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Austro South American Side Necked Turtles

Chelidae

Morphology

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Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Pecor, K. 2003. "Chelidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chelidae.html
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Reproduction

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Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)

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Pecor, K. 2003. "Chelidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chelidae.html
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Austro-South American Side Necked Turtles

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The Chelidae are one of three iving families of the Turtle (Testudines) suborder Pleurodira. There are some 60 odd species that are distributed in Australasia and South America. All members pull their heads back to the side as in other Pleurodiran Turtles. Well known members of this family include the Mata mata from South America and the Eastern Long-necked Turtle from Australia.

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Quèlid ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els quèlids (Chelidae) són una família de tortugues d'aigua dolça, que alberga a 40 espècies en 12 gèneres. Els seus membres es distribueixen a Austràlia, Nova Guinea i Sud-amèrica i se'ls coneix com a tortugues coll de serp.

Taxonomia

Articles relacionats

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Quèlid: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els quèlids (Chelidae) són una família de tortugues d'aigua dolça, que alberga a 40 espècies en 12 gèneres. Els seus membres es distribueixen a Austràlia, Nova Guinea i Sud-amèrica i se'ls coneix com a tortugues coll de serp.

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Schlangenhalsschildkröten ( German )

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Die Schlangenhalsschildkröten (Chelidae) sind eine Familie der Halswender-Schildkröten (Pleurodira).

Aussehen

Wie alle Wasserschildkröten haben sie einen eher abgeplatteten Panzer. Ihr Bauchpanzer (Plastron) besteht aus neun Knochenplatten. Als Halswender verbergen sie ihren Kopf mit einer typischen S-förmigen, waagerechten Biegung im Panzer. Bei einigen Gattungen – wie den Australischen Schlangenhalsschildkröten (Chelodina) und der Fransenschildkröte (Chelus fimbriatus) – ist der Hals länger als der Rumpf. Bei ihnen sitzen die Augen weit vorn über der Schnauze, eine Anpassung an ihre aquatische Lebensweise.

Verbreitung

Schlangenhalsschildkröten sind neben der Papua-Weichschildkröte die einzigen in Australien vorkommenden Schildkröten. Daneben gibt es sie in Neuguinea und in Südamerika.

Systematik

Bislang sind 59 Arten aus 15 Gattungen der Schlangenhalsschildkröten beschrieben worden, die drei Unterfamilien zugeordnet werden:

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Neuguinea-Schnappschildkröte (Elseya novaeguineae)
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Weißbauch-Schnappschildkröte (Elseya branderhorsti)
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Rotbauch-Spitzkopfschildkröte (Emydura subglobosa)
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Stachelhals-Sumpfschildkröte (Acanthochelys spixii)
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Fransenschildkröte
(Chelus fimbriatus)
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Rotkopf-Plattschildkröte (Platemys platycephala)
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Quellen und Weblinks

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Schlangenhalsschildkröten: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Schlangenhalsschildkröten (Chelidae) sind eine Familie der Halswender-Schildkröten (Pleurodira).

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Ilonboʻyin toshbaqalar ( Uzbek )

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Ilonboʻyin toshbaqalar, ter rapinlar (Chelidae) — toshbaqalar oilasi. Uzun boʻyni va boshini yon tomondan egib, kosasining ostiga yashiradi. Avstraliya I. t.i (Chelofi na longicollis) boʻynining uz. tanasining uz.ga teng keladi. Kosasi, odatda, bir oz yassi. 10 urugi, 30 dan ortiq turi maʼlum, Jan. Amerika, Avstraliya va Yangi Gvineyada tarqalgan, Etxoʻr. 15— 20 dona tuxum qoʻyadi. Ayrim turlari ovlanadi. Bir turi Tabiatni Muhofaza qilish xalqaro ittifoqi Qizil kitobiga kiritilgan. [1]

Manbalar

  1. OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil
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Ilonboʻyin toshbaqalar: Brief Summary ( Uzbek )

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Ilonboʻyin toshbaqalar, ter rapinlar (Chelidae) — toshbaqalar oilasi. Uzun boʻyni va boshini yon tomondan egib, kosasining ostiga yashiradi. Avstraliya I. t.i (Chelofi na longicollis) boʻynining uz. tanasining uz.ga teng keladi. Kosasi, odatda, bir oz yassi. 10 urugi, 30 dan ortiq turi maʼlum, Jan. Amerika, Avstraliya va Yangi Gvineyada tarqalgan, Etxoʻr. 15— 20 dona tuxum qoʻyadi. Ayrim turlari ovlanadi. Bir turi Tabiatni Muhofaza qilish xalqaro ittifoqi Qizil kitobiga kiritilgan.

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Зьмеяшыйныя чарапахі ( Belarusian )

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Зьмеяшыйныя чарапахі (Chelidae) — сямейства паўзуноў падатрада бакашыйных чарапах.

Каля 15 родаў, больш за 50 відаў. Пашыраны ў рэках і азёрах Паўднёвай Амэрыкі, Аўстраліі і Новай Гвінэі. Найбольш вядомыя: аўстралійская зьмеяшыйная чарапаха (Chelodina longicollis), гідрамэдузы (Hydromedusa), махрыстая зьмеяшыйная чарапаха, або матамата (Chelus fimbiriatus), несапраўдная эмідура, якая жыве ў Паўднёва-Заходняй Аўстраліі.

Даўжыня панцыра да 40 см. Характэрна доўгая шыя, якая разам з галавой закладваецца збоку пад панцыр, а не ўцягваецца ўнутр. Панцыр звычайна значна пляскаты.

Адкладваюць 15-20 яец.

Некаторыя віды — аб’екты паляваньня (мяса, яйкі).

Commons-logo.svgсховішча мультымэдыйных матэрыялаў

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Chelidae

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Chelidae is one of three living families of the turtle suborder Pleurodira, and are commonly called Austro-South American side-neck turtles.[2] The family is distributed in Australia, New Guinea, parts of Indonesia, and throughout most of South America. It is a large family of turtles with a significant fossil history dating back to the Cretaceous. The family is entirely Gondwanan in origin, with no members found outside Gondwana, either in the present day or as a fossil.[3]

Description

Like all pleurodirous turtles, the chelids withdraw their necks sideways into their shells, differing from cryptodires that fold their necks in the vertical plane. They are all highly aquatic species with webbed feet and the capacity to stay submerged for long periods of time. The snake-necked species (genera Chelus, Chelodina, and Hydromedusa) are largely strike-and-gape hunters or foragers feeding on fish, invertebrates, and gastropods. The short-necked forms are largely herbivorous or molluscivorous, but are also opportunistic, with several species having specialized to eating fruits.

The highly aquatic nature of the group is typified by the presence of cloacal breathing in some species of the genera Elseya and Rheodytes.[4] However, some species, such as the eastern long-neck turtle (Chelodina longicollis) from Australia spend significant periods of time on land and are considered highly terrestrial.

The smaller members of the family include the Macleay River turtle (Emydura macquarii) at around 16 cm,[5] twist-necked turtle (Platemys platycephala) at 18 cm and the western swamp turtle (Pseudemydura umbrina) at 15 cm, whereas the larger species such as the mata mata (Chelus fimbriata) and the white-throated snapping turtle (Elseya albagula) both exceed 45 cm in shell length.[6]

Chelids exhibit XX/XY genetic sex determination, in contrast to most other turtles, which have temperature-dependent sex determination.[7]

Shell morphology

Members of Chelidae have unique shell morphology. The carapace often has reduced surface exposure of neural bones, or even none at all.[8] This is due to less requirement for enlarged longissimus dorsi muscles in side-necked turtles.[9]

The inside of the carapace is often heavily buttressed. This has sometimes been seen as a defense mechanism, that is it increases the strength of the shell against biting force, however Thomson (2003)[9] demonstrated it is linked to feeding methods and the prevention of internal torsion of the shell. Chelids also lack mesoplastra, which separates them from the Pelomedusidae.

Scute and skeletal elements of the chelid carapace
Scute and skeletal elements of the chelid carapace

The cervical scute is usually present, though it is absent in some species of Elseya and Myuchelys. Otherwise, the carapace has the usual complement of four costals, five vertebrals and twelve marginals (per side). Internally, the carapace is made of eight pleurals (per side), eleven peripherals (per side), a nuchal at the front and a suprapygal and pygal at the rear of the shell. As noted earlier, neurals, although always present, often exist as subsurface elements above the vertebral column.[8]

Scute and skeletal elements of the chelid plastron
Scute and skeletal elements of the chelid plastron

The plastron of chelids does not contain any hinges as can appear in some cryptodire turtles. The scute pattern is a unique feature of the Pleurodira and can be used to immediately identify a shell as belonging to this suborder. All cryptodires have 12 plastral scutes, whereas pleurodires have thirteen. The extra scute is called the intergular. The rest of the scutes and the skeletal structure beneath them are the same as all turtles: paired gulars, humerals, pectorals, abdominals, and anals. The skeletal elements consist of a single entoplaston, as well as paired epiplastra, entoplastra, hyoplastra, hypoplastra and xiphiplastra (Pritchard & Trebbau, 1984).[10]

Evolutionary history

The oldest records of Pan-Chelidae (the clade containing Chelidae and all other species more closely related to Chelidae than other pleurodires) first appear in the mid Cretaceous in South America and Australia, represented by Prochelidella cerrobarcinae from the Cerro Barcino Formation of Argentina, which dates from 118 to 110 million years ago,[11][12] and indeterminate remains from the Griman Creek Formation, of New South Wales, Australia, dating to around 100 million years ago.[13][14]

Classification

Mata mata Chelus fimbriatus
A mata mata, Chelus fimbriatus

A number of theories of the relationships within the large chelid family have been posited. Using shared derived characters, an early attempt in the 1970s used strict parsimony to determine the three long-necked genera (Chelodina, Chelus, and Hydromedusa) were each other's closest relatives.[15] This was accepted for some time, but brought into scrutiny,[16] because the major differences between the genera showed they all appeared to have evolved independently of each other, hinging on the fact that although they had long necks, how they used them and their structures were different.

