen Osten oder die ebenfalls nah verwandte Südliche Schwarze Witwe (Latrodectus mactans) in den USA, ist die Rote Katipo in ihrem Verbreitungsgebiet nur noch selten anzutreffen. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass nur noch 50 Populationen auf der Nordinsel und 8 Populationen auf der Südinsel Neuseelands existieren.[4] Die Spinne wird in der Roten Liste als "gefährdet" eingestuft. Der Rückgang der Populationen hat mit der vermehrten Nutzung der Küsten durch die Menschen zu tun, denn die Lebensräume der Katipo liegen selten weiter als ein paar hundert Meter vom Strand entfernt. Dieses Habitat ist gefährdet durch:[5]
Dazu kommt, dass die Katipo von einer Konkurrentin, der eingeschleppten Falschen Katipo (Steatoda capensis) verdrängt zu werden scheint. Die Falsche Katipo bevorzugt ähnliche Habitate, hat aber weniger spezialisierte Ansprüche an ihren Lebensraum. Sie sorgt zwei Mal im Jahr für Nachkommenschaft, und zwar im Frühling und im Frühsommer, die einheimische Katipo nur einmal pro Jahr.
Die Art drohte sogar schon mal auszusterben. So wurde sie 2010 von Wildlife Act 1953 geschützt.
Wie alle Witwenarten, so ist auch die Rote Katipo nicht angriffslustig. Sie beißt nur, wenn sie aufgeschreckt oder angegriffen wird, zuerst geht die Katipo in eine Abwehrhaltung, nützt diese nichts, so bombardiert sie den Angreifer mit Fäden, wird sie immer noch gereizt, kann sie zubeißen. Weibchen, die ihren Eikokon bewachen, beißen bei jeder Störung sofort zu. Die Hauptbestandteile des Giftes sind Neurotoxin und Alpha-Latrotoxin. Der Biss löst Gänsehaut und lokale Schmerzen aus. Zudem bekommt man Kopfschmerzen, Fieber, Hypertonie und Tremor. Dies hält 24 Stunden an. Ein baldiger Besuch beim Arzt kann allerdings helfen. In Ausnahmefällen kann es zu Koma, Lungenödem, Atemstillstand und lokalen Hautinfektionen kommen.
Latrodectus katipo wurde 1871 von L. Powell beschrieben.[7]
Die Katipo wurde oft mit der ebenfalls in Neuseeland verbreiteten Steatoda capensis verwechselt. Das führte zu dem Namen Falsche Katipo (englisch: False Katipo) für diese zu den Fettspinnen gehörende Art. Eine Verwandte der Katipo, die ebenfalls zu den Echten Witwen gehört, ist die aus Australien eingeschleppte Rotrückenspinne (Latrodectus hasselti).
Die Schwarze Katipo, die 1890 von Arthur T. Urquhart als Unterart Latrodectus katipo atritus[8] und 1995 als eigene Art Latrodectus atritus[3] etabliert wurde, ist eine Farbvariante der Katipo. Sie wird heute nicht mehr als eigene Art anerkannt. Außer der Färbung weist die schwarze Farbmorphe keine Unterscheidungsmerkmale zur Roten Katipo auf. Experimente im Labor haben gezeigt, dass es keine Kreuzungsbarrieren gibt. Paare, bestehend aus Schwarzer und Roter Katipo, konnten gemeinsam Nachwuchs produzieren. Auch gibt es keine molekularbiologischen Hinweise auf eine genetische Aufspaltung der beiden Gruppen. Die Farbvariante entsteht in Abhängigkeit vom geographischen Breitengrad und der Temperatur.[9]
Draufsicht eines präparierten Weibchens im Auckland War Memorial Museum
Frontalansicht eines Weibchens
Lateralsicht eines Weibchens
Rückansicht eines Weibchens auf Treibholz
Die Rote Katipo (Latrodectus katipo), oft nur Katipo genannt, ist eine Webspinne aus der Familie der Kugelspinnen. Sie gehört zu den neuseeländischen Arten der Gattung der Echten Witwen.
