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Centrarchidae ( Afrikaans )

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Centrarchidae (Baars en sonvisse) is 'n uitheemse varswatervisfamilie van die orde Perciformes wat natuurlik in Noord-Amerika voorkom. Vier spesies van die familie is gedurende 1928 en 1939 in riviere en damme van Suid-Afrika losgelaat om forel as 'n sportvis aan te vul.

Genera

Die volgende genera en gepaardgaande spesies is deel van die familie en kom in Suider-Afrika voor:

Sien ook

Bron

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Centrarchidae: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Centrarchidae (Baars en sonvisse) is 'n uitheemse varswatervisfamilie van die orde Perciformes wat natuurlik in Noord-Amerika voorkom. Vier spesies van die familie is gedurende 1928 en 1939 in riviere en damme van Suid-Afrika losgelaat om forel as 'n sportvis aan te vul.

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Centràrquid ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Exemplar de Lepomis megalotis capturat al riu Coosa (Alabama)

Els centràrquids (Centrarchidae) constitueixen una família de peixos pertanyent a l'ordre dels perciformes.[2]

Etimologia

Del grec kentron (espina, fibló) + grec archos (anus).[3]

Descripció

La majoria de les espècies fan entre 20 i 30 cm de llargària total, encara que n'hi ha d'altres que són molt més petites o més grosses (com ara, la perca americana -Micropterus salmoides-, la qual pot assolir 1 m de longitud).[4] Es caracteritzen per tindre dues aletes dorsals, normalment unides: una composta per una part anterior espinosa poc elevada i l'altra més elevada i amb radis tous.[5] 3 espines a l'aleta anal i 5-13 espines a la dorsal (tot i que la majoria de llurs espècies en tenen entre 10 i 12).[6] La coloració dels exemplars juvenils empal·lideix amb l'edat.[5]

Reproducció

Ponen els ous damunt la sorra:[5] els mascles de la majoria d'aquestes espècies construeixen un niu amb la cua en una depressió del terreny per dipositar-hi els ous de les femelles i, a continuació, ells mateixos s'encarreguen de protegir-los dels depredadors.[7] Els ous són del mateix color que la sorra i s'enganxen entre si formant grups. Durant la fresa, la femella és força més acolorida que el mascle.[5]

Alimentació

Totes les seues espècies són carnívores i cacen llurs preses.[5]

Hàbitat i distribució geogràfica

Són peixos d'aigua dolça[3] que, originalment, estaven restringits a certes zones de l'Amèrica del Nord (a l'est de les Muntanyes Rocalloses),[5] però, com que són molt apreciats pels afeccionats de la pesca esportiva, han estat introduïts arreu de les zones subàrtiques de tot el planeta (com ara, la perca americana -Micropterus salmoides- i el peix sol -Lepomis gibbosus-) i, en alguns casos, hi han esdevingut veritables plagues.[6] Prefereixen les aigües clares, netes i densament proveïdes de plantes.[5]

Gèneres i espècies

Segons FishBase :

Altres divisions

Segons ITIS :

Segons WRMS:[54]

Observacions

Algunes espècies són apreciades com a peixos d'aquari, d'altres són objecte de la pesca esportiva mentre que unes poques són emprades en la realització d'experiments científics.[3]

Referències

  1. Berg, L.S., 1958. System der rezenten und fossilen Fischartigen und Fische. VEB Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlín.
  2. The Taxonomicon (anglès)
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 FishBase (anglès)
  4. Johnson, G.D. & Gill, A.C., 1998. Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 187. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 Petrovický, Ivan, 2010?. Peces de acuario. Madrid: Tikal. Enciclopedia de la ciencia. ISBN 9788492678303. Pàg. 310.
  6. 6,0 6,1 ZipCodeZoo (anglès)
  7. Johnson, G.D. & Gill, A.C., 1998.
  8. Gill, T. N., 1864. Review of Holbrook's Ichthyology of South Carolina. Am. J. Sci. Arts (Ser. 2) v. 37 (art. 10): 89-94.
  9. Baird, S. F., 1855. Report on the fishes observed on the coast of New Jersey and Long Island during the summer of 1854. Smithson. Inst. Annu. Rep. for 1854: 317-352 + 2nd 337.
  10. Rafinesque C. S., 1820. Ichthyologia Ohiensis (Part 3). Western Rev. Misc. Mag. v. 2 (núm. 1). 49-57.
  11. Viosca, P., Jr., 1936. A new rock bass from Louisiana and Mississippi. Copeia 1936 (núm. 1): 37-45.
  12. Cope, E. D., 1868. On the distribution of fresh-water fishes in the Allegheny region of southwestern Virginia. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (Ser. 2) v. 6 (art. 5): 207-247, Pls. 26-28.
  13. Cashner, R. C. & R. D. Suttkus, 1977. Ambloplites constellatus, a new species of rock bass from the Ozark Upland of Arkansas and Missouri with a review of western rock bass populations. Am. Midl. Nat. v. 98 (núm. 1): 147-161.
  14. Rafinesque, C. S., 1817. First decade of new North American fishes. Am. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. v. 2 (núm. 2): 120-121.
  15. Gill T. N., 1861. Notes on some genera of fishes of the western coast of North America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 13. 164-168.
  16. Girard, C. F., 1854. Descriptions of new fishes, collected by Dr. A. L. Heermann, naturalist attached to the survey of the Pacific railroad route, under Lieut. R. S. Williamson, U. S. A. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 7: 129-140.
  17. Cuvier G., 1829. Le Règne Animal, distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Edition 2. Règne Animal (ed. 2) v. 2. i-xv + 1-406.
  18. Lacépède, B. G. E., 1801. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Historie naturelle des poissons. v. 3: i-lxvi + 1-558, Pls. 1-34.
  19. Gill T. N. 1864. Review of Holbrook's Ichthyology of South Carolina. Am. J. Sci. Arts (Ser. 2) v. 37 (art. 10). 89-94.
  20. Baird, S. F., 1855. Report on the fishes observed on the coast of New Jersey and Long Island during the summer of 1854. Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for 1854: 317-352 + 2nd 337.
  21. Holbrook, J. E., 1855. An account of several species of fish observed in Florida, Georgia, etc. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Filadèlfia. Second series. v. 3 (art. 1): 47-58, Pls. 5-6.
  22. Girard, C. F., 1854. Description of some new species of fish from the State of Massachusetts. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History v. 5 (1854-1856): 40-42.
  23. Rafinesque C. S., 1819. Prodrome de 70 nouveaux genres d'animaux découverts dans l'intérieur des États-Unis d'Amérique, durant l'année 1818. J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. v. 88. 417-429.
  24. Ragland, C.J. i J.R. Gold, 1989. Genome size variation in the North American sunfish genus Lepomis (Pisces: Centrarchidae). Genet. Res. Camb. 53:173-182.
  25. Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. v. 1: i-ii + 1-824.
  26. 26,0 26,1 26,2 Rafinesque, C. S., 1819. Prodrome de 70 nouveaux genres d'animaux découverts dans l'intérieur des États-Unis d'Amérique, durant l'année 1818. Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d'Histoire Naturelle v. 88: 417-429.
  27. Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1: i-ii + 1-824.
  28. Cuvier, G. & Valenciennes, A., 1829. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome troisième. Suite du Livre troisième. Des percoïdes à dorsale unique à sept rayons branchiaux et à dents en velours ou en cardes. Histoire naturelle des poissons. v. 3: i-xxviii + 2 pp. + 1-500, Pls. 41-71.
  29. Girard, C. F., 1858. Notice upon new genera and new species of marine and fresh-water fishes from western North America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 9 (núm. 15): 200-202.
  30. Holbrook, J. E., 1855. An account of several species of fish observed in Florida, Georgia, etc. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Second series. v. 3 (art. 1): 47-58, Pls. 5-6.
  31. Rafinesque, C. S., 1820. Ichthyologia Ohiensis (Part 3). Western Revue and Miscellaneous Magazine v. 2 (núm. 1): 49-57.
  32. Günther, A., 1859. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the British Museum. Gasterosteidae, Berycidae, Percidae, Aphredoderidae, Pristipomatidae, Mullidae, Sparidae. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. v. 1: i-xxxi + 1-524.
  33. Jordan, D. S., 1877. Contributions to North American ichthyology based primarily on the collections of the United States National Museum. Núm. 2. A.--Notes on Cottidae ..., and Hyodontidae, with revisions of the genera and descriptions of new or little known species. Bulletin of the United States National Museum Núm. 10: 1-68, Pls. 44-45.
  34. Cuvier, G. & Valenciennes, A., 1831. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome septième. Livre septième. Des Squamipennes. Livre huitième. Des poissons à pharyngiens labyrinthiformes. Histoire naturelle des poissons. v. 7: i-xxix + 1-531, Pls. 170-208.
  35. Jordan, D. S. & Gilbert, C. H., 1883. Synopsis of the fishes of North America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum Núm. 16: i-liv + 1-1018.
  36. Lacépède B. G. E., 1802. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. 4. i-xliv + 1-728.
  37. Williams, J. D. & Burgess, G. H., 1999. A new species of bass, Micropterus cataractae (Teleostei: Centrarchidae), from the Apalachicola River basin in Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History v. 42 (núm. 2): 80-114.
  38. Hubbs, C. L. & R. M. Bailey, 1940. A revision of the black basses (Micropterus and Huro) with descriptions of four new forms. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Núm. 48: 1-51, Pls. 1-6, 2 maps.
  39. Lacépède, B. G. E., 1802. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Historie naturelle des poissons. Tome Sixième. v. 4: i-xliv + 1-728, Pl. 1-16.
  40. Lesueur, C. A., 1822. Descriptions of the five new species of the genus Cichla of Cuvier. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia v. 2: 214-221.
  41. Bailey, R. M. & C. L. Hubbs, 1949. The black basses (Micropterus) of Florida, with description of a new species. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Núm. 516: 1-40, Pls. 1-2.
  42. Lacépède, B. G. E., 1802. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. 4: i-xliv + 1-728, Pl. 1-16.
  43. Vaillant, L. L. & Bocourt, F., 1874-1915. Études sur les poissons. A: Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique centrale. Recherches zoologiques. Quatrième partie. París. Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique centrale. Recherches zoologiques. Part 4: 1-265, 20 pls.
  44. Rafinesque C. S., 1818. Description of three new genera of fluviatile fish, Pomoxis, Sarchirus and Exoglossum. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 1 (pt 2). 417-422.
  45. Rafinesque, C. S., 1818. Description of three new genera of fluviatile fish, Pomoxis, Sarchirus and Exoglossum. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia v. 1 (pt 2): 417-422, Pl. 17.
  46. Cuvier, G. & Valenciennes, A., 1829. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome troisième. Suite du Livre troisième. Des percoïdes à dorsale unique à sept rayons branchiaux et à dents en velours ou en cardes. Historie naturelle des poissons. v. 3: i-xxviii + 2 pp. + 1-500, Pls. 41-71.
  47. BioLib (anglès)
  48. AQUATAB
  49. Catalogue of Life (anglès)
  50. Discover Life (anglès)
  51. World Register of Marine Species (anglès)
  52. FishBase (anglès)
  53. UNEP-WCMC Species Database (anglès)
  54. WRMS


Bibliografia


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Centràrquid: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Sonnenbarsche ( German )

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Die Sonnenbarsche (Centrarchidae; zusammengesetzt aus centr-, centro- [von griech. kentron = Stachel, Sporn, Mittelpunkt] und archos = After[1] aufgrund meist dreier Stachelstrahlen am Vorderende der Afterflosse[2]) sind eine Fischfamilie der Barschverwandten (Percomorphaceae) mit über 35 Arten.

Vertreter der Gattung Elassoma werden teilweise ebenfalls als Sonnenbarsche bezeichnet, gehören aber zur Familie der Zwergschwarzbarsche (Elassomatidae).

Verbreitung

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet in Nordamerika

Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich von Südkanada über die USA: North Dakota, Florida und Große Seen, östlich bis zur Atlantikküste und südlich bis Texas.

Vom Menschen eingeführt wurden Sonnenbarsche, vorwiegend um die Jahrhundertwende, an der Westküste der USA und in vielen Ländern Europas (beispielsweise in Frankreich, Deutschland, Großbritannien, Italien, Österreich, Rumänien, Schweiz und Ungarn).