A number of additional data sets were developed that used electrophoresis and nuclear and mtDNA analysis; these all agreed on the independent evolution of the three long-necked clades.[17][18] This was culminated in a reanalysis of the morphological data which demonstrated the convergence of the clades on a sweep of distinctive features needed for their piscivorous diets,[19] Thomson, 2000.[20] The subfamilies within Chelidae show the monophyly of the majority of the South American species and all the Australian species, with the far more ancient Hydromedusa as sister taxon to both these other groups.

The family Chelidae contains about 60 species within around twenty genera:[17]

Taxonomy after TTWG 2021[21]

Phylogeny

Phrynops geoffroanus
Phrynops geoffroanus

Relationships of the living forms based on Georges et al., 2014.[37]

Chelidae Hydromedusinae

Hydromedusa

Chelinae

Chelus

Phrynops

Rhinemys

Mesoclemmys

Platemys

Acanthochelys

Chelodininae

Chelodina

Pseudemydura

Elusor

Rheodytes

Flaviemys

Elseya

Emydura

Myuchelys

The species in the Chelidae family are distributed across Australia, New Guinea, and South America. Over time they were required to disperse out of concerns of food shortage, habitat destruction, and weather disruptions. In all of these warmer climates, they can be found in turbid waters covered by muck and the root-mats of underwater vegetation. The waters that they are found in often lack large species of fish that would put them at risk of predation.

References

  1. ^ a b Gray, J. E. (1831). Synopsis Reptilium Or Short Descriptions of the Species of Reptiles. Part 1. Cataphracta, Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Enaliosaurians. London. 85 pp.
  2. ^ Obst, Fritz Jurgen (1998). Cogger, H. G.; Zweifel, R. G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
  3. ^ Georges, A. & Thomson, S. (2006). "Evolution and Zoogeography of Australian freshwater turtles". In: Merrick, J. R.; Archer, M.; Hickey, G. & Lee, M. (eds.) Evolution and Zoogeography of Australasian Vertebrates. Sydney: Australia.
  4. ^ Gordos, M. A.; Franklin, C. E. & Limpus, C. J. (2004). "Effect of water depth and water velocity upon the surfacing frequency of the bimodally respiring freshwater turtle, Rheodytes leukops". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 207: 3099-3107.
  5. ^ Cann, J. (2008). Freshwater Turtles: A Wild Australia Guide. Queensland, Australia: Steve Parish Publishing, p. 46.
  6. ^ Thomson, S.; Georges, A. & Limpus, C. (2006). "A New Species of Freshwater Turtle in the Genus Elseya (Testudines: Chelidae) from Central Coastal Queensland, Australia". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 5 (1): 74-86.
  7. ^ Badenhorst, Daleen; Stanyon, Roscoe; Engstrom, Tag; Valenzuela, Nicole (2013-03-20). "A ZZ/ZW microchromosome system in the spiny softshell turtle, Apalone spinifera, reveals an intriguing sex chromosome conservation in Trionychidae". Chromosome Research. 21 (2): 137–147. doi:10.1007/s10577-013-9343-2. ISSN 0967-3849. PMID 23512312. S2CID 14434440.
  8. ^ a b Thomson, S. & Georges, A. (1996). "Neural bones in chelid turtles". Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2: 82-86.
  9. ^ a b Thomson S. (2003). "Long necks, flat heads and the evolution of piscivory". World Chelonian Trust.
  10. ^ Pritchard, Peter C. H. & Trebbau, Pedro (1984). The Turtles of Venezuela. Society for the Studies of Amphibians and Reptiles: 403 pp.
  11. ^ de la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Umazano, Aldo M.; Sterli, Juliana; Carballido, José L. (August 2011). "New chelid turtles of the lower section of the Cerro Barcino formation (Aptian-Albian?), Patagonia, Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 32 (4): 527–537. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.03.007.
  12. ^ Krause, J. Marcelo; Ramezani, Jahandar; Umazano, Aldo M.; Pol, Diego; Carballido, José L.; Sterli, Juliana; Puerta, Pablo; Cúneo, N. Rubén; Bellosi, Eduardo S. (April 2020). "High-resolution chronostratigraphy of the Cerro Barcino Formation (Patagonia): Paleobiologic implications for the mid-cretaceous dinosaur-rich fauna of South America". Gondwana Research. 80: 33–49. Bibcode:2020GondR..80...33K. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2019.10.005. S2CID 210265289.
  13. ^ Smith, Elizabeth T. (September 2010). "Early Cretaceous chelids from Lightning Ridge, New South Wales". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 34 (3): 375–384. doi:10.1080/03115518.2010.488117. ISSN 0311-5518. S2CID 129726482.
  14. ^ Bell, Phil R.; Fanti, Federico; Hart, Lachlan J.; Milan, Luke A.; Craven, Stephen J.; Brougham, Thomas; Smith, Elizabeth (January 2019). "Revised geology, age, and vertebrate diversity of the dinosaur-bearing Griman Creek Formation (Cenomanian), Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, Australia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 514: 655–671. Bibcode:2019PPP...514..655B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.11.020. hdl:11585/651841. S2CID 134264936.
  15. ^ Gaffney, E. S. (1977). "The side-necked turtle family Chelidae: a theory of relationships using shared derived characters". American Museum Novitates. 2620: 1-28.
  16. ^ Pritchard, P. C. H. (1984). "Piscivory in turtles, and evolution of the long-necked Chelidae". in Ferguson, M. W. (ed) The Structure, Development and Evolution of Reptiles. Zoological Society of London, Symposium. 52: 87-110.
  17. ^ a b Georges, A.; Birrell, J.; Saint, K. M.; McCord, W. & Donnellan, S. C. (1998). "A phylogeny for side-necked turtles (Chelonia: Pleurodira) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence variation". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 67: 213-246.
  18. ^ Seddon, J.; Georges, A.; Baverstock, P. & McCord, W. (1997). "Phylogenetic relationships of chelid turtles (Pleurodira: Chelidae) based on mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequence variation". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 7: 55-61.
  19. ^ Thomson S. (2003). "Long necks, flat heads and the evolution of piscivory". World Chelonian Trust
  20. ^ Thomson S. A. (2000). "On the identification of the holotype of Chelodina oblonga (Testudinata: Chelidae) with a discussion of the taxonomic implications". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 3: 745-749.
  21. ^ Rhodin, Anders G.J.; Iverson, John B.; Bour, Roger; Fritz, Uwe; Georges Arthur; Shaffer, H. Bradley; van Dijk, Peter Paul (2021-12-01). "Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.)" (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. 8: 1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. ISBN 9780991036837. S2CID 244279960.
  22. ^ a b c d Broin, F. de & de la Fuente, M. S. (2001). "Oldest world Chelidae (Chelonii, Pleurodira), from the Cretaceous Patagonia, Argentina". Palaeontology 333: 463-470.
  23. ^ Wieland, G. R. (1923). "A new Parana Pleurodiran". American Journal of Science. 5 (25): 1-15.
  24. ^ Baur, Georg (1893). "Notes on the classification of the Cryptodira". American Naturalist. 27 :672–674.
  25. ^ Megirian, D. & Murray, P. (1999). "Chelid turtles (Pleurodira, Chelidae) from the Miocene Camfield Beds, Northern Territory of Australia, with a description of a new genus and species". The Beagle (Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory). 15: 75–130.
  26. ^ Gray, J. E. (1867). "Description of a new Australian tortoise (Elseya latisternum)". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. (3) 20: 43-45.
  27. ^ Cann, J. & Legler, J. M. (1994). "The Mary River Tortoise: a new genus and species of short-necked chelid from Queensland, Australia (Testudines; Pleurodira)". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 1 (2): 81-96.
  28. ^ Le, M.; Reid, B. N.; McCord, W. P.; Naro-Maciel, E.; Raxworthy, C. J.; Amato, G. & Georges A. (2013). "Resolving the phylogenetic history of the short-necked turtles, genera Elseya and Myuchelys (Testudines: Chelidae) from Australia and New Guinea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 68 (2013) 251–258.
  29. ^ Thomson, S. & Georges, A. (2009). "Myuchelys gen. nov. — a new genus for Elseya latisternum and related forms of Australian freshwater turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae)". Zootaxa. 2053: 32–42.
  30. ^ Legler, J. M. & Cann, J. (1980). "A new species of chelid turtle from Queensland, Australia". Contributions to Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 324: 1-18.
  31. ^ Gray, John Edward (1825). "A synopsis of the genera of reptiles and amphibia, with a description of some new species". Annals of Philosophy. (2) 10: 193–217.
  32. ^ Gray, J. E. (1873). "Observations on chelonians, with descriptions of new genera and species". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. (4) 11: 289-308.
  33. ^ Baur, Georg. (1893). "Notes on the classification and taxonomy of the Testudinata". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 31: 210–225.
  34. ^ Oriozabala, Carolina; Sterli, Juliana; de la Fuente, Marcelo S. (February 2020). "New species of the long-necked chelid Yaminuechelys from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) of Chubut, Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 106: 104197. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104197. S2CID 201336536.
  35. ^ Zhang, X.; Unmack, P. J.; Kuchling, G.; Wang, Y. & Georges, A. (October 2017). "Resolution of the enigmatic phylogenetic relationship of the critically endangered Western Swamp Tortoise Pseudemydura umbrina (Pleurodira: Chelidae) using a complete mitochondrial genome". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 115: 58-61.
  36. ^ Seibenrock, F. (1901). "Beschreibung einer neuen schildkrotengattung aus der familie Chelydidae aus Australien: Pseudemydura". Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. 38: 248-251.
  37. ^ Georges, Arthur; Zhang, Xiuwen; Unmack, Peter; Reid, Brenden N.; Le, Minh; McCord, William P. (2014). "Contemporary genetic structure of an endemic freshwater turtle reflects Miocene orogenesis of New Guinea". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 111 (1): 192–208. doi:10.1111/bij.12176. ISSN 0024-4066. S2CID 4950570.
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Chelidae: Brief Summary

