Diagnostic Description
provided by Fishbase
Characterized by red-brown head; body mottled pale-brown color; 5-6 irregular dark brown bars on body; caudal fin dark brown with pale speckling; body scales ctenoid except cycloid anterodorsally above lateral line, on nape, thorax and abdomen; body with auxiliary scales only anterodorsally behind zone of small cycloid scales; greatest depth of body; 2.7-3.2 in SL; rounded caudal fin; pelvic fins, 1.9-2.4 in head length (Ref. 90102); body depth contained 2.7-3.2 times in SL; head length 2.3-2.6 times in SL; head length 2.3-2.6 times in SL; flat to slightly convex interorbital area, dorsal head profile convex; snout length 4.0-5.0 in HL; angular preopercle, with enlarged serrae at angle; straight upper edge of operculum, almost horizontal; posterior and anterior nostril subequal in size; maxilla reaches to or past vertical at rear edge of eye, ventral edge with slight step at distal expansion; 2-3 rows of teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw; pyloric caeca (Ref. 89707).
Life Cycle
provided by Fishbase
A monandric species (Ref. 55367). Length at sex change = 75.6 cm TL (Ref. 55367).
Morphology
provided by Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 16 - 18; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8
Trophic Strategy
provided by Fishbase
Found inshore (Ref. 75154). Caught with handlines from cliffs and coral reefs (Ref. 9137). Sedentary reef-associated species (Ref. 89707). Occurs on coral reefs, areas with rocky substrata, algal flats and seagrass beds. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 30573).
Biology
provided by Fishbase
Sedentary reef-associated species (Ref. 89707). Occurs on coral reefs, areas with rocky substrata, algal flats and seagrass beds. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 30573). A protogynous hermaphrodite (Ref. 55367). Forms spawning aggregations (Ref. 55367). Solitary (Ref 90102).
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Importance
provided by Fishbase
fisheries: minor commercial; price category: very high; price reliability: questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this genus
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
分布
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
分布於印度-西太平洋區,西起非洲東岸,北至日本南部,南至澳洲及紐西蘭。台灣西部及澎湖海域有產。
利用
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
具經濟性之食用魚。一般漁法以延繩網、魚槍、陷阱法及一支釣等捕獲。清蒸食用佳。
描述
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
體長橢圓形,側扁而粗壯,標準體長為體高之2.7-3.2倍。頭背部斜直;眶間區微凸。眼小,短於吻長。口大;上下頜前端具小犬齒或無,兩側齒細尖,下頜約2-3列。鰓耙數6-8+14-16。前鰓蓋骨後緣微具鋸齒,下緣光滑。鰓蓋骨後緣具3扁棘。體被細小櫛鱗;側線鱗孔數48-53;縱列鱗數86-98。背鰭鰭棘部與軟條部相連,無缺刻,具硬棘XI,軟條16-18;臀鰭硬棘III枚,軟條8;腹鰭腹位,末端延伸不及肛門開口;胸鰭圓形,中央之鰭條長於上下方之鰭條,且長於腹鰭,但短於後眼眶長;尾鰭圓形。體呈紅色至綠褐色,每一個鱗片具一個小白點或淡藍色點;體側具4條不顯著之橫帶,且僅延伸至背鰭基部,另一條位於尾柄上;胸鰭基部具一紅斑。
棲地
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
棲所多樣化,舉凡珊瑚礁區、岩礁區、海藻床區等,從水深1-150公尺處皆可見其蹤跡。以魚類及甲殼類為食。
Epinephelus rivulatus
provided by wikipedia EN
Epinephelus rivulatus, the halfmoon grouper, halfmoon rockcod, Chinaman rockcod, Charlie court cod, green-finned rock cod, or white-dotted grouper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region.