Speziell in Deutschland wurden sie bisher beispielsweise in folgenden Gewässern vorgefunden: Dahme/Spree, Elbe, Recknitz, Fuhse, Lachte, Aschau, Mosel, Erft[3], Donau, Altwässer der Oder und des Rheins, Neckar, Teichwirtschaft Peitz, Koberbachtalsperre, mehrere Gewässer im Kreis Zwickau, dem Rosensee im Vogtland, Kiesgrube Großsteinberg, Kiesgrube bei Dresden-Prohlis, dem Garibalditeich in Berlin-Wilhelmsruh. In Süddeutschland (Bereich Worms – Karlsruhe, und am Reifsee in Ingolstadt) ist der Grüne Sonnenbarsch (Lepomis cyanellus) inzwischen weitverbreitet. In Österreich in mehreren Kärntner Seen, beispielsweise im Wörthersee und dem Ossiacher See, wie auch im Burgenland im Neusiedler See oder auch dem Neufeldersee[4].

Es zeichnet sich eine Tendenz zur Ausbreitung der Arten in den nichtheimischen Gebieten ab, wegen ihrer Kleinwüchsigkeit haben sie bisher aber keine wirtschaftliche Bedeutung erlangt. Eingeführte Arten sind zum Beispiel: Lepomis auritius, Lepomis gibbosus und Enneacanthus obesus.

Lebensweise

Die meisten Sonnenbarsch-Arten bevorzugen stehende und langsam fließende Binnengewässer, Bäche und klare Teiche mit starker Vegetation. Einige Arten sind auch in Brackwasser vorzufinden, beispielsweise an Flussmündungen.

Die kleineren Arten leben zum Teil im Schwarm, größere sind räuberische Einzelgänger. Die Tiere suchen warme und sonnige Gewässerabschnitte, in denen sie sich meistens im Flachwasserbereich aufhalten.

Nach strengen Wintern in Europa kommen beim Abtauen des Eises insbesondere alte Tiere in größerer Zahl tot zur Oberfläche.

In Kleingewässern, in denen keine einheimischen Barscharten vorkommen, können sich Sonnenbarsche trotz ihrer Kleinwüchsigkeit zu starken Bruträubern entwickeln, richten meist jedoch keinen großen Schäden an.

Körperbau und Färbung

Die meisten Arten sind hoch und seitlich abgeflacht. Nur die Gattungen Aplites, Pomoxis und Micropterus haben eine mehr gestreckte Form. Weich- und hartstrahliger Teil der Rückenflosse sind normalerweise vereinigt, können jedoch auch durch einen Einschnitt getrennt sein wie bei Micropterus. Ausgewachsen werden die meisten Arten ungefähr 20 bis 30 cm lang, wobei schon von extremen Größen bis zu einem Meter (bei dem Forellenbarsch (Micropterus salmoides)) berichtet wurde. Die Rückenflosse besitzt sechs bis dreizehn Flossenstacheln (meist 10–13[5]), die Afterflosse drei bis neun Stacheln. Die Schwanzflosse ist abgerundet und nur wenig eingeschnitten.

Jüngere Tiere sind vielfach recht prächtig gefärbt, bei fast allen Arten nimmt die Färbung im Alter ab. Die Färbung der Fische ist anpassungsfähig und vom Wohlbefinden abhängig. Die Geschlechter lassen sich meist nicht leicht unterscheiden.

Sonnenbarsche besitzen eine protraktile (vorstülpbare) Prämaxillare (Zwischenkieferbein). In ihren Kiefern stehen bürstenartige Zähne in mehreren Reihen. Auch der Gaumen (Vomer, Palatinum) ist bezahnt, ebenso die Zunge. Im hinteren Rachenbereich sitzen kräftige Schlundzähne. Die Kiemendeckel werden beim Drohen abgespreizt. Ein Augenfleck verstärken den Droheffekt, da die weiter auseinanderstehenden „Augen“ einen größeren Fisch vortäuschen.[6]

Die Seitenlinie ist bei den meisten Arten vollständig, bei einigen auch unvollständig. Das Seitenliniensystem erstreckt sich bis auf den Unterkiefer und ist auf Angulare und Dentale (Unterkieferknochen) als feine Poren sichtbar. Die Augenkiemendrüse ist klein und liegt versteckt. Die Anzahl der Branchiostegalstrahlen liegt bei sechs oder sieben. Rechte und linke Kiemenmembranen sind voneinander getrennt. Die Anzahl der Wirbel liegt bei 28 bis 33.[5]

Fortpflanzung

Sonnenbarsche laichen in Mitteleuropa von Mai bis Juli in Gewässern mit sandigem Grund. Das Männchen besetzt zur Fortpflanzung wenige Meter Flachufer als Revier und gräbt mit der Schwanzflosse eine Laichmulde, die es bewacht und vor Artgenossen verteidigt. In dieser Jahreszeit streifen die geschlechtsreifen Weibchen in kleinen Trupps umher und laichbereite Weibchen wählen ein Revier bzw. dessen Inhaber aus. Beim Laichakt ist das Weibchen in der Regel schöner gefärbt. Danach bewacht das Männchen den klebrigen, sandfarbenen, am Boden haftenden Laich bis zum Ende der Entwicklungszeit, die je nach Temperatur ein bis zehn Tage dauert – es bleibt auch danach noch bei den ausgeschlüpften Jungen, bis diese groß genug sind, um ihrer eigenen Wege „schwimmen“ zu können. Die Brut hält sich dann in Ufernähe an dichten Wasserpflanzenbeständen auf, in die sie bei Bedarf flüchtet. Die Jungfische wachsen im Freiland wegen der oft zu niedrigen Temperaturen relativ langsam.

Innere Systematik

Die Sonnenbarsche sind eine recht alte Gruppe, deren ältester bekannter Vertreter Centrarchites bereits im Eozän lebte. Genetische Untersuchungen von Roe, Harris und Mayden haben ergeben, dass es sich um ein monophyletisches Taxon handelt. Traditionell werden Sonnenbarsche innerhalb der Echten Barsche eingeordnet – es ist aber bislang nicht gelungen, die Schwestergruppe bzw. den genauen Platz der Sonnenbarsche im System der Barschartigen Fische zu ermitteln.

Die interne Systematik ist ebenso ungeklärt. Bereits 1877 wurden die Sonnenbarsche in drei Unterfamilien unterteilt. Der amerikanische Ichthyologe Joseph S. Nelson gibt in seinem Standardwerk zur Fischsystematik Fishes of the World in Übernahme der phylogenetischen Studie von Roe, Harris und Mayden[7] zwei Unterfamilien an, Centrarchidae für Ambloplites, Archoplites, Centrarchus, Enneacanthus und Pomoxis und Lepominae für Lepomis. Acantharchus und Micropterus bleiben ohne Zuordnung.[5]

Von mehreren Systemen hat sich aber bis heute keines durchsetzen können. Die Fischdatenbank Fishbase verzichtet auf die Unterteilung in Unterfamilien. Deshalb seien die Gattungen und Arten hier in alphabetischer Reihenfolge genannt.

Das folgende Kladogramm nach Near u. Kim (2021) zeigt die verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen der verschiedenen Sonnenbarschgattungen zueinander:[8]

Centrarchidae

Acantharchus



Enneacanthus



Centrarchus



Pomoxis



Ambloplites


Archoplites








Lepomis


Micropterus




Äußere Systematik

Sonnenbarsche werden traditionell den Barschartigen (Perciformes) zugeordnet.[5] Die in den 1980er Jahren und davor in die Familie der Sonnenbarsche gestellten Zwergschwarzbarsche (Elassoma) wurden ab 1962 zunehmend als eine eigenständige Familie betrachtet und Sonnenbarsche und Zwergschwarzbarsche später sogar in unterschiedlichen Unterordnungen innerhalb der Barschartige eingeordnet. Neue molekularbiologische Untersuchungen zeigen jedoch, dass Sonnen- und Zwergschwarzbarsche nah miteinander verwandt und Schwestergruppen sind, während sie mit den Echten Barschen (Percidae) nur entfernt verwandt sind. Das Team des Ichthyologen Thomas J. Near und das des Fischsystematikspezialisten Ricardo Betancur-R. ordneten Sonnen- und Zwergschwarzbarsche deshalb der schon im 19. Jahrhundert durch den deutsch-niederländischen Zoologen Max Carl Wilhelm Weber und den niederländischen Biologen Lieven Ferdinand de Beaufort aufgestellten und nach den Sonnenbarschen benannten Ordnung Centrarchiformes zu.[9][10][11]

Das folgende vereinfachte Kladogramm zeigt die Stellung der Sonnenbarsche innerhalb der Ordnung Centrarchiformes nach Near et al. (2013):[10]

Centrarchiformes




Flaggenschwänze (Kuhliidae)


Grunzbarsche (Terapontidae)



Steuerbarsche (Kyphosidae)



Schnabelbarsche (Oplegnathidae)



Nagebarsche (Girellidae)





Percalatidae



Doppel-Rückenflosser (Enoplosidae)


Dorschbarsche (Percichthyidae) incl. Südbarsche (Percilia)





Büschelbarschartige (Cirrhitoidea (Cirrhitioidei bei Betancur-R. et al.))



Sinipercidae



Zwergschwarzbarsche (Elassomatidae)


Sonnenbarsche (Centrarchidae)







Mensch und Sonnenbarsche

Aquarienhaltung

Sonnenbarsche benötigen zur Pflege gut bepflanzte Aquarien mit Unterständen und sauberes, sauerstoffreiches, abgestandenes Wasser. Durchlüftung ist zu empfehlen. Alte Tiere erweisen sich gegenüber jähen Milieuveränderungen empfindlich (anfällig für Hautkrankheiten), das Wasser ist deshalb des Öfteren zu wechseln. In die Becken sollte natürliches Sonnenlicht einfallen können.

Sonnenbarsche verhalten sich ruhig, und manche Arten erwecken einen intelligenten Eindruck, indem sie zum Beispiel ihren Pfleger erkennen lernen. Sonnenbarsche sind Raubfische, sind aber mit gleich großen Fischen verträglich. Zur Vergesellschaftung eignen sich vor allem große Oberflächenfische.

Die Fische sollten kühl, um 10 bis 15 °C, überwintert werden. In dieser Zeit fressen sie weniger bis gar nicht und schränken ihre Aktivität stark ein. Alle Arten sind empfindlich gegen plötzliche Änderungen der Wasserqualität und -temperatur und anfällig gegen Medikamente.

Sie bevorzugen Lebendfutter (beispielsweise Fliegen, Grashüpfer, Würmer und Wasserschnecken), fressen aber auch Trockenfutter oder Gefrorenes.

Zucht

Alle Arten betreiben eine sehr intensive Brutpflege, was die Aufzucht sehr vereinfacht. Manche Arten lassen sich nur im Zimmeraquarium, andere nur im Freiland züchten. Viele Arten sind winterhart, allerdings sollte ein Zufrieren des Gewässers verhindert werden. Die besten Ergebnisse bei der Fortpflanzung der Tiere, die winterhart sind, erzielt man, wenn man eine kleine Gruppe im Herbst in einen Freilandteich setzt und der Natur im folgenden Frühjahr ihren Lauf lässt. Die Fortpflanzung kann auch durch kühle Überwinterung angeregt werden. Bei Aquarienhaltung ist es am besten, das Weibchen nach dem Laichakt zu entfernen. Bei guter Fütterung laichen die Paare nach sechs bis acht Wochen erneut. Je Gelege können bis zu tausend Nachkommen entstehen.

Einige Arten sind untereinander fortpflanzungsfähig, wobei viele Kreuzungen nicht steril sind und oft größer als die Elternarten werden.