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Chelidae is one of three living families of the turtle suborder Pleurodira, and are commonly called Austro-South American side-neck turtles. The family is distributed in Australia, New Guinea, parts of Indonesia, and throughout most of South America. It is a large family of turtles with a significant fossil history dating back to the Cretaceous. The family is entirely Gondwanan in origin, with no members found outside Gondwana, either in the present day or as a fossil.

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Chelidae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los quélidos (Chelidae) son una familia de tortugas de agua dulce, que alberga a 40 especies en 12 géneros. Sus miembros se distribuyen en Australia, Nueva Guinea y Sudamérica y se les conoce como tortugas cuello de serpiente.

Taxonomía

Algunos expertos agregan los géneros:

Varios expertos consideran que Mesoclemmys no forma un género independiente y pertenece al género Phrynops. No hay acuerdo sobre la clasificación de Batrachemys como un género independiente, pero King & Burke (1989) consideran que las seis especies agrupadas en él deben clasificarse también dentro de Phrynops.

Por el contrario, a partir de la investigación genética, McCord, Mehdi & Lamar (2001) establecen que Batrachemys y Mesoclemmys son géneros independientes de Phrynops, como también

Además describen dos géneros nuevos, desprendidos de Phrynops:

Finalmente, en 2009 Scott Thomson & Arthur Georges establecieron que Elseya era parafilético y crearon el nuevo género Myuchelys para algunas especies.

Además, se conocen varios géneros extintos:

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Chelidae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los quélidos (Chelidae) son una familia de tortugas de agua dulce, que alberga a 40 especies en 12 géneros. Sus miembros se distribuyen en Australia, Nueva Guinea y Sudamérica y se les conoce como tortugas cuello de serpiente.

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Madukaellased (kilpkonnad) ( Estonian )

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Madukaellased[1] (Chelidae) on kilpkonnaliste sugukond.

Klassifikatsioon

Madukaellaste sugukond klassifitseeritakse alamsugukondadeks:

Viited

  1. Loomade elu 5:142.

Välislingid

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Madukaellased (kilpkonnad): Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Madukaellased (Chelidae) on kilpkonnaliste sugukond.

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Chelidae ( Basque )

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Chelidae dortoka familia bat da. Australian, Ginea Berrian eta Hego Amerikan bizi dira.

Generoak

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Chelidae: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Chelidae dortoka familia bat da. Australian, Ginea Berrian eta Hego Amerikan bizi dira.

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Käärmeenkaulakilpikonnat ( Finnish )

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Käärmeenkaulakilpikonnat (Chelidae) on kilpikonnaheimo, joka on saanut nimensä useilla siihen kuuluvilla lajeilla esiintyvän pitkän niskan mukaan. Heimoon kuuluvia lajeja esiintyy Australiassa, Uudessa-Guineassa ja Etelä-Amerikassa.[1]

Suvut

Lähteet

  1. Pecor, K: Family Chelidae University of Michigan. Viitattu 29.1.2009. (englanniksi)
Tämä matelijoihin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Käärmeenkaulakilpikonnat: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Käärmeenkaulakilpikonnat (Chelidae) on kilpikonnaheimo, joka on saanut nimensä useilla siihen kuuluvilla lajeilla esiintyvän pitkän niskan mukaan. Heimoon kuuluvia lajeja esiintyy Australiassa, Uudessa-Guineassa ja Etelä-Amerikassa.

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Chelidae ( French )

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Les Chelidae sont une famille de tortues. Elle a été créée par John Edward Gray en 1825.

Elle comprend une cinquantaine d'espèces de tortues aquatiques pleurodires.

Répartition

Les espèces de cette famille se rencontrent en Australie, en Nouvelle-Guinée et en Amérique du Sud.

Description

Elles sont aquatiques ou semi-aquatiques. La plupart des espèces vivent dans des eaux douces calmes ou les marais, bien que les Chelodina siebenrocki vivent dans l'eau salée.

La Chelodina expansa est la plus grande des Chelidae avec près de 50 cm adulte, la plus petite est la Pseudemydura umbrina avec 15 cm adulte.

Liste des genres

Selon TFTSG (10 janvier 2013)[1] :

Position phylogénétique

La classification présentée ici est la simplification de celle présentée par A. Georges, J. Birrell, K. M. Saint, W. McCord und S. C. Donnellan[2] basée sur l'analyse génétique.

Chelidae Hydromedusinae

Hydromedusa



Chelidinae

Chelus




Phrynops





Rhinemys



Mesoclemmys





Platemys



Acanthochelys






Chelodininae

Chelodina




Pseudemydura




Myuchelys




Elusor




Rheodytes




Emydura



Elseya










Publication originale

  • Gray, 1825 : A synopsis of the genera of reptiles and Amphibia, with a description of some new species. Annals of Philosophy, London, ser. 2, vol. 10, p. 193–217 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. TFTSG, consulté le 10 janvier 2013
  2. A. Georges, J. Birrell, K. M. Saint, W. McCord et S. C. Donnellan, A phylogeny for side-necked turtles (Chelonia: Pleurodira) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence variation, vol. 67, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 1999, p. 213-246

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Chelidae: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Chelidae sont une famille de tortues. Elle a été créée par John Edward Gray en 1825.

Elle comprend une cinquantaine d'espèces de tortues aquatiques pleurodires.

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Chelidae ( Galician )

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Chelidae Eastern long neck tortoise - chelodina longicollis03.jpg

Chelodina longicollis

Clasificación científica Reino: Animalia Filo: Chordata Clase: Réptiles Orde: Testudines Suborde: Pleurodira Familia: Chelidae Xéneros

Os Chelidae son unha familia da orde das tartarugas (Orde Testudinata), tamén chamadas tartarugas pescozo de serpe. O nome deriva do pescozo, que é relativamente cumprido e estreito.

Características

A familia está constituída por cerca de 44 especies clasificadas en polo menos 12 xéneros distribuídos por Australia, Papúa Nova Guinea e América do Sur. O hábitat preferencial está nas selvas, xunto de ríos de curso lento, lagoas rasas e terreos pantanosos. A cuncha dos Chelidae é ovalada e de cor escura. A maioría das especies do grupo son carnívoros e aliméntanse de vermes, moluscos, pequenos peixes, vexetais, crustáceos e insectos; existen tamén especies omnívoras.

A familia Chelidae xurdiu durante o Mioceno.

Clasificación

Taxonomía

  • Xénero: Chelodina
    • Chelodina expansa (Tartaruga xigante pescozo de serpe)
    • Chelodina longicollis (Tartaruga de pescozo longo común)
    • Chelodina mccordi
    • Chelodina novaeguineae
    • Chelodina oblonga
    • Chelodina parkeri
    • Chelodina pritchardi
    • Chelodina reimanni
    • Chelodina rugosa
    • Chelodina siebenrocki (Tartaruga de pescozo de serpe de Siebenrock)
    • Chelodina steindachneri (Tartaruga de Steindachner)
  • Xénero: Chelus
  • Xénero: Elseya
    • Elseya dentata
    • Elseya latisternum
    • Elseya macrurus
    • Elseya novaeguineae
  • Xénero: Emydura
    • Emydura australis
    • Emydura krefftii
    • Emydura macquarrii
    • Emydura signata
    • Emydura sublobosa
    • Emydura victoriae
  • Xénero: Hydromedusa
    • Hydromedusa maximiliani
    • Hydromedusa tectifera (Tartaruga de pescozo de serpe)
  • Xénero: Phrynops
    • Phrynops dahli
    • Phrynops gibbus
    • Phrynops geoffroanus (Tartaruga de Geoffroy)
      • Phrynops geoffroanus geoffroanus
      • Phrynops geoffroanus tuberosus
    • Phrynops hilarii (Tartaruga de Hilary)
    • Phrynops hogei
    • Phrynops nasutus
      • Phrynops nasutus nasutus
      • Phrynops nasutus wermuthi
    • Phrynops raniceps
    • Phrynops rufipes
    • Phrynops tubecosus
    • Phrynops tuberculatus
    • Phrynops vanderhaegei
    • Phrynops williamsi
    • Phrynops zuliae
  • Xénero: Platemys
    • Platemys macrocephala
    • Platemys pallidipectoris
    • Platemys platycephala
      • Platemys platycephala platycephala
      • Platemys platycephala melanonota
    • Platemys radiolata
    • Platemys spixii
  • Xénero: Pseudemydura
    • Pseudemydura umbrina
  • Xénero: Rheodytes
    • Rheodytes leukops

Sistemática

A clasificación presentada aquí é a simplificación da presentada por A. Georges, J. Birrell, Sr. Santo, e S.C. Donnellan.