The katipō (Latrodectus katipo) is an endangered species of spider native to New Zealand. It is one of many species in the genus Latrodectus, such as the Australian redback (L. hasseltii), and the North American black widow. The species is venomous to humans, capable of delivering a potentially dangerous bite. It is a small to medium-sized spider, with the female having a round black or brown pea-sized body. Red katipō females found in the South Island and the lower half of the North Island, are always black, and their abdomen has a distinctive red stripe bordered in white. In black katipō females found in the upper half of the North Island, this stripe is absent, pale, yellow, or replaced with cream-coloured blotches. These two forms were previously thought to be separate species. The male is much smaller than the female and quite different in appearance: white with black stripes and red diamond-shaped markings. Katipō are mainly found living in sand dunes close to the seashore. They are found throughout most of coastal New Zealand except the far south and west. Katipō feed mainly on ground dwelling insects, caught in an irregular tangled web spun amongst dune plants or other debris.
After mating in August or September, the female katipō produces five or six egg sacs in November or December. The spiderlings hatch during January and February and disperse into surrounding plants. Due to habitat loss and colonisation of their natural habitat by other exotic spiders, the katipō is threatened with extinction.
A katipō bite produces the toxic syndrome latrodectism; symptoms include extreme pain and, potentially, hypertension, seizure, or coma. Bites are rare, an antivenom is available, and no deaths have been reported since 1901. The katipō is particularly notable in New Zealand as the nation is almost entirely devoid of dangerous native wildlife; this unique status means the spider is well known, despite being rarely seen.
Although the 'kātĕpo' was reported to the Linnean Society as early as 1855,[2] the spider was formally described as Latrodectus katipo by L. Powell in 1870.[3] Spiders of the genus Latrodectus have a worldwide distribution and include all of the commonly known widow spiders: the North American black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans), the brown widow (Latrodectus geometricus), and the European black widow (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus). The katipō's closest relative is the Australian redback spider (Latrodectus hasseltii).[4][5] Latrodectus katipo and L. atritus (black katipō) were previously thought to be two separate species,[6][7] but research has shown that they are a single species, L. katipo, with colour variation that is clinal over latitude and correlated with mean annual temperature.[5] The katipō is so closely related to the redback that it was at one stage thought to be a subspecies, with the proposed name Latrodectus hasseltii katipo. Further research has shown that the katipō is distinct from the redback, having slight structural differences and striking differences in habitat preference, and it remains a distinct species.[5][6][7] The katipō's family Theridiidae has a large number of species both in New Zealand and worldwide. They are commonly known as tangle-web spiders, cobweb spiders or comb-footed spiders.[8]
The common name katipō (singular and plural), often spelled "katipo", is from the Māori for "night stinger", derived from the words kakati (to sting) and pō (the night).[9] This name was apparently given to the species owing to the Māori belief that the spiders bite at night.[10] Other common names include red katipō, black katipō and New Zealand's redback.[11]
The katipō is a small to medium-sized spider.[12] The mature female has a body size of about 8 millimetres (0.31 in) with a leg span of up to 32 millimetres (1.3 in). The red katipō female, found in the South Island and the lower North Island, has a large black globular abdomen, about the size of a garden pea, with slender legs and a white-bordered orange or red stripe on its back that runs from the uppermost surface of the abdomen back to the spinnerets. The dark velvet-black abdomen is described as satin or silky in appearance, rather than being shiny. The underside of the abdomen is black and has a red patch or partial red hourglass-shaped marking. It has mainly black legs with the extremities changing to brown.[7][13][14][15][16][17][18] The black katipō female, found in the upper North Island, does not have a red stripe on the top of its body, and the abdominal colouration is usually lighter, but is otherwise very similar in appearance to the red katipō. The hourglass pattern on the underside of the abdomen may also be less distinct, losing the middle section, and may even be absent.[13] Variations also exist where the abdomen, cephalothorax, or entire body is brown, sometimes with a dull red or yellow stripe, or cream-coloured spots on its upper side.[13] These different forms were at one point thought to be different species, but a 2008 study demonstrated they were different morphs of the same species.[5]
