Comments
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من eFloras
The only unique populations in this species come from coastal Alaska (A. S. Harris 1965; C. J. Heusser 1954). They are found at lower elevations (0--900 m) and appear to be isolated with no reported introgression between them and the coastal mountain populations. The population on the Prince of Wales Island has distinct terpene patterns and needs morphological and developmental studies to see if these patterns contrast with neighboring populations.
The only unique populations in this species come from coastal Alaska (A. S. Harris 1965; C. J. Heusser 1954). They are found at lower elevations (0--900 m) and appear to be isolated with no reported introgression between them and the coastal mountain populations. The population on the Prince of Wales Island has distinct terpene patterns and needs morphological and developmental studies to see if these patterns contrast with neighboring populations.
Through central British Columbia and northern Washington, Abies lasiocarpa introgresses with A . bifolia . These trees may have morphologic features resembling either species and may have intermediate terpene patterns; they are best classified as interior subalpine fir ( A . bifolia ´ lasiocarpa ). At the southern end of its range, A . lasiocarpa possibly hybridizes with A . procera (R.S. Hunt and E.von Rudloff 1979). Abies lasiocarpa shares with A . procera a red periderm, crystals in the ray parenchyma (R.W. Kennedy et al. 1968), and reflexed tips of the bracts, features not shared with A . bifolia .
Abies lasiocarpa usually exists in small stands at high elevations and is not often observed. Its differences in comparison to A . bifolia have prompted studies (W.H. Parker et al. 1979) to see if it is A . bifolia introgressed with the sympatric A . amabilis . Abies lasiocarpa and A . amabilis , however, are separated by many morphologic features, and no hybrids have been found (W.H. Parker et al. 1979).
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من eFloras
Trees to 20m; trunk to 0.8m diam.; crown spirelike. Bark gray, thin, smooth, furrowed in age. Branches stiff, straight; twigs opposite to whorled, greenish gray to light brown, bark splitting as early as 2 years to reveal red-brown layer, somewhat pubescent; fresh leaf scars with red periderm. Buds hidden by leaves or exposed, tan to dark brown, nearly globose, small, resinous, apex rounded; basal scales short, broad, equilaterally triangular, glabrous or with a few trichomes at base, not resinous, margins crenate to dentate, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 1.8--3.1cm ´ 1.5--2mm, spiraled, turned upward, flexible; cross section flat, prominently grooved adaxially; odor sharp (ß-phellandrene); abaxial surface with 4--5 stomatal rows on each side of midrib; adaxial surface bluish green, very glaucous, with 4--6 stomatal rows at midleaf, rows usually continuous to leaf base; apex prominently or weakly notched to rounded; resin canals large, ± median, away from margins and midway between abaxial and adaxial epidermal layers. Pollen cones at pollination ± purple to purplish green. Seed cones cylindric, 6--12 ´ 2--4cm, dark purple, sessile, apex rounded; scales ca. 1.5 ´ 1.7cm, densely pubescent; bracts included (specimens with exserted, reflexed bracts are insect infested). Seeds 6 ´ 2mm, body brown; wing about 1.5 times as long as body, light brown; cotyledon number 4--5. 2 n =24.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من eFloras
B.C., Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Oreg., Wash.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من eFloras
Coastal, subalpine coniferous forests; 1100--2300m.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من eFloras
Pinus lasiocarpa Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 163. 1838
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
prescribed fireFor further information on subalpine fir response to fire, see
Fire Case Studies. Hamilton's
Research Project Summary and Research Papers
(
Hamilton 2006a,
Hamilton 2006b)provide information on prescribed fire and
postfire response of plant community species, including subalpine fir,
that was not available when this species review was originally written.
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Common Names
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
subalpine fir
alpine fir
western balsam fir
balsam
white balsam
balsam fir
white fir
Rocky Mountain fir
pino real blanco
cork-bark fir
corkbark fir
Arizona fir
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Cover Value
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coverBig game: Subalpine fir habitat types provide excellent hiding cover
for deer, elk, mountain goats, moose, and bear [
10,
113]. Certain low
elevation subalpine fir forests may be used by elk during calving, and
high elevation subalpine fir forests by bighorn sheep during lambing and
lamb rearing [
113]. Dense stands provide cool summertime shade for big
game animals [
71]. In Yellowstone National Park, grizzly bear daybeds
are often found in subalpine fir stands [
19].
Small mammals and birds: Small subalpine firs provide good year-round
hiding cover. Dense thickets of small trees are often nearly
impenetrable and provide hiding places for small mammals such as
snowshoe hares and porcupines [
13,
71]. Blue grouse often overwinter in
subalpine trees and rely almost exclusively on them for escape cover
[
103]. Subalpine fir snags are used by numerous cavity-nesting birds,
but are generally less preferred than those of associated conifers
[
105].
The degree to which subalpine fir provides environmental protection
during one or more seasons for wildlife species is as follows [
30]:
CO MT WY UT
Pronghorn ---- ---- poor poor
Elk good fair good good
Mule deer good fair good good
White-tailed deer ---- ---- poor ----
Small mammals good good good good
Small nongame birds good fair good good
Upland game birds good good good fair
Waterfowl ---- ---- poor poor
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
monoecious,
treeSubalpine fir is a native, coniferous, evergreen tree. It is the
smallest of the eight species of fir native to the western United
States. Five growth forms, each apparently an adaptation to a
particular environment, are described below [
9,
54]:
1. The typical form is found throughout much of the subalpine zone.
These trees have an extremely narrow and dense crown with short
branches. Trees growing in openings retain their lower branches, which
often droop and extend down to the ground. Trees growing in the
overstory may be clear of lower branches for 20 to 30 percent of the
tree's height.
2. A somewhat broad-crowned, bullet-shaped tree is more typical of
older specimens and drier climates.
3. A mature tree with a layered apron is occasionally found in some
areas.
4. A flag form tree often occurs at timberline. These individuals are
characterized by an upright trunk that extends above a krummholzlike
mat. Branches on the trunk generally grow only along the leeward side
of the trunk, giving the plant a flaglike appearance.
5. The krummholz form is typical of alpine areas above timberline. In
these areas, because of cold temperatures and severe winds, subalpine
fir grows in dwarfed, shrubby mats along the ground, and is often much
broader than it is tall.
The typical form often grows to heights of 60 to 100 feet (18-30 m), and
trunk diameters reach 18 to 24 inches (46-61 cm) [
39]. Trees up to 130
feet (40 m) tall and 30 inches (76 cm) in diameter have been found but
are rare [
39]. Subalpine fir grows very slowly; 150- to 200-year-old
trees are usually only 10 to 20 inches (25-50 cm) in diameter [
39].
Trees seldom live more than 250 years because they are very susceptible
to heart rots [
9].
Needles are blunt tipped, flattened, and 1 to 1.2 inches (2.5-3 cm) long
[
25,
57]. Bark on young trees is thin, gray, and smooth, with numerous
resin vesicles; on older trees it is shallowly fissured and scaly [
9].
Corkbark fir is generally recognized by its creamy-white, thick, corky
bark [
25]. The root system generally is shallow but under favorable
conditions may develop relatively deep laterals [
9].
Subalpine fir is monoecious. Single or small bunches of erect female
cones occur in the upper part of the crown on the upper side of young
branches. Dense clusters of the smaller male cones occur lower on the
crown on the underside of 1-year-old twigs. Subalpine fir seeds are
0.23 to 0.28 inch (6-7 mm) long and have broad wings about 0.4 inch (1
cm) long [
25,
121]. Corkbark fir seeds are about 70 percent larger than
subalpine fir seeds [
39].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Subalpine fir is the mostly widely distributed fir in North America,
spanning more than 32 degrees of latitude [
11]. It occurs chiefly in
mountainous areas from the Yukon interior near treeline and along the
coast of southeastern Alaska south through western Alberta and British
Columbia to southern Colorado and scattered mountain ranges of Arizona
and New Mexico [
54,
75]. In the western portion of its range, subalpine
fir does not occur along the western slope of the Coast Range in
southern British Columbia or along the Coast Ranges of Washington and
Oregon but does occur on Vancouver Island and in the Olympic Mountains
of Washington [
11]. It occurs on both slopes of the Cascade Mountains
as far south as southern Oregon [
11]. The two varieties are distributed
as follows [
11,
75]:
A. l. var. lasiocarpa (typical variety) - almost the same as the species,
but not in central and southeastern Arizona.
A. l. var. arizonica - from central Colorado to southwestern New Mexico, and
in southeastern and central Arizona.
Subalpine fir and corkbark fir occur together in scattered mountain
ranges in southwestern Colorado, northern, western, and southwestern New
Mexico, and in the high mountains of Arizona [
11].
Distributions of corkbark fir (A) and the typical variety (B). Maps courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The
PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [
117] [2018, March 22].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
crown fire,
fire regime,
forest,
frequency,
fuel,
lichens,
treePlant adaptations to fire: Subalpine fir is very fire sensitive and
generally suffers high mortality even from low intensity fires. It
relies on wind-dispersed seeds which readily germinate on fire-prepared
seedbeds to colonize burned areas. The occasional mature tree which
survives fire, those escaping fire in small, unburned pockets, and trees
adjacent to burned areas provide seeds to colonize burned sites. In
subalpine habitats, scattered subalpine fir trees often escape fire
because of discontinuous fuels, broken and rocky terrain, and the moist
and cool environment [
78,
87,
91].
Fire regime: Subalpine fir habitat types vary from cold and wet at
higher elevations to warm and moist or cool and dry at lower elevations.
This environmental gradient influences the mean fire return interval
(MFRI). Relatively dry lower elevation subalpine fir habitat types have
more frequent and less intense fires than moist middle and upper
elevation subalpine fir habitat types [
12,
91]. Such forests in the
Bitterroot National Forest in Montana have a MFRI of 17 to 28 years
[
14]. Fires at this frequency kill subalpine fir and keep these forests
dominated by seral conifers such as lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, or
western larch. Moist, middle and upper elevation subalpine fir habitat
types, however, generally experience high intensity stand-replacing
fires at intervals of 100 years or more. Mean fire return intervals for
middle and upper elevation subalpine fir habitat types in several areas
are presented below:
Location Community dominants MFRI Reference
(years)
Kananaskis Park, AB subalpine fir, spruce, 90 [
12]
lodgepole pine
northern Cascades, WA subalpine fir 154 [
2]
northern Cascades, WA subalpine fir-lodgepole pine 109 [
2]
Olympic NP, WA subalpine fir 150 [
116]
Yellowstone NP, WY subalpine fir 300-350 [
98]
Coram Exp. Forest, nw MT western larch, Douglas-fir, 117-146 [
129]
lodgepole pine, subalpine fir
Fuels and fire behavior: The fuel structure in subalpine-fir-dominated
stands promotes highly destructive stand-destroying fires. Fuel loads
in subalpine fir stands are greater than in lower elevation montane
stands because the cool and moist environment slows the decomposition of
organic matter allowing fuels to accumulate more rapidly [
1]. Fuel beds
tend to be irregular, with over twice as much fuel accumulating under
the narrow-crowned trees as between them [
116]. The needles are small
and fine and form a compact fuel bed in which fire spreads slowly [
34].
These concentrated, slow burning fuels frequently produce flames high
enough to reach subalpine fir's low-growing dead branches [
116]. Thus
crowning is common in subalpine fir stands.
Once a crown fire begins, it spreads easily because subalpine fir has a
tendency to grow in dense stands and has highly flammable foliage. A
lightning strike on May 7, 1987, in a subalpine fir-mountain hemlock
stand in Mount Rainier National Park started a crown fire even though
the ground was still partially snow covered. The fire spread slowly
through the tree crowns by (1) igniting lichens draped along the fine
branches, (2) preheating and igniting the foliage, and (3) spreading to
a nearby tree by igniting its lichens [
62].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Subalpine fir is very fire sensitive and is often killed even by surface
fires. Following timber harvest, on sites where subalpine fir is not a
preferred species, light surface fires may be used to kill subalpine
fir and promote the establishment of other conifers [
93].
Fuels remain moist in many high elevation subalpine fir habitat types
during most of the year, leaving only a short time period during certain
years when prescribed burning can take place [
63,
91].
Subalpine fir seeds germinate poorly in soils under burned slash piles
[
130] but readily germinate on mineral soil seedbeds prepared by
broadcast burning [
16,
107].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Implications
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cone,
seedHigh intensity crown fires which are common in subalpine fir forests,
kill all or nearly all seed trees within a burned area. If subalpine
fir is to naturally regenerate on this type of burn, seeds must come
from adjacent unburned stands. Because subalpine fir seeds are
dispersed over relatively short distances, initial seedling
establishment is restricted to the burn's edge. Subalpine fir cone
production can be erratic from year to year, with the best regeneration
occurring during good seed crop years.
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
phanerophyte,
therophyte Undisturbed State: Phanerophyte (mesophanerophyte)
Undisturbed State: Phanerophyte (microphanerophyte)
Undisturbed State: Phanerophyte (nanophanerophyte) Krummholz form
Burned or Clipped State: Therophyte
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
association,
climax,
habitat type,
tundraSubalpine fir is a middle to upper elevation mountain conifer. It
generally occupies sites with a short growing season caused by cold
winters, cool summers, frequent summer frosts, and heavy snowpack. It
forms extensive forests between warm and dry lower elevation forests of
Douglas-fir, white fir (Abies concolor), grand fir, lodgepole pine, or
blue spruce (Picea pungens) and higher elevation alpine tundra
[
23,
29,
112,
125]. At its lower elevational limits, subalpine fir is
often restricted to streambottoms, ravines, frosty basins, or north
exposures. It increasingly occupies westerly and easterly aspects with
increasing elevation and may occupy all aspects at upper timberline
[
23,
91].
Stand condition and associated conifers: Throughout its range,
subalpine fir is most commonly associated with Engelmann spruce. These
two species frequently occur as codominants forming widespread subalpine
forests. In the central and southern Rocky Mountains, Engelmann spruce
commonly makes up 70 percent of overstory trees, with subalpine fir
dominating the understory [
9]. Within spruce-fir forests of this
region, Engelmann spruce tends to be more important at higher elevations
and on wetter sites, while subalpine fir is more abundant on drier lower
elevation sites [
9]. In the northern Rocky Mountains, subalpine fir
typically dominates climax stands, but Engelmann spruce becomes
increasingly important on moist, cool sites [
23,
91]. Other associates
which vary by latitude and elevation are listed below [
39]:
Location Elevation Associates
northern Rocky Mtns low western white pine (Pinus monticola),
Douglas-fir, western larch (Larix
occidentalis), grand fir, western hemlock
(Tsuga heterophylla), western redcedar
(Thuja plicata)
high lodgepole pine, subalpine larch (Larix
lyallii), whitebark pine (Pinus
albicaulis), mountain hemlock
central Rocky Mtns low lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, aspen
(Populus tremuloides), blue spruce
high whitebark pine, limber pine (Pinus
flexilis), bristlecone pine (P. aristata)
southern Rocky Mtns low white fir, Douglas-fir, blue spruce, aspen
high corkbark fir
Cascade Mtns low Pacific silver fir, mountain hemlock,
lodgepole pine
high mountain hemlock, whitebark pine
Understory associates: Understory vegetation is extremely variable,
changing with elevation, exposure, and soil moisture. Habitat type and
plant association guides describe characteristic understory plants for
differing sites.
Elevation: Alexander and others [
11] described the following
elevational ranges for subalpine fir:
Coast Range of southeastern Alaska - subalpine fir is found from sea
level to 3,500 feet (0-1,067 m).
Coast Range and interior plateaus of Yukon Territory and British
Columbia - subalpine fir is found from 2,000 to 5,000 feet (610-1,524
m).
Olympic and Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon - subalpine fir
is generally found from 4,000 to 6,000 feet (1,219-1,829 m), but may be
found as low as 2,000 feet (610 m) along cold streambottoms and on lava
flows, and as high as 8,000 feet (2,438 m) on sheltered slopes.
Rocky Mountains of British Columbia and Alberta south of the Peace River
- subalpine fir is found from 3,000 to 7,000 feet (914-2,134 m) but is
more abundant above 5,000 feet (1,524 m).
Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho and associated ranges of eastern
Oregon and Washington - subalpine fir grows from 2,000 to 11,000 feet
(610-3,353 m) but is most common at 5,000 to 9,000 feet (1,524-2,743 m).
Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado - subalpine fir occurs
from 8,000 to 11,500 feet (2,438-3,506 m) but is most common at 9,000 to
11,000 feet (2,743-3,353 m).
Rocky Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona - subalpine fir occurs from
8,000 to 12,000 feet (2,438-3,658 m) but is usually found on north
slopes from 9,500 to 11,000 feet (2,896-3,353 m).
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
208 Whitebark pine
209 Bristlecone pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
216 Blue spruce
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
253 Black spruce - white spruce
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES44 Alpine
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forest K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
lichenSubalpine fir is one of the least fire-resistant western conifers. It
is very susceptible to fire because it has (1) thin bark that provides
little insulation for the cambium, (2) bark which ignites readily, (3)
shallow roots which are susceptible to soil heating, (4) low-growing
branches, (5) a tendency to grow in dense stands, (6) highly flammable
foliage, and (7) moderate to heavy lichen growth [
37,
111].
Subalpine fir forests are normally subject to highly destructive crown
fires that occur at 100-year or longer intervals. Such fires typically
kill all subalpine fir trees. Subalpine fir is also very susceptible to
surface fires because fine fuels which are often concentrated under
mature trees burn slowly and girdle the thin-barked bole [
34].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cover,
woodlandSubalpine-fir-dominated stands generally do not produce enough forage
for livestock but do provide browse and cover for large and small
wildlife species. Mule deer, elk, moose, woodland caribou, black bear,
and grizzly bear often use subalpine fir habitats as summer range
[
10,
23,
113]]. Subalpine fir forests are generally not suitable winter
range for deer and elk because of heavy snowpack, but some lower
elevation subalpine fir habitat types are used by moose and woodland
caribou during the winter [
23,
61,
89]. Subalpine fir forests support
numerous species of small mammals and birds. The snowshoe hare, flying
squirrel, red squirrel, porcupine, pine marten, fisher, lynx, and
several species of mice, voles, chipmunks, and shrews all inhabit
subalpine fir forests [
26,
104,
113]. Numerous species of birds nest and
feed in subalpine fir forests, including several woodpeckers,
flycatchers, kinglets, nuthatches, juncos, thrushes, chickadees,
crossbills, the pine siskin, owls, and grouse [
104,
113].
The young growth of subalpine fir is sometimes eaten by mule deer, elk,
bighorn sheep, and snowshoe hares, but it is not an important food item.
Subalpine fir comprises only a small portion of the summer diet of
mountain goats but can be a major food source in the winter and spring
[
99]. Throughout much of Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, subalpine fir is
an important winter food of moose [
89]. On moose winter range near
Jackson Hole, Wyoming, an average of 13 to 18 percent of small subalpine
fir trees were browsed by moose, and 44 to 78 percent of the branches on
trees browsed were utilized [
61]. In Yellowstone National Park, grizzly
bears sometimes strip the bark of subalpine fir to feed on the
underlying cambium [
19]. The winter diet of blue grouse consists
primarily of conifer needles. These grouse often winter in subalpine
stands and may feed heavily on the needles and buds of subalpine fir
[
103,
113].
Subalpine fir seeds are eaten by several species of small mammals and
birds. Red squirrels eat seeds from cached subalpine fir cones [
71].
Fir seeds are also eaten by chipmunks and mice. Several birds,
including chickadees, nuthatches, crossbills, the pine siskin, and the
Clark's nutcracker remove and eat the seeds from fir cones [
49,
77].
Because subalpine fir seeds are large, comprising about 26 percent of a
cone's weight, they are an energy-efficient food source for small birds
[
49]. Small birds may make considerable use of fir seeds, but their
foraging is scattered and sporadic throughout subalpine forests [
49].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
climax,
codominant,
forest,
grassland,
series,
shrubland,
woodlandForests in which subalpine fir attains climax dominance or codominance
are widespread throughout the mountains of western North America. The
subalpine fir series generally occupies cold, high elevation mountain
forests. Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) is usually associated
with subalpine fir. It occurs as either a climax codominant or as a
persistent, long-lived seral species in most subalpine fir habitat
types.