 ──o Chelonia |--o Cryptodira `--o Pleurodira |--o Pelomedusoides | |--o Podocnemididae | `--o Pelomedusidae `--o Chelidae |--o Chelodininae | |--o Chelodina (Fitzinger, 1826) | `--o | |--o Pseudemydura (Siebenrock, 1901) | `--o | `--o Rheodytes (Legler et Cann, 1980), Elusor (Cann et Legler, 1994), Elseya (Gray, 1867), Emydura (Bonaparte, 1836) `--o |--o Hydromedusinae c'est à dire les Hydromedusa (Wagler, 1830) `--o Chelidinae |--o Chelus (Schneider, 1783) `--o |--o Phrynops (Wagler, 1830) `--o |--o Acanthochelys (Gray, 1873), Platemys (Wagler, 1830) `--o Mesoclemmys, Batrachemmys 

Os xéneros Emydura é Elseya semellan un grupo que sería monofilético.

Véxase tamén

Outros artigos

En inglés

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Chelidae: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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Os Chelidae son unha familia da orde das tartarugas (Orde Testudinata), tamén chamadas tartarugas pescozo de serpe. O nome deriva do pescozo, que é relativamente cumprido e estreito.

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Chelidae ( Italian )

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Le Chelidae Gray, 1825 sono una famiglia di rettili dell'ordine delle Testudines.

Tassonomia

Comprende i seguenti generi e specie:[1]

Note

  1. ^ Chelidae, in The Reptile Database. URL consultato il 1º marzo 2012.

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Chelidae: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Le Chelidae Gray, 1825 sono una famiglia di rettili dell'ordine delle Testudines.

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Žalčiakakliai vėžliai ( Lithuanian )

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Žalčiakakliai vėžliai (lot. Chelidae, vok. Schlangenhalsschildkröten) – vėžlių (Testudines) šeima. Kaklas ilgas. Paplitę Pietų Amerikoje, Afrikoje, Madagaskare, Australijoje, Naujojoje Gvinėjoje.

Šeimoje yra 11 genčių, virš 40 rūšių:

Pošeimis. Chelodininae

Pošeimis. Chelidinae

Pošeimis. Hydromedusinae

Vikiteka

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Chelidae ( Malay )

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Chelidae adalah salah satu daripada tiga keluarga kura-kura dari suborder Pleurodira. Mereka dikenali sebagai kura-kura leher sisi Austro-Amerika Selatan,[2] kerana kesemua kura-kura ini mendiami kebanyakan kawasan hemisfera selatan bumi merangkumi Australia, New Guinea, sebahagian Indonesia, dan sepanjang benua Amerika Selatan. Semua kura-kura ini berasal dari zaman Cretaceous dan mendiami benua Gondwana pada masa dahulu.[3]

Ciri-ciri

Berbeza dengan kura-kura dari suborder kriptodira, Kura-kura ini dikenali sebagai pleurodira kerana membengkokkan kepalanya ke sisi. Mereka ialah hidupan akuatik, mempunyai kaki berselaput renang dan boleh berada di dalam air dalam jangka masa yang lama. Kura-kura berleher ular, (genus Chelus, Chelodina, dan Hydromedusa) bergantung diet kepada hidupan seperti ikan, invertebrata, dan gastropoda. Manakala selainnya, yang berleher pendek lebih bersifat maun, iaitu menjadikan tumbuh-tumbuhan dan buah-buahan sebagai makanan.

Sesetengah spesies seperti Elseya dan Rheodytes yang bersifat akuatik sepenuhnya mempunyai kebolehan respirasi kloaka.[4] Bagaimanapun, sesetengah spesies, seperti Kura-kura Leher Ular (Chelodina longicollis) dari Australia menghabiskan kebanyakan masa di atas darat berbanding di dalam air.

Ahli dari keluarga Chelidae mempunyai saiz yang berbeza-beza. Kura-kura Sungai Murray (Emydura macquarii) mempunyai saiz yang agak kecil, iaitu 16cm,[5] Kura-kura Leher Putar (Platemys platycephala) pula bersaiz sekitar 18cm dan Kura-kura Paya Barat (Pseudemydura umbrina) hanya 15cm. Manakala spesies yang lebih besar seperti Mata mata (Chelus fimbriata) dan Kura-kura Sentap Leher Putih (Elseya albagula) kedua-duanya boleh mencecah sehingga melebihi 45cm panjang.[6]

Morfologi cangkerang

Setiap ahli dari keluarga Chelidae mempunyai morfologi cangkerang yang unik. Karapas mereka mempunyai pendedahan permukaan yang rendah daripada tulang saraf,[7] disebabkan oleh otot longissimus dorsi.[8]

Bahagian dalam karapas menjadi penyangga sebagai mekanisme pertahanan, iaitu meningkatkan kekuatan cangkerang daripada pukulan dan gigitan. Bagaimanapun Thomson (2003[8]) mengatakan ia berpunca daripada pengambilan makanan dan mencegah kilasan dalaman cangkerang. Haiwan ini tidak memiliki mesoplastra, yang menjadikan mereka berbeza daripada Pelomedusidae.

Skut dan elemen tulang karapas Chelidae
Skut dan elemen tulang karapas Chelidae

Mempunyai skut servik, walaupun tidak ada pada spesies Elseya dan Myuchelys. Selain itu, karapasnya mempunyai empat kostal, lima vertebral dan 12 pasang marginal. Di bahagian dalam, karapasnya terdiri daripada lapan pasang pleural, 11 pasang periferal, satu nuchal pada bahagian depan dan satu suprapygal dan pygal di belakang cangkerang. Mempunyai neural, yang menjadi elemen pada permukaan tulang belakang.[7]

Skut dan elemen tulang plastron Chelidae
Skut dan elemen tulang plastron Chelidae

Plastron Chelidae tidak mempunyai engsel seperti Kriptodira. Bentuk skutnya yang unik mudah untuk membezakan ciri-ciri Pleurodira. Semua Kriptodira mempunyai 12 skut plastral, manakala Pleurodira mempunyai 13. Lebihan skut ini dipanggil intergular. Manakala kesemua struktur skut yang lain sama pada semua kura-kura: sepasang gular, humeral, pektoral, abdominal, dan anal. Elemen tulang terdiri daripada entoplaston, sepasang epiplastra, entoplastra, hyoplastra, hypoplastra dan xiphiplastra (Pritchard & Trebbau, 1984).[9]

Klasifikasi

Mata Mata Chelus fimbriatus
Seekor Mata mata, Chelus fimbriatus

Pelbagai teori mengenai ahli dalam keluarga Chelidae telah diketengahkan. Cubaan terawal, bermula era 1970an iaitu dengan mengelaskan berdasarkan sifat-sifat umum mereka, seperti Prinsip pisau Occam bagi menentukan tiga genus kura-kura berleher panjang (Chelodina, Chelus, dan Hydromedusa), yang dikatakan mempunyai pertalian.[10] Pendapat ini diterima, dan sering diselia rapi,[11] kerana perbezaan besar di antara genus tersebut menunjukkan mereka berevolusi secara terasing antara satu sama lain, di mana biarpun mereka mempunyai leher panjang, namun struktur dan fungsinya adalah berbeza.

Sebahagian besar set data tambahan dibangukan menggunakan elektroforesis dan analisis nuklear dan mtDNA; menunjukkan wujud evolusi terasing antara ketiga-tiga klad kura-kura berleher panjang ini.[12][13] Kemuncaknya adalah ketika keputusan analisis semula data morfologi data yang menunjukkan perubahan diet setiap klad yang bersifat piskivor (pemakan ikan),[14] Thomson, 2000.[15] Subkeluarga dalam keluarga Chelidae menunjukkan terdapat monofili kebanyakan spesies Amerika Selatan dan kesemua spesies Australia, dengan Hydromedusa adalah takson saudara mereka.