Adult males and juveniles are quite different in appearance to the female. They are smaller in size, being about one sixth the size of an adult female. Juveniles have a brown carapace, with a predominantly white abdomen which has a series of red-orange diamonds running along the dorsal region bordered on either side by irregular black lines. Males retain this colouration into adulthood.[7][16][19][20] Due to its much smaller size, Urquhart (1886) believed the male to be a separate species and named it Theridion melanozantha.[21] This was not rectified until 1933 when it was correctly identified as the male Latrodectus katipo.[22]
The katipō is restricted to a highly specialised habitat and is only found near the seashore among sand dunes. They generally reside on the landward side of dunes closest to the coast where they are most sheltered from storms and sand movement. They can sometimes be associated with dunes several kilometres from the sea when these dunes extend inland for long distances.[8]
Webs are typically established in low-growing dune plants and other vegetation such as the native pīngao (Ficinia spiralis) or the introduced marram grass (Ammophila arenaria).[11] They may also build their webs under driftwood, stones, or other debris such as empty tin cans or bottles.[12][20] Webs are almost always constructed over open sand and near the ground so as to catch crawling insects for food.[14] Spiders inhabiting dune grasses construct their webs in open spaces between the grass tufts, while spiders inhabiting areas of shrubbery do so on the underside of a plant overhanging open sand.[16] It has been found that these patches of open sand are necessary for katipō to build their webs as plants that envelop sand dunes in dense cover, such as exotic plants like kikuyu or buffalo grass, create an environment unsuitable for web construction.[16] The katipō therefore prefers to spin its web amongst pīngao plants as this plant's growth pattern leaves patches of sand between each plant. The wind can then blow insects and other prey through these gaps and into the web. Marram grass has been extensively planted in New Zealand to help stabilise sand dunes and has largely replaced pīngao in many areas. Because marram grass grows in a very tight formation only leaving small gaps between tuffs, this makes it difficult for the katipō to construct a suitable web for capturing prey.[11][14]
Like other theridiid spiders, the web is a disorganised, irregular tangle of fine textured silk. It is hammock-shaped and is made up of opaque yellowish-white silk.[15] The web consists of a broad base with many supporting threads above and below, including a number of sticky guy lines anchored to debris in the sand. A cone-shaped retreat is built in the lower part of the web,[14] although the katipō can normally be found near the main body of the web.[11] The plants it builds its web in provide support and shelter for the nest.[14]
The katipō is endemic to New Zealand.[11] In the North Island it is found along the West Coast from Wellington to North Cape. On the east coast of the North Island it occurs irregularly, however, it is abundant on Great Barrier Island. In the South Island it is found in coastal regions south to Dunedin on the east coast and south to Greymouth on the west coast.[8][19] This southern limit is due to the katipō needing temperatures higher than about 17 °C (63 °F) to be maintained during the development of their eggs – in the southern areas of New Zealand it is typically colder than this.[14]
The red katipō is found south of approximately 39°15′ S (the western tip of Taranaki on the west coast, and just north of Waipatiki Beach in Hawke's Bay on the east coast). The black katipō is found north of approximately 38° S (Aotea Harbour, just north of Kawhia on the west coast, and Waipiro Bay and just south of the Bay of Plenty on the east coast). Both forms are found in the area in between these latitudes.[5]