Published classification schemes listing subalpine fir as a dominant
part of the vegetation in habitat types (hts), community types (cts),
plant associations (pas), ecosystem associations (eas), site types (sts)
or dominance types (dts) are presented below:
Area Classification Authority
AK: ----- general veg. cts Viereck & Dyrness 1980
AZ: San Francisco forest, alpine &
Peaks RNA meadow cts Rominger & Paulik 1983
AZ, NM: ----- forest & woodland hts Layser & Schubert 1979
Apache, Gila,
Cibola NFs forest hts Fitzhugh & others 1987
s of Mogollon
Rim forest hts Develice & Ludwig 1983b
n AZ, n NM forest hts Larson & Moir 1987
CO: Arapaho &
Roosevelt NFs forest hts Hess & Alexander 1986
Gunnison &
Uncompahgre NFs forest hts Komarkova & others 1988
Routt NF forest hts Hoffman & Alexander 1980
White River- grassland, shrubland,
Arapaho NF & forestland hts Hess & Wasser 1982
White River NF forest hts Hoffman & Alexander 1983
w CO riparian pas Baker 1989a
ID: Sawtooth, White
Cloud, Boulder,
& Pioneer Mtns general veg. cts Schlatterer 1972
c ID forest hts Steele & others 1981
n ID forest hts Cooper & others 1987
se ID aspen cts Mueggler & Campbell 1986
e ID, w WY forest hts Steele & others 1983
MT: ----- forest hts Pfister & others 1977
----- riparian dts Hansen & others 1988
c, e MT riparian cts, hts Hansen & others 1990
nw MT riparian hts, cts Boggs & others 1990
sw MT riparian rst, cts, hts Hansen & others 1989
NM: Cibola NF forest hts Alexander & others 1987
Lincoln NF forest hts Alexander & others 1984
n NM, s CO forest hts Develice & Ludwig 1983a
n NM, s CO forest hts Develice & others 1986
OR: Wallowa-Whitman NF steppe & forest pas Johnson & Simon 1987
Eagle Cap
Wilderness general veg. cts Cole 1982
OR, WA: ----- general veg. cts Franklin & Dyrness 1973
Blue Mtns general veg. pas Hall 1973
UT: ----- aspen cts Mueggler & Campbell 1986
c, s UT forest hts Youngblood & Mauk 1985
n UT forest hts Mauk & Henderson 1984
WA: Okanogan NF forest pas Williams & Lillybridge 1983
Mount Rainier NP forest pas Franklin & others 1988
North Cascades NP forest pas Agee & Kertis 1987
e WA, n ID forest hts, cts Daubenmire & Daubenmire 1968
WY: Bridger-Teton NF aspen cts Youngblood & Mueggler 1981
Medicine NF forest hts Alexander & others 1986
Bighorn Mtns forest hts Hoffman & Alexander 1976
Wind River Mtns forest hts Reed 1976
USFS R-2 general veg. pas Johnston 1987
USFS R-2 general veg. hts,pas Wasser & Hess 1982
USFS R-4 aspen cts Mueggler 1988
w-c AB forest cts Corns 1983
BC: ----- grassland, forest hts McLean 1970
----- general veg. eas Pojar & others 1984
nw BC forest eas Haeussler & others 1985
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
seed,
seed tree,
selection,
tree,
tussock,
woodlandTimber harvest: Shelterwood and individual tree selection silvicultural
methods favor subalpine fir over Engelmann spruce, lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii); clearcutting and
group selection cutting favor subalpine fir over Pacific silver fir
(Abies amabilis), grand fir (A. grandis), and mountain hemlock (Tsuga
mertensiana) where they grow together [
11]. The seed tree method is
generally not used because of the susceptibility of subalpine fir to
windthrow [
11]. In the Rocky Mountains, clearcutting and shelterwood
cutting have been the most commonly used harvesting methods in
old-growth Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir stands because these stands
tend to be even-aged and overmature [
8]. Uneven-aged silviculture can
pose a problem because residual subalpine fir trees damaged during
thinning operations are susceptible to attack by decay fungi.
Silvicultural systems and cutting methods for managing subalpine fir
have been discussed in detail [
7,
8,
9,
11].
Pests and diseases: Subalpine fir is attacked by numerous insects. The
most destructive seem to be the western spruce budworm, western balsam
bark beetle, and balsam woolly aphid [
11]. Subalpine fir is one of the
most common hosts of the western spruce budworm. This pest generally
attacks low and middle elevation subalpine fir forests but is largely
absent from high elevation forests [
21]. The balsam woolly aphid has
virtually eliminated subalpine fir from some stands in the Cascades
[
11]. Other insect pests include the Douglas-fir tussock moth, western
black-headed budworm, and fir engraver beetle.
Subalpine fir is susceptible to annosus root disease, caused by the
fungus Heterobasidion annosum, which results in root and butt decay.
Outbreaks of this disease are often centered around large 20-year-old or
older fir stumps that contain the fungus' fruiting bodies [
102].
Subalpine fir is most seriously affected by this disease in the northern
and central Rocky Mountains [
123], and is affected to a lesser extent in
the Pacific Northwest [
102]. Subalpine fir is susceptible to several
other wood rotting fungi that cause heart, trunk, butt, or root rots,
including brown stringy rot, red heart rot, red ring rot, shoestring
rot, brown cubical rot, white spongy root rot, and white pocket rot
[
39]. Trees weakened by wood rots often become infested by fir engraver
beetles and usually succumb to windfall and breakage [
11]. Fir broom
rust is another common problem in Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir stands
and causes bole deformation, spike tops and wind breakage, and makes
trees more susceptible to decay fungi [
11].
Habitat for threatened and endangered species: Old-growth subalpine fir
stands in northern Idaho may provide critical habitat for woodland
caribou [
23]. Numerous subalpine fir habitat types, especially those
containing huckleberries (Vaccinium spp.), provide critical habitat for
grizzly bears [
127].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Subalpine fir is low in protein value but fair in energy value [
30].
Percent composition of subalpine fir browse collected near Jackson Hole,
Wyoming, was as follows [
61]:
date crude ether crude nitrogen
collected protein extract fiber free extract
11/25 5.57 7.53 20.19 50.26
A study in Montana found the following concentration of elements in
subalpine fir needles and twigs [
110]:
1-yr-old green needles twigs < 0.25 inch (0.64 cm) in diameter
(micrograms/gram [mean]) (micrograms/gram [mean])
Ca 9722 5840
Cu 7.4 7.9
Fe 64 182
K 5553 7031
Mg 819 1038
Mn 1020 587
N 10690 4962
Na 103 124
P 1450 2254
Zn 43 5
(percent [mean]) (percent [mean])
Ash 3.5 3.5
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
AK AZ CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WA
WY AB BC YT
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Subalpine fir is sometimes used as a landscape plant to produce
screenings or windbreaks [
114]. In the Pacific Northwest it is
sometimes transplanted into rock gardens or simulated subalpine settings
[
69].
Native Americans used various parts of subalpine fir for numerous
purposes. A hair tonic was prepared by mixing powdered needles with
deer grease. Finely ground needles were also sprinkled on open cuts.
Sticky resin collected from the bark was boiled and used as an
antiseptic for wounds or as a tea for colds. Boughs were placed in
rooms for their aroma, and pulverized needles were used as a body scent
or as perfume for clothing [
53].
Resin from the bark is used in the optical industry and in laboratories
as a cement for lenses and microscope slides [
71].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
The palatability of subalpine fir to domestic livestock is low [
30].
Its palatability to big game animals is generally low also, but in some
locations it is highly palatable to moose and mountain goats during
winter and spring [
89,
99]. The seeds are palatable to numerous small
mammal species [
77]. Red squirrels generally eat subalpine fir seeds
after other cached conifer seeds have been consumed [
71]. The needles
are highly palatable to blue grouse.
The relish and degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for
subalpine fir in several western states is rated as follows
[
30,
61,
89,
96]:
CO MT WY UT ID
Cattle poor poor poor poor ----
Sheep poor poor poor poor ----
Horses poor poor poor poor ----
Pronghorn ---- ---- poor poor ----
Elk ---- poor poor poor ----
Moose ---- good good ---- fair
Mule deer ---- poor poor poor ----
White-tailed deer ---- ---- poor ---- ----
Small mammals ---- fair fair good ----
Small nongame birds ---- ---- fair good ----
Upland game birds ---- fair fair good ----
Waterfowl ---- ---- poor poor ----
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
cone,
phenology,
seedSubalpine fir requires 2 years to complete its reproductive cycle [
115].
Cones are initiated in the spring of the first year as microscopic
primordia within vegetative buds. Bud differentiation occurs in
midsummer, and separate seed-cone and pollen-cone buds develop until
each becomes dormant in the fall [
115]. During the spring of the second
year, cone buds resume growth and conelets are recognizable in the early
spring. During the second year, reproduction phenology generally
proceeds as follows:
Phenological event Location Timing of event Reference
flowering sw MT, nw WY mid-June - early July
cones full size " late August
seeds dispersed " early Sept - early Oct [
41,
101]
flowering nw MT, n ID mid-June - early July
cones full size " late July - early Aug
seeds dispersed " mid-Sept [
41,
101]
flowering OR late May - early July
seed dispersal " early Oct [
41]
male bud burst Linn, OR early to mid-May
female bud burst " mid to late May
pollen shed " June
seed dispersal begins " early October [
45]
flowering AZ, San Fran.Peaks late June
cone ripening " mid-Sept - early Oct
seed dispersal " late Sept - early Oct [
41]
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cone,
seed,
tree,
wildfireFollowing fire, subalpine fir reestablishes via seeds dispersed by wind
from trees surviving in protected pockets or from trees adjacent to
burned areas. Subalpine fir readily establishes on burned mineral soil
seedbeds [
107]. Ash does not affect germination, but if it is deep, it
can prevent a seedling's roots from reaching mineral soil [
85].
Although seedling establishment is often favored by shade, it will
establish in full sunlight following fire [
87].
The rate of establishment is quite variable, and depends on the
proximity of the seed source (because the heavy seeds are dispersed over
short distances) and seed production during the year of the fire and
immediate postfire years. In general, subalpine fir seedling
establishment is very slow in areas suffering large, continuous crown
fires but is relatively rapid on small burned-over areas where a seed
source is nearby [
90,
124,
128]. Three years after a late August wildfire
in northern Colorado, in a dense, mature stand composed of Engelmann
spruce, subalpine fir, and lodgepole pine, subalpine fir had established
15,200 seedlings per acre (37,500/ha) on small burns that were less than
one-tenth of an acre in size. But on areas within the middle of the
main burn, subalpine fir had established only 12 seedling per acre
(30/ha) 3 years after the fire [
16]. In Colorado, Peet [
90] found a
75-year-old burn that had few conifer seedlings even though an
old-growth subalpine fir-Engelmann spruce stand was 218 yards (200 m)
away.
Reinvasion into large burns is slow because much of the seed source is
destroyed. However, sometimes sporadic survivors provide a limited seed
source so that a small number of seedlings establish quickly following
fire. When this occurs, large quantities of seeds are dispersed several
decades later as the early invading seedlings mature and reach cone
bearing age [
128].
On areas where subalpine fir is abundant and lodgepole pine scarce
before burning, subalpine fir establishes quickly following fire if
sufficient numbers of seed trees survive or are near the burn. However,
if lodgepole pine is present prior to burning, it usually seeds in
aggressively and assumes a dominant role because it quickly overtops any
fir seeding in at the same time [
34]. Subalpine fir can be suppressed
for several decades in seral lodgepole stands which develop following
fire; one-hundred-year-old individuals may be only 3 feet (0.9 m) tall
[
90]. It may take 50 to 150 years after a fire for substantial
subalpine fir establishment under dense lodgepole pine stands
[
18,
109,
128].
In the Olympic Mountains, tree seedling establishment following fires in
closed mountain hemlock-subalpine fir forests was higher during wet
growing seasons than during dry growing seasons. Establishment rates
were higher near the edge of a fire or near survivors than in areas
removed from a seed source [
4]. On many burned areas, subalpine fir did
not establish seedlings for several years because of poor seed crops.
On some burns there was a lag time of 40 to 50 years after fire before
there was substantial seedling establishment. This was a result of
early invading trees maturing and dispersing seeds [
4].
High elevation subalpine fir stands that have burned often remain open
for several decades or more [
18,
31]. The harsh environment near
treeline makes it difficult for tree seedlings to establish and survive
[
18]. Grasses and sedges may form a mat in subalpine meadows which
prevents tree seeds from reaching mineral soil [
109].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
secondary colonizer,
seed crown-stored residual colonizer; short-viability seed in on-site cones
secondary colonizer; off-site seed carried to site after year 2
off-site colonizer; seed carried by wind; postfire years 1 and 2
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
climax,
duff,
forest,
layering,
litter,
natural,
seed,
stratification,
treeCone and seed production: Subalpine fir can begin producing cones when
20 years old and 4 or 5 feet (1.2-1.5 m) tall, but under closed forest
conditions seed production is generally not significant until trees are
older and taller [
11]. Corkbark fir generally does not produce cones
until about 50 years old [
39]. Nearly all cones are produced on the
uppermost part of the crown. Maximum seed production is by dominant
trees between 150 and 200 years old [
39]. Yearly seed production is
very erratic; good seed crops are produced every 3 to 5 years, with
light crops or crop failures in between [
39,
40,
54,
86]. Corkbark fir is
also a poor seed producer, having more crop failure years than good seed
crop years [
9]. Subalpine fir averages 34,800 seeds per pound
(76,700/kg), while corkbark fir seeds average 22,300 per pound
(49,150/kg) [
41].
Seed predation: Insect pests reduce seed yields by feeding on cones and
seeds; however, the magnitude of loss is variable [
11]. Red squirrels
cut and cache large quantities of subalpine fir cones [
9]. After
dispersal, numerous small rodents and birds consume seeds from the
ground.
Dispersal: Mature subalpine and corkbark fir seeds have a large wing
and are dispersed primarily by wind in the fall as cones disintegrate on
the tree. Seeds travel primarily in the direction of prevailing winds,
but upslope drafts can influence dispersal at low and middle elevations
[
9]. Studies in Colorado showed that about one-half of subalpine fir
seeds dispersed into clearcuts fell within 100 feet (30 m) of the
clearcut's windward edge, while the remainder fell within 260 feet (80
m) of the edge [
86]. Some seeds are also dispersed by red squirrels
which cut and cache cones before they disintegrate; seeds commonly
germinate from these middens, forming thickets [
71].
Germination and viability: Seeds overwinter under or in snow. This
cold, moist stratification is required for germination [
41].
Germination begins in the spring a few days after snowmelt and is
usually completed within a few weeks [
9,
106]. Percent germination is
low due to unsound seed; about 31 to 38 percent for subalpine fir and 26
to 33 percent for corkbark fir [
39,
41]. Under natural conditions seeds
remain viable for 1 year [
41]. Stratification procedures for stored
seeds have been described in detail [
41,
74].
Seedling establishment and survival: Seedlings establish best on
mineral soil seedbeds but will also establish on other surfaces
including litter, duff, and decaying wood [
11]. Because Engelmann
spruce requires a mineral soil seedbed, subalpine fir seedlings usually
outnumber spruce seedlings in the understory of spruce-fir stands.
Thus, even though it is short-lived, many ecologists consider subalpine
fir better able to regenerate under climax conditions than Engelmann
spruce. Subalpine fir is very shade tolerant and easily establishes
under a closed canopy. Throughout the Rocky Mountains subalpine fir is
reproducing abundantly under conditions of dense shade and is often
abundant as seedlings and saplings in spruce-fir forests, even where
Engelmann spruce dominates the overstory [
11,
67].
At higher elevations, seedling survival is sometimes greater on duff
seedbeds because the duff helps protect seedlings from high-intensity
summer rain storms and frost heaving [
35]. At lower elevations,
seedling densities are often greater on mineral soils [
35]. In a
spruce-fir forest in southeastern Wyoming, Knapp and Smith [
67] found
that 42 percent of subalpine fir seedlings were on litter deeper than 1
inch (2.5 cm), compared with only 5 percent of Engelmann spruce
seedlings. Subalpine fir is able to establish in duff because of its
rapid root growth. Comparing seedlings grown in a greenhouse, subalpine
fir's taproot length (29 mm) 2 weeks after germination was over 200
percent greater than the taproot length of Engelmann spruce (9.4 mm)
[
67].
Growth: Subalpine fir seedlings grow very slowly. One-year-old
seedlings are frequently less than 1 inch (2.5 cm) tall [
11]. One study
found 15-year-old seedlings averaged only 11 inches (28 cm) in height on
burned-over slopes, 10 inches (25 cm) on cut-over dry slopes, and 6
inches (15 cm) on cut-over wet flats [
11]. Under favorable conditions
trees reach a height of 4 to 5 feet (1.2-1.5 m) in 20 to 40 years [
11].
Under a closed canopy, trees 4 to 6 feet tall (1.2-1.8 m) are often 35
to 50 years old.
Vegetative reproduction: Near timberline subalpine fir frequently
reproduces by layering, probably as a result of heavy snow, wind, and
cold temperatures which restrict growth away from the ground. Layering
often results in clusters of subalpine fir growing near timberline [
13].
Under closed forest canopy, reproduction by layering is negligible.
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Season/Severity Classification
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
fall/severe
Site Description
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
duff,
fuel,
snagThe burned site is a southwest facing gentle slope at an elevation of
5,596 to 5,776 feet (1,706-1,761 m). A total of 27 acres (10.9 ha) were
burned.
Climate: The climate is typical of most areas within the subalpine
zone. The winters are cold and wet and the summers cool and dry. Frost
and freezing temperatures can occur during any month of the year. Over
70 percent of precipitation falls as snow between October and March.
Soil and duff: The two stands have similar soils, but the soil in the
snag area is more fertile and better developed. In both areas soils
are derived from basalt residium, have a clay-loam texture, and average
6 inches (15.2 cm) deep. The effective rooting depth was about 20
inches (51 cm) in the thicket area, and 20 to 40 inches (51-102 cm) in
the snag area. On both areas, duff was generally from 1 to 4 inches
(0.4-1.6 cm) thick. The mean depth of duff was 2.3 inches (5.94 cm) on
the thicket area, and 1.9 inches (4.92 cm) on the snag area.
Fuel loading: Prior to burning, mean fuel loads were as follows:
fuels thicket area snag area
tons/acre tonnes/ha tons/acre tonnes/ha
dead and down wood
0.0-0.25 inch (0.0-0.6 cm) 0.6 1.3 0.9 2.0
0.26-0.99 inch (0.61-2.5 cm) 2.1 4.6 2.9 6.4
1.0-3.0 inches (2.6-7.6 cm) 4.4 9.8 5.1 11.4
> 3.0 inches (7.6 cm) rotten 17.4 38.9 30.9 69.2
> 3.0 inches (7.6 cm) solid 17.0 38.1 50.1 112.2
litter 41.4 92.7 89.8 201.2
duff 32.5 72.8 30.0 67.1
Successional Status
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
climax,
herbaceous,
seed,
severity,
successionIn the Rocky Mountains, subalpine fir is a shade-tolerant climax species
favored by long fire-free intervals. Its seedlings outcompete spruces,
lodgepole pine, and Douglas-fir when light intensities are less than 50
percent of full sunlight, but cannot compete with these conifers under
brighter light [
11]. In Montana and Idaho and in the mountains of
eastern Washington and eastern Oregon, subalpine fir often forms pure
stands at climax, but it may also mix with Engelmann spruce, which,
although considered to be seral to subalpine fir, outlives it and
persists to climax. In the Rocky Mountains north and south of Montana
and Idaho, Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir may codominate at climax
[
11].
Throughout much of the Cascade Mountains subalpine fir grows as a
shade-intolerant, seral species and is gradually replaced by more
shade-tolerant associates such as Pacific silver fir, grand fir, and
mountain hemlock [
43]. It often invades recently disturbed areas with
lodgepole pine. It also pioneers harsh sites on raw geologically young
surfaces such as lava flows and talus slopes and on climatically harsh
sites near timberline [
43].
In areas where subalpine fir is a climax dominant, succession following
disturbance varies depending upon the severity and type of disturbance,
elevation, and the availability of conifer seeds. Subalpine fir may
establish immediately following disturbances if mature trees survive to
provide seeds and seral species such as lodgepole pine and aspen are
scarce. Near treeline, it may take 100 years or more for subalpine fir
to establish seedlings following fire because an increase in herbaceous
species prevents seeds from reaching mineral soil and the harsh climate
kills many seedlings that do establish [
18,
109]. Aspen and lodgepole
pine are the most common seral species. They often form pure stands and
completely dominate low and middle elevation stands within the subalpine
fir zone following large fires [
5,
68]. These species grow rapidly and
quickly overtop any subalpine fir seedlings that may establish at the
same time. Aspen stands can sometimes persist for decades or even
centuries when conifer seed trees are eliminated [
29]. When lodgepole
pine establishes immediately following stand-destroying fires, it often
forms even-aged dense stands that dominate for 100 to 300 years.
Because it is very shade tolerant, subalpine fir eventually establishes
under the pine canopy, usually within 100 years, and attains dominance
as the pine stand begins to break up [
90,
98].