Literatur

  • Thomas J. Near, Jeff Koppelman: Species Diversity, Phylogeny and Phylogeography of Centrarchidae. DOI: 10.1002/9781444316032.ch1 in Steven Cooke, David P. Philipp: Centrarchid Fishes: Diversity, Biology, and Conservation, pp.1 - 38, Dezember 2009, ISBN 978-1405133425
  • Günther Sterba: Süsswasserfische der Welt. Urania Verlag, Leipzig 1990, ISBN 3-332-00109-4, S. 640. (Nachdruck: Weltbild Verlag, 1996, ISBN 3-89350-991-7)
  • Norbert Simon, Rodolf Reinboth: Adenohypophyse und Hypothalamus: Histophysiologische Untersuchungen bei Lepomis (Centrarchidae). Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1974, ISBN 0-387-06749-3.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Centrarchidae In: Lexikon der Biologie, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 1999, abgerufen am 11. Juli 2017
  2. Sonnenbarsche In: Lexikon der Biologie, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 1999, abgerufen am 12. Juli 2017
  3. Tropische Arten in der Erft? (Memento vom 21. August 2007 im Internet Archive) bei erftverband.de
  4. http://www.fotocommunity.it/pc/pc/display/18190159
  5. a b c d Joseph S. Nelson: Fishes of the World, John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7
  6. Kurt Fiedler: Lehrbuch der Speziellen Zoologie, Band II, Teil 2: Fische. S. 350, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1991, ISBN 3-334-00339-6.
  7. Kevin J. Roe, Phillip M. Harris, Richard L. Mayden: Phylogenetic Relationships of the Genera of North American Sunfishes and Basses (Percoidei: Centrarchidae) as Evidenced by the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene. In: Copeia, 2002, Nr. 4, S. 897–905, doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0897:PROTGO]2.0.CO;2
  8. Thomas J.Near & Daemin Kim: Phylogeny and time scale of diversification in the fossil-rich sunfishes and black basses (Teleostei: Percomorpha: Centrarchidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Band 161, August 2021, 107156, doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107156
  9. Thomas J. Near, Michael Sandel, Kristen L. Kuhn, Peter J. Unmack, Peter C. Wainwright, Wm. Leo Smith: Nuclear gene-inferred phylogenies resolve the relationships of the enigmatic Pygmy Sunfishes, Elassoma (Teleostei: Percomorpha). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 63 (2012) 388–395, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.011
  10. a b Thomas J. Near, A. Dornburg, R.I. Eytan, B.P. Keck, W.L. Smith, K.L. Kuhn, J.A. Moore, S.A. Price, F.T. Burbrink, M. Friedman & P.C. Wainwright. 2013. Phylogeny and tempo of diversification in the superradiation of spiny-rayed fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101:12738-21743. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304661110, PDF
  11. Ricardo Betancur-R, Edward O. Wiley, Gloria Arratia, Arturo Acero, Nicolas Bailly, Masaki Miya, Guillaume Lecointre and Guillermo Ortí: Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology, BMC series – Juli 2017, DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3
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Sonnenbarsche: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Sonnenbarsche (Centrarchidae; zusammengesetzt aus centr-, centro- [von griech. kentron = Stachel, Sporn, Mittelpunkt] und archos = After aufgrund meist dreier Stachelstrahlen am Vorderende der Afterflosse) sind eine Fischfamilie der Barschverwandten (Percomorphaceae) mit über 35 Arten.

Vertreter der Gattung Elassoma werden teilweise ebenfalls als Sonnenbarsche bezeichnet, gehören aber zur Familie der Zwergschwarzbarsche (Elassomatidae).

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Päivyahvenet ( Livvi )

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Päivyahvenet (Centrarchidae) ollah ahvenkaloin lahkoh da sen Percoidei-alalahkoh kuului kalaheimo.

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Κεντραρχίδες ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Οι Κεντραρχίδες (Centrarchidae), αποτελούν ιδιαίτερη οικογένεια ψαριών, γλυκών υδάτων, που ανά τον κόσμο εντοπίζονται μόνο στις ΗΠΑ, εξ ου και ονομάζονται "αμερικάνικες πέρκες".

Κύριο χαρακτηριστικό τους είναι τα τρία τουλάχιστον αγκάθια στο εδρικό πτερύγιο. Το ραχιαίο πτερύγιο διακρίνεται σε δύο ανόμοια μέρη, το εμπρόσθιο με αγκαθωτές ακτίνες και το οπίσθιο με μαλακές. Πρόκειται γενικά για μικρά ψάρια που δεν ξεπερνούν σε μήκος τα 15 εκατοστά, αλλά και μη εδώδιμα. Είναι σαρκοφάγα και αδηφάγα ψάρια που τρώνε κυρίως τους γόνους άλλων ψαριών, και λαμβάνοντας υπόψη ότι πολλαπλασιάζονται πολύ γρήγορα, θεωρούνται, ιδιαίτερα σε μικρές λίμνες, πολύ καταστρεπτικά για άλλα είδη ψαριών.

Στην οικογένεια αυτών των ψαριών κατατάσσονται οκτώ γένη ο "Ακάνθαρχος", (Acantharhus), ο " Αμβλωπλίτης", (Ambloplites), ο "Αρχοπλίτης", (Archoplites), ο "Εννεάκανθος", (Enneacanthus), ο "Κέντραρχος", (Centrarchus), ο "Λεπόμις", (Lepomis), ή "Λεπομίς", ο "Μικρόπτερος", (Micropterus), και ο "πομόμις", (Pomomis).

Ταξινόμηση

Η οικογένεια των Κεντραρχιδών ανήκει στην υπόταξη των Περκοειδών.

Σημειώσεις

  • Σημειώνεται ότι μια λίμνη έκτασης 10 στρεμμάτων μπορεί να δώσει μέχρι 200 περίπου κιλά πέρκες το χρόνο, αφού οι μεγαλύτερες τρώνε τις μικρότερες.
  • Το είδος Eupomotis gibbosus - ο καμπούρης, που συνηθέστερα ονομάζεται "ηλιόψαρο", που φέρει λαμπερά χρώματα και θεωρείται πολύ διακοσμητικό ψάρι, έχει εισαχθεί ήδη στην Ευρώπη από το τέλος του 19ου αιώνα, και κυρίως σε λίμνες της Ιταλίας. Επίσης ο "Μικρόπτερος ο σολομοειδής", (Micropteros salmoides), που μοιάζει με σολωμό, και ο "Μικρόπτερος του Ντολομιέ", (Micropterus dolomieui), που φέρει κάθετες κηλίδες σε όλο το σώμα μέχρι και την ουρά, επίσης έχουν εισαχθεί στην Ευρώπη πλην όμως δεν φέρονται να έχουν εγκλιματιστεί όπως το προηγούμενο είδος.
  • Το είδος "Λεπόμις ο μακρόχειρος", (Lepomis macrochirus), τρώει και καρκινοειδή.

Πηγές

  • Μεγάλη Ελληνική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Π. Δρανδάκη τ. ΙΔ΄ σ.214
  • "Ο Κόσμος των Φυτών και των Ζώων" τ. 2ος, σ. 230.
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Κεντραρχίδες: Brief Summary ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Οι Κεντραρχίδες (Centrarchidae), αποτελούν ιδιαίτερη οικογένεια ψαριών, γλυκών υδάτων, που ανά τον κόσμο εντοπίζονται μόνο στις ΗΠΑ, εξ ου και ονομάζονται "αμερικάνικες πέρκες".

Κύριο χαρακτηριστικό τους είναι τα τρία τουλάχιστον αγκάθια στο εδρικό πτερύγιο. Το ραχιαίο πτερύγιο διακρίνεται σε δύο ανόμοια μέρη, το εμπρόσθιο με αγκαθωτές ακτίνες και το οπίσθιο με μαλακές. Πρόκειται γενικά για μικρά ψάρια που δεν ξεπερνούν σε μήκος τα 15 εκατοστά, αλλά και μη εδώδιμα. Είναι σαρκοφάγα και αδηφάγα ψάρια που τρώνε κυρίως τους γόνους άλλων ψαριών, και λαμβάνοντας υπόψη ότι πολλαπλασιάζονται πολύ γρήγορα, θεωρούνται, ιδιαίτερα σε μικρές λίμνες, πολύ καταστρεπτικά για άλλα είδη ψαριών.

Στην οικογένεια αυτών των ψαριών κατατάσσονται οκτώ γένη ο "Ακάνθαρχος", (Acantharhus), ο " Αμβλωπλίτης", (Ambloplites), ο "Αρχοπλίτης", (Archoplites), ο "Εννεάκανθος", (Enneacanthus), ο "Κέντραρχος", (Centrarchus), ο "Λεπόμις", (Lepomis), ή "Λεπομίς", ο "Μικρόπτερος", (Micropterus), και ο "πομόμις", (Pomomis).

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सेन्ट्रार्चिडाए ( Hindi )

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सेन्ट्रार्चिडाए (Centrarchidae), जिन्हें सूरजमीन (sunfish) भी कहते हैं, हड्डीदार मछलियों के पर्सिफ़ोर्मेज़ गण का एक विस्तृत कुल है जो उत्तर अमेरिका में मीठे पानी (नदियोंझीलों) में रहती हैं। इस गण में ३७ ज्ञात जातियाँ हैं। इनकी औसत लम्बाई २० - ३० सेंटीमीटर होती है, हालांकि कालीधारी सूरजमीन (black-banded sunfish) केवल ८ सेमी और बड़ीमुख बैस (largemouth bass) १ मीटर तक पाई गई है। प्रजनन में मादा के अण्डे देने के बाद नर अपनी दुम से रेत में गड्ढा बनाकर उसमें अण्डे डालता है और फिर उनकी रखवाली करता है।[1]

इन्हें भी देखें

सन्दर्भ

  1. Johnson, G.D.; Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N., eds. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 187. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
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सेन्ट्रार्चिडाए: Brief Summary ( Hindi )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

सेन्ट्रार्चिडाए (Centrarchidae), जिन्हें सूरजमीन (sunfish) भी कहते हैं, हड्डीदार मछलियों के पर्सिफ़ोर्मेज़ गण का एक विस्तृत कुल है जो उत्तर अमेरिका में मीठे पानी (नदियोंझीलों) में रहती हैं। इस गण में ३७ ज्ञात जातियाँ हैं। इनकी औसत लम्बाई २० - ३० सेंटीमीटर होती है, हालांकि कालीधारी सूरजमीन (black-banded sunfish) केवल ८ सेमी और बड़ीमुख बैस (largemouth bass) १ मीटर तक पाई गई है। प्रजनन में मादा के अण्डे देने के बाद नर अपनी दुम से रेत में गड्ढा बनाकर उसमें अण्डे डालता है और फिर उनकी रखवाली करता है।

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சென்ட்ரார்கைடீ ( Tamil )

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சென்ட்ரார்கைடீ (Centrarchidae), பேர்சிஃபார்மசு ஒழுங்கைச் சேர்ந்த ஒரு மீன் குடும்பம் ஆகும். இக் குடும்பத்தின் பெயர் சென்ட்ரார்கசு (Centrarchus) என்னும் பேரினத்தின் பெயரைத் தழுவியது. இப் பேரினத்தில் செ. மாக்குரோடெரசு (C. macropterus) என்னும் ஒரு இனம் மட்டுமேயுள்ளது. சென்ட்ரார்கைடீ குடும்பத்தில் உள்ள 27 இனங்கள் எல்லாமே வட அமெரிக்காவைத் தாயகமாகக் கொண்டவை.

இக் குடும்பத்து மீனினங்கள் குறைந்தது மூன்று குதமுட்களைக் கொண்டிருப்பது இவற்றின் தனித்துவமான இயல்பாகும். முதுகுமுட்கள் 5 - 13 வரை இருக்கும். எனினும் பெரும்பாலானவை 10 - 12 முதுகுமுட்களைக் கொண்டவையாக இருக்கின்றன. போலிப்பூக்கள் (pseudobranch) சிறியவையாக மறைந்து காணப்படும். இக் குடும்பத்து மீன்களில் பெரும்பாலானவை 20 சதம மீட்டருக்கும் (7.9 அங்குலம்), 30 சதம மீட்டருக்கும் (12 அங்குலம்) இடைப்பட்ட நீளம் கொண்டவை. ஆனாலும், இவற்றுள் மிகச் சிறிய மீனினங்களும் உள்ளன. கரும்பட்டைச் சூரியமீன் (blackbanded sunfish) எனப்படும் மீன்கள் 8 ச.மீ (3.1 அங்) நீளம் மட்டுமே கொண்டவை. இக் குடும்பத்திலுள்ள மிகவும் நீளமான மீன்கள் ஒரு மீட்டர் (3.3 அடி) நீளம் வரை வளரக்கூடியன.

இக் குடும்பத்தில் உள்ள பல இனங்களைச் சேர்ந்த ஆண் மீன்கள் தமது வால்களினால் பள்ளம் தோண்டி அதில் இடப்படும் முட்டைகளைக் காவல் காக்கின்றன.