The katipō typically catches wandering ground invertebrates such as beetles (e.g. Cecyropa modesta) or amphipods (e.g. Bellorchestia quoyana), but it may occasionally catch moths, flies, and other spiders.[11][14][23] Katipō can catch insects much larger than themselves. These larger insects often become entangled in the web and in the ensuing struggle, the web's ground anchor line breaks. The silk's elasticity causes the prey to become suspended a few centimetres off the ground. The katipō then moves to the prey, turns so that the spinnerets are facing the insect and spins silk over it. Like most theridiids, the tarsi of the hind legs have a row of strong curved bristles which are arranged as a comb. The katipō uses these to scoop sticky silk from its spinnerets and throws it over the insect with a series of rapid movements.[7] After the insect is firmly immobilised, the spider bites it several times, usually at the joints, before spinning more silk to strengthen the web, and then administering a last long bite which ultimately kills the insect. The spider then moves the prey up into the web until it is ready to eat. If food is readily available then it is common to see five or six insects hanging in the web waiting to be ingested. The male's hunting behaviour is similar to the female's, although may not be as vigourous due to its smaller size.[14]
The male wanders as an adult and in August or September goes looking for the females' webs to mate. The male will enter the female's web and vibrate the silk as he approaches her. The female is usually aggressive at first and will chase the male from the web. The courtship process consists of the male bobbing, plucking and tweaking the web along with periods of cautious approach and being chased by the female. Eventually, when she becomes docile and allows him to approach, the male will then approach the female as she hangs quietly upside down in the web. The male moves onto her ventral abdomen, tapping her rapidly until she moves to align his abdomen above hers. He then inserts his palps one at a time, leaving the female between each insertion. Copulation occurs over 10 to 30 minutes.[14] After mating, the male retreats to groom, which is performed by running his palps and legs through his fangs and wiping them over his body. The male is not eaten by the female unlike some other widow spiders.[14]
The females lay their eggs in November or December.[11] The eggs are round, about the size of a mustard seed, and are a transparent, purplish red. They are held together in a cream-coloured, round, ball shaped egg sac which is about 12 millimetres (0.47 in) in diameter. The female constructs five or six egg sacs over the next three to four weeks. Each egg sac contains about 70 to 90 fertilised eggs. The egg sacs are hung in the centre of the spider's web and the female spins more silk over them.[11][14] Over time, the exterior of the egg sac may become covered with sand.[9] After six weeks of incubation, during January and February, the spiderlings hatch.[11] The young spiders then disperse from the web. Little is known about the dispersal mechanism that the spiderlings use to move away from the nest. In one study, observing spiders over 24 hours, 28% used a ballooning method, which is where the young spiders use air currents to carry themselves away from the nest suspended by a single web strand, while the majority, 61%, used a bridging method where the spiderling uses its silk to move to nearby plants, and 11% still remained in the nest. The young spiderlings reach full maturity the following spring.[11]
The close relationship between the katipō and redback is shown when mating. A male redback is able to successfully mate with a female katipō producing hybrid offspring. However, a male katipō cannot mate with the female redback as the male katipō is heavier than the male redback, and when it approaches the web it triggers a predatory response in the female leading to the male being eaten before mating occurs.[11] There is evidence of interbreeding between katipō and redbacks in the wild.[5]
The katipō has only one known direct predator: a small, undescribed native wasp from the family Ichneumonidae has been observed feeding on katipō eggs.[8]
The katipō is an endangered species and has recently become threatened with extinction.[11] It is estimated that there are only a few thousand katipō left in about 50 areas in the North Island and eight areas in the South Island, making it rarer than some species of kiwi.[24][25] A number of factors have contributed to its decline; the major ones appear to be loss of habitat and the declining quality of the remaining habitat.[8] Human interference with their natural habitat has been occurring for over a century following European settlement. Coastal dune modification resulting from agriculture, forestry, or urban development, along with recreational activities like the use of beach buggies, off-road vehicles, beach horse riding and driftwood collection have destroyed or changed areas where katipō lives.[8][16][26] The introduction of many invasive exotic plants has also contributed to the decline of suitable habitat.[16]