In many of the warmer and lower elevation subalpine fir habitat types,
subalpine fir has not achieved climax dominance because of repeated
fires which favor shade-intolerant seral conifers. Many of these
habitat types are in midsuccessional stages. Lodgepole pine, western
larch, western white pine, or Douglas-fir dominate the overstory, but
subalpine fir seedlings and saplings occur in the understory [
93,
113].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Synonyms
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Abies balsamea ssp. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Boivin
Abies balsamea var. fallax (Engelm.) Boivin
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
The genus Abies consists of about 40 species of evergreen trees found in
the northern hemisphere. Nine species of Abies, including subalpine
fir, are native to the United States [
75]. The currently accepted
scientific name of subalpine fir is Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.
[
75]. Subalpine fir is widely distributed and exhibits geographic
variation. Two varieties are recognized based on morphological
differences [
75]:
Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica, corkbark fir
Abies lasiocarpa var. lasiocarpa, typical variety of subalpine fir
Subalpine fir hybridizes with balsam fir (A. balsamea) where their
ranges overlap in the Canadian Rockies [
41].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
forest,
seed,
treeSubalpine fir can be planted on disturbed sites within forest vegetation
types where it naturally occurs [
92]. It is generally recommended for
cool and moist sites within subalpine areas [
120]. Its erosion control
potential is listed as medium in Utah and Montana, and high in Colorado
[
30]. Because this wide-ranging tree exhibits a large degree of genetic
variation, seed or nursery stock for rehabilitation projects should come
from a local source. Transplanting nursery stock is generally more
successful than direct seeding [
92]. Seedlings exhibit very slow
initial growth and are therefore usually outplanted as 2- to 3-year-old
seedlings [
41]. Wild seedlings may also be transplanted [
120]. A
maximum spacing of 10 x 10 feet (3 x 3 m) has been recommended for
seedlings or transplants [
120]. Methods for collecting, processing,
testing, storing, and planting subalpine fir seeds have been discussed
in detail [
32,
41].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Subalpine fir wood is odorless, light-weight, soft, and low in bending
and compressive strength [
11]. It is easy to work, glues well, and
holds nails and screws fairly well. The wood is primarily used for
products such as lumber for home construction and for prefabricated wood
products [
9]. Subalpine fir has excellent pulping properties [
9]. Use
for poles and pilings requires large amounts of preservatives because
the wood decays rapidly [
108].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
In the Rocky Mountains, subalpine fir is most typically found in mixture
with Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and forms the relatively
stable Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir (Type 206) forest cover type. It is
also found in varying degrees in 16 other cover types (56):
SAF Type No.
Type Name
201
White Spruce
202
White Spruce-Paper Birch
205
Mountain Hemlock
208
Whitebark Pine
209
Bristlecone Pine
210
Interior Douglas-Fir
212
Western Larch
213
Grand Fir
215
Western White Pine
216
Blue Spruce
217
Aspen
218
Lodgepole Pine
219
Limber Pine
223
Sitka Spruce
224
Western Hemlock
226
Coastal True Fir-Hemlock
Differences in elevation and latitude affect temperature and
precipitation, influencing the composition of the forests where subalpine
fir grows (16). In Alaska and the Coast Range of British Columbia south
through the Coast Range of Washington and Oregon, mountain hemlock (Tsuga
mertensiana) is its common associate. In Alaska and northern British
Columbia, Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) mixes with it;
and where it approaches sea level, it mingles with Sitka spruce (Picea
sitchensis). From southern British Columbia southward through much of
the Cascades, Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis), mountain
hemlock, and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) are the most common
associates under closed forest conditions. Major timberline associates are
mountain hemlock and whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis). Engelmann
spruce is not a constant associate of subalpine fir except on the east
slopes of the northern Cascades, and on exceptionally moist, cool habitats
scattered throughout the southern and western Cascades. Engelmann spruce
is a major associate of subalpine fir in the mountains of eastern
Washington and Oregon. Less common associates in the Pacific Northwest
include western hemlock, noble fir (Abies procera), grand fir (Abies
grandis), western white pine (Pinus monticola), western larch
(Larix occidentalis), and alpine larch (Larix Iyallii) (2,9).
From the mountains and interior plateaus of central British Columbia
southward through the Rocky Mountain system, where subalpine fir
frequently extends to timberline, its most constant associate is Engelmann
spruce. Less common associates include: in British Columbia and western
Alberta, white spruce (Picea glauca), balsam poplar (Populus
balsamifera), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), and aspen (Populus
tremuloides); in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho at its lower
limits, western white pine, interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii var. glauca), western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla), western larch, grand fir, and western redcedar (Thuja
plicata); and at higher elevations, lodgepole pine, alpine larch,
mountain hemlock, and whitebark pine. In the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming,
Utah, and Colorado, near its lower limits, associates are lodgepole pine,
interior Douglas-fir, aspen, and blue spruce (Picea pungens); and
at higher elevations, whitebark pine, limber pine (Pinus flexilis),
and bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata); and in the Rocky
Mountains and associated ranges of New Mexico and Arizona, near its lower
limits, white fir (Abies concolor), interior Douglas-fir, blue
spruce, and aspen; and at higher elevations, corkbark fir. Subalpine fir
frequently extends to timberline in the Rocky Mountains. Other species
that accompany it to timberline are whitebark pine, mountain hemlock, and
occasionally Engelmann spruce in the Rocky Mountains north of Utah and
Wyoming; Engelmann spruce in the Rocky Mountains north of Wyoming, Utah,
and Colorado; and Engelmann spruce and corkbark fir in the Rocky Mountains
and associated ranges south of Wyoming and Utah (2,9).
At timberline in the Rocky Mountains, subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce
form a wind Krummholz I to 2 m (3 to 7 ft) high. On gentle slopes below
timberline, subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce, and occasionally lodgepole
pine grow in north-south strips 10 to 50 m (33 to 164 ft) wide and several
hundred meters long approximately at right angles to the direction of
prevailing winds. These strips are separated by moist subalpine meadows 25
to 75 m (82 to 246 ft) wide where deep snow drifts accumulate (14).
Undergrowth vegetation is more variable than tree associates. In the
Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains and associated ranges north of
Utah and Wyoming, common undergrowth species include: Labrador tea (Ledum
glandulosum), Cascades azalea (Rhododendron albiflorum), rusty
skunkbrush (Menziesia ferruginea), woodrush (Luzula
hitchcockii), Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum), twinflower
(Linnaea borealis), dwarf huckleberry (Vaccinium caespitosum)
and blue huckleberry (V. globulare) (cool, moist sites);
queens cup (Clintonia uniflora), twistedstalk (Streptopus
amplexiflolius), and sweetscented bedstraw (Galium triflorum) (warm,
moist sites); grouse whortleberry (V. scoparium), fireweed (Epilobium
angustifolium), mountain gooseberry (Ribes montigenum), heartleaf
arnica (Arnica cordifolia), beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax),
boxleaf myrtle (Pachystima myrsinites), elksedge (Carex
geyeri), and pine grass (Calamagrostis rubescens (cool, dry
sites); creeping juniper (Juniperus communis), white spirea (Spiraea
betulaefolia), Oregongrape (Berberis repens), a mountain
snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus), and big whortleberry (V.
membranaceum) (warm, dry sites); and marsh-marigold (Caltha
biflora), devilsclub (Oplopanax horrida), and bluejoint
reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis) (wet sites) (6,22).
Undergrowth characteristically found in the Rocky Mountains and
associated ranges south of Idaho and Montana includes: mountain bluebells
(Mertensia ciliata) and heartleaf bittercress (Cardamine
cordifolia) (cool, moist sites); thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus)
(warm, moist sites); red buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis),
Oregongrape, creeping juniper, mountain snowberry (warm, dry sites);
and Rocky Mountain whortleberry (V myrtillus), grouse
whortleberry, fireweed, heartleaf arnica, groundsel (Senecio
sanguiosboides), polemonium (Polemonium delicatum), daisy
fleabane (Erigeron eximius), elksedge, boxleaf myrtle, prickly
currant (Ribes lacustre), sidebells pyrola (Pyrola secunda),
and mosses (cool, dry sites) (6).
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Climate
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Subalpine fir grows in the coolest and wettest forested continental area
of western United States (58). Temperatures range from below -45° C
(-50° F) in the winter to more than 32.2° C (90° F) in the
summer. Although widely distributed, subalpine fir grows within a narrow
range of mean temperatures. Mean annual temperatures vary from -3.9°
C (25° F) to 4.4° C (40° F), with a July mean of 7.2°
C to 15.6° C (45° F to 60° F), and a January mean of -15.0°
C to -3.9° C (5° F to 25° F) (10,26,47) (table 1). Average
precipitation exceeds 61 cm (24 in), much of which falls as snow. More
than half the precipitation occurs from late fall to late winter in the
Pacific Northwest and west of the Continental Divide in the Rocky
Mountains north of Utah and Wyoming. East of the Divide, in the Rocky
Mountains north of New Mexico and Arizona, the heaviest precipitation
comes in late winter and early spring. In the Rocky Mountains and
associated ranges in Arizona and New Mexico, most precipitation comes
during late summer and early fall (5,10,58). However, cool summers, cold
winters, and deep winter snowpacks are more important than total
precipitation in differentiating where subalpine fir grows in relation to
other species.
Table 1- Climatological data for four regional
subdivisions within the range of subalpine fir.
Average
temperature
Frost
each period
Location
Annual
July
January
Annual
Precip.
Annual
snowfall
°C
°F
°C
°F
°C
°F
cm
in
cm
in
days
Pacific Northwest
-1 to 4
30-35
7-13
45-55
-9 to -4
15-25
61-254+
24-100+
1524+
600+
30-60
U.S. Rocky Mountains
Northern¹
-4 to 2
25-35
7-13
45-55
-15 to -9
5-15
61-152
24-60
635+
250+
30*-60
Central²
-1 to 2
30-35
10-13
50-55
-12 to -9
10-15
61-140
24-55
381-889+
150-350+
30*-60
Southern³
-1 to 4
30-40
10-16
50-60
-9 to -7
15-20
61-102+
24-40+
508
200+
30*-75
¹Includes the
Rocky Mountains north of Wyoming and Utah, and associated ranges in
eastern Washington and Oregon.
²Includes the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Wyoming and Utah.
³Includes the Rocky Mountains and associated ranges of New
Mexico and Arizona, and the plateaus of southern Utah.
*Frost may occur any month of the year.
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Damaging Agents
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Subalpine fir is susceptible to windthrow.
Although, this tendency is generally attributed to a shallow root system,
soil depth, drainage, and stand conditions influence the development of
the root system. The kind and intensity of cutting and topographic
exposure to wind also influence the likelihood of trees being windthrown
(5).
Subalpine fir is attacked by several insects (39). In spruce-fir
forests, the most important insect pests are the western spruce budworm
(Choristoneura occidentalis) and western balsam bark beetle (Dryocoetes
confusus). The silver fir beetle (Pseudohylesinus sericeus) and
the fir engraver (Scolytus ventralis) may at times be destructive
locally (25). In the Cascades, the balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges
piceae), introduced from Europe, is the most destructive insect pest.
This insect has caused significant mortality to subalpine fir, virtually
eliminating it from some stands in Oregon and southern Washington (22).
Fir broom rust (Melampsorella caryophyllacearum) and wood
rotting fungi are responsible for most disease losses (13,29,53).
Important root and butt rots are Gloeocystidiellum citrinum,
Coniophora puteana, Armillaria mellea, Coniophorella olivaea, Polyporus
tomentosus var. circinatus, and Pholiota squarrose. Important
trunk rots are Haematostereum sanguinolentum, Phellinus pini, and
Amylostereum chailletii. Wood rots and broom rust weaken affected
trees and predispose them to windthrow and windbreak (5).
Subalpine fir bark is thin, especially on young trees, and lower limbs
persist after death (9). These characteristics make subalpine fir
susceptible to death or severe injury from fire.
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Flowering and Fruiting
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Subalpine fir flowers are monoecious.
Male flowers, usually abundant, are borne in pendulous clusters from the
axils of the needles on the lower branchlets. Female flowers are fewer,
borne erect and singly on the uppermost branchlets of the crown. Male
flowers ripen, and pollen is wind-disseminated, during late spring and
early summer. Cones are indigo blue when they open in mid-August to
mid-October. Seed ripens from mid-September to late-October (45,60).
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Genetics
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Population Differences
Information on subalpine fir population differences is virtually
nonexistent. Undoubtedly, any species with the range in elevation and
latitude of subalpine fir will exhibit differences in growth, phenology,
dormancy, resistance to heat and cold, etc, among different populations.
Races and Hybrids
Corkbark fir is the only recognized natural geographical variety of
subalpine fir (43). Like many species with wide distribution, it has
probably developed unknown races and hybrids, and there is some evidence
that natural introgressive hybridization between subalpine and balsam fir
occurs where they grow together in Canada. Horticultural and ornamental
cultures have been recognized (45). These include:
1. Abies lasiocarpa cv beissneri a dwarf tree bearing
distorted branches and twisted needles.
2. A. 1. cv coerulescens a beautiful tree with
specially intensive bluish needles.
3. A. 1. cv compacta. A dwarf tree of compact habit.
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Growth and Yield
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
On exposed sites near timberline, subalpine
fir is often reduced to a prostrate shrub, but under closed-forest
conditions it attains diameters of 30 to 61 cm (12 to 24 in) and heights
of 14 to 30 m (45 to 100 ft), depending upon site quality and stand
density. Trees larger than 76 cm (30 in) in diameter and 39.6 m (130 ft)
in height are exceptional (57).
Growth is not rapid; trees 25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 in) in diameter are
often 150 to 200 years old under closed-forest conditions. Trees older
than 250 years are not uncommon. But, because the species suffers severely
from heartrot, many trees either die or are complete culls at an early
age. Few data are available on the yields of subalpine fir in natural
stands. It usually grows in mixed stands and comprises only a minor part
of the volume. In the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest, where it
grows in association with Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir usually makes up
only 10 to 20 percent of the saw log volume, which may range from less
than 12,350 to more than 98,800 fbm/ha (5,000 to 40,000 fbm/acre) (30,49).
In the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountains, where subalpine fir grows
with other true firs and/or mountain hemlock, few trees reach minimum
merchantable size before being crowded out of the stand (22). Subalpine
fir in the Rocky Mountains grows in pure stands most often on sites so
severe that it has little commercial value. In the Pacific Northwest, pure
stands on commercial sites typically occur on southerly slopes and are
usually less than 150 years old. These stands are not extensive but are
distinctive (21).
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Reaction to Competition
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
In the Rocky Mountains and Pacific
Northwest where subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce form the spruce-fir
type, and mountain hemlock and other true firs are absent or limited in
number, subalpine fir is very shade-tolerant (22). It is much more
tolerant than spruce and other common associates such as lodgepole pine,
aspen, blue spruce, and interior Douglas-fir (11). However, in most of the
Cascades and in the Rocky Mountains, where subalpine fir grows with the
more shade-tolerant Pacific silver fir, grand fir, and mountain hemlock,
some ecologists classify it as intolerant relative to these associates
(22).
Subalpine fir, together with Engelmann spruce, forms a climax or
long-lived seral forest vegetation throughout much of its range. In the
Rocky Mountains of British Columbia and Alberta and south of Montana and
Idaho, subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce occur as either codominants or
in pure stands of one or the other. Spruce, however, is most likely to
form pure stands, especially at upper elevations. In the Rocky Mountains
of Montana and Idaho and the mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington,
subalpine fir is a major climax. Engelmann spruce may be either a major
climax or a persistent long-lived seral. Pure stands of either species may
occur, but subalpine fir is more likely to form pure stands, especially at
high elevations (2).
Although subalpine fir is a dominant element in several climax or
near-climax vegetation associations, these forests differ from the typical
climax forest in that most of them are not truly all-aged. For example, in
spruce-fir forests, some stands are single-storied while others are two-,
three-, and multi-storied. Multi-storied stands may result from past
disturbances such as fire, insect epidemics, or cutting, or they may
result from the gradual deterioration of single- and two-storied stands
associated with normal mortality from wind, insects, and diseases (5). On
the other hand, some multi-storied stands appear to have originated as
uneven-aged stands and are successfully perpetuating that structure
(3,27).
Where subalpine fir is a component of the climax vegetation, the natural
tendency is for subalpine fir to reestablish itself when destroyed and
temporarily replaced by other vegetation (27). Throughout most of the
Cascades and in the Rocky Mountains where subalpine fir grows with the
other true firs and/or mountain hemlock, it is seral. Subalpine fir also
is a pioneer on difficult sites, where its ability to reproduce by
layering allows it to colonize more readily than its common associates
(22).
The ecophysiology of subalpine fir in relation to common associated
species is becoming better understood (33,34,35,36). What is known about
the general water relations of subalpine fir can be summarized as follows:
(1) needle water vapor conductance (directly proportional to stomatal
opening) is controlled primarily by visible irradiance and absolute
humidity difference from needle to air (evaporative demand) with secondary
effects from temperature and water stress; (2) nighttime minimum
temperatures below 3.9° C (39° F) retard stomatal opening the
next day; (3) stomata function well from early spring to late fall, and
high transpiration rates occur even with considerable snowpack on the
ground; (4) leaf water vapor conductance is lower than that of Engelmann
spruce, lodgepole pine, and aspen, the common associates of central Rocky
Mountain subalpine forests; (5) subalpine fir trees have a larger total
needle area per unit of sapwood water-conducting tissue than the other
three species; and (6) subalpine fir trees have a slightly lower needle
area per unit of bole or stand basal area than Engelmann spruce, but
greater than lodgepole pine or aspen. At equal basal area, annual canopy
transpiration of subalpine fir is about 35 percent lower than spruce, but
15 percent higher than lodgepole pine, and 100 percent higher than aspen.
These high rates of transpiration cause subalpine fir to occur primarily
on wet sites, generally in association with Engelmann spruce (37,38).
Both even- and uneven-aged silvicultural. systems can be used in stands
where subalpine fir is a component (1,5,8). The appropriate even-aged
cutting methods are clearcutting and shelterwood cutting and their
modifications. The seed-tree method cannot be used because of
susceptibility of subalpine fir to windthrow. The uneven-aged cutting
methods are individual tree and group selection and their modifications.
In spruce-fir stands, shelterwood and individual-tree- selection methods
will favor subalpine fir over Engelmann spruce, lodgepole pine, and
interior Douglas-fir (4). In stands where subalpine fir grows with Pacific
silver fir, grand fir, and/or mountain hemlock, clearcutting and group
shelterwood or group selection cutting will favor subalpine fir (22).
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Rooting Habit
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Subalpine fir has a shallow root system on sites
that limit the depth of root penetration, and where the superficial
lateral root system common to the seedling stage persists to old age.
Under more favorable conditions, subalpine fir develops a relatively deep
lateral root system (9).
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Seed Production and Dissemination
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Subalpine fir may begin to
produce cones when trees are 1.2 to 1.5 m (4 to 5 ft) tall and 20 years
old, but under closed-forest conditions, seed production is not
significant until trees are older and taller. Corkbark fir does not begin
to bear cones until about 50 years old. Maximum seed production for
subalpine and corkbark fir occurs in dominant trees 150 to 200 years old
(9,60).
Subalpine fir is a good seed producer in the Pacific Northwest and in
the Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Montana, with good to heavy crops borne
every 3 years, and light crops or failures in between (24,42). It is as
good a seed producer as most associated true firs, but not as good as the
hemlocks and Engelmann spruce. In one 11-year study at four locations in
the Cascades, subalpine fir cone crops, based on the following criteria,
were rated medium to very heavy in 6 years and very light to failure in
the other 5 (24).
Number of cones/tree
Crop rating
0
Failure
1-9
Very Light
10-19
Light
20-49
Medium
50-99
Heavy
100+
Very heavy
In the Rocky Mountains south of Idaho and Montana, seed production of
subalpine and corkbark fir has generally been poor, with more failures
than good seed years. In one study in Colorado covering 42 area-seed-crop
years, subalpine fir was an infrequent seed producer. Some seed was
produced in only 8 of the years, while the other 34 were complete failures
(50). Similar results have been obtained from other seed-production
studies in Colorado. However, because these studies were designed to
sample seed production in spruce-fir stands and because Engelmann spruce
made up 90 percent or more of the dominant stand basal area, these results
only indicate subalpine fir seed production in spruce-fir stands, not of
individual dominant fir trees (9).
A number of cone and seed insects of subalpine fir have been identified
but their relative importance, frequency of occurrence, and the magnitude
of losses are not known (39). Some seed is lost from cutting and storing
of cones by pine squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus fremonti), and,
after seed is shed, small mammals, such as deer mice (Clethrionomys
gapperi), mountain voles (Microtus montanus), and western
chipmunks (Eutamias minimus), consume some seeds (5). However, the
amount of seed lost to mammals, birds, and other causes are not known.