Keluarga Chelidae mengandungi lebih kurang 60 spesies dengan lebih dua puluh genus:[12]

Suborder Pleurodira

Filogeni

Phrynops geoffroanus
Phrynops geoffroanus

Hubungan ini adalagh berdasarkan Georges et al., 2014.[30]

Chelidae Hydromedusinae

Hydromedusa



Chelinae

Chelus




Phrynops





Rhinemys



Mesoclemmys





Platemys



Acanthochelys






Chelodininae

Chelodina




Pseudemydura





Elusor



Rheodytes





Flaviemys




Elseya




Emydura



Myuchelys










Rujukan

  1. ^ a b Gray, J. E. 1831. Synopsis Reptilium or short descriptions of the species of reptiles. Part 1. Cataphracta, tortoises, crocodiles, and enaliosaurians. London. 85 pp.
  2. ^ Obst, Fritz Jurgen (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G., para penyunting. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. m/s. 111–112. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
  3. ^ Georges, A., & Thomson, S. 2006. Evolution and Zoogeography of Australian freshwater turtles. In: Merrick, J.R., Archer, M., Hickey, G., and Lee, M. (eds.), Evolution and Zoogeography of Australasian Vertebrates. Sydney: Australia.
  4. ^ Gordos, M.A., C.E. Franklin & C.J. Limpus (2004). Effect of water depth and water velocity upon the surfacing frequency of the bimodally respiring freshwater turtle, Rheodytes leukops. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 207:3099-3107.
  5. ^ Cann, J. (2008) Freshwater Turtles: A Wild Australia Guide, Qld, Australia: Steve Parish Publishing, p. 46.
  6. ^ Thomson, S., Georges, A. and C. Limpus, (2006). A New Species of Freshwater Turtle in the Genus Elseya (Testudines: Chelidae) from Central Coastal Queensland, Australia. Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 5(1):74-86.
  7. ^ a b Thomson, S. and Georges, A. 1996. Neural bones in chelid turtles. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2:82-86.
  8. ^ a b Thomson S. 2003. Long necks, flat heads and the evolution of piscivory. World Chelonian Trust
  9. ^ Peter C. H. Pritchard and Pedro Trebbau 1984. Turtles of Venezuela. Society for the Studies of Amphibians and Reptiles: 403 pp.
  10. ^ Gaffney, E.S. 1977. The side-necked turtle family Chelidae: a theory of relationships using shared derived characters. American Museum Novitates 2620:1-28.
  11. ^ Pritchard, P.C.H. 1984. Piscivory in turtles, and evolution of the long-necked Chelidae. in Ferguson, M.W. (ed) The structure, development and evolution of reptiles. Zoological Society of London, Symposium. 52:87-110.
  12. ^ a b Georges, A.; J. Birrell, K. M. Saint, W. McCord und S. C. Donnellan (1998) A phylogeny for side-necked turtles (Chelonia: Pleurodira) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence variation Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 67: 213-246
  13. ^ Seddon, J., Georges, A., Baverstock, P. and McCord, W. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of chelid turtles (Pleurodira: Chelidae) based on mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequence variation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 7:55-61.
  14. ^ Thomson S. (2003). Long necks, flat heads and the evolution of piscivory. World Chelonian Trust
  15. ^ Thomson S.A. (2000). On the identification of the holotype of Chelodina oblonga (Testudinata: Chelidae) with a discussion of the taxonomic implications. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 3:745-749.
  16. ^ Baur, Georg. 1893. Notes on the classification of the Cryptodira. American Naturalist 27:672–674.
  17. ^ Megirian, D. and Murray, P. 1999. Chelid turtles (Pleurodira, Chelidae) from the Miocene Camfield Beds, Northern Territory of Australia, with a description of a new genus and species. The Beagle (Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory) 15:75–130.
  18. ^ Gray, J.E. (1867) Description of a new Australian tortoise (Elseya latisternum). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 20: 43-45.
  19. ^ Cann, J. and Legler, J.M. (1994). The Mary River Tortoise: a new genus and species of short-necked chelid from Queensland, Australia (Testudines; Pleurodira). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 1(2):81-96.
  20. ^ Le, M., Reid, B., N., McCord, W., P., Naro-Maciel, E., Raxworthy, C., J., Amato, G., Georges A., 2013. Resolving the phylogenetic history of the short-necked turtles, genera Elseya and Myuchelys (Testudines: Chelidae) from Australia and New Guinea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 68 (2013) 251–258.
  21. ^ Thomson, S. & Georges, A. (2009) Myuchelys gen. nov. — a new genus for Elseya latisternum and related forms of Australian freshwater turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae) Zootaxa 2053: 32–42.
  22. ^ Legler, J.M. & Cann, J. 1980. A new species of chelid turtle from Queensland, Australia. Contributions to Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) 324:1-18.
  23. ^ Gray, John Edward. 1825. A synopsis of the genera of reptiles and amphibia, with a description of some new species. Annals of Philosophy (2)10:193–217.
  24. ^ Gray, J.E. 1873. Observations on chelonians, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)11:289-308.
  25. ^ a b c d Broin, F. de. and de la Fuente, M.S. 2001. Oldest world Chelidae (Chelonii, Pleurodira), from the Cretaceous Patagonia, Argentina. Palaeontology 333:463-470.
  26. ^ Wieland, G. R. 1923. A new Parana Pleurodiran. American Journal of Science. 5(25):1-15.
  27. ^ Baur, Georg. 1893. Notes on the classification and taxonomy of the Testudinata. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 31:210–225.
  28. ^ Zhang, X., Unmack, P. J., Kuchling, G., Wang, Y., Georges, A. 2017. Resolution of the enigmatic phylogenetic relationship of the critically endangered Western Swamp Tortoise Pseudemydura umbrina (Pleurodira: Chelidae) using a complete mitochondrial genome. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 115, October 2017, Pages 58-61.
  29. ^ Seibenrock, F. 1901. Beschreibung einer neuen schildkrotengattung aus der familie Chelydidae aus Australien: Pseudemydura. Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien 38:248-251.
  30. ^ Georges, A., Zhang, X., Unmack, P., Reid, B., Le, M., and McCord, W. 2014. Contemporary genetic structure of an endemic freshwater turtle reflects Miocene orogenesis of New Guinea. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 111, 192–208.

Pautan luar dan bacaan lanjut

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Chelidae: Brief Summary ( Malay )

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Chelidae adalah salah satu daripada tiga keluarga kura-kura dari suborder Pleurodira. Mereka dikenali sebagai kura-kura leher sisi Austro-Amerika Selatan, kerana kesemua kura-kura ini mendiami kebanyakan kawasan hemisfera selatan bumi merangkumi Australia, New Guinea, sebahagian Indonesia, dan sepanjang benua Amerika Selatan. Semua kura-kura ini berasal dari zaman Cretaceous dan mendiami benua Gondwana pada masa dahulu.

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Slangenhalsschildpadden ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Herpetologie

Slangenhalsschildpadden[1] of Chelidae zijn een familie van schildpadden. Een groot aantal soorten heeft een zeer lange nek, echter niet allemaal. Alle soorten leven in Australië, Nieuw-Guinea en Zuid-Amerika, en zijn vrij sterk tot zeer sterk aan water gebonden. Geen enkele soort wordt gemiddeld groter dan 50 centimeter, de kleinste soorten blijven rond 15 cm.

De slangenhalsschildpadden worden vertegenwoordigd door 56 verschillende soorten, verdeeld over 15 geslachten. Hiervan zijn zeven geslachten monotypisch, dit wil zeggen dat ze worden vertegenwoordigd door slechts een enkele soort.[2] Met name soorten uit de geslachten Chelodina en Hydromedusa doen de familienaam eer aan en hebben zeer lange, bijna slang-achtige nekken.

Taxonomie

Familie Chelidae

Bronvermelding

Referenties
  1. Bernhard Grzimek, Het Leven Der Dieren Deel VI: Reptielen, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 137. ISBN 90 274 8626 3.
  2. Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann, The Reptile Database - Chelidae.
Bronnen
  • (en) Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann - The Reptile Database – Chelidae - Website Geconsulteerd 3 april 2016
  • (en) - Peter Paul van Dijk, John B. Iverson, Anders G. J. Rhodin, H. Bradley Shaffer & Roger Bour - Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status - ISSN 10887105 (2014) - Website
  • (en) C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg & R.W. Barbour - Turtles of the World - Website
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Slangenhalsschildpadden: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Slangenhalsschildpadden of Chelidae zijn een familie van schildpadden. Een groot aantal soorten heeft een zeer lange nek, echter niet allemaal. Alle soorten leven in Australië, Nieuw-Guinea en Zuid-Amerika, en zijn vrij sterk tot zeer sterk aan water gebonden. Geen enkele soort wordt gemiddeld groter dan 50 centimeter, de kleinste soorten blijven rond 15 cm.

De slangenhalsschildpadden worden vertegenwoordigd door 56 verschillende soorten, verdeeld over 15 geslachten. Hiervan zijn zeven geslachten monotypisch, dit wil zeggen dat ze worden vertegenwoordigd door slechts een enkele soort. Met name soorten uit de geslachten Chelodina en Hydromedusa doen de familienaam eer aan en hebben zeer lange, bijna slang-achtige nekken.

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Żółwie wężoszyjne ( Polish )

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Żółwie wężoszyjne, żółwie wężoszyje, matamatowate (Chelidae) – rodzina żółwi z podrzędu żółwi bokoszyjnych. Ich cechą charakterystyczną jest nieproporcjonalnie długa, wężowata i naga szyja. Cały pancerz jest normalnie wykształcony. Są zwierzętami o półwodnym trybie życia. Ich pokarm stanowią różnorodne organizmy wodne w tym także ryby. Do rodziny należy około 40 gatunków należących do 11 rodzajów. Występują w Ameryce Południowej, Australii i na Nowej Gwinei.