Foreign spiders have colonised areas where suitable habitat remains. The major coloniser is the South African spider Steatoda capensis. It was first reported in the 1990s and may have displaced the katipō along the west coast of the North Island from Wellington to Whanganui,[11][24] although both the katipō and S. capensis have been found sharing the same dune systems or even co-existing under the same piece of driftwood, suggesting that the two species can co-exist in similar habitats. It is possible that the displacement of the katipō by S. capensis is due to its ability to recolonise areas from which the katipō had been displaced after storms or other dune modifications. Furthermore, S. capensis breeds year-round, produces more offspring and lives in a greater range of habitats which leads to greater pressure on the katipō.[8] S. capensis also belongs to the family Theridiidae and shares many of the katipō's features. It is of similar size, shape, general colouration, but it lacks the red stripe on its back, and may have some red, orange or yellow on its abdomen.[16] Due to these similarities it is commonly known in New Zealand as the "false katipō".[13]
In 2010 the katipō was one of a dozen species of previously unprotected invertebrate given full protection under the 1953 Wildlife Act, noted as "iconic, vulnerable to harm, and in serious decline". Under the Act, killing an absolutely-protected species such as a katipō is punishable by a fine or even imprisonment.[27]
The katipō has venom that is medically significant in humans, although bites are rare.[20] The incidence of bites is low as it is a shy, non-aggressive spider. Their narrow range, diminishing population, and human awareness of where they live means humans rarely encounter katipō.[18] The katipō will only bite as a last resort; if molested, the spider will usually fold up into a ball and drop to the ground or retreat to the nearest cover. If the threat continues, the spider may throw out silk against the interference. When restrained in any way or held against skin, such as if tangled up in clothing, the spider will then bite defensively. However, if the female is with an egg sac it will remain close by it and sometimes move offensively to bite any threat.[10]
Bites from katipō spiders produce a syndrome known as latrodectism.[18] The venoms of all Latrodectus spiders are thought to contain similar components with the neurotoxin α-latrotoxin being the main agent responsible.[28][29] Most bites are caused by female spiders; the male katipō was considered too small to cause systemic envenoming in humans.[10] However, bites from male redback spiders have been reported, suggesting male Latrodectus spiders can cause envenoming in humans. Bites by male spiders are much rarer than those by females, perhaps due to their smaller jaws rather than lacking venom of similar potency to females or being unable to administer an effective bite.[30] Māori legends recall many deaths, the last of which appears to have been a Māori girl who – according to the missionary Thomas Chapman – died in approximately 1849.[31] While there were reports of severe katipō bites in 19th or early 20th century records,[10] no other fatalities from spider bites have since been reported in New Zealand.[32] The most recent fatality seems to have been in 1901, as reported in the Evening Post on 25 September of that year: "AUCKLAND, This Day. Mr. George Twidle, aged 47, son of Mr. George Twidle of Pukekohe, was bitten by a katipo spider on 16 September. His arm swelled, and he suffered great pain till Saturday last, when he died. He leaves a widow and several children."[33] The most recent reported katipō bites (as of 2016) were to a Canadian tourist in 2010[34] and a kayaker in 2012.[35]
The clinical features of latrodectism are similar for all species of Latrodectus spiders. It is generally characterised by extreme pain.[10][30] Initially, the bite may be painful, but sometimes only feels like a pin prick or mild burning sensation. Within an hour victims generally develop more severe local pain with local sweating and sometimes piloerection (goosebumps). Pain, swelling and redness spread proximally from the site. Less commonly, systemic envenoming is heralded by swollen or tender regional lymph nodes; associated features include malaise, nausea, vomiting, abdominal or chest pain, generalised sweating, headache, fever, hypertension and tremor.[30][36] Rare complications include seizure, coma, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure or localised skin infection.[37] The duration of effects can range from a few hours to days, with severe pain persisting for over 24 hours after being bitten in some cases.[38][39]
