Olympic Dichodontium Moss

Rarely, one or both leaf margins may be recurved to various extents in some of the larger leaves of Dichodontium olympicum. The costa near the leaf insertion is 50-62 µm across, while that of D. pellucidum varies from 30 to 100 µm. The leaves are strongly papillose-mammillose. The margins are evenly denticulate, whereas in D. pellucidum similar denticulations are interrupted at intervals by teeth with the outer edge curving toward the apex. The papillae salients tend to become more prominent on the leaf margins approaching the leaf insertion. There does not appear to be a hydroid strand in the costa in the proximal leaf section, which could help differentiate this species from D. pellucidum, which often possesses this feature in robust (longer) stems and leaves.

Dichodontium olympicum is often cited as dioicous in past literature, while J.-P. Frahm et al. (1998) correctly noted its autoicous sexuality but did not include this useful character in their key to species. Since the sexuality of the genus is often said to in part differentiate Dichodontium from other genera, such as Cynodontium, which has autoicous species, one wonders how artificial Dichodontium and other closely related genera are, as several characters, such as strumiferous capsules and the striking “horned” papillae and variously undifferentiated costa anatomy, seem to vary independently of generic limits.

Dichodontium integrum Sakurai has been cited by Gao C. et al. (1999) for the flora of China, without observation of specimens, but indicating that the species, based on a translation of part of the protologue, “is similar to the North American Dichodontium olympicum.” The description given, however, lacks the essential distinctions of D. olympicum. Further inquiry is needed.

Stems 0.4-0.8 cm. Leaves 1-2.2 mm, apex rounded-obtuse to obtusely acute, occasionally truncate; leaf margins mostly plane at base, rarely some leaves recurved, prominently papillose near insertion, margins of leaf apex strongly papillose but without teeth; laminal cells at margins strongly papillose by projecting distal cell ends to within 6-10 cells of the insertion; median leaf cells with horned (sometimes branched) papillae on both surfaces; costal cells adaxially quadrate or short-rectangular (1-2:1), papillose, scarcely different from adjacent laminal cells. Specialized asexual reproduction unknown. Sexual condition autoicous, perigonium located just below the perichaetium. Seta 4-8 mm. Capsule 1-1.4 mm, strumose, irregularly furrowed when dry. Spores 10-15 µm.

Dichodontium olympicum Ren. & Card. Rev. Bryol. 19: 74. 1892
Dioicous: male plants very similar to the fertile ones, bearing an inconspicuous, terminal, antheridial bud, with the 1 or 2 inner leaves much shorter than the outer, costate, broadly ovate, with a short, obtuse, rough, darker point, the 5 or 6 antheridia about 0.3 mm. long with few paraphyses: fertile plants in rather compact, dark-green cushions, with stems scarcely 1 cm. high: stem-leaves when dry more or less erect-appressed or incurved, when moist widely spreading, up to about 1.7 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate to nearly oblong-linear with a broad, mostly rounded apex, the margins flat all around and papillose-serrate to a little above the insertion of the leaf; costa stout, nearly percurrent, very rough on both sides, about 60^ wide below, in cross-section near the middle showing 4 guide-cells, stereid-bands above and below, and outer cells strongly differentiated; leaf-cells above obscure, roundish, mostly 6-7 m in diameter, with high papillae on both sides, the cells near the base becoming smooth and oblong or rectangular from the margin of the leaf to the costa, up to 8-12 fi wide and 20-40 i long; perichaetial leaves rather longer than the stem-leaves, with the base more lax: seta 8 mm. long; capsule oblong, about 1.5 mm. long, nodding, somewhat curved and strumose, with obliquely rostrate lid; peristome-teeth dark, lanceolate, with 15-20 articulations, divided about one half down into 2 or 3 forks, more or less vertically striate and minutely papillose: calyptra 1.75 mm. long, entire below, rough in the upper half.
Type locality: Olympic Mountains, Washington. Distribution: Known only from the type locality.