Cones disintegrate when they are ripe. Scales fall away with the large,
winged seeds, leaving only a central, spikelike axis. Dissemination
beginning in September usually is completed by the end of October in the
Rocky Mountains. In the Pacific Northwest, seed dissemination begins in
October and usually continues into November, but pitched-up cones may
extend dissemination into December. Nearly all seed is dispersed by the
wind (21,60).
Subalpine fir seeds are fairly large, averaging 76,720/kg (34,800/lb).
Little information is available on seed dispersal distances. Studies
designed to measure Engelmann spruce seed dispersal show similar dispersal
patterns for subalpine fir. Prevailing winds influence the dispersal
pattern, with about half the seeds falling into openings within 30 m (100
ft) of the windward timber edge. Seedfall continues to diminish until
about two-thirds the way across the opening, and then levels off before
slightly increasing about 15 m (50 ft) from the leeward timber edge (50).
Thermal upslope winds are important in seed dispersal in mountainous
terrain at mid- to lower-elevations (54).
Subalpine fir seed viability is only fair: average germinative capacity
is 34 percent and vitality transient (60). Observations and limited
studies in the Rocky Mountains indicate that germinative capacity is often
less than 30 percent (55). Some lots of stored seeds exhibit embryo
dormancy, which can be broken by stratification in moist sand or peat at 5°
C (41° F) for 60 days (9,60).
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Seedling Development
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Under natural conditions, fir seeds lie
dormant under the snow and germinate the following spring. Although
germination and early survival of subalpine fir are generally best on
exposed mineral soil and moist humus, the species is less exacting in its
seedbed requirements than most of its common associates. Subalpine fir has
been observed to germinate and survive on a wide variety of other seedbed
types including the undisturbed forest floor, undecomposed duff and
litter, and decaying wood (9,15,19). Subalpine fir also invades and
establishes on severe sites such as recent bums, lava flows, talus slopes,
avalanche tracks, and climatically severe regions near timberline (22).
Subalpine fir succeeds on these open sites because of its ability to
establish a root system under conditions too severe for its less hardy
associates, and its ability to reproduce by layering.
Although subalpine fir grows under nearly all light intensities found in
nature, establishment and early survival are usually favored by shade. In
the absence of Pacific silver fir, grand fir, and mountain hemlock,
subalpine fir will survive under closed-forest conditions with less light
than Engelmann spruce, noble fir, and white spruce (22). When grown with
Pacific silver and grand fir, and/or mountain hemlock, subalpine fir does
not compete successfully under closed-forest conditions. It does not
compete well with the spruces, lodgepole pine, or interior Douglas-fir
when light intensity exceeds 50 percent of full shade (9).
Subalpine fir is restricted to cold, humid habitats because of low
tolerance to high temperatures. Newly germinated subalpine fir seedlings
tolerate high solar radiation, but they are susceptible to heat girdling
and drought. Seedlings are also killed or damaged by spring frosts,
competing vegetation, frost heaving, damping off, snowmold, birds,
rodents, and trampling and browsing by large animals, but losses are not
different than for any common associate (5).
The number of seeds required to produce a first-year seedling, and an
established seedling (at least 3 years old), and the number of first-year
seedlings that produce an established seedling vary considerably,
depending upon seed production, distance from source, seedbed, and other
environmental conditions. In one study in Colorado, covering the period
1961 to 1975 and a wide variety of conditions, an average of 150 seeds
(range 35 to 290) was required to produce a first-year seedling. An
average of 755 seeds (range 483 to 1,016) was required to produce a 4- to
13-year-old established seedling. For every established 4- to 13-year-old
seedling, an average of 10 first-year seedlings were required, with a
range of as few as 4 to as many as 14 (50).
Early root growth of subalpine fir is very slow. The root length of
first-year seedlings in one study in British Columbia averaged only 6.8 cm
(2.7 in) (20). No comparable data are available in the United States, but
first-year penetration of corkbark fir in Arizona averaged 8.6 cm (3.4 in)
(32).
Shoot growth is equally slow at high elevations. Many first-year
seedlings are less than 2.5 cm (I in) tall. Annual height growth of
seedlings during the first 10-15 years usually averages less than 2.5 cm
(1 in).
In one study, seedlings 15 years old averaged only 28 cm (11 in) in
height on burned-over slopes, 25 cm (10 in) on cutover, dry slopes, and 15
cm (6 in) on cutover, wet flats (30). In another study, seedlings grown on
mineral soil averaged only 58.8 cm (24 in) after 21 years (28). Trees
reach 1.2 to 1.5 m (4 to 5 ft) in height in 20 to 40 years under
favorable environmental conditions. However, trees less than 13 cm (5 in)
in diameter are often 100 or more years old at higher elevations, and
trees 1.2 to 1.8 m (4 to 6 ft) high and 35 to 50 years old are common
under closed-forest conditions (40,51).
At lower elevations, seedling shoot growth has been better. In one study
in the Intermountain West, average annual height growth of subalpine fir
seedlings for the first 10 years after release was 11.4 cm (4.5 in) on
clearcuts and 8.1 cm (3.2 in) on partial cuts (48).
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Soils and Topography
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Information on soils where subalpine fir grows is limited. In the
Pacific Coast region, soil parent materials are mixed and varied. Zonal
soils in the subalpine fir zone are Cryorthods (Podzolic soils), or
Haplorthods (Brown Podzolic soils) with well developed but ultimately thin
humus layers. Haploxerults and Haplohumults (Reddish-Brown Lateritic
soils), developed from volcanic lava; Xerochrepts (Regosolic soils),
developed from shallow residual material; and Lithic (Lithosolic soils)
are also common in some localities. Dystrandepts (Bog soils) and
Haplaquepts (Humic Gley soils) occur on poorly drained sites. Soils are
more acid than in lower elevation forests, with pH typically ranging from
4.5 to 5.9 (22,61).
In the central and southern Rocky Mountains subalpine zone, soil
materials vary according to the character of the bedrock from which they
originated. Crystalline granite rock predominates, but conglomerates,
shales, sandstones, basalts, and andesites commonly occur. Glacial
deposits and stream alluvial fans are also common along valley bottoms. Of
the great soils group, Cryorthods (Podzolic Soils) and Haplorthods (Brown
Podzolic Soils) occur extensively on all aspects. Cryochrepts (Sols Bruns
Acides) occur extensively on the drier aspects. Aquods (Ground-Water
Podzolic Soils) are found in the more poorly drained areas. Cryoboralfs
(Gray-Wooded Soils) have fine-textured parent material and support
low-density timber stands. Haploboralls (Brown Forest Soils) occur mostly
in the lower subalpine zone along stream terraces and side slopes. Lithics
(Lithosolic Soils) occur whenever bedrock is near the surface. Aquepts
(Bog Soils) and Haplaquepts (Humic Gley Soils) occur extensively in poorly
drained upper stream valleys (31,61).
Regardless of the great soils groups that occur in the subalpine zone of
the west, subalpine fir is not exacting in its soil requirements. It is
frequently found growing on soils that are too wet or too dry for its
common associates. Good growth is made on lower slopes, alluvial
floodplains, and glacial moraines; and at high elevations on well drained,
fine- to medium-textured sand and silt loams that developed primarily from
basalt, andesite, and shale. Growth is poor on shallow and coarse-textured
soils developed from granitic and schistic rock, conglomerates, and coarse
sandstones, and on saturated soils, but subalpine fir establishes on
severe sites, such as lava beds, tallus slopes, and avalanche tracks,
before any of its common associates. Under these conditions it may pioneer
the site for other species or it may exclude the establishment of other
species (9,23).
Subalpine fir grows near sea level at the northern limit of its range,
and as high as 3658 m (12,000 ft) in the south. In the Coast Range of
southeastern Alaska, it is found from sea level to 1067 m (3,500 ft); in
the Coast Range and interior plateaus of Yukon Territory and British
Columbia, at 610 to 1524 m (2,000 to 5,000 ft); and in the Olympic and
Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, generally at 1219 to 1829 m
(4,000 to 6,000 ft), but as low as 610 m (2,000 ft) along cold stream
bottoms and on lava flows, and as high as 2438 m (8,000 ft) on sheltered
slopes (9,57).
In the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia and Alberta south of the
Peace River, subalpine fir grows at 914 to 2134 m (3,000 to 7,000 ft), but
it is more abundant above 1524 m (5,000 ft); in the Rocky Mountains of
Montana and Idaho and associated ranges in eastern Washington and Oregon,
at 610 to 3353 m (2,000 to 11,000 ft), but it is more common at 1524 to
2743 m (5,000 to 9,000 ft) (40,41); in the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming,
Utah, and Colorado, usually at 2743 to 3353 m (9,000 to 11,000 ft), but it
may be found as low as 2438 m (8,000 ft) and to timberline at 3505 m
(11,500 ft); and in the Rocky Mountains and associated ranges of New
Mexico and Arizona, at 2438 to 3658 m (8,000 to 12,000 ft), but usually on
north slopes at 2896 to 3353 m (9,500 to 11,000 ft) (9,12,46,52).
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Special Uses
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Throughout much of the Rocky Mountains, subalpine fir has no special or
unique properties. In the high Cascades and in the Rocky Mountains of
Idaho and Montana, it is a forest pioneer on severe and disturbed sites.
By providing cover, subalpine fir assists in protecting watersheds and
rehabilitating the landscape. Forests in which subalpine fir grows occupy
the highest water yield areas in much of the West.
The species also provides habitat for various game and nongame animals,
forage for livestock, recreational opportunities, and scenic beauty.
However, these properties are indigenous to the sites where subalpine fir
grows rather than to any special properties associated with the species
(1,5).
Fir is used as lumber in building construction, boxes, crates, planing
mill products, sashes, doors, frames, and food containers. It has not been
widely used for pulpwood because of inaccessibility, but it can be pulped
readily by the sulfate, sulfite, or groundwood processes (59).
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Vegetative Reproduction
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Subalpine fir frequently reproduces by
layering where the species is a pioneer in developing forest cover on
severe sites such as lava flows and talus slopes or near timberline (22).
Under closed-forest conditions, reproduction by layering is of minor
importance.
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Distribution
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Subalpine fir is a widely distributed North American fir. Its range
extends from 32° N. latitude in Arizona and New Mexico to 64° 30
N. in Yukon Territory, Canada. Along the Pacific coast, the range extends
from southeastern Alaska, south of the Copper River Valley (lat. 62°
N.), the northwestern limit; east to central Yukon Territory (lat. 64°
30' N.), the northern limit; south through British Columbia along the east
slopes of the Coast Range to the Olympic Mountains of Washington, and
along both slopes of the Cascades to southern Oregon. It is not found on
the west slopes of the Coast Range in southern British Columbia or along
the Coast Range in Washington and Oregon, but it does occur on Vancouver
Island (219). It is also found locally in northeastern Nevada and
northwestern California (43). Except where noted above, subalpine fir is a
major component of high elevation Pacific Northwest forests.
In the Rocky Mountain region, subalpine fir extends from the interior
valleys of British Columbia west of the Continental Divide and south of
the Peace River (lat. 55° N.), south along the high elevations of the
Rocky Mountain system to southern New Mexico and Arizona. In the north,
its range extends from the high mountains of central British Columbia,
western Alberta, northeastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, Idaho,
Montana, to the Wind River Mountains of western Wyoming. In Utah, it
commonly occurs in the Uinta and Wasatch Mountains, but is less abundant
on the southern plateaus. The range extends from southern Wyoming, through
the high mountains of Colorado and northern New Mexico, and westward
through northeastern Arizona to the San Francisco Mountains (2,9).
Subalpine fir is a major component of the high-elevation forests of the
Rocky Mountains.
Corkbark fir is found mixed with subalpine fir on scattered mountains in
southwestern Colorado; northern, western, and southwestern New Mexico; and
in the high mountains of Arizona (44).
- The native range of subalpine fir.
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Brief Summary
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Pinaceae -- Pine family
Robert R. Alexander, Raymond C. Shearer, and Wayne D. Shepperd
Subalpine fir, the smallest of eight species of true fir indigenous to
the western United States, is distinguished by the long, narrow conical
crown terminating in a conspicuous spikelike point.
Two varieties are recognized: the typical variety (Abies lasiocarpa
var. lasiocarpa) and corkbark fir (Abies lasiocarpa var.
arizonica). The latter, readily distinguished by its peculiar,
whitish, corky bark, is restricted to the Rocky Mountains of southern
Colorado and the Southwest. Other common names for the typical variety
include balsam, white balsam, alpine fir, western balsam fir, balsam fir,
Rocky Mountain fir, white fir, and pino real blanco de las sierras; for
corkbark fir, alamo de la sierra (44).
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Physical Description
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Primary plant stem smooth, Tree with bark smooth, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins entire (use magnification), Leaf apex obtuse, Leaf apex mucronulate, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves blue-green, Leaves not blue-green, Leaves white-striped, Needle-like leaves flat, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaf habit drooping, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 1, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs pubescent, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
- المحول البرمجي
- Stephen C. Meyers
- المحول البرمجي
- Aaron Liston
- المحول البرمجي
- Steffi Ickert-Bond
- المحول البرمجي
- Damon Little
Abies lasiocarpa
(
الأستورية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia AST
Abies lasiocarpa o abetu alpín ye una especie arbórea perteneciente a la familia de les pinacees.
Distribución y hábitat
Ye un abetu del oeste norteamericanu, orixinariu de los montes del Yukón, la Columbia Británica y l'Oeste d'Alberta en Canadá; sureste d'Alaska, Washington, Oregón, Idaho, oeste de Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Nuevu Méxicu, Arizona, nordés de Nevada y los Trinity Alps nel noroeste de California nos Estaos Xuníos. Apaez en grandes altores, dende 300–900 m nel norte de la so área de distribución (raramente a nivel del mar nel estremu norte), a 2.400-3.650 m nel sur de la so área; de normal alcuéntrase na llinia d'árboles o xustamente per debaxo.
Descripción
Ye un árbol de medianu tamañu que crez hasta los 20 m d'altu, escepcionalmente hasta 40–50 m, con un tueru d'alredor de 1 m de diámetru, y la so coronación ye bien estrecha. La corteza nos exemplares jívenes ye nidiu, gris, y con burbuyes de resina, volviéndose más rugosa y fisurada cola edá. Les fueyes son acículas planes, de 1,5–3 cm de llargu, col fexe de verde glauco con una ancha llinia d'estoma y dos bandes d'estomas blanques nel viesu. Los conos tán argutos, tienen de 6–12 cm de llargu, color púrpura coritu escuru con una pubescencia fina de color pardu amarellentáu, cuando maurecen vuélvense pardes y se desintegran pa lliberar les granes a principios de la seronda.
Variedaes
Hai dos o trés taxa nel abetu alpín, trataes de forma bien distinta por dellos autores:
- El mesmu Abies lasiocarpa en sentíu estrictu, al que n'inglés se llama "Abetu subalpino del Cordal Costeru" (Coast Range Subalpine Fir) ye la forma típica de la especie, y apaez na Cadena costera del Pacíficu, el Parque nacional Olympic y la cordal de les Cascaes dende'l sureste d'Alaska (montes Panhandle) escontra'l sur hasta California.
- El que n'inglés llamen Abetu alpín de los Montes Predresos (Rocky Mountains Subalpine Fir) ta bien estrechamente emparentáu y el so estatus ye aldericáu, o bien se-y considera una especie distinta, Abies bifolia, o bien una variedá del abetu alpín "del cordal Costeru" Abies lasiocarpa var. bifolia, o nun se-y estrema d'un A. lasiocarpa típicu n'absolutu. Apaez nes Montes Predresos dende'l sureste d'Alaska (cordal d'Alaska) escontra'l sur hasta Colorado. Estremar na composición de la resina, y nos repulgos de la fueya nueva que son pardu amarellentaes, non acolorataes. Flora of North America tratar como una especie distinta (vease enllaces esternos, embaxo); el Departamentu d'Agricultura de los Estaos Xuníos (USDA) incluyir dientro del within A. lasiocarpa ensin distinción.
- L'Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica o Abetu corcheru, [2] apaez en Arizona y en Nuevu Méxicu. Estremar en qu'el so corteza ye más gruesa, acorchada y la xamasca ye más intensamente glauco. La composición de la so resina averar a la A. bifolia más qu'a la típica A. lasiocarpa, anque la cominaciín "Abies bifolia var. arizonica" nun foi formalmente publicada. La Flora of North America incluyir dientro de A. bifolia ensin distinción; el USDA tratar como una variedá distintiva de A. lasiocarpa.
Usos
La madera s'una con propósitos estructurales xenerales y l'industria papelera. Ye tamién un árbol de Navidá popular. Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica ye un árbol ornamental popular, que se cultiva pol so intensu xamasca azul glauco.
Delles tribus indies del pandu beben o se asean nuna fervinchu d'abetu alpín pa purificarse o faer que-yos creza'l pelo.[3]
Taxonomía
Abies lasiocarpa describióse por (Hooker) Nuttall y espublizóse en The North American Sylva 3: 138. 1849.[4]
- Etimoloxía
Abies: nome xenéricu que vien del nome llatín de Abies alba.[5]
lasiocarpa: epítetu llatín que significa "frutu lanudo".[6]
- Sinonimia
-
Abies amabilis Parl.
-
Abies balsamea f. amacera (Beissn.) B.Boivin
-
Abies balsamea subsp. lasiocarpa (Hook.) B.Boivin
-
Abies bifolia A.Murray bis
-
Abies concolor var. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Beissn.
-
Abies grandis var. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Lavallée
-
Abies lasciocarpa Sarg.
-
Abies subalpina Engelm.
-
Abies subalpina var. fallax Engelm.
-
Picea bifolia A.Murray bis
-
Picea lasiocarpa (Hook.) A.Murray bis
-
Pinus lasiocarpa Hook. basónimu[7][8]
-
var. arizonica (Merriam) Lemmon
-
Abies arizonica Merriam
-
Abies balsamea var. arizonica (Merriam) B.Boivin
-
Abies bifolia var. arizonica (Merriam) O'Kane & K.D.Heil
-
Abies lasiocarpa subsp. arizonica (Merriam) A.Y.Murray
-
Pinus beissneri Voss
Ver tamién
Referencies
Bibliografía
- Bailey, L. H. & Y. Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third i–xiv, 1–1290. MacMillan, New York.
- Cody, W. J. 1996. Fl. Yukon Terr. i–xvii, 1–669. NRC Research Press, Ottawa.
- Cronquist, A. J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & Reveal. 1972. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 1: 1–271. In A. J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, y. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. 2: i–xvi, 1–475. In Fl. N. Amer.. Oxford University Press, New York.
- Hitchcock, C. H., A. J. Cronquist, F. M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. 1: 1–914. In Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W.. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
- Hultén, Y. 1968. Fl. Alaska i–xxi, 1–1008. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
- Jepson, W. L. 1909. Fl. Calif. vol. 1. 578 pp. Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch, San Francisco.
- Moss, Y. H. 1983. Fl. Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
- Porsild, A. Y. & W. Cody. 1980. Vasc. Pl. Continental Northw. Terr. Canada i–viii, 1–607. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.
- Scoggan, H. J. 1978 [1979]. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledoneae. 2: 93–545. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
Enllaces esternos
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
Abies lasiocarpa: Brief Summary
(
الأستورية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia AST
![src=]()
Corteza del abetu alpín.
Abies lasiocarpa o abetu alpín ye una especie arbórea perteneciente a la familia de les pinacees.
Avet subalpí
(
الكتالونية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CA
L'avet subalpí (Abies lasiocarpa) en anglès: Subalpine Fir o Rocky Mountain Fir és una espècie d'avet de l'oest d'Amèrica del Nord. És natiu de les muntanyes del Yukon, Colúmbia Britànica, oest d'Alberta al Canadà; sud-est d'Alaska, Estat de Washington, Oregon, Idaho, oest de Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Nou Mèxic, Arizona, nord-est de Nevada, i els Alps Trinity al nord-oest de Califòrnia als Estats Units. N'hi ha a altituds des de 300–900 m al nord de la seva zona de distribució (rarament per sota d'aquest nivell a l'extrem nord), fins a 2.400-3.650 m al sud de la seva zona; és comú trobar-lo immediatament per sota del límit arbori.
![src=]()
Avet subalpí a l'
Olympic National Park
![src=]()
Avet subalpí al Mount Rainier National Park
És un arbre de mida mitjana que arriba a fer 20 m d'alt, excepcionalment 40–50 m d'alt, amb un tronc d'un metre de diàmetre i una capçada molt estretament cònica. Les fulles són aciculars d'1,5 a 3 cm de llarg. Les pinyes són erectes de 6–12 cm de llarg.