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சென்ட்ரார்கைடீ: Brief Summary ( Tamil )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

சென்ட்ரார்கைடீ (Centrarchidae), பேர்சிஃபார்மசு ஒழுங்கைச் சேர்ந்த ஒரு மீன் குடும்பம் ஆகும். இக் குடும்பத்தின் பெயர் சென்ட்ரார்கசு (Centrarchus) என்னும் பேரினத்தின் பெயரைத் தழுவியது. இப் பேரினத்தில் செ. மாக்குரோடெரசு (C. macropterus) என்னும் ஒரு இனம் மட்டுமேயுள்ளது. சென்ட்ரார்கைடீ குடும்பத்தில் உள்ள 27 இனங்கள் எல்லாமே வட அமெரிக்காவைத் தாயகமாகக் கொண்டவை.

இக் குடும்பத்து மீனினங்கள் குறைந்தது மூன்று குதமுட்களைக் கொண்டிருப்பது இவற்றின் தனித்துவமான இயல்பாகும். முதுகுமுட்கள் 5 - 13 வரை இருக்கும். எனினும் பெரும்பாலானவை 10 - 12 முதுகுமுட்களைக் கொண்டவையாக இருக்கின்றன. போலிப்பூக்கள் (pseudobranch) சிறியவையாக மறைந்து காணப்படும். இக் குடும்பத்து மீன்களில் பெரும்பாலானவை 20 சதம மீட்டருக்கும் (7.9 அங்குலம்), 30 சதம மீட்டருக்கும் (12 அங்குலம்) இடைப்பட்ட நீளம் கொண்டவை. ஆனாலும், இவற்றுள் மிகச் சிறிய மீனினங்களும் உள்ளன. கரும்பட்டைச் சூரியமீன் (blackbanded sunfish) எனப்படும் மீன்கள் 8 ச.மீ (3.1 அங்) நீளம் மட்டுமே கொண்டவை. இக் குடும்பத்திலுள்ள மிகவும் நீளமான மீன்கள் ஒரு மீட்டர் (3.3 அடி) நீளம் வரை வளரக்கூடியன.

இக் குடும்பத்தில் உள்ள பல இனங்களைச் சேர்ந்த ஆண் மீன்கள் தமது வால்களினால் பள்ளம் தோண்டி அதில் இடப்படும் முட்டைகளைக் காவல் காக்கின்றன.

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Centrarchidae

provided by wikipedia EN

Centrarchidae, better known as sunfishes, is a family of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the order Perciformes (formerly belonging to the deprecated order Centrarchiformes), native only to North America. There are eight universally included genera within the centrarchid family: Lepomis (true sunfishes), Micropterus (black basses), Pomoxis (crappies), Enneacanthus (banded sunfishes), Centrarchus (type genus, consisting solely of the flier C. macropterus), Archoplites (Sacramento perch), Ambloplites (rock basses), and Acantharchus (mud sunfish).[2] A genetic study in 2012 suggests that the highly distinct pygmy sunfishes of the genus Elassoma are also centrarchids.[3]

The centrarchid family comprises 38 identified species,[2] 34 of which are extant.[4] It includes many popular game fishes familiar to North American anglers, such as the rock bass, largemouth bass, bluegill, pumpkinseed, green sunfish and crappies. Most sunfish are highly valued panfish for sport fishing, and have been introduced in many areas outside their native ranges, sometimes becoming invasive species. While edible, they are not commercially marketed as food fish.

Description

Family members are distinguished by having a laterally compressed body shape, 6 to 9 anal spines, and 2 dorsal fins (spinous first dorsal and rayed second dorsal) which are fused.[5] The number of dorsal spines varies from 6 to 13. All species in Micropterus and Lepomis have 3 anal spines, which distinguishes them from the other genera in the family.[5] The pseudobranch is small and concealed. Body size varies widely within the family with the black-banded sunfish at just 8 cm (3.1 in) in length, while the largemouth bass is reported to reach almost 1 m (3.3 ft) in extreme cases.[6]

Many of the species within Centrarchidae can be separated into two main groups based on the two most common genera (Micropterus and Lepomis). Species in the genera Lepomis are defined by a deep or more round body shape, smaller mouths, and obtaining food through suction feeding.[2][7] Species in the genera Micropterus are defined by a more streamlined body shape, larger mouths, and consuming prey primarily by ram feeding methods.[2][7]

Habitat

smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu)

Centrarchids prefer clear, warm, and slower-moving water, and are commonly found in habitats such as lakes, ponds, medium to low flow streams and rivers, and swamps.[8] They also prefer to live in and around aquatic vegetation so they can get adequate coverage from predators. While few species in the family diverge from the aforementioned habitat list, the Sacramento perch can survive in habitats with unusually high alkalinity, salinity, and temperatures.[8] Centrarchids can be found in various locations within the water column and their exact preference is species specific. For instance, bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) mainly inhabit the deeper littoral zones, while green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) prefer habitats near the shoreline and shallower areas.[9] Suction feeders within the family (i.e. Lepomis) generally feed off the bottom of their habitat, while ram feeders (i.e. Micropterus) generally feed in more open areas known as the limnetic zone.[10] Centrarchids diet consists of macro-invertebrates (e.g. insects, snails and crayfish) and other fish found in their habitat.[8]

Thermal tolerance

In freshwater systems, water temperature is determined by many abiotic factors, with air temperature being one of the most significant contributors.[11] As in other ectotherms, many physiological processes and behaviors in Centrarchidae, such as feeding and reproduction, are heavily impacted by the temperature in their environment.[12] All species in the family Centrarchidae are considered warmwater adapted species.[13] In general, warmwater adapted species are characterized as being larger at higher temperatures and lower latitudes.[14] The optimal temperature range of most species in the family is 28 °C(82 °F) to 32 °C(90 °F), although they can survive and reproduce in temperatures that are outside of this optimum range.[7] Increases in temperature outside the optimal range for centrarchids can have negative effects, such as speeding up reproductive maturity or increasing mortality after the first reproductive event.[15] The lethal temperature range varies widely in the family, but some species have been seen to survive water temperatures as low as 1 °C(33 °F) or as high as 41 °C(106 °F).[16]

Reproduction

Centrarchids generally spawn in the spring, and juveniles emerge in the late spring to early summer.[17] The transition from winter to spring conditions (i.e. melting of ice-cover, increase in day length, and increased food availability) is the main cue for centrarchids to begin preparing for reproduction.[12] All species within Centrarchidae, except for those in the genus Micropterus, develop breeding coloration in both males and females (although less defined in females) during the breeding season.[2] The process of courtship and reproduction is nearly identical for all species in the family, which is a major reason for the high levels of hybridization within Centrarchidae.[18] With that said, there are some mechanisms in place to prevent hybridization, such as intricate morphology of the operculum in Lepomis, which assists in recognition of conspecific mates.[2]

To initiate reproduction, males dig a deep circular depression in the substrate with their caudal fins to create a nest,[8] which they will aggressively defend from intruding males.[2] Males and females then undergo a courtship dancing ritual before the female deposits her eggs into the male's nest.[8] Multiple females may deposit eggs in a single nest.[7] Larger males usually attract more mates and also take better care of their offspring.[19] Male parental care includes nest building, nest guarding, guarding of eggs and fry, and nest fanning (aerating eggs).[20]

Males unsuccessful at courtship may exhibit a cheater strategy where they sneak fertilizations of female's eggs by various behavioral methods.[21] This is commonly seen with smaller males in the genus Lepomis.[5]

Range

Centrarchidae Native Range

The native range of Centrarchidae is confined within North America, covering most of the United States and stopping in southern Canada. The northern edge of the native range is heavily bound by temperature due to reduced foraging ability and growth in cold weather and subsequent starvation in winter months.[7][22] As a result, centrarchid distributions and range in any place they are found will be restricted by cold temperatures.[7]

Range shifts

The ability to adapt to cold temperatures at the edge of the sunfish range varies widely within the family. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) have no cold acclimation ability as seen through the strict maintenance of the northern boundary of the species range.[23] Other species like smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) and green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) have exhibited signs of minor cold-water adaptation and have even experienced slight range expansions into colder habitats.[23]

If air temperatures continue to rise in the next 50 to 100 years as predicted, [24] warmwater species like centrarchids will likely experience range expansions northward and see an overall increase in occupiable habitat.[25][11] This range expansion can have grave consequences for other freshwater fishes however, as many centrarchids are dominant top predators which can severely alter the community structure of non-native ecosystems and drive the extinction of other native predators.[26] The Earth's climate is always in a state of change, natural cycles and human-caused climate change can both contribute to the aforementioned range expansion, which can be incredibly disastrous for native fish species.

Invasive range

While centrarchids are native to only North America, they can be found worldwide due to introductions on multiple continents, including Europe, South America, Africa, and Asia.[8] At least 18 species of Centrarchidae are North American exports.[7] Its multi-continental spread is mostly due to the high popularity of the family (especially from the genera Micropterus) as freshwater game fish that are frequently stocked for recreational fishing all around Europe.[7][8]

Across the globe, invasive and introduced centrarchids pose a great threat to native species in the areas they invade.[7][27] There are multiple confirmed instances of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) severely altering and reducing native fish populations in Italy, South Africa, Japan, and Madagascar and even causing the local extinction of any species of the family Cyprinodontidae within the waterbodies they have invaded in Mexico.[7]

Fossil record

The earliest fossils of Centrarchidae are from latest Eocene to early Oligocene deposits from Montana and South Dakota, belonging to several as yet undescribed species and the two extinct genera †Plioplarchus and †Boreocentrarchus. Both Plioplarchus and Boreocentrarchus are classified in the subfamily Centrarchinae, because these species possess more than three anal fin spines.[28]

Classification

Recent genetic evidence suggests the following taxonomy of the centrarchid genera and species:[29][30]

Centrarchidae

Acantharchus pomotis Acantharchus pomotis (white background).jpg

Centrarchinae Centrarchus

Centrarchus macropterus Centrarchus macropterus (white background).jpg

Enneacanthus

Enneacanthus chaetodon

Enneacanthus gloriosus

Enneacanthus obesus

Tribe Archoplitini Pomoxis (crappies)

Pomoxis annularis White crappie pomoxis annularis (white background).jpg

Pomoxis nigromaculatus Black Crappie.jpg

Archoplites

Archoplites interruptus

Ambloplites (rock basses)

Ambloplites ariommus

Ambloplites rupestris Rock Bass.jpg

Ambloplites cavifrons

Ambloplites constellatus

Lepominae Micropterus (black basses)

Micropterus dolomieu Smallmouth bass.png

Micropterus punctulatus

Micropterus cataractae

Micropterus coosae

Micropterus notius Micropterus notius (white background).jpg

Micropterus treculi

Micropterus salmoides Largemouth bass - DPLA - (white background).jpg

Micropterus floridanus

Lepomis (true sunfish)

Lepomis humilis Orangespottednctc (white background).png

Lepomis macrochirus Lepomis macrochirus.jpg

Lepomis gulosus Chaenobryttus gulosus (white background).jpg

Lepomis symmetricus

Lepomis cyanellus Lepomis cyanellus Raver (white background).jpg

Lepomis auritus Lepomis auritus (white background).jpg

Lepomis marginatus

Lepomis peltastes

Lepomis megalotis Lepomis megalotis2 (white background).jpg

Lepomis gibbosus Lepomis gibbosus2 (white background).jpg

Lepomis microlophus Redearsunfishnctc (white background).jpg

Lepomis punctatus

Lepomis miniatus

The 5th edition of Fishes of the World recognises three subfamilies; the Lepominae, which contains the genera Acantharchus, Lepomis, and Micropterus; the Elassomatinae, which consists solely of the highly distinct genus Elassoma (treated by Fishbase as a separate family, the Elassomatidae);[31] and the Centrarchinae, which contains all of the remaining genera.[32]