Description
Epinephelus rivulatus has a body with a standard length which is 2.7 to 3.2 times its depth. The dorsal profile of the head is convex and the intraorbital region is flat. The preopercle is angular with 1 or 2 small spines on the anterior side of the angle while the gill cover is convex.[3] The dorsal fin contains 11 spines and 16-18 soft rays while the anal fin as 3 spines and 8 soft rays.[2] The membrane between the spines is notably notched. The caudal fin is rounded.[3] The colour of the body is reddish to greenish-brown, with each scale on the body having a small white or pale blue spot. Sometimes 4 irregular dark vertical bars are visible, with a 5th bar on the caudal peduncle. The head is dark brown to pale reddish in colour with pale blue vermiculations and white spots on lower jaw and upper lip. The pectoral fin is dusky with a dark red or reddish-brown coloured blotch at its base. The remaining fins are greenish-brown or greyish-brown marked with dark mottling.[4] Its maximum length is 45 cm (18 in), and weight reaches 1.4 kg (3.1 lb)
Distribution
Epinephelus rivulatus has a wide Indo-West Pacific distribution. It is found from the east African coast from the Gulf of Aden south to South Africa and then east to New Caledonia, north to the Ogasawara Islands of southern Japan, south to Australia.[1] Its range includes northern New Zealand, and it was first recorded from the Kermadec Islands Marine Reserve north of New Zealand in 2015, after researchers examined hundreds of hours of unused documentary film footage.[5][6] It is d=found in the Indian Ocean islands of the Chagos, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius and the Seychelles, it does not occur in Fiji, the Red Sea or Persian Gulf.[1]
Near Durban, South Africa
Habitat and biology
Epinephelus rivulatus occurs on coral reefs, over areas with rocky substrata, algal flats and seagrass beds. It feeds on fishes and crustaceans.[2] It is found at depths of 1 to 150 metres (3.3 to 492.1 ft).[1] It is a protogynous hermaphrodite. Sexually mature females were found between fork lengths of 144 to 350 millimetres (5.7 to 13.8 in) with half of them sexually mature at a fork length of 194 millimetres (7.6 in). The maless were larger than females and their fork lengths were 221 to 381 millimetres (8.7 to 15.0 in). These differ from site to site although the sex ratios were the same between sites, with roughly 5.5 females for every male. Off Western Australia the majority of the females were reproductively active between July and December coinciding relatively cool water temperatures and increasing daylight hours. Spawning occurred periodically with each female able to spawn at least twice in periods of two or three consecutive days.[7] It is the only known host of the parasite Pseudorhabdosynochus inversus, which inhabits its gills.[8] They form aggregations to spawn.[2]
Taxonomy
Epinephelus rivulatus was first formally described as Serranus rivulatus in 1830 by the French zoologist Achille Valenciennes (1794-1865) with the type locality given as Réunion.[9] It is a member of the Epinephelus fasciatus species complex alongside E. fasciatus, E. irroratus, and E. retouti.[3]
Fisheries
Epinephelus rivulatus is of interest to both recreational and commercial fisheries despite its relative small size.[1]
References
-
^ a b c d e Fennessy, S. (2018). "Epinephelus rivulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T132736A100558117. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T132736A100558117.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
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^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Epinephelus rivulatus" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
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^ a b c Heemstra, P.C. & J.E. Randall (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date (PDF). FAO Fish. Synopsis. Vol. 125. FAO, Rome. pp. 227–228. ISBN 92-5-103125-8.
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^ "Epinephelus rivulatus". fishIDER. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
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^ Liggins, Libby; Sweatman, Jenny Ann; Trnski, Thomas; Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Eddy, Tyler D.; Aguirre, J. David (2020). "Natural history footage provides new reef fish biodiversity information for a pristine but rarely visited archipelago". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 3159. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.3159L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60136-w. PMC 7035361. PMID 32081990.
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^ Hancock, Farah (16 March 2020). "New species accidentally discovered on film". Newsroom. Retrieved 2020-03-16.
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^ Michael Mackie (2000). "Reproductive Biology of the Halfmoon Grouper, Epinephelus rivulatus, at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 57 (4): 363–376. doi:10.1023/A:1007658027359. S2CID 28703518.
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^ Justine, Jean-Lou (2008). "Pseudorhabdosynochus inversus sp. nov. (Monogenea, Diplectanidae) from the halfmoon grouper Epinephelus rivulatus (Perciformes, Serranidae) off New Caledonia". Acta Parasitologica. 53 (4). doi:10.2478/s11686-008-0057-0.
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^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Serranus rivulatus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
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- Wikipedia authors and editors
Epinephelus rivulatus: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Epinephelus rivulatus, the halfmoon grouper, halfmoon rockcod, Chinaman rockcod, Charlie court cod, green-finned rock cod, or white-dotted grouper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Description
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Occurs on coral reefs and rocky substrata to algal flats and seagrass beds. Feeds mainly on small fishes, crabs and shrimps. Also caught with longlines.
Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).
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- cc-by-4.0
- copyright
- WoRMS Editorial Board