Hi ha dos o tres tàxons:
- El Coast Range Subalpine Fir Abies lasiocarpa en sentit estricte és la forma típica. *El Rocky Mountains Subalpine Fir està molt estretament relacionat i de vegades s'ha tractat com una espècie diferent,Abies bifolia, o com a varietat del primer var. bifolia, o sense distingir-lo de la forma típica.
- El Corkbark Fir Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica n'hi ha a Arizona i Nou Mèxic. LaFlora of North America l'inclou sense distinció dins A. bifolia.
Usos
La fusta té finalitats estructurals i per a fer paper. també és popular com avet de Nadal i com planta ornamental (el Corkbark Fir).
Algunes tribus d'amerindis feien bols de la seva fusta per purificació o per fer créixer els cabells.[1]
Referències
Enllaços externs
En altres projectes de
Wikimedia:
Commons (Galeria) Commons (Categoria) 
Escorça de l'avet subalpí
Avet subalpí: Brief Summary
(
الكتالونية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CA
És un arbre de mida mitjana que arriba a fer 20 m d'alt, excepcionalment 40–50 m d'alt, amb un tronc d'un metre de diàmetre i una capçada molt estretament cònica. Les fulles són aciculars d'1,5 a 3 cm de llarg. Les pinyes són erectes de 6–12 cm de llarg.
Hi ha dos o tres tàxons:
El Coast Range Subalpine Fir Abies lasiocarpa en sentit estricte és la forma típica. *El Rocky Mountains Subalpine Fir està molt estretament relacionat i de vegades s'ha tractat com una espècie diferent,Abies bifolia, o com a varietat del primer var. bifolia, o sense distingir-lo de la forma típica. El Corkbark Fir Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica n'hi ha a Arizona i Nou Mèxic. LaFlora of North America l'inclou sense distinció dins A. bifolia.
Jedle plstnatoplodá
(
التشيكية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CZ
Jedle plstnatoplodá (Abies lasiocarpa) je druh jedle ze západu Severní Ameriky vyskytující se v horách Yukonu, Britské Kolumbie, Alberty, jihovýchodní Aljašky, Washingtonu, Oregonu, Idaha, západní Montany, Wyomingu, Utahu, Colorada, Nového Mexika, Arizony a severozápadní Kalifornie. Nachází se ve velkých nadmořských výškách, na severu svého rozšíření mezi 300 a 900 metry nad mořem, na jihu mezi 2 400 a 3 650 metry nad mořem, většinou na úrovni nebo těsně pod úrovní hranice lesa.
Jedná se o středně velký strom dorůstající do výšky 20 metrů, výjimečně až do 40 nebo 50 metrů, s kmenem o průměru 1 metr a velmi štíhlou kuželovou korunou. Kůra mladých stromů je hladká a šedá s puchýři pryskyřice, časem se zdrsňuje a praská, mohou se na ní rovněž tvořit šupiny. Listy jsou ploché, jehlicovité, 1,5 až 3 centimetry dlouhé, šedozelené s širokým pruhem průduchu na horní straně a dvěma modrobílými páskami průduchů na dolní straně, čerstvé listové jizvy mají načervenalou barvu. Na výhonku jsou uspořádány spirálovitě s bázemi nad nebo na úrovni výhonku, jen zřídkakdy pod ním. Šišky jsou vzpřímené, 6 až 12 centimetrů dlouhé, tmavě černofialové, se žlutohnědými chloupky, zrající do hnědé barvy a rozkládající se k vydání svých okřídlených semen na počátku podzimu.
Druh se skládá ze tří taxonů:
-
Abies lasiocarpa bifolia (též z angl. Jedle plstnatoplodá Skalnatých hor) je velice podobná typické variantě tohoto druhu a její status poddruhu je často zpochybňován (např. americkým ministerstvem zemědělství). Nachází se ve Skalnatých horách mezi jihovýchodní Aljaškou (východní Aljašské pohoří) a státem Colorado. Odlišuje se zejména složením pryskyřice a barvou čerstvých listových jizev, které jsou zde žlutohnědé.
-
Abies lasiocarpa arizonica (též z lat. Jedle plstnatoplodá arizonská) roste ve státech Arizona a Nové Mexiko. Na rozdíl od běžné varianty má silnější korkovou kůru a výrazněji šedozelené listy. Rovněž složení pryskyřice se blíže podobá té ze Skalnatých hor. The Royal Horticultural Society udělila kultivaru Compacta ocenění Award of Garden Merit.
Dřevo jedle plstnatoplodé se často využívá při stavbách a výrobě papíru. Druh je také oblíbeným vánočním stromem, arizonská varianta je často okrasně pěstována díky neobvyklé barvě svých listů. Některé indiánské kmeny ze severozápadu Severní Ameriky používaly vývar z jedle plstnatoplodé k pití nebo koupání, mělo jim to pomoci k růstu vlasů.
Reference
V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Abies lasiocarpa na anglické Wikipedii.
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
Externí odkazy
Rod jedle (Abies) Evropa
Afrika
Asie
Amerika
Jedle plstnatoplodá: Brief Summary
(
التشيكية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CZ
Jedle plstnatoplodá (Abies lasiocarpa) je druh jedle ze západu Severní Ameriky vyskytující se v horách Yukonu, Britské Kolumbie, Alberty, jihovýchodní Aljašky, Washingtonu, Oregonu, Idaha, západní Montany, Wyomingu, Utahu, Colorada, Nového Mexika, Arizony a severozápadní Kalifornie. Nachází se ve velkých nadmořských výškách, na severu svého rozšíření mezi 300 a 900 metry nad mořem, na jihu mezi 2 400 a 3 650 metry nad mořem, většinou na úrovni nebo těsně pod úrovní hranice lesa.
Jedná se o středně velký strom dorůstající do výšky 20 metrů, výjimečně až do 40 nebo 50 metrů, s kmenem o průměru 1 metr a velmi štíhlou kuželovou korunou. Kůra mladých stromů je hladká a šedá s puchýři pryskyřice, časem se zdrsňuje a praská, mohou se na ní rovněž tvořit šupiny. Listy jsou ploché, jehlicovité, 1,5 až 3 centimetry dlouhé, šedozelené s širokým pruhem průduchu na horní straně a dvěma modrobílými páskami průduchů na dolní straně, čerstvé listové jizvy mají načervenalou barvu. Na výhonku jsou uspořádány spirálovitě s bázemi nad nebo na úrovni výhonku, jen zřídkakdy pod ním. Šišky jsou vzpřímené, 6 až 12 centimetrů dlouhé, tmavě černofialové, se žlutohnědými chloupky, zrající do hnědé barvy a rozkládající se k vydání svých okřídlených semen na počátku podzimu.
Druh se skládá ze tří taxonů:
Abies lasiocarpa v užším smyslu (též z angl. Jedle plstnatoplodá pobřežních hor) je typickou formou druhu, která se vyskytuje v horách
Pobřežního pásma,
Olympijském pohoří a
Kaskádovém pohoří mezi jihovýchodní Aljaškou a severní Kalifornií. Abies lasiocarpa bifolia (též z angl. Jedle plstnatoplodá Skalnatých hor) je velice podobná typické variantě tohoto druhu a její status poddruhu je často zpochybňován (např. americkým ministerstvem zemědělství). Nachází se ve
Skalnatých horách mezi jihovýchodní Aljaškou (východní
Aljašské pohoří) a státem Colorado. Odlišuje se zejména složením pryskyřice a barvou čerstvých listových jizev, které jsou zde žlutohnědé. Abies lasiocarpa arizonica (též z lat. Jedle plstnatoplodá arizonská) roste ve státech Arizona a Nové Mexiko. Na rozdíl od běžné varianty má silnější
korkovou kůru a výrazněji šedozelené listy. Rovněž složení pryskyřice se blíže podobá té ze Skalnatých hor.
The Royal Horticultural Society udělila kultivaru Compacta ocenění
Award of Garden Merit.
Dřevo jedle plstnatoplodé se často využívá při stavbách a výrobě papíru. Druh je také oblíbeným vánočním stromem, arizonská varianta je často okrasně pěstována díky neobvyklé barvě svých listů. Některé indiánské kmeny ze severozápadu Severní Ameriky používaly vývar z jedle plstnatoplodé k pití nebo koupání, mělo jim to pomoci k růstu vlasů.
Klippeædelgran
(
الدانماركية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia DA
Klippe-Ædelgran (Abies lasiocarpa) er et mellemstort, stedsegrønt nåletræ med en slank, kegleformet krone. Træet bruges en del som prydtræ i større haver og parker.
Kendetegn
Klippe-Ædelgran er et mellemstort, stedsegrønt nåletræ med en slank og cylindrisk til kegleformet vækst. Meget gamle træer får efterhånden en rund krone. Stammen er ret og gennemgående, og hovedgrenene er korte og vandrette til opstigende. Barken er først glat og lysegrå, og senere bliver den grå med de karakteristiske, harpiksfyldte blærer. Gamle grene og stammen får til sidst en ru bark med smalle, lodrette furer. Knopperne er delvist skjult mellem nålene, men de er kegleformede, lysebrune og dækket af harpiks. Nålene er flade med afrundet spids. Oversiden er grøn med en lys stribe, mens undersiden er grågrøn med to blåhvide striber. Træets hanlige blomster findes samlet på korte kogler, der sidder på etårige skud nederst i kronen. De hunlige blomster danner kogler, som sidder enkeltvis eller i små klynger øverst i kronen. De er opret voksende, cylinderformede og afrundede i spidsen. Fra begyndelsen er de mørkt purpurrøde, mens de ved modning er brune. Frøene er vingede.
Rodsystemet er ofte fladt strygende, men under gunstige forhold bliver det hjerteformet med kraftige hovedrødder og forholdsvis tykke siderødder. Knuste nåle dufter af β-phellandren.
I de fleste tilfælde bliver træet ikke meget mere end 20 m højt, men under gunstige forhold kan man finde eksemplarer, der er over 30 m. Kronediameteren er mellem 5 og 8 m.
Hjemsted
Klippe-Ædelgran er vildtvoksende i et bånd, der strækker sig fra Alaska over Yukon og British Columbia til Washington, Oregon og Californien. Desuden findes bestande på de højeste bjerge i Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico og Arizona. Overalt findes træet i de højest beliggende dele af skovene, og arten danner ofte skovgrænse op mod bjergtoppene. Voksestederne er kuldepåvirkede og har kraftig solindstråling. De har kalkrig råjord med en sur til stærkt sur overjord og er almindeligvis grusede og veldrænede[1]. I de høje bjerge i staten Montana, USA, findes skove, hvor en blanding af nåletræer er dominerende. Her vokser arten sammen med bl.a. Blåbær, Bjerg-Hemlock, Engelmann-Gran, Jern-Bjerglyng (Rhododendron menziesii ssp. menziesii), Nutka-Brombær, Revlingbladet Phyllodoce, Svøb-Gedeblad samt flere arter af Vaccinium og Ribes[2]
Variant
Varianten Kork-Ædelgran (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica) er lavere og bredere i væksten og har lyst blågrønne (i sol næsten lyseblå) nåle og en tyk, forkorket bark. det er især denne variant, der bruges som prydtræ i Danmark.
Galleri
Klippe-Ædelgran.
Note
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
Klippeædelgran: Brief Summary
(
الدانماركية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia DA
Klippe-Ædelgran (Abies lasiocarpa) er et mellemstort, stedsegrønt nåletræ med en slank, kegleformet krone. Træet bruges en del som prydtræ i større haver og parker.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
Felsengebirgs-Tanne
(
الألمانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia DE
Die Felsengebirgs-Tanne oder Felsen-Tanne (Abies lasiocarpa) ist eine Nadelbaumart aus der Gattung der Tannen (Abies). Die Heimat dieser Art liegt im westlichen Nordamerika, wo sie von Arizona nordwärts bis zur Baumgrenze Südalaskas vorkommt.
Beschreibung
Habitus und Benadelung
Die Felsengebirgs-Tanne ist ein immergrüner Baum. Sie kann Wuchshöhen bis gut 20 Meter, selten auch 40 bis 50 Meter erreichen; der Stammdurchmesser kann bis 1 Meter, ausnahmsweise bis 2 Meter (BHD) erreichen. Oft wächst die Konifere jedoch auch als breiter Strauch. Betrachtet man die durchschnittliche Wuchshöhe, so ist es die kleinste der acht in den westlichen USA heimischen Tannenarten.
Aufgrund der Anpassung an die unterschiedlichen Umweltbedingungen der natürlichen Habitate können fünf Wuchsformen unterschieden werden:
- Sehr schmaler kegelförmiger, aufrechter Wuchs mit kurzen, steifen Ästen. Dies ist die typische Form in den meisten Vorkommen in der subalpinen Zone. Bäume im offenen Stand behalten ihre unteren Äste, die sich im Alter häufig nach unten bis zum Boden biegen. Dichtstehende Bäume werden auf etwa Viertel der Gesamthöhe astrein.
- Eine breitere, rundliche Baumkrone ist bei alten Exemplaren an trockeneren Standorten zu finden.
- Ausgewachsene Bäume, die eine bodennahe Matte ausbilden, sind selten in einigen Arealen anzutreffen.
- An hochgelegenen Standorten nahe der Baumgrenze findet sich häufig ein flaggenförmiger Kronenaufbau. Ein aufrechter Stamm ragt über eine krummholzartige Matte hinaus, die sich zur windabgewandten Seite hin ausbreitet.
- Über der Baumgrenze ist das Krummholz die typische Wuchsform. Durch die kalten Temperaturen und rauen Winde wächst die Felsengebirgstanne hier zwergförmig in bodennahen Matten und ist oft wesentlich breiter als hoch.
Die erstgenannte typische Form mit kegelförmiger Krone erreicht meist Wuchshöhen zwischen 18 und 30 Meter und Stammdurchmesser zwischen 46 und 61 Zentimeter. Größere Exemplare sind eher selten.
Die Felsengebirgs-Tanne wächst langsam; Exemplare im Alter zwischen 150 und 200 Jahren besitzen meist lediglich 25 bis 50 Zentimeter Stammdurchmesser. Die Bäume werden nur selten älter als etwa 250 Jahre, da sie sehr anfällig für Stammfäule durch Pilzbefall sind.
Die Felsengebirgstanne ist überwiegend ein Flachwurzler; je nach Bodenbeschaffenheit kann sie jedoch auch tiefer wurzeln.
Die Rinde junger Bäume ist grau und glatt und weist Harzblasen auf. An alten Bäumen ist die Rinde rau und gefurcht oder schuppig. Bei der Kork-Tanne, der Varietät arizonica, ist die Rinde davon abweichend cremefarben, dick und korkig. Die Rinde der steifen Zweige sind grüngrau bis hellbraun und nur leicht bräunlich behaart. Die Knospen sind teils unter dem Nadelkleid verborgen. Die kleinen, fast kugeligen Knospen sind lohfarben bis dunkelbraun und harzig. Die basalen Knospenschuppen sind dreieckig bis spatelförmig.
Die nadelförmigen Blätter sind flach, 1,5 bis 3 Zentimeter lang und 1,25 bis 2 Millimeter breit; sie enden stumpf. Im Querschnitt sind die Nadeln flach mit einer Einkerbung auf der Oberseite. Sie sind auf der Oberseite glänzendgrün mit einem breiten Stomastreifen, unterseits weisen sie zwei bläulich-weiße Stomastreifen auf. Die Nadeln stehen spiralig um den Zweig, die Blattbasen entspringen dabei jedoch überwiegend seitlich am Zweig. Die Nadeln sitzen dichtgedrängt und stehen teils übereinander. Frische Blattnarben zeigen ein rötliches Periderm. Zerriebene Nadeln verströmen einen stechenden Geruch durch β-Phellandrene.
![src=]()
Abies lasiocarpa var.
arizonica
![src=]()
Abies lasiocarpa var.
lasiocarpa
Blüten, Zapfen, Sonstiges
Die Felsengebirgstanne ist monözisch. Die Zapfenproduktion beginnt etwa nach 20 Jahren, bei der Kork-Tanne (Varietät arizonica) erst etwa nach 50 Jahren.
Die männlichen Zapfen stehen dicht gehäuft im unteren Teil der Baumkrone auf der Unterseite von einjährigen Zweigen. Sie sind zur Reife purpurfarben bis purpurn-grünlich.
Die weiblichen Zapfen stehen einzeln oder in kleineren Gruppen im oberen Teil der Baumkrone. Sie sind zylindrisch geformt mit abgerundeter Spitze, 6 bis 12 Zentimeter lang und 2 bis 4 Zentimeter breit. Sie sind dunkel purpurn gefärbt; die 1,5 bis 2,5 Zentimeter langen Deckschuppen sind dicht gelbbraun behaart. Die Zapfen stehen (wie bei allen Tannen) aufrecht am Zweig. Zur Reife im frühen Herbst werden sie braun; indem die Schuppen von der Spindel abfallen, werden die geflügelten Samen freigegeben. Die Samen sind 6 bis 7 Millimeter lang, 2 bis 3 Millimeter dick und braun; sie tragen einen hellbraunen, etwa einen Zentimeter langen Flügel. Die Samen der Kork-Tanne (Varietät arizonica) weisen davon abweichend die 1,7-fache Größe auf.
Die Zahl der Keimblätter (Kotyledonen) kann von 3 bis 6 variieren; meist sind es 4 oder 5. Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.
Systematik
Die Felsengebirgstanne wird innerhalb der Gattung der Tannen (Abies) in die Untersektion Laterales innerhalb der Sektion Balsameae eingeordnet.
Die Beschreibung unter dem Taxon Pinus lasiocarpa durch den britischen Botaniker William Jackson Hooker geht auf das Jahr 1839 zurück.[1] Der englische Botaniker Thomas Nuttall ordnete die Art unter dem Taxon Abies lasiocarpa in die Gattung Abies ein; diese aktuell gültige Beschreibung wurde 1849 veröffentlicht.[2]
Es werden neben der Nominatform noch zwei Varietäten unterschieden:
- Kork-Tanne (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica (Merriam) Lemmon; Syn.: Abies lasiocarpa subsp. arizonica (Merriam) A.E.Murray): Die Beschreibung dieser Varietät durch John Gill Lemmon wurde 1898 veröffentlicht.[3] Sie fußte auf der 1896 veröffentlichten Beschreibung durch Clinton Hart Merriam unter dem Taxon Abies arizonica Merriam.[4]
-
Abies lasiocarpa var. bifolia (A. Murray bis) Eckenw. (Syn.: Abies subalpina Engelmann, Abies lasiocarpa subsp. bifolia (A.Murray bis) Silba): Sie wird von manchen Autoren auch als eigene Art Abies bifolia A.Murray bis angesehen. Andere Autoren sehen sie als ein Synonym von Abies lasiocarpa var. lasiocarpa an.[5]
-
Abies lasiocarpa var. lasiocarpa.
Unterscheidung der Varietäten
Im Südosten des natürlichen Verbreitungsgebietes ist die Nominatform teilweise durch ihre Varietät Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica ersetzt. Diese besitzt eine korkartige, dicke und helle Rinde sowie blaugraue Nadeln.
Die Varietät bifolia unterscheidet sich von der Nominatform in chemischen Holzeigenschaften, dem Fehlen von Kristallen in bestimmten Parenchymen, dem Fehlen von Lasiocarpenonol und in der unterschiedlichen Zusammensetzung der Terpene. Auch weitere Merkmale wie die Farbe des Periderm und die Gestalt der basalen Knospenschuppen sind unterschiedlich. Frische Blattnarben zeigen ein gelbes bis lohbarbenes Periderm (bei lasiocarpa ist es rötlich). Die basalen Knospenschuppen sind schmal-dreieckig bis spatelförmig (bei lasiocarpa sind sie gleichseitig dreieckig). Zerriebene Blätter riechen etwas nach Kampher (bei lasiocarpa: scharfer Geruch durch β-Phellandrene). Die Nadeln sind mit 11 bis 25 Millimeter Länge und 1,25 bis 1,5 Millimeter Breite kleiner als bei lasiocarpa mit 18 bis 31 Millimeter Länge und 1,5 bis 2 Millimeter Breite.
Die Abgrenzung der Varietät arizonica erfolgt am eindeutigsten über ihre eher cremefarbene, dicke korkige Rinde, die dunkelgrau und tief gefurcht ist. Ihre Benadelung ist bläulicher und glänzender als bei der Nominatform lasiocarpa.
Zwischen dem Typ und der Varietät bifolia findet im zentralen British Columbia und dem nördlichen Washington Introgression statt. Im nördlichen zentralen Alberta wird Introgression der Varietät bifolia mit der Balsam-Tanne (Abies balsamea) beobachtet. Die Nominatform lasiocarpa hybridisiert vermutlich im südlichen Teil ihres Verbreitungsgebietes mit Abies procera. Hybridisierung mit der Purpur-Tanne (Abies amabilis) findet dagegen trotz großem gemeinsamem Verbreitungsgebiet offenbar nicht statt.