Treatment is based on the severity of the bite; the majority of cases do not require medical care, and patients with localised pain, swelling and redness usually only require local application of ice and routine analgesics. Hospital assessment is recommended if simple analgesia does not resolve local pain or clinical features of systemic envenoming occur.[40][41] In more severe bites, redback antivenom can be given.[18] Redback antivenom can also cross-neutralise katipō venom,[42] and it is used to treat envenoming from Latrodectus katipo in New Zealand.[18][29] It is available from most major New Zealand hospitals.[12] Antivenom will usually relieve the symptoms of systemic envenoming and is indicated in anyone suffering symptoms consistent with Latrodectus envenoming. Unlike some other antivenoms, it is not limited to patients with signs of severe, systemic envenoming.[29] Particular indications for using antivenom are local then generalised pain, sweating or hypertension.[43] However, good evidence to support the effectiveness of widow spider antivenoms is lacking and studies have cast some doubt on the efficacy of antivenoms in latrodectism.[30][44] Pain relief agents, such as parenteral opiates, or benzodiazepines may be required as adjunct agents.[18][39]
The katipō (Latrodectus katipo) is an endangered species of spider native to New Zealand. It is one of many species in the genus Latrodectus, such as the Australian redback (L. hasseltii), and the North American black widow. The species is venomous to humans, capable of delivering a potentially dangerous bite. It is a small to medium-sized spider, with the female having a round black or brown pea-sized body. Red katipō females found in the South Island and the lower half of the North Island, are always black, and their abdomen has a distinctive red stripe bordered in white. In black katipō females found in the upper half of the North Island, this stripe is absent, pale, yellow, or replaced with cream-coloured blotches. These two forms were previously thought to be separate species. The male is much smaller than the female and quite different in appearance: white with black stripes and red diamond-shaped markings. Katipō are mainly found living in sand dunes close to the seashore. They are found throughout most of coastal New Zealand except the far south and west. Katipō feed mainly on ground dwelling insects, caught in an irregular tangled web spun amongst dune plants or other debris.
After mating in August or September, the female katipō produces five or six egg sacs in November or December. The spiderlings hatch during January and February and disperse into surrounding plants. Due to habitat loss and colonisation of their natural habitat by other exotic spiders, the katipō is threatened with extinction.
A katipō bite produces the toxic syndrome latrodectism; symptoms include extreme pain and, potentially, hypertension, seizure, or coma. Bites are rare, an antivenom is available, and no deaths have been reported since 1901. The katipō is particularly notable in New Zealand as the nation is almost entirely devoid of dangerous native wildlife; this unique status means the spider is well known, despite being rarely seen.
Latrodectus katipo est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Theridiidae[1].
Cette espèce est endémique de Nouvelle-Zélande[1].
Cette espèce vit dans les dunes et sur les plages[2] sous des morceaux de bois.
Le mâle de cette araignée est beaucoup plus petit que la femelle.
Une morsure de Latrodectus katipo produit un syndrome toxique latrodectisme comprenant des douleurs extrêmes et les effets potentiellement systémiques, comme hypertension, convulsions ou coma. Les morsures sont rares et les décès n'ont pas été signalés depuis le XVIIIe siècle. Un sérum antivenimeux est disponible en Nouvelle-Zélande pour le traitement. Le katipo est particulièrement célèbre en Nouvelle-Zélande, la nation étant presque entièrement dépourvue de dangereux animaux sauvages indigènes, malgré ses rares observations[2].
Arthur Urquhart a décrit divers spécimens de cette espèce sous les noms Theridion melanozantha pour les mâles en 1887[3] et Theridium zebrinia pour les femelles et Latrodectus katipo atritus pour les femelles noires en 1890[4]. Elles ont été placées en synonymie par Vink, Sirvid, Malumbres-Olarte, Griffiths, Paquin et Paterson en 2008[5].