References

  1. ^ Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Smith, Andrew J.; Nelson-Maney, Nathan; Parsons, Kevin J.; Cooper, W. James; Albertson, R. Craig (2015-09-01). "Body Shape Evolution in Sunfishes: Divergent Paths to Accelerated Rates of Speciation in the Centrarchidae". Evolutionary Biology. 42 (3): 283–295. doi:10.1007/s11692-015-9322-y. ISSN 0071-3260. S2CID 17580461.
  3. ^ http://www.nanfa.org/ac/AC2012vol37no4_Elassoma%20zonatum%20E_okejenokee%20and%20E_evergladei-habitats%20and%20comparative%20observations_Bohlen_Nolte.pdf
  4. ^ Near, Thomas J.; Kassler, Todd W.; Koppelman, Jeffrey B.; Dillman, Casey B.; Philipp, David P.; Orti, G. (2003-07-01). "Speciation in North American black basses, micropterus (actinopterygii: centrarchidae)". Evolution. 57 (7): 1610–1621. doi:10.1554/02-295. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 12940365. S2CID 198155858.
  5. ^ a b c Page, Lawrence M.; Burr, Brooks M. (2011). Peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780547242064. OCLC 651912235.
  6. ^ Johnson, G.D.; Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Soes, Menno; Cooke, Steven; van Kleef, H.H.; Broeckx, P.B.; Veenvliet, P. (March 21, 2010). "A risk analysis of sunfishes (Centrarchidae) and pygmy sunfishes (Elassomatidae) in the Netherlands". Bureau of Waardenburg bv. pp. 1–110. Report nr 11-042 – via ResearchGate.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Berra, Tim (2007). Freshwater Fish Distribution. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 390–400. ISBN 978-0-226-04442-2.
  9. ^ Werner, Earl E.; Hall, Donald J. (1977-07-01). "Competition and Habitat Shift in Two Sunfishes (Centrarchidae)". Ecology. 58 (4): 869–876. doi:10.2307/1936222. ISSN 1939-9170. JSTOR 1936222.
  10. ^ Carroll, Andrew M.; Wainwright, Peter C.; Huskey, Stephen H.; Collar, David C.; Turingan, Ralph G. (2004-10-15). "Morphology predicts suction feeding performance in centrarchid fishes". Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (22): 3873–3881. doi:10.1242/jeb.01227. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 15472018.
  11. ^ a b Lyons, J.; Stewart, J. S.; Mitro, M. (2010-11-01). "Predicted effects of climate warming on the distribution of 50 stream fishes in Wisconsin, U.S.A.". Journal of Fish Biology. 77 (8): 1867–1898. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02763.x. ISSN 1095-8649. PMID 21078096.
  12. ^ a b Shuter, B. J.; Finstad, A. G.; Helland, I. P.; Zweimüller, I.; Hölker, F. (2012-10-01). "The role of winter phenology in shaping the ecology of freshwater fish and their sensitivities to climate change". Aquatic Sciences. 74 (4): 637–657. doi:10.1007/s00027-012-0274-3. ISSN 1015-1621. S2CID 18297554.
  13. ^ Carpenter, Stephen R.; Fisher, Stuart G.; Grimm, Nancy B.; Kitchell, James F. (1992-11-01). "Global Change and Freshwater Ecosystems". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 23 (1): 119–139. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.001003. ISSN 0066-4162.
  14. ^ Rypel, Andrew L. (2014-01-01). "The Cold-Water Connection: Bergmann's Rule in North American Freshwater Fishes". The American Naturalist. 183 (1): 147–156. doi:10.1086/674094. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 24334744. S2CID 22642325.
  15. ^ Dembski, S.; Masson, G.; Monnier, D.; Wagner, P.; Pihan, J. C. (2006-08-01). "Consequences of elevated temperatures on life-history traits of an introduced fish, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus". Journal of Fish Biology. 69 (2): 331–346. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01087.x. ISSN 1095-8649.
  16. ^ Beitinger, Thomas L.; Bennett, Wayne A.; McCauley, Robert W. (2000-07-01). "Temperature Tolerances of North American Freshwater Fishes Exposed to Dynamic Changes in Temperature". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 58 (3): 237–275. doi:10.1023/A:1007676325825. ISSN 0378-1909. S2CID 35400804.
  17. ^ Miranda, L.E. (Steve) (Winter 2014). "Fish in Winter – Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes" (PDF). Lake Line (a publication of the North American Lake Management Society). Vol. 34, no. 4. pp. 28–31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-03.
  18. ^ Jennings, Martin J.; Philipp, David P.; Montgomery, W. L. (2002-12-01). "Alternative Mating Tactics in Sunfishes (Centrarchidae): A Mechanism for Hybridization?". Copeia. 2002 (4): 1102–1105. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[1102:amtisc]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0045-8511. S2CID 85691602.
  19. ^ Danylchuk, Andy J.; Fox, Michael G. (1996-10-01). "Size- and age-related variation in the seasonal timing of nesting activity, nest characteristics, and female choice of parental male pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 74 (10): 1834–1840. doi:10.1139/z96-206. ISSN 0008-4301.
  20. ^ Blumer, Lawrence S. (1982-05-01). "A bibliography and categorization of bony fishes exhibiting parental care". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 75 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1982.tb01939.x. hdl:2027.42/71841. ISSN 0024-4082.
  21. ^ Gross, Mart R.; Charnov, Eric L. (1980-11-01). "Alternative male life histories in bluegill sunfish". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 77 (11): 6937–6940. Bibcode:1980PNAS...77.6937G. doi:10.1073/pnas.77.11.6937. PMC 350407. PMID 16592922.
  22. ^ Alofs, Karen M.; Jackson, Donald A.; Lester, Nigel P. (2014-02-01). "Ontario freshwater fishes demonstrate differing range-boundary shifts in a warming climate". Diversity and Distributions. 20 (2): 123–136. doi:10.1111/ddi.12130. ISSN 1472-4642. S2CID 85651008.
  23. ^ a b Tschantz, Deidra R.; Crockett, Elizabeth L.; Niewiarowski, Peter H.; Londraville, Richard L. (2002-11-01). "Cold Acclimation Strategy Is Highly Variable among the Sunfishes (Centrarchidae)". Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 75 (6): 544–556. doi:10.1086/344492. ISSN 1522-2152. PMID 12601611. S2CID 36858254.
  24. ^ IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/
  25. ^ COMTE, LISE; BUISSON, LAËTITIA; DAUFRESNE, MARTIN; GRENOUILLET, GAËL (2013-04-01). "Climate-induced changes in the distribution of freshwater fish: observed and predicted trends" (PDF). Freshwater Biology. 58 (4): 625–639. doi:10.1111/fwb.12081. ISSN 1365-2427. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-01.
  26. ^ Near, T. J.; Koppelman, J. B. (2009). "Species Diversity, Phylogeny and Phylogeography of Centrarchidae". Centrarchid Fishes. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–38. doi:10.1002/9781444316032.ch1. ISBN 9781444316032.
  27. ^ Sterud, Erik (2006). "Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (Centrarchidae) and associated parasites introduced to Norway". Aquatic Invasions. 1 (4): 278–280. doi:10.3391/ai.2006.1.4.10.
  28. ^ S. J. Cooke; D. P. Philipp (2009). Centrarchid fishes: diversity, biology, and conservation. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 1–38.
  29. ^ Roe, Kevin J.; Harris, Phillip M.; Mayden, Richard L. (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships of the genera of North American sunfishes and basses (Percoidei: Centrarchidae) as evidenced by the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene" (PDF). Copeia. 2002 (4): 897–905. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0897:protgo]2.0.co;2. S2CID 86167841. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-14.
  30. ^ Near, T. J.; D. I. Bolnick & P. C. Wainwright (2005). "Fossil calibrations and molecular divergence time estimates in centrarchid fishes (Teleostei: Centrarchidae)". Evolution. 59 (8): 1768–1782. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01825.x. PMID 16329246.
  31. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2019). "Elassomatidae" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  32. ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 444–446. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.

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Centrarchidae: Brief Summary

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Centrarchidae, better known as sunfishes, is a family of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the order Perciformes (formerly belonging to the deprecated order Centrarchiformes), native only to North America. There are eight universally included genera within the centrarchid family: Lepomis (true sunfishes), Micropterus (black basses), Pomoxis (crappies), Enneacanthus (banded sunfishes), Centrarchus (type genus, consisting solely of the flier C. macropterus), Archoplites (Sacramento perch), Ambloplites (rock basses), and Acantharchus (mud sunfish). A genetic study in 2012 suggests that the highly distinct pygmy sunfishes of the genus Elassoma are also centrarchids.

The centrarchid family comprises 38 identified species, 34 of which are extant. It includes many popular game fishes familiar to North American anglers, such as the rock bass, largemouth bass, bluegill, pumpkinseed, green sunfish and crappies. Most sunfish are highly valued panfish for sport fishing, and have been introduced in many areas outside their native ranges, sometimes becoming invasive species. While edible, they are not commercially marketed as food fish.

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Centrarkedoj ( Esperanto )

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La CentrarkedojSunperkedoj, populare sunfiŝoj, estas familio (Centrarchidae) de nesalakvaj ostaj fiŝoj de la klaso Aktinopterigoj apartenanta al la ordo Perkoformaj. La tipa genro estas Centrarchus (konsista nur el la centrarko, C. macropterus). La 27 specioj de la familio inkludas multajn fiŝojn familiarajn en Nordameriko, kiaj la amblopitoj, la mikroptero, la blubrankulo, la sunperko, kaj la pomokso. Ĉiu estas indiĝenaj nur de Nordameriko.

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Centrarchidae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los centrárquidos (Centrarchidae) son una familia de peces de agua dulce, del orden Perciformes. El género tipo es Centrarchus. La familia tiene 27 especies, todas nativas de Norte América, incluidas en 8 géneros.

Los miembros de la familia se distinguen por tener al menos tres espinas anales. Tiene de 5 a 13 espinas dorsales, aunque la mayoría de las especies tiene de 10 a 12. La pseudobranquia es pequeña. El tamaño medio de los ejemplares de esta familia ronda de 20 a 30 cm, pero se han encontrado ejemplares de Micropterus salmoides que han alcanzado hasta 1 m.

El macho construye el nido aumentando alguna depresión usando la boca, luego vigila la puesta.

Muchos centrárquidos son valorados para la pesca, y se han introducido en muchas áreas fuera de su rango original, ocasionando grandes daños al medio ambiente, bien desplazando a otras especies autóctonas o incluso eliminándolas por completo.

El nombre vernáculo en inglés de la familia es “Sunfishes”, el mismo que se le da a la familia Molidae, a la que pertenece el pez luna (Mola mola), por lo que puede llevar a confusión, pero no existe relación filogenética entre ambas familias.

Clasificación

Reciente evidencia genética sugiere la sig. filogenia de los centrárquidos:[1]

Efectos de la aclimatación de los centrárquidos en España

En España las principales especies de esta familia, Micropterus salmoides y Lepomis gibbosus, desplazan a las especies nativas. Este proceso implica que en ambientes con presencia de estas especies norteamericanas la ictiofauna autóctona queda relegada a ambientes menos favorables y en algunos casos se llegan a producir extinciones locales.[2]

Existe un patrón general en la distribución de los peces a lo largo de las cuencas fluviales que conlleva un aumento progresivo de la riqueza de especies aguas abajo debido a cambios ambientales, tales como el aumento en la variedad de hábitats, en la abundancia y diversidad de alimento y en la estabilidad ecológica que se va produciendo conforme descendemos por el eje del río. Este patrón natural universal lo invierten las especies exóticas que tienden a colonizar especialmente los tramos bajos de los ríos de donde las nativas son desplazadas eficientemente.

Esta interacción negativa se acentúa en especies sometidas a grave riesgo de extinción, como el jarabugo (Anaecypris hispanica), que no coexiste con los centrárquidos. Pero es que, además, la nutria (Lutra lutra), uno de los principales depredadores ictiófagos de las aguas continentales ibéricas apenas consume estos peces norteamericanos, por lo que tampoco puede actuar como controladora de los mismos.

Es decir, la fauna de peces exóticos altera la distribución natural de los peces nativos, provoca su extinción y no sirve de alimento a una especie amenazada como la nutria, con lo que reduce la capacidad de carga de los ecosistemas acuáticos para este mustélido.

Referencias

  1. Roe, Kevin J., Phillip M. Harris, and Richard L. Mayden (2002). «Phylogenetic Relationships of the Genera of North American Sunfishes and Basses (Percoidei: Centrarchidae) as Evidenced by the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene» (PDF). Copeia 2002 (4): 897‒905. Archivado desde el original el 2 de febrero de 2007.
  2. José Prenda, Francisco Blanco-Garrido, Virgilio Hermoso, Miguel Clavero y Arturo Menor. ¿Son realmente importantes las especies exóticas en la conservación de los Ríos Ibéricos? El caso de los peces. Departamento de Biología Ambiental y Salud Pública, Universidad de Huelva

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Centrarchidae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los centrárquidos (Centrarchidae) son una familia de peces de agua dulce, del orden Perciformes. El género tipo es Centrarchus. La familia tiene 27 especies, todas nativas de Norte América, incluidas en 8 géneros.