Verbreitung und Standort
Das gesamte Verbreitungsgebiet der Art erstreckt sich von Südalaska über Kanada (Yukon, Nordwest-Territorien, British Columbia und Alberta) in die US-Bundesstaaten Washington, Oregon, Kalifornien, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah und Nevada. Damit ist sie in Nordamerika die Tannenart mit der weitesten Verbreitung in Nord-Süd-Richtung.
Die Nominatform Abies lasiocarpa var. lasiocarpa ist in Südalaska, Yukon, British Columbia und Alberta heimisch und kommt verstreut noch weiter südlich in den Rocky Mountains und den Cascade Mountains sowie den Olympic Mountains in Washington vor.[5] Die Vorkommen befinden sich überwiegend in Höhenlagen von 1100 bis 2300 m in subalpinen küstennahen Nadelwäldern; an den meisten ihrer Standorte stößt sie in Höhenlagen bis zur Baumgrenze vor. Häufig ist sie mit Abies amabilis, Pinus albicaulisund Tsuga mertensiana vergesellschaftet.
Die Varietät Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica ist in den südlichen Rocky Mountains in den US-Bundesstaaten Arizona, Colorado und New Mexico heimisch.[5] Sie besiedelt Höhenlagen von 2400 bis 3400 m und ist in weiten Teilen ihres Verbreitungsgebietes mit Picea engelmannii vergesellschaftet.
Die Vorkommen der Varietät Abies lasiocarpa var. bifolia erstrecken sich vom südlichen Yukon, den Nordwest-Territorien, Alberta und British Columbia in Kanada südwärts in die US-Bundesstaaten Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah und Nevada. Sie besiedelt Höhenlagen von 600 bis 3700 m in subalpinen Nadelwäldern. Ähnlich der Nominatform stößt auch diese Varietät an der Mehrzahl ihrer Standorte bis an die Baumgrenze vor. In weiten Gebieten ist sie mit Picea engelmannii vergesellschaftet.
Nutzung
Der Baum wird teilweise wegen seiner bläulichen Benadelung als Zierbaum gepflanzt sowie als Weihnachtsbaum kultiviert. Hinzu kommt, dass er sehr gut haltbar ist in beheizten Räumen, einen schlanken kegelförmigen Wuchs aufweist und zitronig duftet.[6]
Das Holz der Felsengebirgstanne ist von geringer Dichte, weich, geruchlos und leicht bearbeitbar. Es wird zur Papierherstellung oder als Bauholz verwendet. Das Holz ist nicht witterungsbeständig.
Gefährdung und Schutz
Die Felsengebirgs-Tanne wird in der Roten Liste der IUCN als „nicht gefährdet“ geführt. Es wird jedoch darauf hingewiesen, dass eine neuerliche Überprüfung der Gefährdung nötig ist.[7]
Quellen
-
Christopher J. Earle: Abies lasiocarpa. In: The Gymnosperm Database. Abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011 (englisch).
- Richard S. Hunt: Abies lasiocarpa. In:Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford u. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 (englisch).
- Richard S. Hunt: Abies bifolia. In:Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford u. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 (englisch).
-
Ronald J. Uchytil: Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011 (englisch).
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ Pinus lasiocarpa. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). USDA, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011 (englisch).
-
↑ Abies lasiocarpa. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). USDA, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011 (englisch).
-
↑ Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). USDA, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011 (englisch).
-
↑ Abies arizonica. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). USDA, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011 (englisch).
-
↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Abies. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 6. April 2019.
-
↑ Cermeter: Welcher Christbaum hält am längsten? Welcher Weihnachtsbaum duftet? abgerufen am 14. Dezember 2020
-
↑ Abies lasiocarpa in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2010. Eingestellt von: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
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Felsengebirgs-Tanne: Brief Summary
(
الألمانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia DE
Die Felsengebirgs-Tanne oder Felsen-Tanne (Abies lasiocarpa) ist eine Nadelbaumart aus der Gattung der Tannen (Abies). Die Heimat dieser Art liegt im westlichen Nordamerika, wo sie von Arizona nordwärts bis zur Baumgrenze Südalaskas vorkommt.
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Abies lasiocarpa
(
الأدمرت
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Abies lasiocarpa
(
الكومية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Abies lasiocarpa (лат. Abies lasiocarpa) – быдмассэзлӧн пожум котырись ньыв увтырын торья вид. Ньывпуыс быдмӧ 20 метра вылына да овлӧ 1 метра кыза диаметрын. Ньывпу пантасьӧ Ойвыв Америкаын (рытвыв Канада да рытвыв Америкаись Ӧтлаасьӧм Штаттэз).
Вариететтэз
-
Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica —
-
Abies lasiocarpa var. bifolia —
Abies lasiocarpa: Brief Summary
(
الكومية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
![src=]()
Abies lasiocarpa
![src=]()
Abies lasiocarpa
Abies lasiocarpa (лат. Abies lasiocarpa) – быдмассэзлӧн пожум котырись ньыв увтырын торья вид. Ньывпуыс быдмӧ 20 метра вылына да овлӧ 1 метра кыза диаметрын. Ньывпу пантасьӧ Ойвыв Америкаын (рытвыв Канада да рытвыв Америкаись Ӧтлаасьӧм Штаттэз).
Abies lasiocarpa: Brief Summary
(
الأدمرت
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
![src=]()
Abies lasiocarpa
![src=]()
Abies lasiocarpa
Abies lasiocarpa (лат. Abies lasiocarpa) – Pinaceae семьяысь шунды пуксён пал Канадаын но шунды пуксён пал Америкалэн Огазеяськем Штатъёсаз будӥсь ньылпу. Ӝуждалаез ог 20 м, модослэн диаметрез 1 м.
Vó'komêšéstótó'e
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging_languages
Vó'komêšéstótó'e (Abies lasiocarpa) šéstotó'e-éve, hoohtseto-éve.
Abies lasiocarpa
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EN
Abies lasiocarpa, the subalpine fir or Rocky Mountain fir, is a western North American fir tree.
Description
Abies lasiocarpa is a medium-sized evergreen conifer with a very narrow conic crown, growing to 20 metres (66 ft) tall, exceptionally 40–50 m (130–160 ft), with a trunk up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) thick, exceptionally 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in).[2] The bark on young trees is smooth, gray, and with resin blisters, becoming rough and fissured or scaly on old trees.[2] The lowest branches can be observed growing 1 m (3 ft 3 in) above ground level.[2] The leaves are flat and needle-like, 1.5–3 centimetres (5⁄8–1+1⁄8 in) long, glaucous green above with a broad stripe of stomata, and two blue-white stomatal bands below; the fresh leaf scars are reddish (tan on the inland variety).[2] They are arranged spirally on the shoot, but with the leaf bases twisted to be arranged to the sides of and above the shoot, with few or none below the shoot. The cones are erect, 6–12 cm (2+1⁄4–4+3⁄4 in) long, dark purple[2] with fine yellow-brown pubescence, ripening brown and disintegrating to release the winged seeds in early fall.
Taxonomy
There are two or three taxa in subalpine fir, treated very differently by different authors:
- The Coast Range subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)[2] in the narrow sense, is the typical form of the species, occurring in the Pacific Coast Ranges, the Olympic Mountains and the Cascade Range from Southeast Alaska (Panhandle mountains) south to California.
- The Rocky Mountains subalpine fir is very closely related and of disputed status, being variously treated as a distinct species Abies bifolia,[2] as a variety of Coast Range subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa var. bifolia, or not distinguished from typical A. lasiocarpa at all. It occurs in the Rocky Mountains from Southeast Alaska (eastern Alaska Range) south to Colorado. It differs primarily in the chemical composition of its resin, microscopic features,[2] and in the fresh leaf scars being yellow-brown, not reddish. The Flora of North America treats it as a distinct species, while the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) includes it within A. lasiocarpa without distinction.
- The corkbark fir Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica occurs in Arizona and New Mexico.[2] It differs in thicker, corky bark and more strongly glaucous foliage. In resin composition it is closer to A. bifolia than to typical A. lasiocarpa, though the combination "Abies bifolia var. arizonica" has not been formally published. The Flora of North America includes it within A. bifolia without distinction; the USDA treats it as a distinct variety of A. lasiocarpa.
Distribution
The species is native to the mountains of Yukon, British Columbia and western Alberta in Western Canada; and to Southeast Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Western Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, northeastern Nevada, and the Trinity Alps of the Klamath Mountains in northwestern California in the Western United States.[2]
It occurs at high altitudes, commonly found at and immediately below the tree line. It can be found at elevations of 300–900 m (980–2,950 ft) in the north of the range (rarely down to sea level in the far north), to 2,400–3,650 m (7,870–11,980 ft) in the south of the range. West of the Cascade ridge, it can be found at elevations of 1,200–2,000 m (3,900–6,600 ft), while further east (particularly in Western Montana) it can be found from 1,500 to 2,700 m (4,900 to 8,900 ft).[2]
Ecology
Annual precipitation ranges from 380 cm (150 in) in coastal mountain sites to only 65 cm (26 in) inland.[2] Snow gathered on the branches helps protect them from wind and heat.[2] Firs in general act as a snow fence, leading to the creation of meadows through extra moisture accumulation.[2]
The tree is highly shade tolerant, but very vulnerable to fire, short-lived, and slow-growing.[2] Despite having weaker wood than some of its timberline associates, it can survive by its ability to adapt (growing in a krummholz form) and reproduce via layering in clusters at high elevations.[2] At timberline, a single tree can leave behind a ring of trees (an 'atoll') via layering.[2] The species has benefited from wildfire suppression in more recent years.[2]
Various animals, including mountain goats, take shelter in subalpine fir clusters and krummholz.[2] The bark is browsed by game animals and its leaves are eaten by grouse. Songbirds, Richardson's grouse, Cascade pine squirrels, and other mammals consume the seeds.[3][4] It is host to pathogenic fungi such as the species Delphinella balsameae.[5]
Uses
Native Americans used the leaves as deodorant and burned them as incense or medicinal vapor.[2] Powdered bark and other components were used in solutions to treat colds.[2] Resin was used to dress wounds or chewed as gum.[2] The tree boughs were used for bedding.[2] Some Plateau Indian tribes drank or washed in a subalpine fir boil for purification or to make their hair grow.[6]
The light wood is considered poor quality, but sometimes used for wood pulp,[2] general structural purposes and paper manufacture. It is also a popular Christmas tree. It is a popular ornamental tree for parks and large gardens, grown for its strongly glaucous-blue foliage. It can also function as a bonsai.[2] The cultivar Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica 'Compacta' is suitable for smaller gardens, growing as a shrub to 4 m (13 ft) tall by 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) broad. In the UK It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[7][8]
The largest-known specimen, measuring 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) thick and 39 m (129 ft) tall, had a small door in its trunk and a storage space, which the film crew of the Disney-produced documentary The Olympic Elk (1952) used to store equipment.[2]
References
-
^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Abies lasiocarpa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42289A2970039. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42289A2970039.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
-
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 135–143. ISBN 1-68051-329-X. OCLC 1141235469.
-
^ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 192.
-
^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 360. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
-
^ Merrill, W.; Wenner, N. G.; Kelley, R. (2007). "Delphinella balsameae Tip Blight of Abies lasiocarpa in Vermont". Plant disease. 81 (2): 229.
-
^ Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. p. 351. ISBN 0-295-97119-3.
-
^ "Abies lasiocarpa var. amazonica 'Compacta'". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
-
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 1. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
Abies lasiocarpa: Brief Summary
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EN
Abies lasiocarpa, the subalpine fir or Rocky Mountain fir, is a western North American fir tree.
Rokmontara abio
(
إسبرانتو
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EO
La rokmontara abio (Abies lasiocarpa) estas abio el okcidenta Nordameriko, hejma en la montaroj de Jukonio, Brita Kolumbio kaj okcidenta Alberto en Kanado; sudorienta Alasko, Vaŝingtonio, Oregono, Idaho, okcidenta Montano, Vajomingo, Utaho, Koloradio, Nov-Meksiko, Arizono, nordoriena Nevado, kaj Triunuo-Alpoj en nordokcidenta Kalifornio en Usono. Ĝi vegetas je altaj altitudoj, ekde 300–900 m en la nordo de la arealo (malofte apud marnivelo en la ekstrema nordo), ĝis 2 400-3 650 m en la sudo de la arealo ; ĝi kutime estas trovebla ĉe kaj ĵus sub la arbarolimo.
Priskribo
![src=]()
Rokmontara abio en Olimpa Nacia Parko.
Ĝi estas mez-granda arbo kiu altas ĝis 20 m, escepte ĝis 40–50 m, kun trunkodiametro ĝis 1 m, kaj tre mallarĝa konusa arbokrono. Ĉe junaj arboj la arboŝelo estas glata, griza, kaj kun rezinaj vezikoj, estiĝante malglata kaj sulkigita aŭ skvama ĉe maljunaj arboj. La folioj estas plataj, 1,5–3 cm longaj, glaŭk-verdaj supre kun larĝa strio de stomoj, kaj du blu-blankaj strioj sube; la freŝaj foliaj skrapaĵoj estas ruĝecaj. La folioj estas spirale aranĝitaj sur la ŝoso, sed kun la foliobazoj turnigitaj por esti aranĝitaj je la flankoj kaj la ŝoso-supro, kun malmultaj aŭ neniu je la ŝoso-malsupro. La strobiloj estas starantaj, 6–12 cm longaj, malhele nigrec-purpuraj kun finaj flav-brunaj haroj, maturante brunaj kaj disfalantaj por liberi la flugilitajn semojn fru-aŭtune.
Varioj
Estas du aŭ tri taksonoj ĉe tiu nearktisa abio, tre malsame konsiderate de diferencaj aŭtoroj :
- La Marbord-montara abio, Abies lasiocarpa je la mallarĝa signifo, estas tipa formo de la specio, troviĝante en la Pacifik-marbordaj Montaroj, Olimpa Montaro kaj Kaskada Montaro ekde sudorienta Alasko (alaska-pattenilaj montaroj) suden ĝis Kalifornio.
- La Dufolia abio estas tre parenca kaj sia statuso estas neklara, estante laŭaŭtore konsiderata aŭ kiel diferenca specio Abies bifolia, aŭ kiel vario Abies lasiocarpa var. bifolia, aŭ kiel tute ne diferenca de la tipa A. lasiocarpa. Ĝi troviĝas en Rokmontaro ekde sudorienta Alasko (orienta Alaska Montaro) sude ĝis Koloradio. Ĝi primare diferencas pri rezina konsisto, kaj pri la freŝ-foliaj skrapaĵoj kiuj estas flav-brunaj, ne ruĝecaj. La Flora of North America (Flaŭro pri Nordameriko) pritraktas ĝin kiel aparta specio (vidu eksterajn ligilojn, sube ); la Usona Departemento pri Agrikulturo (USDA) inkludas ĝin kun A. lasiocarpa sen diferenco.
- La Korkoŝela abio, Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica, troviĝas en Arizono kaj Nov-Meksiko. Ĝi diferencas pro sia pli dika, korka arboŝelo kaj pli forte glaŭka foliaro. Pri rezina konsisto ĝi estas pli parenca al A. bifolia ol al tipa A. lasiocarpa, kvankam la kombinaĵo Abies bifolia var. arizonica ne estas formale publikigita. La Flora of North America inkludas ĝin ene de A. bifolia sen diferenco; la USDA konsideras ĝin kiel diferencan varion de A. lasiocarpa.
Uzado
![src=]()
Arboŝelo de Rokmontara abio.
La ligno estas uzata por ĝeneralaj konstruadaj celoj kaj por fabrikado de papero. Rok-montara abio ankaŭ estas populara kristnaskarbo , kultivata por sia forte glaŭk-blua pinglaro.
Iuj indianaj triboj de la Nordokcidenta Altebenaĵo trinkis rok-montar-abian dekoktaĵon aŭ laviĝis en ĝi por purfikado aŭ por kreskigi sian hararon [1].
Referencoj
-
↑ angle Hunn, Eugene S.. (1990) Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97119-3.
Vidu ankaŭ
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Rokmontara abio: Brief Summary
(
إسبرانتو
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EO
La rokmontara abio (Abies lasiocarpa) estas abio el okcidenta Nordameriko, hejma en la montaroj de Jukonio, Brita Kolumbio kaj okcidenta Alberto en Kanado; sudorienta Alasko, Vaŝingtonio, Oregono, Idaho, okcidenta Montano, Vajomingo, Utaho, Koloradio, Nov-Meksiko, Arizono, nordoriena Nevado, kaj Triunuo-Alpoj en nordokcidenta Kalifornio en Usono. Ĝi vegetas je altaj altitudoj, ekde 300–900 m en la nordo de la arealo (malofte apud marnivelo en la ekstrema nordo), ĝis 2 400-3 650 m en la sudo de la arealo ; ĝi kutime estas trovebla ĉe kaj ĵus sub la arbarolimo.
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Abies lasiocarpa
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ES
![src=]()
Corteza del abeto alpino.
Abies lasiocarpa o abeto alpino es una especie arbórea perteneciente a la familia de las pináceas.
Distribución y hábitat
Es un abeto del oeste norteamericano, originario de las montañas del Yukón, la Columbia Británica y el Oeste de Alberta en Canadá; sureste de Alaska, Washington, Oregón, Idaho, oeste de Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Nuevo México, Arizona, noreste de Nevada y los Trinity Alps en el noroeste de California en los Estados Unidos. Aparece en grandes alturas, desde 300–900 m en el norte de su área de distribución (raramente a nivel del mar en el extremo norte), a 2.400-3.650 m en el sur de su área; normalmente se encuentra en la línea de árboles o justamente por debajo.
Descripción
Es un árbol de mediano tamaño que crece hasta los 20 m de alto, excepcionalmente hasta 40–50 m, con un tronco de alrededor de 1 m de diámetro, y su coronación es muy estrecha. La corteza en los ejemplares jívenes es suave, gris, y con burbujas de resina, volviéndose más rugosa y fisurada con la edad. Las hojas son acículas planas, de 1,5–3 cm de largo, con el haz de verde glauco con una ancha línea de estoma y dos bandas de estomas blancas en el envés. Los conos están erguidos, tienen de 6–12 cm de largo, color púrpura negruzco oscuro con una pubescencia fina de color pardo amarillento, cuando maduran se vuelven pardas y se desintegran para liberar las semillas a principios del otoño.
Variedades
Hay dos o tres taxa en el abeto alpino, tratadas de forma muy diferente por varios autores:
- El propio Abies lasiocarpa en sentido estricto, al que en inglés se llama "Abeto subalpino de la Cordillera Costera" (Coast Range Subalpine Fir) es la forma típica de la especie, y aparece en la Cadena costera del Pacífico, el Parque nacional Olympic y la cordillera de las Cascadas desde el sureste de Alaska (montes Panhandle) hacia el sur hasta California.
- El que en inglés llaman Abeto alpino de las Montañas Rocosas (Rocky Mountains Subalpine Fir) está muy estrechamente emparentado y su estatus es discutido, o bien se le considera una especie distinta, Abies bifolia, o bien una variedad del abeto alpino "de la cordillera Costera" Abies lasiocarpa var. bifolia, o no se le distingue de un A. lasiocarpa típico en absoluto. Aparece en las Montañas Rocosas desde el sureste de Alaska (cordillera de Alaska) hacia el sur hasta Colorado. Se diferencia en la composición de la resina, y en las cicatrices de la hoja joven que son pardo amarillentas, no rojizas. Flora of North America lo trata como una especie diferente (véase enlaces externos, abajo); el Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos (USDA) lo incluye dentro del within A. lasiocarpa sin distinción.
- El Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica o Abeto corchero,[2] aparece en Arizona y en Nuevo México. Se diferencia en que su corteza es más gruesa, acorchada y el follaje es más intensamente glauco. La composición de su resina se acerca a la A. bifolia más que a la típica A. lasiocarpa, aunque la cominaciín "Abies bifolia var. arizonica" no ha sido formalmente publicada. La Flora of North America lo incluye dentro de A. bifolia sin distinción; el USDA lo trata como una variedad distintiva de A. lasiocarpa.
Usos
La madera se una con propósitos estructurales generales y la industria papelera. Es también un árbol de Navidad popular. Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica es un árbol ornamental popular, que se cultiva por su intenso follaje azul glauco.
Algunas tribus indias de la meseta beben o se asean en una infusión de abeto alpino para purificarse o hacer que les crezca el pelo.[3]
Taxonomía
Abies lasiocarpa fue descrita por (Hooker) Nuttall y publicado en The North American Sylva 3: 138. 1849.[4]
- Etimología
Abies: nombre genérico que viene del nombre latino de Abies alba.[5]
lasiocarpa: epíteto latino que significa "fruto lanudo".[6]
- Sinonimia
-
Abies amabilis Parl.