Latrodectus atritus, considérée comme une espèce valide par Forster en 1995[6] ne se distinguait que par sa couleur noire, mais Vink et al. ont démontré que la couleur de l'araignée dépend de la température moyenne du lieu.
Son nom spécifique katipo est l'appellation māori de l'araignée.
Latrodectus katipo est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Theridiidae.
De katipo-spin of rode katipo (Latrodectus katipo) is een spinnensoort uit de familie kogelspinnen (Theridiidae). De katipo-spin is een giftige spin die endemisch is in Nieuw-Zeeland. De spin is familie van de Australische roodrugspin en de beruchte Noord-Amerikaanse zwarte weduwe, alle leden van het geslacht weduwen (Latrodectus), dat met circa 60 soorten wereldwijd voorkomt en volledig uit giftige spinnensoorten bestaat.
De naam katipo-spin betekent vrij vertaald nachtbijter, afgeleid van de Maori-woorden kakati (steken, bijten) en po (nacht).
Katipo's zijn kleine tot middelmatig grote spinnen. Een volwassen vrouwtje heeft een bolvormig abdomen dat qua grootte vergelijkbaar is met een erwt. Het abdomen is zwart en heeft een duidelijke, wit-omlijnde rode streep die tot aan het achtereind loopt.
Zowel de jongen als het mannetje zijn kleiner van formaat en hebben een lichtere kleur zwart dan het vrouwtje. Beide hebben witte haren die bij verharing worden vervangen door zwarte haren. Mannetjes worden niet veel groter dan een gemiddeld onvolwassen exemplaar.
De katipo-spin of rode katipo (Latrodectus katipo) is een spinnensoort uit de familie kogelspinnen (Theridiidae). De katipo-spin is een giftige spin die endemisch is in Nieuw-Zeeland. De spin is familie van de Australische roodrugspin en de beruchte Noord-Amerikaanse zwarte weduwe, alle leden van het geslacht weduwen (Latrodectus), dat met circa 60 soorten wereldwijd voorkomt en volledig uit giftige spinnensoorten bestaat.
Systematyka Domena eukarionty Królestwo zwierzęta Typ stawonogi Podtyp szczękoczułkowce Gromada pajęczaki Rząd pająki Rodzina omatnikowate Rodzaj Latrodectus Gatunek Latrodectus katipo Katipo (Latrodectus katipo) - pająk z rodziny omatnikowatych (Theridiidae). Długość jego ciała wynosi ok. 1 cm, ma kulisty czarny odwłok z czerwono-złotym wzorem. Jego jad może być śmiertelny dla człowieka, jednak po XVIII wieku nie stwierdzono przypadków śmiertelnych. Na jad tego pająka jest dostępna antytoksyna. Katipo jest zagrożonym gatunkiem. Jest to gatunek endemiczny, występuje wyłącznie na terenie Nowej Zelandii.
Katipo (Latrodectus katipo) - pająk z rodziny omatnikowatych (Theridiidae). Długość jego ciała wynosi ok. 1 cm, ma kulisty czarny odwłok z czerwono-złotym wzorem. Jego jad może być śmiertelny dla człowieka, jednak po XVIII wieku nie stwierdzono przypadków śmiertelnych. Na jad tego pająka jest dostępna antytoksyna. Katipo jest zagrożonym gatunkiem. Jest to gatunek endemiczny, występuje wyłącznie na terenie Nowej Zelandii.
Latrodectus katipo (thường được gọi ngắn là katipo) là một loài nhện nguy cấp có nguồn gốc từ New Zealand. Một thành viên của chi Latrodectus, nó có liên quan để nhện lưng đỏ Úc, và nhện quả phụ Bắc Mỹ đen. Đây là loài có thể gây độc cho con người, với vết cắn tương đối nguy hiểm. Katipo là một tên Māori và có nghĩa là "loài chích đêm".