Systematyka

p d e
Systematyka współcześnie żyjących żółwi Domena: eukariontyKrólestwo: zwierzętaTyp: strunowcePodtyp: kręgowceGromada: gady / zauropsydyRząd: żółwiePodrząd
Cryptodira
Pleurodira
Układ filogenetyczny na podstawie Anders G.J. Rhodin, James F. Parham, Peter Paul van Dijk, and John B. Iverson: Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy and Synonymy, 2009 Update, with Conservation Status Summary (ang.). 2009.
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Żółwie wężoszyjne: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Żółwie wężoszyjne, żółwie wężoszyje, matamatowate (Chelidae) – rodzina żółwi z podrzędu żółwi bokoszyjnych. Ich cechą charakterystyczną jest nieproporcjonalnie długa, wężowata i naga szyja. Cały pancerz jest normalnie wykształcony. Są zwierzętami o półwodnym trybie życia. Ich pokarm stanowią różnorodne organizmy wodne w tym także ryby. Do rodziny należy około 40 gatunków należących do 11 rodzajów. Występują w Ameryce Południowej, Australii i na Nowej Gwinei.

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Chelidae ( Portuguese )

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Quelídeos[2] (Chelidae) é uma família do grupo de quelônios (Ordem Testudinata), também chamada de cágados .

A família é constituida por cerca de 40 espécies classificadas em 11 gêneros distribuídos pela Austrália, Nova Guiné e América do Sul. O habitat preferencial é em florestas, junto de rios de curso lento lagoas rasas e terrenos pantanosos. A carapaça dos cágados é ovalada e de cor escura. A maioria das espécies do grupo é carnívora e alimenta-se de vermes, moluscos, pequenos peixes, aves, vegetais, crustáceo e insectos; há também espécies omnívoras.

São também conhecidos por angapara, cágado-d’água-doce, cangapara, sapo-concho, e, na Bahia, ajapá. Contudo, em Portugal, o termo cágado, é exclusivamente utilizado para as duas únicas espécies de tartarugas aquáticas nativas do país, ou seja a Emys orbicularis e a Mauremys leprosa.

A família Chelidae surgiu durante o Miocénico.

Classificação

Sequência linear baseada em Rhodin et al., 2017[3] & Zhang et al. 2017[4]:

Referencias

  1. Gray, J. E. 1831. Synopsis Reptilium or short descriptions of the species of reptiles. Part 1. Cataphracta, tortoises, crocodiles, and enaliosaurians. London. 85 pp.
  2. «Quelídeo». Michaelis. Consultado em 17 de abril de 2022
  3. Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P.). 2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.). Chelonian Research Monographs 7:1–292. doi:10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017
  4. Zhang, X., Unmack, P. J., Kuchling, G., Wang, Y., Georges, A. 2017. Resolution of the enigmatic phylogenetic relationship of the critically endangered Western Swamp Tortoise Pseudemydura umbrina (Pleurodira: Chelidae) using a complete mitochondrial genome. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 115, October 2017, Pages 58-61.
  5. Gray, J.E. (1867) Description of a new Australian tortoise (Elseya latisternum). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 20: 43-45.
  6. Cann, J. and Legler, J.M. (1994). The Mary River Tortoise: a new genus and species of short-necked chelid from Queensland, Australia (Testudines; Pleurodira). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 1(2):81-96.
  7. Thomson, S. & Georges, A. (2009) Myuchelys gen. nov. — a new genus for Elseya latisternum and related forms of Australian freshwater turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae) Zootaxa 2053: 32–42.
  8. Legler, J.M. & Cann, J. 1980. A new species of chelid turtle from Queensland, Australia. Contributions to Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) 324:1-18.
  9. Gray, J.E. 1873. Observations on chelonians, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)11:289-308.
  10. Seibenrock, F. 1901. Beschreibung einer neuen schildkrotengattung aus der familie Chelydidae aus Australien: Pseudemydura. Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien 38:248-251.
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Chelidae: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Quelídeos (Chelidae) é uma família do grupo de quelônios (Ordem Testudinata), também chamada de cágados .

A família é constituida por cerca de 40 espécies classificadas em 11 gêneros distribuídos pela Austrália, Nova Guiné e América do Sul. O habitat preferencial é em florestas, junto de rios de curso lento lagoas rasas e terrenos pantanosos. A carapaça dos cágados é ovalada e de cor escura. A maioria das espécies do grupo é carnívora e alimenta-se de vermes, moluscos, pequenos peixes, aves, vegetais, crustáceo e insectos; há também espécies omnívoras.

São também conhecidos por angapara, cágado-d’água-doce, cangapara, sapo-concho, e, na Bahia, ajapá. Contudo, em Portugal, o termo cágado, é exclusivamente utilizado para as duas únicas espécies de tartarugas aquáticas nativas do país, ou seja a Emys orbicularis e a Mauremys leprosa.

A família Chelidae surgiu durante o Miocénico.

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Chelidae ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Podocnemididae este o familie de broaște țestoase care cuprinde circa 40 de specii din 11 genuri.

Azureus.png Acest articol referitor la subiecte din zoologie este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea sa.
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Ormhalssköldpaddor ( Swedish )

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Ormhalssköldpaddor (Chelidae) är en familj i ordningen sköldpaddor.

Utseende

Som alla vattensköldpaddor har de en avplattad sköld. Skölden på buken består av nio benplattor. Hos några arter är halsen längre än övriga delar av kroppen. Ögonen sitter långt framme på huvudet, direkt över nosen.

De flesta familjemedlemmar har en sköld som är 20 till 35 cm lång. Den minsta arten är Pseudemydura umbrina med 12 till 14 cm sköldlängd och den största är Chelodina expansa med cirka 48 cm sköldlängd.[1]

Utbredning

Ormhalssköldpaddor är de enda sköldpaddor som förekommer i Australien. Dessutom lever de på Nya Guinea och i Sydamerika.

Ekologi

Familjens arter lever längre tider i vattnet och vissa arter som Elusor macrurus eller Rheodytes leukops lämnar vattnet bara tillfällig. Hos Pseudemydura umbrina och hos några andra arter förekommer längre tider med dvala i leran. Det förekommer även ormhalssköldpaddor som Mesoclemmys zuliae som letar på land efter föda. Arterna äter bland annat alger, blötdjur och andra ryggradslösa djur, små ryggradsdjur och ägg från groddjur eller fiskar.[1]

Fortplantningssättet varierar mellan arterna. Hos några ormhalssköldpaddor kläcks äggen efter 8 till 10 veckor och hos andra som Chelodina expansa efter ett år.[1]

Taxonomi

Familjen delas traditionellt i tre underfamiljer men denna indelning är enligt Vitt & Caldwell samt andra zoologer parafyletisk.[1] Det finns flera olika uppfattningar hur den rätta taxonomin ser ut. Enligt Vitt & Caldwell bildar alla ormhalssköldpaddor som lever i den australiska regionen systergruppen till de sydamerikanska arterna.[1] Däremot hävdar Georges et al., 2014 att underfamiljen Hydromedusinae utgör systergruppen till ett taxon som bildas av underfamiljerna Chelodininae och Chelinae.[2]

Här följer den traditionella indelningen enligt ITIS[3] (inga utdöda släkten):

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c d e] Vitt & Caldwell, red (2013). ”Chelidae” (på engelska). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Academic Press. sid. 527-528. ISBN 978-0-12-386919-7
  2. ^ Georges, A., Zhang, X., Unmack, P., Reid, B., Le, M., and McCord, W. 2014. Contemporary genetic structure of an endemic freshwater turtle reflects Miocene orogenesis of New Guinea. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 111, 192–208.
  3. ^ ITIS Standard Report Page: Chelidae

Externa länkar

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Ormhalssköldpaddor: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Ormhalssköldpaddor (Chelidae) är en familj i ordningen sköldpaddor.

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Зміїношийні черепахи ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Загальна довжина представників цієї родини коливається від 15 до 50 см. Ці черепахи не здатні втягувати шию під панцир, так що шию й голову завжди видно спереду. Пластрон у них складається з 9-ти кісткових щитків, а у більшості видів у карапакса розвинена непарна шийна пластинка. Шия у цих черепах дуже довга, зокрема, у австралійської зміїношийної черепахи шия разом з головою дорівнює по довжині тулубу.

Більшість видів цієї родини забарвлені досить невиразно. Найцікавіший зовнішній вигляд має черепаха Матамата, її голова і шия обвішані низкою фестончатих шкірних клаптиків.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляють річки та озера. Живляться переважно тваринною їжею, зокрема рибою, безхребетними.

Самиці відкладають до 20 яєць.

Розповсюдження

Мешкають у Південній Америці, Австралії та на Новій Гвінеї.

Роди

Викопні роди

Примітки

  1. Broin, F. de. and de la Fuente, M.S. 2001. Oldest world Chelidae (Chelonii, Pleurodira), from the Cretaceous Patagonia, Argentina. Palaeontology 333:463-470.

Джерела

Жаба Це незавершена стаття з герпетології.
Ви можете допомогти проекту, виправивши або дописавши її.
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Chelidae ( Vietnamese )

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Chelidae là một trong ba họ còn sinh sống của rùa phân bộ Pleurodira và thường được gọi là Rùa cổ bên Áo-Nam Mỹ. Họ này được phân bố tại Úc, New Guinea, một phần của Indonesia, và hầu hết Nam Mỹ. Đó là một họ lớn với một lịch sử hóa thạch quan trọng có niên đại từ kỷ Phấn trắng.