-
Abies balsamea f. compacta (Beissn.) B.Boivin
-
Abies balsamea subsp. lasiocarpa (Hook.) B.Boivin
-
Abies bifolia A.Murray bis
-
Abies concolor var. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Beissn.
-
Abies grandis var. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Lavallée
-
Abies lasciocarpa Sarg.
-
Abies subalpina Engelm.
-
Abies subalpina var. fallax Engelm.
-
Picea bifolia A.Murray bis
-
Picea lasiocarpa (Hook.) A.Murray bis
-
Pinus lasiocarpa Hook. basónimo[7][8]
-
var. arizonica (Merriam) Lemmon
-
Abies arizonica Merriam
-
Abies balsamea var. arizonica (Merriam) B.Boivin
-
Abies bifolia var. arizonica (Merriam) O'Kane & K.D.Heil
-
Abies lasiocarpa subsp. arizonica (Merriam) A.E.Murray
-
Pinus beissneri Voss
Referencias
Bibliografía
-
- Bailey, L. H. & E. Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third i–xiv, 1–1290. MacMillan, New York.
- Cody, W. J. 1996. Fl. Yukon Terr. i–xvii, 1–669. NRC Research Press, Ottawa.
- Cronquist, A. J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & Reveal. 1972. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 1: 1–271. In A. J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. 2: i–xvi, 1–475. In Fl. N. Amer.. Oxford University Press, New York.
- Hitchcock, C. H., A. J. Cronquist, F. M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. 1: 1–914. In Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W.. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
- Hultén, E. 1968. Fl. Alaska i–xxi, 1–1008. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
- Jepson, W. L. 1909. Fl. Calif. vol. 1. 578 pp. Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch, San Francisco.
- Moss, E. H. 1983. Fl. Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
- Porsild, A. E. & W. Cody. 1980. Vasc. Pl. Continental Northw. Terr. Canada i–viii, 1–607. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.
- Scoggan, H. J. 1978 [1979]. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledoneae. 2: 93–545. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
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Abies lasiocarpa: Brief Summary
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ES
![src=]()
Corteza del abeto alpino.
Abies lasiocarpa o abeto alpino es una especie arbórea perteneciente a la familia de las pináceas.
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Mäginulg
(
الإستونية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ET
Mäginulg (Abies lasiocarpa) on männiliste sugukonda nulu perekonda kuuluv igihaljas okaspuu.
Teisendid
Liigil eristatakse kahte teisendit:
-
Abies lasiocarpa var. lasiocarpa ehk tüüpteisend kasvab Alaskal, Kanada idaosas ja USA kirdeosas.
-
Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica ehk korginulg kasvab levila lõunaosas USA-s Colorado, New Mexico ja Arizona osariigi mägedes.
Kirjeldus
Puu kasvab tavaliselt 15–30, harva kuni 50 m kõrguseks. Tüve läbimõõt on 30–60 (harva kuni 100) cm. Puu eluiga on 150–250 (harva 300) aastat. Võra on kitsaskoonusja kujuga ja ulatub tihti maapinnani. Tavaliselt sihvakas puu võib päikesepaistele avatud ja kehvades pinnaseoludes olla ka madala kasvuga ja põõsakujuline.
Tüüpteisendi tüve koor on praktiliselt sile, pruunikashall, rohkete vaigumuhkudega, vanematel puudel rõmeline ja kestendav. Vanadel puudel muutub tüvi konarlikuks ja praguliseks. Erinevalt tüüpteisendist on korginulu tüve koor heledam, paksem, korkjas ja vaigumuhkudeta. Noored võrsed on tuhkjashallikad, kaetud lühikeste karvakestega, mis aasta pärast muutuvad pruunikashalliks.
Pungad on ümarad, hallikaspruunid, vaigused. Okkad on 1,5–4 cm pikkused, tömbi tipuga, pealt hallikasrohelised, alt helerohelised, kahe õhulõheribaga. Okkad paiknevad kasvul spiraalselt, aga asuvad selle ülapoolel või küljel, kasvu alapoolel okkaid tavaliselt ei leidu. Okastele tehtud värsked kriimustused muutuvad punakaks.
Juured kasvavad kiiresti ja tungivad paksemates muldades küllaltki sügavale.
Puu kasvab hästi varjus, aga ei talu liigset kuumust ega põuda. Kõrgemal mägedes on kasv esimestel aastatel üsna aeglane. 10–15 aasta keskmine juurdekasv on 2,5 cm. Väikestel kõrgustel on soodsates tingimustes keskmine aastane juurdekasv 8,1–11,4 cm.
Küllalt tihti esineb tormiheidet, mis on tingitud karmidest ilma- ja pinnaseoludest. Samuti esineb tormiheidet juure- või südamemädaniku tõttu, mida põhjustavad seenhaigused.
Levikuala ja ökoloogia
Mäginulg kasvab üsna suurel territooriumil Põhja-Ameerika kirde- ja keskosa mägedes. Levila lõunaosas kasvab ta 2400–3650 m kõrgusel üle merepinna, tõustes metsapiirini. Levila põhjaosas kasvab ta ka madalamal, 300–900 m kõrgusel, kasvades levila põhjapiiril ka merekaldail.
Kliima
Areaali iseloomustavad külmad ja lumerohked talved ning jahedad suved. Levikuala põhjaosas kasvab mäginulg madalatel kõrgustel, talvised temperatuurid langevad seal kuni −45 °C-ni. Lõunaosas kasvab mäginulg aga merepinnast kõrgel, sealsete suvede temperatuur tõuseb kuni +32 °C. Areaali aasta keskmine temperatuur on vahemikus −3,9...+4,4 °C, keskmine sademete hulk on 610 mm.
Kasvupinnas
Pinnase suhtes pole mäginulg väga nõudlik. Ta kasvab nii kuivadel mäenõlvadel kui ka veega küllastunud pinnastel raba piiril. Hästi kasvab ta väikestel kõrgustel jõelammidel ja liustike poolt mahajäetud moreenil, kõrgemal aga hästi dreneerival (peene või keskmise fraktsiooniga) liiv- ja liivsavimuldadel, mis on moodustunud peamiselt basaldist, andesiidist ja kildast. Kesisemalt kasvab ta jämeda fraktsiooniga purdpinnasel ja veega küllastunud pinnasel. Samas asustab mäginulg pioneerliigina laavaga kaetud tasandikke, rusukallakuid ja laviinide poolt rajatud "koridore".
Mäginulg kasvab põhiliselt järgmistel muldadel:
Muldade keskmine pH on vahemikus 4,5—5,9.
Kaasliigid
Mäginulg kasvab puhaspuistus enamasti vaid rasketes tingimustes (järsud nõlvad, kesine pinnas). Tavaliselt kasvab mäginulg segametsas koos teiste, peamiselt okaspuudega). Mäginulu kaaspuuliigid on järgmised:
Paljunemine
Mäginulg on ühekojaline okaspuu. Ta paljuneb peamiselt seemnete abil, rasketes pinnaseoludes sageli ka vegetatiivselt (alumiste okste juurdumisega). Sellised iseloomulikud kohad on laavaga kaetud alad, rusunõlvad ja metsavööndi piir.
Valgusküllases kasvukohas kasvaval puul võib käbikandvus alata 20 aasta vanuselt, puistus siiski aastaid hiljem.
Okstel püsti seisvad käbid on 6–12 cm pikkused, silinderjas-ellipsoidsed, vaigused, noorelt tumepurpurpunased kuni hallikassinised, küpsedes muutuvad pruuniks ja lagunevad ise, paisates seemned tuulde. Seemned on tiibadega ja valmivad sügisel. Seemne mass on 10–12 mg.
Mäginulg õitseb mais-juunis. Seemned varisevad septembris-oktoobris. Ületalve säilivad seemned lume all või sees. Idanema hakkavad nad mõni päev pärast lume sulamist. Seemnete idanemisvõime säilib ühe aasta. Head seemneaastad korduvad 3–4 aasta järel.
Puidu omadused ja kasutamine
Mäginulu puit on lõhnatu, kerge, pehme, väikse väände- ja survetugevusega. Puit on kergesti töödeldav ja liimitav. Mäginulu puidust saab väga kvaliteetset tselluloosi. Mäginulu puitu kasutatakse peamiselt sisetingimustes: ehituskonstruktsioonides ja pooltoodete valmistamisel. Välitingimustes saab seda kasutada vaid tugevalt immutatuna, kuna laguneb kiiresti.
Mäginulg on USA-s levinud jõulupuu. Selle teisend korginulg on ühtlasi ilupuu.
Kasvatamine Eestis
Mäginulg pole Eestis levinud. Meil kasvavad nii tüüpteisend kui korginulg. Suuremad puud (kuni 12 m) kasvavad Järvseljal, Lasila pargis, Vana-Varbla pargis jm. Puudusteks on väga aeglane kasv ja vastuvõtlikkus mustale pahktäile.[3]
Viited
Kirjandus
Välislingid
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Mäginulg: Brief Summary
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Abies lasiocarpa
(
الباسكية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EU
Abies lasiocarpa Abies generoko izeia da, Pinaceae familiakoa
Jatorria
Ameriketako Estatu Batuak eta Kanada artean zabaldurik dago, Ipar Amerikaren mendebaldean. Banaketa eremuaren iparraldean 300-900 metrotako altueran agertzen da, hegoaldean aldiz 2.400-3.650 metro artean.
Ezaugarriak
20 metro hartzen duen zuhaitza da eta zurtoinak metro bateko diametroa izan dezake. Azal grisa du eta zahartu ahala arrakalak ugaritzen zaizkio.
Hosto azikulatuek 1'5-3 cm-ko luzera dute, berdeak goialdean eta bi marra zuri azpian. Pinaburu tenteak ditu, 6-12 cm-ko luzerakoak eta more ilunekoak.
Erabilera
Egurra ustiatzeko erabiltzen da.
Taxonomia
Abies lasiocarpa (Hooker) Nuttallek deskribatu zuen eta liburu honetan argitaratu zen: The North American Sylva 3: 138. 1849.[1]
- Etimologia
Abies: latinezko Abies alba-tik dator.
lasiocarpa: latinezko epitetoa "fruitu iletsua" duela adierazten duena.[2]
- Barietateak
- Sinonimia
-
Abies amabilis Parl.
-
Abies balsamea f. compacta (Beissn.) B.Boivin
-
Abies balsamea subsp. lasiocarpa (Hook.) B.Boivin
-
Abies bifolia A.Murray bis
-
Abies concolor var. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Beissn.
-
Abies grandis var. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Lavallée
-
Abies lasciocarpa Sarg.
-
Abies subalpina Engelm.
-
Abies subalpina var. fallax Engelm.
-
Picea bifolia A.Murray bis
-
Picea lasiocarpa (Hook.) A.Murray bis
-
Pinus lasiocarpa Hook. basonimo[3][4]
-
var. arizonica (Merriam) Lemmon
-
Abies arizonica Merriam
-
Abies balsamea var. arizonica (Merriam) B.Boivin
-
Abies bifolia var. arizonica (Merriam) O'Kane & K.D.Heil
-
Abies lasiocarpa subsp. arizonica (Merriam) A.E.Murray
-
Pinus beissneri Voss
Erreferentziak
Ikus, gainera
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Abies lasiocarpa: Brief Summary
(
الباسكية
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المقدمة من wikipedia EU
Abies lasiocarpa Abies generoko izeia da, Pinaceae familiakoa
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Lännenpihta
(
الفنلندية
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المقدمة من wikipedia FI
Lännenpihta (Abies lasiocarpa) on pihta, jota tavataan Kalliovuorten läheisyydessä. Se on suurehko ikivihreä paljassiemeninen puu. Lännenpihta kasvaa tyypillisesti noin 20 metriä korkeaksi, mutta suurin mitattu puu oli noin 50 metriä korkea. Rungon läpimitta voi olla metrin luokkaa. Lännenpihta viihtyy pohjoisessa 300–900 metrin korkeudessa ja etelässä 2 400–3 650 metrin korkeudessa.[2]
Lännenpihdan lehdet ovat 1,5–3,0 senttimetriä pitkiä littanoita neulasia, väriltään vihreitä, yläpuolelta harmahtavia. Kävyt ovat 6–12 senttimetriä pitkiä ja kypsinä mustanvioletteja.[3]
Käyttö
Lännenpihdan puuainesta käytetään rakentamisessa ja paperin valmistuksessa. Se on myös Pohjois-Amerikassa suosittu joulukuusi.
Suomessa lännenpihta on käyttökelpoinen koristepuu, joka on osoittautunut kestäväksi aina vyöhykkeelle VI asti.[4]
Lähteet
Aiheesta muualla
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Lännenpihta: Brief Summary
(
الفنلندية
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المقدمة من wikipedia FI
Lännenpihta (Abies lasiocarpa) on pihta, jota tavataan Kalliovuorten läheisyydessä. Se on suurehko ikivihreä paljassiemeninen puu. Lännenpihta kasvaa tyypillisesti noin 20 metriä korkeaksi, mutta suurin mitattu puu oli noin 50 metriä korkea. Rungon läpimitta voi olla metrin luokkaa. Lännenpihta viihtyy pohjoisessa 300–900 metrin korkeudessa ja etelässä 2 400–3 650 metrin korkeudessa.
Lännenpihdan lehdet ovat 1,5–3,0 senttimetriä pitkiä littanoita neulasia, väriltään vihreitä, yläpuolelta harmahtavia. Kävyt ovat 6–12 senttimetriä pitkiä ja kypsinä mustanvioletteja.
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Sapin subalpin
(
الفرنسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FR
Abies lasiocarpa
Le sapin subalpin ou sapin des Rocheuses (Abies lasiocarpa) est une espèce de sapin de la famille des Pinaceae. Il s'étend sur l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord. On le trouve présent dans les montagnes du Yukon, en Colombie-Britannique, à l'ouest de l'Alberta au Canada; au sud-est de l'Alaska, dans l'État de Washington, de l'Oregon, de l'Idaho, dans l'ouest du Montana, dans le Wyoming, en Utah, au Colorado, au Nouveau-Mexique, en Arizona, dans le nord-est du Nevada, et dans les montagnes du nord-ouest de la Californie aux États-Unis. On le trouve à des altitudes comprises entre 300 et 900 m au nord et entre 2 400 et 3 650 m au sud de sa zone d'expansion. On le retrouve fréquemment au niveau de la limite des arbres.
L'arbre est de taille moyenne (20 mètres) mais peut atteindre parfois les 40 à 50 mètres avec un tronc de 1 mètre de diamètre. L'écorce des jeunes sapins est lisse et grisâtre et devient rugueuse et fissurée sur les vieux arbres. Le feuillage est constitué d'épines de 1,5 à 3 cm de long de couleur verte mais avec deux lignes de stomates bleues/blanches au-dessous.
Les cônes sont orientés vers le haut, ont une taille de 6 à 12 cm, de couleur brune-noirâtre avec une pubescence jaune-brune. Le cône se décompose au début de l'automne pour libérer ses semences.
Variétés
Il existe trois taxons de sapins subalpins :
Le sapin subalpin des Rocheuses dans les Rocheuses est généralement reconnu comme une espèce à part, Abies bifolia, à l'heure actuelle..
Utilisation
Le bois de l'arbre est utilisé en construction et en papeterie. On l'utilise aussi pour en faire des sapins de Noël.
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Sapin subalpin: Brief Summary
(
الفرنسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FR
Abies lasiocarpa
Le sapin subalpin ou sapin des Rocheuses (Abies lasiocarpa) est une espèce de sapin de la famille des Pinaceae. Il s'étend sur l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord. On le trouve présent dans les montagnes du Yukon, en Colombie-Britannique, à l'ouest de l'Alberta au Canada; au sud-est de l'Alaska, dans l'État de Washington, de l'Oregon, de l'Idaho, dans l'ouest du Montana, dans le Wyoming, en Utah, au Colorado, au Nouveau-Mexique, en Arizona, dans le nord-est du Nevada, et dans les montagnes du nord-ouest de la Californie aux États-Unis. On le trouve à des altitudes comprises entre 300 et 900 m au nord et entre 2 400 et 3 650 m au sud de sa zone d'expansion. On le retrouve fréquemment au niveau de la limite des arbres.
![src=]()
Sapin subalpin dans le
parc national d'Olympic.
L'arbre est de taille moyenne (20 mètres) mais peut atteindre parfois les 40 à 50 mètres avec un tronc de 1 mètre de diamètre. L'écorce des jeunes sapins est lisse et grisâtre et devient rugueuse et fissurée sur les vieux arbres. Le feuillage est constitué d'épines de 1,5 à 3 cm de long de couleur verte mais avec deux lignes de stomates bleues/blanches au-dessous.
Les cônes sont orientés vers le haut, ont une taille de 6 à 12 cm, de couleur brune-noirâtre avec une pubescence jaune-brune. Le cône se décompose au début de l'automne pour libérer ses semences.
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Fjallaþinur
(
الآيسلندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia IS
Fjallaþinur (fræðiheiti:Abies lasciocarpa) er norður-amerísk þintegund af þallarætt.
Útbreiðsla og lýsing
Fjallaþinur vex í vesturhluta Norður-Ameríku hátt til fjalla. Hann vex upp í allt að 3500 m hæð í Klettafjöllunum en niður í 500 m í Alaska. Hann þolir illa umhleypinga. Nær allt að 20-30 m hæð, en er runnavaxinn við skógarmörk. Hann er talinn með harðgerðustu tegundum erlendis, en ekki þolinn gagnvart þurrum frostnæðingi. [2] Fjallaþinur er skuggþolinn. Krónan er mjó-keilulaga til næstum súlulaga. Greinar eru útstæðar, næstum láréttar eða lítið eitt niðursveigðar. Ungur börkur er sléttur og silfurgrár en verður að lokum grár eða grábrúnn og rifinn. Könglarnir eru sívalir og uppréttir. [3] Barrið er mjúkt viðkomu og nýtist sem jólaskraut.
Á Íslandi
Hefur verið ræktaður hérlendis frá 1905 og til í í flestum landshlutum en best hefur gengið að rækta hann inn til dala. Stálpuð tré finnast í trjásafninu í Hallormsstaðarskógi, 12-15 m há tré sem komu frá Noregi 1937. [4] Einnig eru stæðileg tré í Skorradal og Þjórsárdal. Tilraunir hafa verið gerðar með ágræðslu fjallaþins í Fnjóskadal. Ætlunin er að framleiða úrvalsfræ af fjallaþin til jólatrjáaræktar. [5]
Árið 2016 brotnuðu tveir toppar í stórviðri af aldargömlum fjallaþin í Mörkinni, Hallormsstað. Það er eitt sverasta tré landsins og vinsælt er að klifra í því. [6]
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Fjallaþinur: Brief Summary
(
الآيسلندية
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المقدمة من wikipedia IS
Fjallaþinur (fræðiheiti:Abies lasciocarpa) er norður-amerísk þintegund af þallarætt.
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Abies lasiocarpa
(
الإيطالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia IT
L'abete delle rocce (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., 1849) è una specie di abete originaria dell'America settentrionale.[1][2]
Etimologia
Il nome generico Abies, utilizzato già dai latini, potrebbe, secondo un'interpretazione etimologica, derivare dalla parola greca ἄβιος = longevo.[3] Il nome specifico lasiocarpa deriva dalle radici greche λαιοϛ = lanoso, pubescente e καρποϛ= frutto, riferendosi alla pubescenza tipica degli strobili.[4]
Descrizione
Albero alto fino a 20 m, con tronco di 0,8 m di diametro, a portamento conico. La corteccia, grigia e liscia da giovane, diviene con l'età fessurata. I rami principali sono dritti, rigidi, i secondari a coppie, opposti e disposti a spirale, di colore grigio verdastro o marrone chiaro; all'età di due anni la corteccia si spacca, rivelando la parte sottostante rosso-marrone. Le gemme variano dal marrone chiaro allo scuro e sono di forma rotondeggiante, con apice anch'esso arrotondato; Le perule che le rivestono sono corte, glabre, triangolari, con margine crenato o dentato.
Le foglie sono aghiformi, di colore verde bluastro, lunghe fino a 3 cm, rivolte verso l'alto, con un odore pungente provocato dal ß-fellandrene, un terpene che fa parte della famiglia degli oli essenziali.