Nó là một con nhện nhỏ để vừa với con cái có một cơ thể đặc biệt màu đen với sọc màu đỏ viền trắng trên lưng. Con đực có kích thước nhỏ hơn nhiều so với con cái và khá khác nhau về hình dạng, màu trắng với sọc màu đen và đỏ kim cương đánh dấu hình. Katipo có một môi trường sống thu hẹp, chỉ được tìm thấy sống trong những cồn cát gần bờ biển. Chúng bao gồm hầu khắp các vùng ven biển New Zealand, nhưng không được tìm thấy tại khu vực phía nam. Chúng dệt mạng nhẹn lộn xộn bất thường giữa các cây cồn cát và các mảnh vụn khác, chúng ăn chủ yếu là về côn trùng ở mặt đất.
Sau khi giao phối vào tháng 8 hoặc tháng 9, con cái đẻ năm hoặc sáu túi trứng trong tháng 11 hoặc tháng 12. Trứng nở vào tháng 1 và tháng 2 và con non phân tán vào các nhà máy xung quanh. Do mất nơi sống và thực dân hoá của môi trường sống tự nhiên bởi những con nhện kỳ lạ khác, katipo đang phải đối mặt với nguy cơ tuyệt chủng.
Một vết cắn từ katipo tạo ra một hội chứng độc hại được biết đến như latrodectism. Các triệu chứng bao gồm đau đớn cùng cực và hiệu ứng có khả năng hệ thống, chẳng hạn như tăng huyết áp, co giật hoặc hôn mê. Ít có vụ bị nhện cắn và không có ca tử vong được báo cáo từ thế kỷ 19. Thuốc chống nọc đọc hiện có sẵn tại New Zealand để điều trị. Katipo là đặc biệt đáng chú ý ở New Zealand là quốc gia gần như hoàn toàn không có động vật hoang dã có nguồn gốc nguy hiểm. Tình trạng độc đáo này đã dẫn đến con nhện trở thành nổi tiếng[2], mặc dù rất hiếm khi bắt gặp nó[3].
|month= bị phản đối (trợ giúp) Phương tiện liên quan tới Latrodectus katipo tại Wikimedia Commons
Bài viết về họ nhện Theridiidae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Latrodectus katipo (thường được gọi ngắn là katipo) là một loài nhện nguy cấp có nguồn gốc từ New Zealand. Một thành viên của chi Latrodectus, nó có liên quan để nhện lưng đỏ Úc, và nhện quả phụ Bắc Mỹ đen. Đây là loài có thể gây độc cho con người, với vết cắn tương đối nguy hiểm. Katipo là một tên Māori và có nghĩa là "loài chích đêm".
Латинское название Latrodectus katipo Powell, 1870 ITIS 859136 NCBI 256738
Latrodectus katipo (лат.) — вид пауков из рода чёрных вдов семейства пауков-тенетников, находящийся на грани вымирания. Родственный вид Latrodectus hasselti.
Укус ядовит и яд является опасным для человека. Слово «katipo» в переводе с языка маори означает «жалящий ночью».
Это маленький или средних размеров паук, самка которого окрашена в характерно для рода чёрный цвет с красной полоской на спинке, которая в свою очередь окаймлена белой линией вдоль брюшка. Севернее 39°15' ю. ш. самки вообще не имеют рисунка, а полностью чёрного цвета. Latrodectus katipo живёт в укрытиях, населяя песчаные дюны близ морских берегов.
Распространены по берегам Новой Зеландии, но не встречаются в самых южных областях.
Плетут прерывистые треугольные паутины среди растительности дюн и других дебрей. Охотятся на живущих в песках насекомых.
Это заготовка статьи о паукообразных. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её. 卡提波蜘蛛，學名Latrodectus katipo，是一種紐西蘭獨有的、毒性極強的蜘蛛，與著名的黑寡婦蜘蛛同屬。
維基物種中有關卡提波蜘蛛的數據
維基共享資源中有關Latrodectus katipo的多媒體資源