Los miembros de la familia se distinguen por tener al menos tres espinas anales. Tiene de 5 a 13 espinas dorsales, aunque la mayoría de las especies tiene de 10 a 12. La pseudobranquia es pequeña. El tamaño medio de los ejemplares de esta familia ronda de 20 a 30 cm, pero se han encontrado ejemplares de Micropterus salmoides que han alcanzado hasta 1 m.

El macho construye el nido aumentando alguna depresión usando la boca, luego vigila la puesta.

Muchos centrárquidos son valorados para la pesca, y se han introducido en muchas áreas fuera de su rango original, ocasionando grandes daños al medio ambiente, bien desplazando a otras especies autóctonas o incluso eliminándolas por completo.

El nombre vernáculo en inglés de la familia es “Sunfishes”, el mismo que se le da a la familia Molidae, a la que pertenece el pez luna (Mola mola), por lo que puede llevar a confusión, pero no existe relación filogenética entre ambas familias.

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Centrarchidae ( Basque )

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Centrarchidae ur gezako arrain pertziformeen familia bat da. Familiak 37 espezie besterik ez ditu, tipoa Centrarchus macropterus izanda.

Taxonomia


Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
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Centrarchidae: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Centrarchidae ur gezako arrain pertziformeen familia bat da. Familiak 37 espezie besterik ez ditu, tipoa Centrarchus macropterus izanda.

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Aurinkoahvenet ( Finnish )

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Aurinkoahvenet (Centrarchidae) kuuluvat ahvenkalojen (Perciformes) lahkoon. Aurinkoahvenet ovat kotoisin Pohjois-Amerikasta, mutta joitakin lajeja on tuotu Eurooppaan, missä muutamat niistä ovat levinneet luonnonvesiin. Useimmilla lajeilla on vain yksi selkäevä, jonka lovi jakaa etumaiseksi piikkieväksi ja taemmaksi pehmeäksi eväksi. Peräevän 3 etumaista ruotoa ovat piikkejä.

Suvut

Aurinkoahventen heimoon kuuluu kahdeksan sukua. [1]

Lajeja

Lähteet

  • Muus, B. J., Dahlstrom, P., Suomen ja Euroopan sisävesikalat, Gummerus 2005, 224 s.
  1. Family Centrarchidae FishBase. Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (toim.). (englanniksi)

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Aurinkoahvenet: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Aurinkoahvenet (Centrarchidae) kuuluvat ahvenkalojen (Perciformes) lahkoon. Aurinkoahvenet ovat kotoisin Pohjois-Amerikasta, mutta joitakin lajeja on tuotu Eurooppaan, missä muutamat niistä ovat levinneet luonnonvesiin. Useimmilla lajeilla on vain yksi selkäevä, jonka lovi jakaa etumaiseksi piikkieväksi ja taemmaksi pehmeäksi eväksi. Peräevän 3 etumaista ruotoa ovat piikkejä.

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Centrarchidae ( French )

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Les Centrarchidae sont une famille nord-américaine de poissons téléostéens, que l'on peut notamment trouver dans les étangs créés par le castor (Castor canadensis).

 src=
Acantharchus pomotis
 src=
Archoplites interruptus
 src=
Centrarchus macropterus
 src=
Pomoxis nigromaculatus

Liste des genres et espèces

Selon FishBase :

Liste des genres

Selon ITIS :

Selon WRMS :

Références taxonomiques

Voir aussi

Notes et références

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Centrarchidae: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Centrarchidae sont une famille nord-américaine de poissons téléostéens, que l'on peut notamment trouver dans les étangs créés par le castor (Castor canadensis).

 src= Acantharchus pomotis  src= Ambloplites rupestris  src= Archoplites interruptus  src= Centrarchus macropterus  src= Enneacanthus gloriosus  src= Lepomis gibbosus  src= Micropterus dolomieu  src= Pomoxis nigromaculatus
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Centrárquidos ( Galician )

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 src=
Centrarchus macropterus
 src=
Área de distribución

Os Centrárquidos (Centrarchidae) son unha familia de peixes de auga doce, incluídas na orde dos Perciformes. A súa distribución redúcese ás augas continentais de Norteamérica.

Características

Corpo normalmente alto. O tamaño medio desta familia ronda os 20–30 cm, pero atopáronse exemplares de Micropterus salmoides que alcanzaban 1 m.

Teñen de 5 a 13 espiñas na aleta dorsal, aínda que a maioría das especies teñen de 10 a 12. Caracterízanse por presentar dous ou tres espiñas na anal.

O macho constrúe un niño aproveitando algunha depresión que aumenta coa boca, e logo vixía a posta.

Algunhas especies desta familia son moi apreciadas para a pesca deportiva, polo que se introduciron en áreas fóra do seu hábitat orixinal, o que ocasionou grandes danos medioambientais, ben por desprazar a outras especies autóctonas, ben por eliminalas por completo.

Situación en España

En España introducíronse as especies Micropterus salmoides e Lepomis gibbosus, e constatouse un desprazamento das especies autóctonas a espazos pouco favorables, co perigo de producir extincións locais.

Dáse o caso, ademais, de que especies controladoras das poboacións de peixes de río, como a londra (Lutra lutra), un dos principais depredadores ictiófagos das augas continentais ibéricas, non adoita consumir estas especies americanas, polo que nin ela consegue alimento suficiente nin a poboación alóctona resulta controlada.

Clasificación

Divídense en oito xéneros e 27 especies:

  • Subfamilia Centrarchinae
    • Xénero Ambloplites
    • Xénero Archoplites
    • Xénero Pomoxis
    • Xénero Centrarchus
    • Xénero Enneacanthus
  • Subfamilia Lepominae
    • Xénero Lepomis

Ademais de dous xéneros de clasificación incerta:

  • Xénero Micropterus
  • Xénero Acantharchus

Véxase tamém

Bibliografía

  • José Prenda, Francisco Blanco-Garrido, Virgilio Hermoso, Miguel Clavero e Arturo Menor. ¿Son realmente importantes las especies exóticas en la conservación de los Ríos Ibéricos? El caso de los peces. Departamento de Biología Ambiental y Salud Pública, Universidad de Huelva.

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Centrárquidos: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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 src= Centrarchus macropterus  src= Área de distribución

Os Centrárquidos (Centrarchidae) son unha familia de peixes de auga doce, incluídas na orde dos Perciformes. A súa distribución redúcese ás augas continentais de Norteamérica.

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Centrarchidae ( Italian )

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La famiglia Centrarchidae comprende numerose specie di pesci d'acqua dolce dell'ordine dei Perciformes.

Descrizione

Le specie di Centrarchidi si dividono fisicamente in due sottofamiglie. Un gruppo presenta un corpo tozzo, compresso ai lati, molto alto, con grande pinna dorsale anticipata da 5-12 grossi raggi. Le pettorali sono ampie e robuste, come tutte le altre pinne. L'altro gruppo invece ha colpo allungato, con lungo peduncolo caudale. Pinne forti ma meno ampie. Entrambi hanno una grossa testa, con bocca estroflettibile. Le dimensioni variano da 9 cm (Lepomis symmetricus) a 97 cm (Micropterus salmoides). La livrea è molto diversa da specie a specie, da quelle mimetiche a quelle coloratissime.

Distribuzione e habitat

I Centrarchidi sono distribuiti nel continente Nordamericano, nelle acque dolci del bacino dei grandi laghi, in Canada e negli Stati Uniti d'America, e in tutte le acque dolci della parte orientale, fino al Texas. Qualche specie è diffusa anche nelle grandi pianure e nella costa occidentale.
Abitano le acque calme, preferibilmente con zone paludose o canneti.

Introduzioni per pesca sportiva

Nel XIX e all'inizio del XX secolo nei laghi e nei fiumi italiani ed europei sono state introdotte, a scopo alimentare e di pesca sportiva, alcune specie di Centrarchidi; spesso questi pesci sono entrati in rivalità con la fauna ittica locale. Sono ormai presenza comune in Italia, pur restando specie aliena le specie Lepomis gibbosus, Lepomis auritus e Micropterus salmoides.

Acquariofilia

Alcune specie hanno attirato l'interesse degli acquariofili per la brillantezza delle loro livree e per la facilità di allevamento in acquari d'acqua fredda.

Specie

 src=
Ambloplites ariommus
 src=
Pomoxis annullaris
 src=
Lepomis marginatus
 src=
Micropterus punctulatus

Sottofamiglia Centrarchinae

Sottofamiglia Lepominae

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Centrarchidae: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La famiglia Centrarchidae comprende numerose specie di pesci d'acqua dolce dell'ordine dei Perciformes.

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Centrarchidae ( Latin )

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Centrarchidae (Anglice: sunfishes ; Theodisce: Sonnenbarsche) sunt familia piscium dulcis aquae quae ordine Perciformibus comprehenduntur. Genus typicum est Centrarchus, qui in una sola specie, C. macroptero, constitit. Huius familiae, omnes viginti-septem species solum Americae Septentrionalis indigenae sunt.

Species Centrarchidarum suis tribus spinis analibus distinguuntur. Spinae dorsales 5–12 numerantur, etsi plurimae species 10–12 habent. Pseudobranchia exigua et occulta est. Pars maior longitudinem 20–30 cm attingit.

Ubi pars maior ova gignit, masculus nidum construit; hic nidus, in substrato concavum, per vacillationem codae excavatur. Ovis in nido depositis, masculus nidum custodit.

Plurimae Centrarchidae a piscatoribus per ludum capiuntur: hi pisces, qui magnopere aestimantur, in multis partibus alienis introducti sunt, et in nonnullis locibus perniciosi reputantur.

Nonnulli pisces marini pisces solis vel percae solis saepe appellantur, sed hi pisces non sunt percae verae.

Phylogenesis

Recentia data genetica hanc phylogenesin indicant:

Pinacotheca

Nexus externus

Commons-logo.svg Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Centrarchidae spectant.
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Centrarchidae: Brief Summary ( Latin )

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Centrarchidae (Anglice: sunfishes ; Theodisce: Sonnenbarsche) sunt familia piscium dulcis aquae quae ordine Perciformibus comprehenduntur. Genus typicum est Centrarchus, qui in una sola specie, C. macroptero, constitit. Huius familiae, omnes viginti-septem species solum Americae Septentrionalis indigenae sunt.

Species Centrarchidarum suis tribus spinis analibus distinguuntur. Spinae dorsales 5–12 numerantur, etsi plurimae species 10–12 habent. Pseudobranchia exigua et occulta est. Pars maior longitudinem 20–30 cm attingit.

Ubi pars maior ova gignit, masculus nidum construit; hic nidus, in substrato concavum, per vacillationem codae excavatur. Ovis in nido depositis, masculus nidum custodit.

Plurimae Centrarchidae a piscatoribus per ludum capiuntur: hi pisces, qui magnopere aestimantur, in multis partibus alienis introducti sunt, et in nonnullis locibus perniciosi reputantur.

Nonnulli pisces marini pisces solis vel percae solis saepe appellantur, sed hi pisces non sunt percae verae.

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Ausytieji ešeriai ( Lithuanian )

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Ausytieji ešeriai: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Ausytieji ešeriai (lot. Centrarchidae, angl. Sunfishes, vok. Sonnenbarsche) – ešeržuvių (Perciformes) šeima.

Šeimoje 8 gentys, 27 rūšys:

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Zonnebaarzen ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vissen

Zonnebaarzen (Centrarchidae) vormen een familie van straalvinnige zoetwatervissen die tot de orde van baarsachtigen (Perciformes) behoren. Alle soorten zijn inheems in Noord-Amerika.

Kenmerken

Kenmerken van de leden van de familie zijn: minstens drie stekels in de aarsvin, 5 tot 13 (meestal 10 tot 12) stekels in de rugvin. De lengte varieert meestal tussen de 20 en 30 cm, maar sommige soorten, zoals de forelbaars kunnen bij wijze van uitzondering bijna één meter worden.

Voortplanting

Bij de meeste soorten maakt het mannetje met behulp van zijn staart een nestkom als uitholling in de grind- of zandbedding. Hij bewaakt tevens de eieren.

Geslachten en soortenaantallen

Volgens FishBase zijn er 32 soorten in acht geslachten:

Externe link

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Zonnebaarzen: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Zonnebaarzen (Centrarchidae) vormen een familie van straalvinnige zoetwatervissen die tot de orde van baarsachtigen (Perciformes) behoren. Alle soorten zijn inheems in Noord-Amerika.