Phân loại

Họ Chelidae có chứa khoảng 60 loài trong khoảng 20 chi:[2]

Phân bộ Pleurodira

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Chelidae

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă Gray, J. E. 1831. Synopsis Reptilium or short descriptions of the species of reptiles. Part 1. Cataphracta, tortoises, crocodiles, and enaliosaurians. London. 85 pp.
  2. ^ Georges, A.; J. Birrell, K. M. Saint, W. McCord und S. C. Donnellan (1998) A phylogeny for side-necked turtles (Chelonia: Pleurodira) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence variation Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 67: 213-246
  3. ^ Baur, Georg. 1893. Notes on the classification of the Cryptodira. American Naturalist 27:672–674.
  4. ^ Megirian, D. and Murray, P. 1999. Chelid turtles (Pleurodira, Chelidae) from the Miocene Camfield Beds, Northern Territory of Australia, with a description of a new genus and species. The Beagle (Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory) 15:75–130.
  5. ^ Gray, J.E. (1867) Description of a new Australian tortoise (Elseya latisternum). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 20: 43-45.
  6. ^ Cann, J. and Legler, J.M. (1994). The Mary River Tortoise: a new genus and species of short-necked chelid from Queensland, Australia (Testudines; Pleurodira). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 1(2):81-96.
  7. ^ Le, M., Reid, B., N., McCord, W., P., Naro-Maciel, E., Raxworthy, C., J., Amato, G., Georges A., 2013. Resolving the phylogenetic history of the short-necked turtles, genera Elseya and Myuchelys (Testudines: Chelidae) from Australia and New Guinea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 68 (2013) 251–258.
  8. ^ Thomson, S. & Georges, A. (2009) Myuchelys gen. nov. — a new genus for Elseya latisternum and related forms of Australian freshwater turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae) Zootaxa 2053: 32–42.
  9. ^ Seibenrock, F. 1901. Beschreibung einer neuen schildkrotengattung aus der familie Chelydidae aus Australien: Pseudemydura. Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien 38:248-251.
  10. ^ Legler, J.M. & Cann, J. 1980. A new species of chelid turtle from Queensland, Australia. Contributions to Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) 324:1-18.
  11. ^ Gray, John Edward. 1825. A synopsis of the genera of reptiles and amphibia, with a description of some new species. Annals of Philosophy (2)10:193–217.
  12. ^ Gray, J.E. 1873. Observations on chelonians, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)11:289-308.
  13. ^ a ă â b Broin, F. de. and de la Fuente, M.S. 2001. Oldest world Chelidae (Chelonii, Pleurodira), from the Cretaceous Patagonia, Argentina. Palaeontology 333:463-470.
  14. ^ Wieland, G. R. 1923. A new Parana Pleurodiran. American Journal of Science. 5(25):1-15.
  15. ^ Baur, Georg. 1893. Notes on the classification and taxonomy of the Testudinata. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 31:210–225.

Tham khảo

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Chelidae: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Chelidae là một trong ba họ còn sinh sống của rùa phân bộ Pleurodira và thường được gọi là Rùa cổ bên Áo-Nam Mỹ. Họ này được phân bố tại Úc, New Guinea, một phần của Indonesia, và hầu hết Nam Mỹ. Đó là một họ lớn với một lịch sử hóa thạch quan trọng có niên đại từ kỷ Phấn trắng.

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Змеиношеие черепахи ( Russian )

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Латинское название Chelidae Gray, 1825

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ITIS 202122 NCBI 8461

Змеиношеие[1], или змеиношейные[2] черепахи (лат. Chelidae) — семейство черепах.

В отличие от пеломедузовых, змеиношейные черепахи совсем не втягивают шею внутрь, а лишь закладывают её вбок под панцирь, так что вся шея и голова видны спереди. В брюшном щите у них всего 9 костных пластинок, у большинства видов имеется на карапаксе непарный шейный щиток, а кости нижней челюсти разделены швом в подбородочном соединении.

Длина панциря черепах семейства варьируются от 15 см болотной жабьей черепахи (Pseudemydura umbrina) до полуметра у гигантской змеиношейной черепахи (Macrochelodina expansa) .

Змеиношеии черепахи ведут водный или полуводный образ жизни. Большинство видов населяет стоячие пресные водоёмы, медленнотекущие реки и болота. Змеиношеяя черепаха Зибенрока (Chelodina siebenrocki) обитает в солоноватой воде.

Змеиношеие черепахи являются хищниками, питаются рыбой и беспозвоночными.

У некоторых популяций красноголовой плоской черепахи (Platemys platycephala) присутствует необычная форма триплоидности, при которой клетки могут быть диплоидными или триплоидными.

Классификация

Семейство содержит около 52 видов, объединённых в 15 родов[3].

Черепахи подсемейства Chelodininae обитают в Австралии, на Новой Гвинее и Тиморе. Черепахи подсемейств Chelidinae и Hydromedusinae населяют Южную Америку.

Примечания

  1. Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. — М.: Русский язык, 1988. — 560 с. — ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
  2. Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Редкие и исчезающие животные. Земноводные и пресмыкающиеся. — М.: Высшая школа, 1988. — 463 с. — ISBN 5-06-001429-0.
  3. The Reptile Database: Chelidae (англ.)
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Змеиношеие черепахи: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Змеиношеие, или змеиношейные черепахи (лат. Chelidae) — семейство черепах.

В отличие от пеломедузовых, змеиношейные черепахи совсем не втягивают шею внутрь, а лишь закладывают её вбок под панцирь, так что вся шея и голова видны спереди. В брюшном щите у них всего 9 костных пластинок, у большинства видов имеется на карапаксе непарный шейный щиток, а кости нижней челюсти разделены швом в подбородочном соединении.

Длина панциря черепах семейства варьируются от 15 см болотной жабьей черепахи (Pseudemydura umbrina) до полуметра у гигантской змеиношейной черепахи (Macrochelodina expansa) .

Змеиношеии черепахи ведут водный или полуводный образ жизни. Большинство видов населяет стоячие пресные водоёмы, медленнотекущие реки и болота. Змеиношеяя черепаха Зибенрока (Chelodina siebenrocki) обитает в солоноватой воде.

Змеиношеие черепахи являются хищниками, питаются рыбой и беспозвоночными.

У некоторых популяций красноголовой плоской черепахи (Platemys platycephala) присутствует необычная форма триплоидности, при которой клетки могут быть диплоидными или триплоидными.

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蛇頸龜科 ( Chinese )

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見文內

蛇頸龜科Chelidae),亦稱側頸龜科龜鱉目側頸龜亞目現存的三科之一。[2]該科龜類分佈於澳大利亞新幾內亞印度尼西亞部份地區和南美洲大部分地區。該科是龜鱉目下的一個大科,化石歷史可以追溯到白堊紀。該科龜類全部(包括現存物種及化石)位於從前的岡瓦納大陸,此外的其他地區沒有發現任何蛇頸龜科動物。[3]

描述

像所有的側頸亞目龜類一樣,該科龜類的脖頸縮回時全部側向折回。

該科最小的物種包括16厘米(6.3英寸)長的墨累澳龜[4]18厘米(7.1英寸)長的南美扁頭龜和15厘米(5.9英寸)長的澳洲短頸龜,最大的物種則有楓葉龜白喉癩頸龜,二者的背殼長度都可達45厘米(18英寸)。[5]

蛇頸龜科的背殼都很獨特,[6]原因可能是他們不需要大的背最長肌[7]同時其背殼也很堅固,這是其一種保護機制,增加了對外界衝擊的抵抗力,但也有人認為這是爲了這與其進食方式和其他一些因素有關係。[7]
Scute and Skeletal elements of the Chelid Carapace
蛇頸龜科背殼的盾板和骨骼
Scute and Skeletal elements of the Chelid Plastron
蛇頸龜科腹甲的盾板和骨骼

分類

該科約有20屬,60余種龜。 以下依據1998年喬治斯等人的研究:[8]

  • 亞科:東澳蛇頸龜亞科(Chelodininae)
  • 亞科:蛇頸龜亞科(Chelidinae)
    • 屬:蛇頸龜屬(Duméril 1806)
    • 屬:刺頸龜屬 (Gray 1873[15]
    • 屬:中龜屬 (Gray, 1873)
    • 屬:蟾頭龜屬(Wagner 1830)
    • 屬:扁龜屬 (Wagner 1830)
    • 屬:紅腿蟾頭龜屬(Wagner 1830)
    • 屬:†Bonapartemys (Lapparent de Broin&de la Fuente 2001[16]
    • 屬:†Lomalatachelys (Lapparent de Broin&de la Fuente 2001[16]
    • 屬:†Prochelidella (Lapparent de Broin&de la Fuente 2001[16]
    • 屬:†Palaeophrynops (Lapparent de Broin&de la Fuente 2001[16]
    • 屬:†Parahydraspis (Wieland 1923[17]
    • 屬:†Linderochelys (de la Fuente et al. 2007)
  • 亞科:漁龜亞科(Hydromedusinae)
    • 屬:漁龜屬(Wagler 1830)
    • 屬:†Yaminuechelys (de la Fuente et al. 2001)

種系發生

該科現存物種的種系發生基於1998年喬治斯等人的研究:[8]

蛇頸龜科 漁龜亞科

漁龜屬

    蛇頸龜亞科

蛇頸龜屬

     

蟾頭龜屬

       

紅腿蟾頭龜屬

   

中龜屬

       

扁龜屬

   