Gli strobili, di color porpora scuro, sono cilindrici, lunghi fino a 12 cm e larghi fino a 4 cm, con scaglie di 1,5 cm, pubescenti; il polline emesso è color porpora. I semi, di colore marrone, sono lunghi circa 6 mm, con ali marrone chiaro di 1 cm. A germinazione, i cotiledoni sono 4-5.[5]
Distribuzione e habitat
Questa specie è distribuita in particolare sulle montagne dello Yukon, della Columbia Britannica e dell'Alberta occidentale, in Canada; mentre negli Stati Uniti è presente nel sud-est dell'Alaska, negli stati di Washington, Oregon, Idaho, nel Montana occidentale, in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Nuovo Messico, Arizona, nel nord-est del Nevada, e sulle Trinity Alps nella California nord-occidentale. Si rinviene dal livello del mare ai 1.500 m di quota nella parte più settentrionale del suo vasto areale, dai 600 ai 3.500 m di quota nelle Montagne Rocciose e nella Catena delle Cascate; non ha particolari esigenze climatiche e di suoli, frequentando zone con precipitazioni annuali dai 600 ai 3.000 mm. Le formazioni boschive sono sia esclusive che miste, in combinazione con Tsuga mertensiana nel nord-ovest e con Picea engelmannii nelle Montagne Rocciose; la varietà Arizonica è comune anche in associazione con Pinus aristata e Pinus flexilis[1]
Tassonomia
È accettata una varietà.[6]
Usi
Il legno non viene utilizzato economicamente, se non localmente per piccoli lavori di falegnameria, principalmente a causa dell'inaccessibilità delle sue zone di crescita. A parte forse alcune cultivar derivate varietà arizonica, è una specie di scarsa importanza anche in orticoltura, nonostante il suo aspetto giovanile da perfetto Albero di Natale, per la sua velocità di crescita molto lenta.[7]
Conservazione
L'abete delle rocce oltre ad avere un areale molto vasto, ha un'importanza bassa nello sfruttamento delle risorse forestali, a causa della relativa inaccessibilità delle zone frequentate, e dell'abbondanza di altre specie di conifere con qualità del legno equivalente. È classificata pertanto come specie a rischio minimo di estinzione nella Lista rossa IUCN.[1]
Galleria d'immagini
Formazione pura di Abies lasiocarpa
Note
-
^ a b c d (EN) Farjon, A. 2013., Abies lasiocarpa, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
-
^ (EN) Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., su The plant list. URL consultato il 15 novembre 2016.
-
^ Pier Luigi Nimis, Nevio Agostini, Marco Verdecchia e Elias Ceccarelli, Guida agli alberi del Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi (PDF), su Dryades project Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Università di Trieste, Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi. URL consultato il 21 marzo 2019.
-
^ (EN) Dictionary of Botanical Epithets, su Dictionary of Botanical Epithets. URL consultato il 15 novembre 2016.
-
^ (EN) Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., su Flora of North America. URL consultato il 15 novembre 2016.
-
^ (EN) Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., in Plants of the World Online, Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 29/4/2020.
-
^ (EN) Aljos Farjon, A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 vols.), Brill, 2010, pp. 97-98. URL consultato il 26 marzo 2019.
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Abies lasiocarpa: Brief Summary
(
الإيطالية
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المقدمة من wikipedia IT
L'abete delle rocce (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., 1849) è una specie di abete originaria dell'America settentrionale.
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Subalpinis kėnis
(
اللتوانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia LT
Subalpinis kėnis (lot. Abies lasiocarpa) – Šiaurės Amerikoje augančių pušinių medžių rūšis. Paplitusi Šiaurės Amerikos šiaurės vakarinės dalies kalnuose (nuo Aliaskos šiaurėje iki Arizonos pietuose). Auga nuo 300–900 m aukščio virš jūros lygio šiaurėje iki 2400-3650 m pietuose. Dažnai auga ties medžių linija.
Įprastai užauga iki 20 m, kartais iki 40-50 m aukščio. Kamieno skersmuo iki 1 m. Laja labai siaura, kūgiška. Jaunų medžių žievė pilka, glotni su sakų pūslėmis; vėliau tampa sueižėjusi, atpleišėjusi. Spygliai 1,5-3 cm ilgio. Kankorėžiai 6-12 cm ilgio, tamsiai purpuriniai, auga į viršų.
Subalpinio kėnio mediena naudojama statyboms, popieriaus gamybai. Dažnai auginamas kaip dekoratyvinis augalas.
Vikiteka
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Fjelledelgran
(
النرويجية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia NO
Fjelledelgran (Abies lasiocarpa) er en art av bartrær i edelgranslekten innenfor furufamilien.[1] Den tilhører undergruppen Balsamgraner. På engelsk kalles den enten «Subalpine fir», eller «Rocky Mountain Fir» etter leveområdet.
Varianten korkgran (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica) vokser i høyfjellene i Arizona og New Mexico og er den sørligste habiatsvarianten. Den har tykkere, mer korkaktig bark enn hovedvarianten fjelledelgran, og skuddene og nåledekket er tjukkere. varianten har også vært mange likhetstrekk med Abies bifolia, blant annet kvaen.
Fjelledelgran blir 5-25 meter høyt, kronen er smal. Årsskuddene er kantete og har vinger eller lister langs lengderetningen. Nålene kan være bleke rødbrune eller rustbrune, med brun behåring. Ofte går bladene hele veien rundt kvisten. Det er kvae på årsknoppene. Nålene er inntil 4 cm lange, og 2 mm brede. De er blanke, blågrønne, og har et lyst grågrønt bånd på undersiden med butt spiss slik så mange edelgraner har. Konglene blir inntil 10 x 4 cm.
Fjelledelgran dyrkes i høyere strøk og forviller seg sjelden fra dyrkingsområdet, men den kan finnes forvillet i Norden. Voskestedene i Nord-Amerika er fra 300-900 moh. i nord til 2.400-3.650 moh. i sør. Opprinnelig vokser den i Rocky Mountains.
Treet brukes som tømmer, til papirproduksjon, og som juletre.
Referanser
-
^ Lennart Stenberg (red), Steinar Moen (norsk red), Gyldendals Store Nordiske Flora, 2003, (2007), side 60.
Litteratur
![src=]()
Nærbilde av toppskudd med store kongler
Eksterne lenker
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Fjelledelgran: Brief Summary
(
النرويجية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia NO
Fjelledelgran (Abies lasiocarpa) er en art av bartrær i edelgranslekten innenfor furufamilien. Den tilhører undergruppen Balsamgraner. På engelsk kalles den enten «Subalpine fir», eller «Rocky Mountain Fir» etter leveområdet.
Varianten korkgran (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica) vokser i høyfjellene i Arizona og New Mexico og er den sørligste habiatsvarianten. Den har tykkere, mer korkaktig bark enn hovedvarianten fjelledelgran, og skuddene og nåledekket er tjukkere. varianten har også vært mange likhetstrekk med Abies bifolia, blant annet kvaen.
Fjelledelgran blir 5-25 meter høyt, kronen er smal. Årsskuddene er kantete og har vinger eller lister langs lengderetningen. Nålene kan være bleke rødbrune eller rustbrune, med brun behåring. Ofte går bladene hele veien rundt kvisten. Det er kvae på årsknoppene. Nålene er inntil 4 cm lange, og 2 mm brede. De er blanke, blågrønne, og har et lyst grågrønt bånd på undersiden med butt spiss slik så mange edelgraner har. Konglene blir inntil 10 x 4 cm.
Fjelledelgran dyrkes i høyere strøk og forviller seg sjelden fra dyrkingsområdet, men den kan finnes forvillet i Norden. Voskestedene i Nord-Amerika er fra 300-900 moh. i nord til 2.400-3.650 moh. i sør. Opprinnelig vokser den i Rocky Mountains.
Treet brukes som tømmer, til papirproduksjon, og som juletre.
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Jodła górska
(
البولندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia POL
Ten artykuł od 2014-02 wymaga zweryfikowania podanych informacji.Należy podać wiarygodne źródła, najlepiej w formie
przypisów bibliograficznych.
Część lub nawet wszystkie informacje w artykule mogą być nieprawdziwe. Jako pozbawione źródeł mogą zostać zakwestionowane i usunięte. Po wyeliminowaniu niedoskonałości należy usunąć szablon {{Dopracować}} z tego artykułu.
Jodła górska (Abies lasiocarpa) – gatunek zimozielonego drzewa z rodziny sosnowatych. Pochodzi z Ameryki Północnej, występuje w górach Yukonu, Kolumbii Brytyjskiej, zachodniej Alberty, południowo-wschodniej Alaski, Waszyngtonu, Oregonu, zachodniej Montany aż do północno-zachodniej Kalifornii. Rośnie w górach na wysokości od 300 do nawet 3500 m n.p.m. w klimacie chłodnym, z długimi, bogatymi w śnieg zimami i chłodniejszym latem suchym w pierwszej połowie i obfitującym w opady w drugiej jego części i jesienią (roczna suma opadów wynosi 635-889 mm, średnia roczna temperatura wynosi 1,7°C). Preferuje ubogie gleby bielicowe oraz miejsca kamieniste (nie rośnie na glebach wapiennych). W miejscach występowania rośnie razem ze świerkiem Engelmanna (Picea engelmannii) i sosną ościstą (Pinus aristata). W Ameryce popularna jako drzewko na choinki świąteczne. W Polsce w uprawie znajduje się kilka odmian jodły górskiej np.: 'Compacta' - osiągającą do 3 m wysokości, 'Argentea' - do 6 m wysokości, o igłach wyjątkowo długich – do 4 cm, 'Green Globe' – kulisty pokrój do 1 m wysokości.
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Korona stożkowata, wąska, regularnie rozgałęziona. Dorasta do 20 m wysokości (wyjątkowo do 40 m). Pędy żółto-zielone lub żółto-brązowe, z drobnymi rowkami wokół nasady igieł. Kora Na młodych drzewach jasnoszara, gładka, w starszych egzemplarzach spękana i łuszcząca się dużymi płatami. Pączki małe, okrągłe lub owalne, pokryte bladymi pomarańczowo-brązowymi łuskami, pokryte żywicą.
- Liście
- Igły niebiesko-zielone do niebiesko-białawego, 2-3 cm długości, szerokości około 2 mm, na końcach nacięte lub całe, na spodniej stronie dwa białe paski, na młodych pędach rozłożone promieniście, na starszych w dolnej ich części grzebieniasto rozłożone, skierowane ku wierzchołkowi.
- Szyszki
- Siedzące, jajowate, podłużne lub cylindryczne, 6-12 cm długości, 4 cm szerokości, niedojrzałe niebiesko-fioletowe, dojrzałe ciemnobrązowo-fioletowe. Łuski nasienne w kształcie wachlarza lub w kształcie klina, 1-2.5 cm. Pierwsze szyszki pojawiają się na drzewach w wieku 50 lat.
Przypisy
-
↑ P. F. Stevens: Pinaceae (ang.). W: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website [on-line]. 2001–.
Bibliografia
-
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006.
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Jodła górska: Brief Summary
(
البولندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia POL
![src=]()
Szyszki i pędy
Jodła górska (Abies lasiocarpa) – gatunek zimozielonego drzewa z rodziny sosnowatych. Pochodzi z Ameryki Północnej, występuje w górach Yukonu, Kolumbii Brytyjskiej, zachodniej Alberty, południowo-wschodniej Alaski, Waszyngtonu, Oregonu, zachodniej Montany aż do północno-zachodniej Kalifornii. Rośnie w górach na wysokości od 300 do nawet 3500 m n.p.m. w klimacie chłodnym, z długimi, bogatymi w śnieg zimami i chłodniejszym latem suchym w pierwszej połowie i obfitującym w opady w drugiej jego części i jesienią (roczna suma opadów wynosi 635-889 mm, średnia roczna temperatura wynosi 1,7°C). Preferuje ubogie gleby bielicowe oraz miejsca kamieniste (nie rośnie na glebach wapiennych). W miejscach występowania rośnie razem ze świerkiem Engelmanna (Picea engelmannii) i sosną ościstą (Pinus aristata). W Ameryce popularna jako drzewko na choinki świąteczne. W Polsce w uprawie znajduje się kilka odmian jodły górskiej np.: 'Compacta' - osiągającą do 3 m wysokości, 'Argentea' - do 6 m wysokości, o igłach wyjątkowo długich – do 4 cm, 'Green Globe' – kulisty pokrój do 1 m wysokości.
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Berggran
(
السويدية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia SV
Klippgran (Abies lasiocarpa)[2] är en tallväxtart som först beskrevs av William Jackson Hooker, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Thomas Nuttall. Klippgran ingår i släktet ädelgranar, och familjen tallväxter.[3][4][5] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Arten förekommer tillfälligt i Sverige, men reproducerar sig inte.[5]
Underarter
Arten delas in i följande underarter:[3]
- A. l. arizonica
- A. l. lasiocarpa
Bildgalleri
Källor
- ^ [a b] 1998 Abies lasiocarpa Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
-
^ Nutt., 1849 In: N. Amer. Sylva 3: 138.
- ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed) (9 april 2014). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/14376247. Läst 26 maj 2014.
-
^ Conifer Database. Farjon A., 2011-02-11
- ^ [a b] Dyntaxa Abies lasiocarpa
Externa länkar
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Berggran: Brief Summary
(
السويدية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia SV
Klippgran (Abies lasiocarpa) är en tallväxtart som först beskrevs av William Jackson Hooker, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Thomas Nuttall. Klippgran ingår i släktet ädelgranar, och familjen tallväxter. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Arten förekommer tillfälligt i Sverige, men reproducerar sig inte.
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Abies lasiocarpa
(
الأوكرانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia UK
Поширення, екологія
Країни поширення: Канада (Альберта, Британська Колумбія, Північно-західні території, Юкон); США (Аляска, Аризона, Каліфорнія, Колорадо, Айдахо, Монтана, Невада, Нью-Мексико, Орегон, Юта, Вашингтон, Вайомінг). Є одним з видів субальпійського поясу у високих горах заходу Північної Америки, Діапазон висот: від 5 м до 1500 м над рівнем моря на півночі ареалу і від 600 м і 3500 м в Каскадних горах і Скелястих горах. Росте на різних високогірних літозолях, вологих або сухих. Клімат всюди холодний, але змінюється від волого в пн.-зх. до сухого в пд. частині ареалу, кількість опадів коливається від 500 мм до 3000 мм на рік. Утворює зазвичай дуже відкриті деревостою з відокремлених або кластерних дерев, часто змішуючись із Tsuga mertensiana в пн.-зх. і з Picea engelmannii в більшій частині Скелястих гір. Також росте разом з Pinus, а також Abies в Тихоокеанському Північному Заході. Альпійські луки зазвичай виникають між заростями хвойних.
Опис
Дерева до 50 м у висоту і 200 см діаметра, часто набагато менше за рахунок зростання в жорстких умовах; утворює криволісся на альпійських висотах. Крона зазвичай високо-конічна, стаючи дещо сплощеною і неправильної форми на старих дерев. Кора сіра, тонка, гладка, з смоляними бульбашками в молодих дерев, стає зморшкуватою і лускатою з віком. Бруньки приховані листям або оголені, від бурого до темно-коричневого кольору, майже кулясті, дрібні, смолисті, вершина округла. Листя розміром 11-31 × 1.25-2 мм, гнучке; верхня поверхня від світло-зеленого до синьо-зеленого кольору, зазвичай тьмяна вершина від зубчастої до округлої. Пилкові шишки від фіолетового до пурпурно-зеленого кольору, зосереджені в нижній частині крони на 1-річних гілках. Насіннєві шишки від темно-фіолетово-синього до сіро-фіолетового кольору з округленою вершиною, сидячі, розміром 5-12 × 2-4 см, ростуть окремо або невеликими групами у верхній частині крони дерева. При дозріванні на початку осені вони стають коричневими. Насіння розміром 5-7 × 2-3 мм, коричневого кольору з світло-коричневими крилами приблизно в 1,5 раз більшими за насіння. 2n = 24.
Найбільше дерево: діаметр 204 см, висота 38,1 м, крона: 8 м. Виміряні в 1992 році, в Національному Олімпійському Парк, Вашингтон (Van Pelt 1996).
Найвище дерево: діаметр 107 см, висота 52 м, крона: 7 м. Виміряні в 1988 році в англ. Alpine Lakes Wilderness, Вашингтон (Van Pelt 1996)
Найстаріше дерево: в Юконі, вік 501 кілець (Luckman 2003).
Використання
Має мало або взагалі не має значення як джерело деревини, хоча властивості днревини, як правило, схожі на інші види ялиці. Значною мірою це, звичайно, пов'язано з багатою спадщиною хвойних у західній частині Північної Америки. Практично не використовується в садівництві: росте повільно і боїться «пізніх» морозів.
Загрози та охорона
Ніяких конкретних загроз не було визначено для цього виду: підвищені частоти пожеж і надмірний випас худоби є потенційними загрозами. Багато субпопуляцій знаходиться в охоронних районах.
Посилання
Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
Ви можете допомогти проекту, виправивши або дописавши її.
Abies lasiocarpa
(
الفيتنامية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia VI
Abies lasiocarpa là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được (Hook.) Nutt. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1849.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
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Abies lasiocarpa: Brief Summary
(
الفيتنامية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia VI
Abies lasiocarpa là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được (Hook.) Nutt. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1849.
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Пихта шершавоплодная
(
الروسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Пихта субальпийская
Международное научное название
Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., 1849
Синонимы
-
Pinus lasiocarpa Hook. basionym
-
Abies amabilis Parl.
-
Abies balsamea f. compacta (Beissn.) B.Boivin
-
Abies balsamea subsp. lasiocarpa (Hook.) B.Boivin
-
Abies bifolia A.Murray bis
-
Abies concolor var. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Beissn.
-
Abies grandis (Hook.) Lavallée
-
Abies lasciocarpa Sarg.
-
Abies lasiocarpa subsp. bifolia (A.Murray bis) Silba
-
Abies lasiocarpa var. fallax (Engelm.) Franco
-
Abies subalpina Engelm.
-
Abies subalpina var. fallax Engelm.
-
Picea bifolia A.Murray bis
-
Picea lasiocarpa (Hook.) A.Murray bis
Ареал 
Охранный статус 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 181830NCBI 34340EOL 1061728GRIN t:676IPNI 1081948-2TPL kew-2609926 Пихта шершавоплодная[2] (лат. Abies lasiocarpa) — вид деревьев из рода Пихта (Abies) семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae). Прежде, в ботанической литературе, упоминалось под названием Пихта субальпи́йская[3].
Распространение и экология
В природе ареал вида охватывает высокогорный пояс западных районов Северной Америки, примерно с 33° по 63° с. ш.; произрастает до верхней границы леса.
Растёт рассеянно, наиболее часто с елью Энгельмана (Picea engelmannii) и сосной белокорой (Pinus albicaulis), реже с сосной скрученной широкохвойной (Pinus contorta), тсугой горной (Tsuga mertensiana) и другими видами. Обычна на теневых склонах гор или вдоль рек. Больших размеров достигает на плодородных, влажных, лёгких или хорошо дренированных почвах; мирится с бедными и сухими почвами; на тяжёлых, глинистых почвах растет плохо. Переносит временное избыточное увлажнение почв[3].
Ботаническое описание
Дерево высотой 15—30 (до 48) м, при диаметре ствола 45—60 (до 90) см; в высокогорном поясе низкорослое. Растёт медленно, особенно в молодости; в 100—200 лет достигает высоты 15—22 м. Крона плотная, узко-конусовидная[3], согласно другому источнику узкокеглевидная до колоннообразной[4]. Кора молодых деревьев серебристо-серая и гладкая; на старых — пепельно-серая или коричневатая, мелко-трещиноватая; молодые побеги — пепельно-серые с коротким ржавым опушением. Корневая система поверхностная, ветровальная.
Почки почти шаровидные, сильно смолистые. Хвоя длиной 15—25 (до 36) мм, шириной 1,5 мм, на вершине закруглённая или островатая, сверху матово-синевато-зелёная: снизу с двумя белыми полосками[3], направлена вверх[4].
Шишки многочисленные, рядом стоящие[4], цилиндрические, сжатые к вершине, длиной 6—10 см, диаметром 3,5—4 см, со скрытыми кроющими чешуями[3], в молодом возрасте тёмно-пурпурные[4]. Семя конусовидное, с равным ему тёмными, блестящим крылом. В 1 кг около 100 тыс. семян; вес 100 семян около 10 г. Шишки созревают в августе-сентябре, обильные урожаи через 3 года[3].
В культуре
Культивируется редко. На юге степной зоны Украины страдает от засух. В Белоруссии, Москве и Санкт-Петербурге растёт успешно[3].
Пихта шершавоплодная: Brief Summary
(
الروسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
Пихта шершавоплодная (лат. Abies lasiocarpa) — вид деревьев из рода Пихта (Abies) семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae). Прежде, в ботанической литературе, упоминалось под названием Пихта субальпи́йская.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu jedle plstnatoplodá ve Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies har information om Abies lasiocarpa.
Denna artikel om ädelgranar saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
_southwest_of_Jarbidge,_Nevada.jpg)