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Solabborer ( Norwegian )

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Solabborer er en familie av abborfisker som naturlig bare forekommer i ferskvann i Nord-Amerika. Én art, Archoplites interruptus, hører hjemme i California. De andre forkommer i den østlige delen av verdensdelen fra De store sjøer til Florida og Nordøst-Mexico.

Beskrivelse

Disse fiskene blir som regel 20 til 30 cm, men lakseabboren kan bli opptil 83 cm og 10 kg. Fra abborfamilien skiller de seg ved ryggfinna alltid er sammenhengende, og ved den spesielle forplantningsbiologien: Hannen hos solabborene graver en reirgrop der hunnen legger egg. Deretter vokter hannen eggene, og ofte også yngelen.

Innføring

På grunn av at de er populære sportsfisker er solabborene innført mange steder i verden.Solabborer er altetende.De spiser for.eks snegler,insekter og fisk.

Arter

Den vanligste arten i Europa er lakseabbor (Micropterus salmoides). Den ble også utsatt i Østfold omkring 1890, men er utdødd i Norge. En annen art som er utsatt, er svart lakseabbor (Micropterus dolomieu). Denne arten foretrekker ganske kjølig vann, og finnes både i Danmark, Sverige og Finland.

En tredje utsatt art er rødgjellet solabbor (Lepomis gibbosus). Denne arten kan bli 40 cm lang og få en vekt på 650 gram. I 2005 ble det funnet en bestand av rødgjellet solabbor i Einedammen i Asker.

Dvergsolabborene i slekten Elassoma regnes ikke lenger til denne familien.

Galleri


Eksterne lenker

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Solabborer: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Solabborer er en familie av abborfisker som naturlig bare forekommer i ferskvann i Nord-Amerika. Én art, Archoplites interruptus, hører hjemme i California. De andre forkommer i den østlige delen av verdensdelen fra De store sjøer til Florida og Nordøst-Mexico.

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Bassowate ( Polish )

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Bassowate[2][3], kolcowate[potrzebny przypis], okoniopstrągowate[potrzebny przypis] (Centrarchidae) – rodzina słodkowodnych ryb okoniokształtnych, nazywanych również okoniami słonecznymi. Niektóre gatunki poławiane dla celów konsumpcyjnych. Wykorzystywane w badaniach laboratoryjnych. Bass pawik, bass tarczowy i bass słoneczny hodowane w akwariach.

Zasięg występowania

Rzeki i wody stojące Stanów Zjednoczonych. Kilka gatunków zaaklimatyzowano w Europie, m.in. w Polsce (bass słoneczny i bass wielkogębowy).

Cechy charakterystyczne

  • ciało silnie bocznie spłaszczone, krępe
  • u większości łuski ktenoidalne
  • minimum trzy kolce w płetwie odbytowej
  • dwuczęściowa płetwa grzbietowa z kolcami w przedniej części
  • budują gniazda, samiec opiekuje się ikrą i narybkiem
  • większość gatunków atrakcyjnie ubarwiona
  • drapieżne, żywią się rybami i bezkręgowcami

Klasyfikacja

Rodzaje zaliczane do tej rodziny [4]:

AcantharchusAmbloplitesArchoplitesCentrarchusEnneacanthusLepomisMicropterusPomoxis

Zobacz też

Przypisy

  1. Centrarchidae, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Nazewnictwo ryb egzotycznych, AKWARIUM, Nr 1-2/70
  3. Krystyna Kowalska, Jan Maciej Rembiszewski, Halina Rolik Mały słownik zoologiczny, Ryby, Wiedza Powszechna, Warszawa 1973
  4. Eschmeyer, W. N. & Fricke, R.: Catalog of Fishes electronic version (7 June 2012) (ang.). California Academy of Sciences. [dostęp 30 lipca 2012].

Linki zewnętrzne

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Bassowate: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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 src= Lepomis microlophus

Bassowate, kolcowate[potrzebny przypis], okoniopstrągowate[potrzebny przypis] (Centrarchidae) – rodzina słodkowodnych ryb okoniokształtnych, nazywanych również okoniami słonecznymi. Niektóre gatunki poławiane dla celów konsumpcyjnych. Wykorzystywane w badaniach laboratoryjnych. Bass pawik, bass tarczowy i bass słoneczny hodowane w akwariach.

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Centrarchidae ( Portuguese )

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Centrarchidae é uma família de peixes da subordem Percoidei, superfamília Percoidea.

Classificação

Recente evidência genética sugere a seguinte filogenia dos centrárquidos:[1]

Referências

 src=
Ambloplites rupestris
 src=
Micropterus dolomieu
 src=
Pomoxis annularis
 title=
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Centrarchidae: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Centrarchidae é uma família de peixes da subordem Percoidei, superfamília Percoidea.

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Sončni ostriži ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Acantharchus
Ambloplites
Archoplites
Centrarchus
Enneacanthus
Lepomis
Micropterus
Pomoxis

Sončni ostriži (znanstveno ime Centrarchidae) so družina sladkovodnih rib iz reda ostrižnjakov.

Za predstavnike te družine je značilno, da imajo dve hrbtni plavuti, ki sta zraščeni. Sprednji del je iz nerazceljenih plavutnic, zadnji pa je sestavljen iz razcepljenih mehkih plavutnic. Značilne za predstavnike sončnih ostrižev so tudi najmanj tri bodice okoli analne odprtine. Odrasli predstavniki sončnih ostrižev so običajno veliki med 20 in 30 cm, med njimi pa so tudi taki, ki dosegajo le do 10 cm, pa tudi taki, ki dosežejo celo en meter dolžine[1].

Sončni ostriži se drstijo pozno spomladi ali zgodaj poleti, značilno zanje pa je, da samci skopljejo gnezdo s premerom od 10 do 200 cm, v katerega samica odloži ikre, samec pa jih čuva, zrači in čisti do izvalitve[1]. Tudi po izvalitvi samec zarod še nekaj časa čuva in odstranjuje poginule mlade ribe. Gnezda isti pari uporabljajo tudi po več let.

Sončni ostriži so zanimive ribe za akvariste, pa tudi za športni ribolov. Zaradi tega so jih iz njihove domovine, Severne Amerike razselili tudi drugam po svetu, kjer so ponekod postali že grožnja avtohtonim ribjim vrstam.

Fosilni ostanki

Najbolj zgodnji fosili rib iz družine sončnih ostrižev izvirajo iz srednjega miocena, našli pa so jih v ameriški zvezni državi Nebraska[2].

Klasifikacija

Zadnje genetske raziskave so red sončnih ostrižev filogenetsko razdelile tako:[3]

Galerija

Viri in opombe

  1. 1,0 1,1 Johnson, G.D.; Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N., ur. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. str. 187. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
  2. paleodb.org
  3. Roe, Kevin J.; Phillip M. Harris; Richard L. Mayden (2002). "Phylogenetic Relationships of the Genera of North American Sunfishes and Basses (Percoidei: Centrarchidae) as Evidenced by the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene" (PDF). Copeia 2002 (4): 897‒905. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0897:PROTGO]2.0.CO;2.
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Sončni ostriži: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Sončni ostriži (znanstveno ime Centrarchidae) so družina sladkovodnih rib iz reda ostrižnjakov.

Za predstavnike te družine je značilno, da imajo dve hrbtni plavuti, ki sta zraščeni. Sprednji del je iz nerazceljenih plavutnic, zadnji pa je sestavljen iz razcepljenih mehkih plavutnic. Značilne za predstavnike sončnih ostrižev so tudi najmanj tri bodice okoli analne odprtine. Odrasli predstavniki sončnih ostrižev so običajno veliki med 20 in 30 cm, med njimi pa so tudi taki, ki dosegajo le do 10 cm, pa tudi taki, ki dosežejo celo en meter dolžine.

Sončni ostriži se drstijo pozno spomladi ali zgodaj poleti, značilno zanje pa je, da samci skopljejo gnezdo s premerom od 10 do 200 cm, v katerega samica odloži ikre, samec pa jih čuva, zrači in čisti do izvalitve. Tudi po izvalitvi samec zarod še nekaj časa čuva in odstranjuje poginule mlade ribe. Gnezda isti pari uporabljajo tudi po več let.

Sončni ostriži so zanimive ribe za akvariste, pa tudi za športni ribolov. Zaradi tega so jih iz njihove domovine, Severne Amerike razselili tudi drugam po svetu, kjer so ponekod postali že grožnja avtohtonim ribjim vrstam.

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Solabborrfiskar ( Swedish )

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Solabborrfiskar (Centrarchidae) är en familj i underordningen abborrlika fiskar. I familjen som är nära släkt med abborrfiskarna finns 30 arter.

Utbredning

Det naturliga utbredningsområdet för familjen sträcker sig från södra Kanada till östra USA fram till kustlinjen från Nova Scotia över Florida till södra Texas.

Flera arter blev införda i andra regioner som västkusten av USA och Europa (till exempel Frankrike, Tyskland, Storbritannien, Italien, Österrike, Rumänien, Ungern och Schweiz).

Levnadssätt

De flesta solabborrfiskar föredrar långsamt flytande vattendrag samt insjöar och dammar med mycket växtlighet. Några arter finns även i bräckt vatten till exempel i flodmynningar.

Mindre arter lever delvis i stim och några större arter är ensamlevande rovfiskar. Solabborrfiskar uppsöker varma och soliga regioner av vattendraget där de oftast vistas i grunda områden.

I Europa dör många fiskar när vintern är kall och isen blir för tjock.

Kännetecken

De flesta solabborrfiskar har en hög rygg och är avplattade på sidan. Bara arterna av släkten Aplites, Pomoxis och Micropterus har en långsträckt kroppsform. Vuxna djur blir oftast 20 till 30 centimeter långa men det finns även iakttagelser av stora arter som Micropterus salmoides som blev en meter långa.

Unga solabborrfiskar har oftast en påfallande kroppsfärg som suddas ut när de blir äldre. Det finns huvudsakligen inga skillnader mellan könen.

Fortplantning

I Centraleuropa sker dessa djurs parningslek mellan maj och juli. Hannen bildar ett revir och gräver en sänka för rommen som den vanligtvis bevakar och försvarar mot artfränder. De parningsberedda honorna simmar i grupper genom vattendraget och varje hona väljer en hanne. Även efter parningshandlingen vaktar hannen reviret tills ungarna kläcks. Vissa arter, som skivabborre och bandad solabborre, saknar emellertid yngelvård. Beroende på art och vattentemperatur kläcks ungarna efter en till tio dagar. Ungfiskarna och hannen vistas en tid tillsammans i regioner av vattendraget som är rika på växter och som har bra gömställen. I Europa sker ungarnas utveckling långsamt på grund av de låga temperaturerna.

Släkten

Källor

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia

Litteratur

  • Kevin J. Roe, Phillip M. Harris, Richard L. Mayden: Phylogenetic Relationships of the Genera of North American Sunfishes and Basses (Percoidei: Centrarchidae) as Evidenced by the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene. In: Copeia, 2002, nr. 4, s. 897–905 (hela texten i PDF)

Externa länkar

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Solabborrfiskar: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Solabborrfiskar (Centrarchidae) är en familj i underordningen abborrlika fiskar. I familjen som är nära släkt med abborrfiskarna finns 30 arter.

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Центрархові ( Ukrainian )

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Центрархові, або вухаті окуні (Centrarchidae) — одна з родин ряду окунеподібних. Родина містить 12 родів з 30 видами, що населяють північноамериканський континент. Яскраве забарвлення верхньої частини зябрової кришки дало родині назву «вухаті окуні».

Роди

Джерела


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Центрархові: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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Центрархові, або вухаті окуні (Centrarchidae) — одна з родин ряду окунеподібних. Родина містить 12 родів з 30 видами, що населяють північноамериканський континент. Яскраве забарвлення верхньої частини зябрової кришки дало родині назву «вухаті окуні».

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Cá Thái dương ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Cá Thái dương hay cá mặt trời (Danh pháp khoa học: Centrarchidae) là một họ cá gồm các loài cá nước ngọt trong Lớp Cá vây tia (Actinopterygii) và thuộc về Bộ Cá vược (Perciformes). Họ này gồm có 37 loài và có nguồn gốc từ Bắc Mỹ. Nhiều loài trong họ này dùng để phục vụ cho trò chơi câu cá thể thao, nhưng cũng có một số loài trong chúng là loài xâm lấn, điển hình là cá vược miệng rộng. Chúng thỉnh thoảng được gọi là sunfish, perch hay bream. Chúng là loài bản địa của Bắc Mỹ, và thường được phát hiện ở các sông suối dọc theo phần phía đông của Mỹ.