刺頸龜屬

          東澳蛇頸龜亞科

小長頸龜屬

     

擬澳龜屬

     

寬胸癩頸龜屬

     

隱龜屬

     

溪龜屬

     

澳龜屬

   

癩頸龜屬

                 

參考資料

  1. ^ Gray, J. E. 1831. Synopsis Reptilium or short descriptions of the species of reptiles. Part 1. Cataphracta, tortoises, crocodiles, and enaliosaurians. London. 85 pp.
  2. ^ Obst, Fritz Jurgen. Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G., 编. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. 1998: 111–112. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
  3. ^ Georges, A., & Thomson, S. 2006. Evolution and Zoogeography of Australian freshwater turtles. In: Merrick, J.R., Archer, M., Hickey, G., and Lee, M. (eds.), Evolution and Zoogeography of Australasian Vertebrates. Sydney: Australia.
  4. ^ Cann, J. (2008) Freshwater Turtles: A Wild Australia Guide, Qld, Australia: Steve Parish Publishing, p. 46.
  5. ^ Thomson, S., Georges, A. and C. Limpus, (2006). A New Species of Freshwater Turtle in the Genus Elseya (Testudines: Chelidae) from Central Coastal Queensland, Australia. Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 5(1):74-86.
  6. ^ Thomson, S. and Georges, A. 1996. Neural bones in chelid turtles. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2:82-86.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Thomson S. 2003. Long necks, flat heads and the evolution of piscivory. World Chelonian Trust
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Georges, A.; J. Birrell, K. M. Saint, W. McCord und S. C. Donnellan (1998) A phylogeny for side-necked turtles (Chelonia: Pleurodira) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence variation Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 67: 213-246
  9. ^ Megirian, D. and Murray, P. 1999. Chelid turtles (Pleurodira, Chelidae) from the Miocene Camfield Beds, Northern Territory of Australia, with a description of a new genus and species. The Beagle (Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory) 15:75–130.
  10. ^ Gray, J.E. (1867) Description of a new Australian tortoise (Elseya latisternum). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 20: 43-45.
  11. ^ Cann, J. and Legler, J.M. (1994). The Mary River Tortoise: a new genus and species of short-necked chelid from Queensland, Australia (Testudines; Pleurodira). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 1(2):81-96.
  12. ^ Thomson, S. & Georges, A. (2009) Myuchelys gen. nov. — a new genus for Elseya latisternum and related forms of Australian freshwater turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae) Zootaxa 2053: 32–42.
  13. ^ Seibenrock, F. 1901. Beschreibung einer neuen schildkrotengattung aus der familie Chelydidae aus Australien: Pseudemydura. Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien 38:248-251.
  14. ^ Legler, J.M. & Cann, J. 1980. A new species of chelid turtle from Queensland, Australia. Contributions to Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) 324:1-18.
  15. ^ Gray, J.E. 1873. Observations on chelonians, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)11:289-308.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Broin, F. de. and de la Fuente, M.S. 2001. Oldest world Chelidae (Chelonii, Pleurodira), from the Cretaceous Patagonia, Argentina. Palaeontology 333:463-470.
  17. ^ Wieland, G. R. 1923. A new Parana Pleurodiran. American Journal of Science. 5(25):1-15.
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维基百科作者和编辑

蛇頸龜科: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

蛇頸龜科(Chelidae),亦稱側頸龜科是龜鱉目側頸龜亞目現存的三科之一。該科龜類分佈於澳大利亞新幾內亞印度尼西亞部份地區和南美洲大部分地區。該科是龜鱉目下的一個大科,化石歷史可以追溯到白堊紀。該科龜類全部(包括現存物種及化石)位於從前的岡瓦納大陸,此外的其他地區沒有發現任何蛇頸龜科動物。

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维基百科作者和编辑

ヘビクビガメ科 ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ヘビクビガメ科 マタマタ
マタマタ Chelus fimbriatus
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 爬虫綱 Reptilia : カメ目 Testudines 亜目 : 曲頸亜目 Pleurodira : ヘビクビガメ科 Chelidae 学名 Chelidae Gray, 1825

ヘビクビガメ科(ヘビクビガメか、Chelidae)は、爬虫綱カメ目に含まれる科。

分布[編集]

南アメリカ大陸インドネシアニューギニア島ロテ島)、オーストラリア東ティモールパプアニューギニア(ニューギニア島)[1][2][3][4]

形態[編集]

最大種はコウヒロナガクビガメで最大甲長48センチメートル[3]。最小種はクビカシゲガメで最大甲長14センチメートル[2][4]。多くの種で項甲板がある[3]。胸骨板と腹骨板の間にある骨甲板(中骨板、間腹骨板)がない[3][5] 。腹甲に蝶番がある分類群はいない[5]

オオナガクビガメ属ナンベイヘビクビガメ属マタマタ属のように頸部が長い分類群もいるが、カエルガメ属マゲクビガメ属などのように頸部が短い分類群もいる[4]。方形頬骨はなく、下顎には板状骨がある[3][5]

分類[編集]

生態[編集]

一部は汽水域にも生息する種もいるが、主に淡水域に生息する[4]。少なくとも現生種には陸棲種は存在せず、半水棲や完全水棲[4]。完全水棲種の中でも急流に生息するハヤセガメは総排泄口にある粘膜嚢を使ってガス交換を行い、空気呼吸を行うことがないため産卵を除いて呼吸のために水面に上ることもまれ[4]。主に恒常的な水場に生息するが、クビカシゲガメやマルナガクビガメなどは乾季になって水場が干上がると休眠する[1][4]

食性は動物食もしくは雑食[3]。頸部の長い種は動物食で、通りかかった獲物を頸部を素早く伸ばして捕食する傾向がある[4]。頸部の短い種では例として属のように幼体は雑食だが成体は植物食のような種もいる[2]

繁殖形態は卵生。主に陸上に卵を産むが、チリメンナガクビガメの少なくとも一部個体群は浅い水中でも卵を産む[1]

人間との関係[編集]

開発による生息地の破壊、人為的に移入された動物による捕食、ペット用の乱獲などにより生息数が減少している種もいる。

ペットとして飼育されることもあり、日本にも輸入されている。

画像[編集]

  •  src=

    クロハラヘビクビガメ
    A. spixii

  •  src=

    オーストラリアナガクビガメ
    C. longicollis

  •  src=

    マックォーリーマゲクビガメ
    E. macquarii

  •  src=

    ジェフロアカエルガメ
    P. geoffroanus

  •  src=

    ヒラタヘビクビガメ
    P. platycephala

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b c d 柴田弘紀 「ナガクビガメ総覧」『エクストラ・クリーパー』No.1、誠文堂新光社2006年、6-52頁。
  2. ^ a b c d 柴田弘紀 「カブトガメ総覧 前編(Wollumbina属編)」『エクストラ・クリーパー』No.3、誠文堂新光社、2008年、82-97頁。
  3. ^ a b c d e f 深田祝監修 T.R.ハリディ、K.アドラー編 『動物大百科12 両生・爬虫類』、平凡社、1986年、97頁。
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h 安川雄一郎 「曲頸類総覧 (前編)」『クリーパー』第20号、クリーパー社、2003年、18-23頁。
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m 安川雄一郎 「曲頸類総覧 (後編)」『クリーパー』第26号、クリーパー社、2005年、18-39頁。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ヘビクビガメ科に関連するカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにヘビクビガメ科に関する情報があります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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wikipedia 日本語

ヘビクビガメ科: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ヘビクビガメ科(ヘビクビガメか、Chelidae)は、爬虫綱カメ目に含まれる科。

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뱀목거북과 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

뱀목거북과(Chelidae)는 거북목 곡경아목에 속하는 파충류 과이다.[2] 오스트레일리아뉴기니섬, 인도네시아의 일부, 그리고 남아메리카 대부분의 지역에 걸쳐 분포한다. 많은 거북을 포함하고 있는 대형 과로 화석 종의 역사가 백악기까지 거슬러 올라간다. 모든 종이 곤드와나 대륙에 기원을 두고 있으며, 현존종이든 화석종이든 곤드와나 대륙 바깥 지역에서 발견되는 종은 없다.[3]

하위 분류

  • 뱀목거북아과 (Chelodininae)
    • 뱀목거북속 (Chelodina)
    • Elseya
    • Elusor
    • 에미두라속 (Emydura)
    • Flaviemys
    • Myuchelys
    • Pseudemydura
    • Rheodytes
  • 마타마타거북아과 (Chelinae)
    • Acanthochelys
    • 마타마타거북속 (Chelus)
    • Mesoclemmys
    • Phrynops
    • Platemys
    • Rhinemys
  • 히드로메두사아과 (Hydromedusinae)
    • 히드로메두사속 (Hydromedusa)

각주

  1. Gray, J. E. 1831. Synopsis Reptilium or short descriptions of the species of reptiles. Part 1. Cataphracta, tortoises, crocodiles, and enaliosaurians. London. 85 pp.
  2. Obst, Fritz Jurgen (1998). Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G., 편집. 《Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians》. San Diego: Academic Press. 111–112쪽. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
  3. Georges, A., & Thomson, S. 2006. Evolution and Zoogeography of Australian freshwater turtles. In: Merrick, J.R., Archer, M., Hickey, G., and Lee, M. (eds.), Evolution and Zoogeography of Australasian Vertebrates. Sydney: Australia.
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