Đặc điểm

Centrarchidae là những loài cá vược sống vùng nước ấm, và thỉnh thoảng được gọi là sunfish, perch hay bream. Chúng là loài bản địa của Bắc Mỹ, và thường được phát hiện ở các sông suối dọc theo phần phía đông của Mỹ. Những loài cá này có đặc điểm là vây nhiều tia và gai, có thể gây đau đớn cho những ngư dân lơ đễnh. Centrarchidae cũng là những loài cá vược sống vùng nước ấm.

Tập tính

Loài cá vược nước ấm nổi tiếng nhất có lẽ là cá vược miệng rộng, được gọi như vậy vì miệng nó kéo dài ra phía sau mắt, cho phép nó có thể nuốt những con mồi lớn. Cá thuộc loài này thường có màu xanh bùn, và thích ẩn nấp bên dưới những cây cỏ hay những cấu trúc nhân tạo để rình mồi. Nhiều loài cá vược là các loài cá câu thể thao, điều này có nghĩa là, sau khi bị bắt, chúng được thả ra, mặc dầu một số loài cũng được ăn thịt. Nhiều khu vực có những hạn chế về loài và kích thước cá có thể bắt, và những tay câu phải làm quen với những quy định này trước khi khởi hành một chuyến câu cá.

Phân loài

Chú thích

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết chủ đề bộ Cá vược này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Cá Thái dương: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Cá Thái dương hay cá mặt trời (Danh pháp khoa học: Centrarchidae) là một họ cá gồm các loài cá nước ngọt trong Lớp Cá vây tia (Actinopterygii) và thuộc về Bộ Cá vược (Perciformes). Họ này gồm có 37 loài và có nguồn gốc từ Bắc Mỹ. Nhiều loài trong họ này dùng để phục vụ cho trò chơi câu cá thể thao, nhưng cũng có một số loài trong chúng là loài xâm lấn, điển hình là cá vược miệng rộng. Chúng thỉnh thoảng được gọi là sunfish, perch hay bream. Chúng là loài bản địa của Bắc Mỹ, và thường được phát hiện ở các sông suối dọc theo phần phía đông của Mỹ.

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Центрарховые ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Центра́рховые, или уша́стые о́куни (лат. Centrarchidae) — семейство лучепёрых рыб из отряда окунеобразных (Perciformes). Насчитывают около 30 видов, объединяемых в 8 родов. Распространены в пресных водах Северной Америки. Из-за пестрой расцветки и переливающейся чешуи называются солнечными окунями. Ярко окрашенное удлинение на вершине жаберной крышки дало семейству ещё одно условное название — ушастые окуни.

Описание

Центрарховые имеют высокое, уплощённое с боков тело длиной во взрослом состоянии 10-30 см. Спинной плавник имеет 3—13 колючих луча в передней части, анальный от 3 до 9. Рот с полуовальной выемкой. Взрослые рыбы ведут хищный образ жизни, потребляя любую соразмерную животную пищу, в первую очередь мальков, насекомых и головастиков. Половой зрелости центрарховые достигают в 10—25 месяцев[1]. От других видов семейства строением и повадками отличаются миролюбивые карликовые элассомы рамером 3-5 см с неполной боковой линией.

Классификация

Примечания

  1. Кочетов А. М. Декоративное рыбоводство. — М.: Просвещение, 1991. — 384 с. — 300 000 экз.ISBN 5-09-001433-7.
  2. Русские названия согласно источнику: Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 247—248. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
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Центрарховые: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Ambloplites ariommus  src= Ambloplites rupestris  src= Enneacanthus gloriosus  src= Enneacanthus obesus  src= Lepomis gibbosus  src= Lepomis gulosus  src= Lepomis marginatus  src= Lepomis microlophus  src= Micropterus dolomieu  src= Micropterus notius  src= Micropterus punctulatus  src= Pomoxis annularis  src= Pomoxis nigromaculatus

Центра́рховые, или уша́стые о́куни (лат. Centrarchidae) — семейство лучепёрых рыб из отряда окунеобразных (Perciformes). Насчитывают около 30 видов, объединяемых в 8 родов. Распространены в пресных водах Северной Америки. Из-за пестрой расцветки и переливающейся чешуи называются солнечными окунями. Ярко окрашенное удлинение на вершине жаберной крышки дало семейству ещё одно условное название — ушастые окуни.

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太陽魚科 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

太陽魚科学名Centrarchidae)為輻鰭魚綱日鲈目日鲈亚目[1]的其中一個,传统上则被归类为鱸形目鱸亞目[2],描述分布在北美的一种淡水鱼。这个科的34个种中,北美人比较熟悉的有岩鈍鱸Ambloplites rupestris)、大口黑鱸Micropterus salmoides)、藍鰓太陽魚Lepomis macrochirus)、駝背太陽魚Lepomis gibbosus)以及莓鲈Pomoxis)。这些都是产地仅在北美的。

此科的成员透过至少有三个肛棘来区别出来。背刺数目为5-13,但大多数品种有10-12个。伪鳃小而隐蔽。大部分的尺寸范围是20厘米(7.9英寸)到30厘米(12英寸)。然而,一些更小的,黑纹间带翁仅有8厘米(3.1英寸)长;而据报道,大口黑鲈是在极端的情况下达到近1米(3.3英尺)。

大多数太阳鱼有钓鱼运动的价值,并且已被引进到它们原始活动范围以外的地区,有时成为入侵种

分布

魚類原分布於北美洲,現已引進各地。[2]

特徵

魚類體呈橢圓或紡錘形,側扁,頭和口同時小型或大型,具大型眼。多數種類的上下頷、鋤骨及腭骨等皆具有齒帶,有些種類上具有咽頭齒。背鰭硬棘和軟條間具有缺刻,胸鰭位於體側中央上方,腹鰭位於其下方。[2]

化石记录

最早的太阳鱼科化石是来自中新世中期的内布拉斯加州,属于小冠太阳鱼(13.6-16.3万年前)

分類

内部分类

太陽魚科其下分8個屬,如下[2]

种系发生学

本科在日鲈亚目中的演化关系如下[1]

日鲈亚目 Centrarchoidei    

太陽魚科 Centrarchidae Pomoxis nigromaculatus.jpg

   

倭太陽魚科 Elassomatidae Elassoma okefenokee.jpg

       

鳜科 Sinipercidae Ауха (китайский окунь) чучело.JPG

   

姥鱸科 Enoplosidae Pungent chaetodon John White (detail).jpg

     

生態

棲息在水溫較暖的湖泊或溪流中,雄魚會挖掘巢穴,並護衛卵及幼魚。有領域行為,會攻擊侵入的魚隻;生性兇猛,以甲殼類魚類等為食。

經濟利用

魚類多數為食用魚,也是著名的遊釣魚,另外也可當觀賞魚。

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Betancur-R, Ricardo; Wiley, Edward O.; Arratia, Gloria; Acero, Arturo; Bailly, Nicolas; Miya, Masaki; Lecointre, Guillaume; Ortí, Guillermo. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2017-07-06, 17: 162. ISSN 1471-2148. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Centrarchidae". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. January 2019 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2019.
物種識別信息
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太陽魚科: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

太陽魚科(学名:Centrarchidae)為輻鰭魚綱日鲈目日鲈亚目的其中一個,传统上则被归类为鱸形目鱸亞目,描述分布在北美的一种淡水鱼。这个科的34个种中,北美人比较熟悉的有岩鈍鱸(Ambloplites rupestris)、大口黑鱸(Micropterus salmoides)、藍鰓太陽魚(Lepomis macrochirus)、駝背太陽魚(Lepomis gibbosus)以及莓鲈(Pomoxis)。这些都是产地仅在北美的。

此科的成员透过至少有三个肛棘来区别出来。背刺数目为5-13,但大多数品种有10-12个。伪鳃小而隐蔽。大部分的尺寸范围是20厘米(7.9英寸)到30厘米(12英寸)。然而,一些更小的,黑纹间带翁仅有8厘米(3.1英寸)长;而据报道,大口黑鲈是在极端的情况下达到近1米(3.3英尺)。

大多数太阳鱼有钓鱼运动的价值,并且已被引进到它们原始活动范围以外的地区,有时成为入侵种

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维基百科作者和编辑

サンフィッシュ科 ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
サンフィッシュ科 Micropterus salmoides.jpg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 条鰭綱 Actinopterygii : スズキ目 Perciformes : サンフィッシュ科 Centrarchidae 学名 Centrarchidae Bleeker, 1859 Centrarchidae dis.png
分布
 src= ウィキスピーシーズにサンフィッシュ科に関する情報があります。

サンフィッシュ科 Centrarchidaeスズキ目の下位分類群の一つ。北アメリカ中・南部産の淡水魚約40種を含む。オオクチバスコクチバスブルーギルなど。

特徴[編集]

8属が知られ、本来は全種が北アメリカ中・南部の固有種である。成魚の大きさは全長30cm前後のものが多いが、全長10cmほどのものから70cmを超えるオオクチバスまで種類によって異なる。

などの淡水域に生息する。食性は肉食性で、水生昆虫・甲殻類・小魚など小動物を幅広く捕食するが、雑食のものもいる。

繁殖行動ではほとんどの種類において、オスが水底にすり鉢状のを作り、メスを誘って産卵するという行動が見られる。さらに産卵後もオスは巣に残り、卵と仔魚の保護を行う。

北アメリカでは食用・観賞用・釣りの対象魚として利用される。一部の種はこれらの利用のために世界各地に移入され、養殖放流が行われた。移入先で個体数を増やし、在来の水生生物に影響を与えているものもいる。

分類[編集]



Acantharchus pomotis





Enneacanthus




Centrarchus macropterus



Pomoxis




Archoplites interruptus



Ambloplites







オオクチバス属



ブルーギル属





系統[1]

8属に38種を含む[2]

  •  src=

    Centrarchus macropterus

  •  src=

    Pomoxis nigromaculatus

  •  src=

    Ambloplites ariommus

  •  src=

    Lepomis gibbosus

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ Near, Thomas J., Daniel I. Bolnick, and Peter C. Wainwright (2004). “Investigating phylogenetic relationships of sunfishes and black basses (Actinopterygii: Centrarchidae) using DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear genes”. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 (1): 344-357. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.12.010.
  2. ^ Family: Centrarchidae species list in Fishbase”. ウィキメディア・コモンズには、サンフィッシュ科に関連するカテゴリがあります。
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wikipedia 日本語

サンフィッシュ科: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

サンフィッシュ科 Centrarchidae はスズキ目の下位分類群の一つ。北アメリカ中・南部産の淡水魚約40種を含む。オオクチバスコクチバスブルーギルなど。

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검정우럭과 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

검정우럭과(Centrarchidae)는 검정우럭목에 속하는 조기어류 과의 하나이다.[1] 34종이 알려져 있고, 주로 북아메리카에 분포한다. 큰입우럭파랑볼우럭 등을 포함하고 있다.

하위 속

계통 분류

다음은 베탕쿠르(Betancur) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[2][3]

검정우럭목       검정우럭아목    

검정우럭과

   

엘라소마과

       

이노플로수스과

   

쏘가리과

      페르키크티스아목

페르키크티스과

     

가시돔아목

     

살벤자리아목

    페르칼라테스아목

페르칼라테스과

   

각주

  1. (영어) "Centrarchidae". FishBase. Ed. Rainer Froese and Daniel Pauly. 2004년 10월 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2004년.
  2. Ricardo Betancur-R., Richard E. Broughton, Edward O. Wiley, Kent Carpenter, J. Andrés López, Chenhong Li, Nancy I. Holcroft, Dahiana Arcila, Millicent Sanciangco, James C Cureton II, Feifei Zhang, Thaddaeus Buser, Matthew A. Campbell, Jesus A Ballesteros, Adela Roa-Varon, Stuart Willis, W. Calvin Borden, Thaine Rowley, Paulette C. Reneau, Daniel J. Hough, Guoqing Lu, Terry Grande, Gloria Arratia, Guillermo Ortí: The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life. 2013 Apr 18, Edition 1. doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288, PDF
  3. Betancur-R, R., E. Wiley, N. Bailly, M. Miya, G. Lecointre & G. Ortí. 2014. Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes --Version 3.
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