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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

provided by AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 100 years (wild) Observations: Although oogenesis appears to continue in adulthood, some age-related reproductive changes have been described.
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Diagnostic Description

provided by FAO species catalogs
Body and head generally compressed. Head not completely covered with bony plates, but armed with various spines and ridges; no lachrymal and 3rd infraorbital spines on the lower margin of the orbit, the lower jaw more projecting than the upper, the tooth pach on the tip of the lower jaw exposed in front of the upper, and distance between tips of both jaws much more than 1/3 of orbit diameter. Dorsal fin with 13 spines and 13-15 soft rays; originating far behind eye. Anal fin with 3 spines and 8-9 soft rays. Pectoral with 18 rays, without a notch. Colour light red above; whitish below. Usually has dark saddles along back; often a large olive-green are below soft dorsal fin.

References

  • Amaoka, K. - 1984 Scorpaenidae. In: H. Masuda; K. Amaoka; C. Araga; T. Uyeno; T. Yoshino (eds.). The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai. Univ. Press. 309-313.
  • Catalog On Line. Fishbase: ICLARM . Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald & H. Hammann. - 1983A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Petersen Field Guide Series. Nº 28: i-xii+1-336 pp.

Distribution

provided by FAO species catalogs
Northeastern Japan, through the Bering Sea to southern California.

Size

provided by FAO species catalogs
Attains about 51 cm.

Brief Summary

provided by FAO species catalogs
Abundant in offshore water; on bottom at 180-640 m; adults usually below 122 m.Preyed upon by halibut and albacore tuna.Grows slowly; probably lives for 30 years.

Benefits

provided by FAO species catalogs
Most important commercial rockfish in the northeastern Pacific. The total catch reported for this species to FAO for 1999 was 30 768 t. The countries with the largest catches were USA (2 616 t) and Canada (6 900 t). Marketed as fillets. Utilized fresh and frozen; eaten fried, microwaved and baked.

Diagnostic Description

provided by Fishbase
Head spines weak - nasal, preocular, supraocular (may be absent), postocular, tympanic, parietal, and nuchal (may be absent) spines present, coronal spine absent (Ref. 27437). Long lower jaw with prominent forward directed symphyseal knob (Ref. 27437). Posterior margin of caudal indented (Ref. 6885). Bright to light red, usually with dark markings dorsally, may have some dark stippling on sides and dark blotch on caudal peduncle (Ref. 27437).
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Cristina V. Garilao
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Life Cycle

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Produces young in small numbers, only about 300,000 when the fish is 20 years old.
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 13; Dorsal soft rays (total): 14 - 17; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 6 - 9; Vertebrae: 26
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Biology

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Abundant in offshore waters (Ref. 2850). Young pelagic up to age 3 (Ref. 6885). Grows slowly (Ref. 2850). Viviparous (Ref. 34817). Very important commercial rockfish in the North Pacific (Ref. 2850, 27437). Marketed as fillets (Ref. 2850). Utilized fresh and frozen; eaten fried, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
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Importance

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fisheries: highly commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: medium; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
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Pacific ocean perch

provided by wikipedia EN

A 40 ton catch of Pacific ocean perch about to come on board
Rockfish eyes can bulge as a result of being brought up from great depths

The Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus), also known as the Pacific rockfish, Rose fish, Red bream or Red perch, is a fish whose range spans across the North Pacific : from southern California around the Pacific rim to northern Honshū, Japan, including the Bering Sea. The species appears to be most abundant in northern British Columbia, the Gulf of Alaska, and the Aleutian Islands .

Taxonomy

The Pacific ocean perch was first formally described as Sebastichthys alutus in 1890 by the American ichthyologist Charles Henry Gilbert with the type locality given as the Santa Barbara Islands off California.[2] Some authorities place this species in the subgenus Acutomentum. The specific name alutus means "unwashed" thought to be an allusion to the dusky color with dark blotches along the back.[3]

Distribution, habitat and migration

The Pacific ocean perch is found in the North Pacific Ocean where its range extends from Honshu in Japan to Cape Navarin in the Bering Sea, although they are absent from the Sea of Okhotsk, through the Aleutian Islands from Stalemate Bank to Bowers Bank and south along the west coast of North America as far as La Jolla in California.[4]

Adults are found primarily offshore on the outer continental shelf and the upper continental slope in depths 150–420 m. Seasonal differences in depth distribution have been noted by many investigators. In the summer, adults inhabit shallower depths, especially those between 150 and 300 m. In the fall, the fish apparently migrate farther offshore to depths of ~300–420 m. They reside in these deeper depths until about May, when they return to their shallower summer distribution.[5]

This seasonal pattern is probably related to summer feeding and winter spawning. Although small numbers of Pacific ocean perch are dispersed throughout their preferred depth range on the continental shelf and slope, most of the population occurs in patchy, localized aggregations.[6] Pacific ocean perch are generally considered to be semi-demersal but there can at times be a significant pelagic component to their distribution. Pacific ocean perch often move off-bottom at night to feed, apparently following diel euphausiid migrations. Commercial fishing data in the Gulf of Alaska since 1995 show that pelagic trawls fished off-bottom have accounted for as much as 20% of the annual harvest of this species.

Life history

There is much uncertainty about the life history of Pacific ocean perch, although generally more is known than for other rockfish species.[7] The species appears to be viviparous (the eggs develop internally and receive at least some nourishment from the mother), with internal fertilization and the release of live young. Insemination occurs in the fall, and sperm are retained within the female until fertilization takes place ~2 months later. The eggs hatch internally, and parturition (release of larvae) occurs in April–May.

Information on early life history is very sparse, especially for the first year of life. Pacific ocean perch larvae are thought to be pelagic and drift with the current, and oceanic conditions may sometimes cause advection to suboptimal areas[8] resulting in high recruitment variability. However, larval studies of rockfish have been hindered by difficulties in species identification since many larval rockfish species share the same morphological characteristics.[9] Genetic techniques using allozymes [10] and mitochondrial DNA are capable of identifying larvae and juveniles to species, but are expensive and time-consuming.[11]

Post-larval and early young-of-the-year Pacific ocean perch have been positively identified in offshore, surface waters of the GOA,[12] which suggests this may be the preferred habitat of this life stage. Transformation to a demersal existence may take place within the first year.[13] Small juveniles probably reside inshore in very rocky, high relief areas, and by age 3 begin to migrate to deeper offshore waters of the continental shelf . As they grow, they continue to migrate deeper, eventually reaching the continental slope, where they attain adulthood.[14]

Ecology

Pacific ocean perch are mostly planktivorous,[13][15][16][17][18]. In a sample of 600 juvenile perch stomachs,[13] found that juveniles fed on an equal mix of calanoid, copepods and krill. Larger juveniles and adults fed primarily on euphausiids, and to a lesser degree, copepods, amphipods and mysids.[17] In the Aleutian Islands, myctophids have increasingly comprised a substantial portion of the Pacific ocean perch diet, which also compete for euphausiid prey.[18] It has been suggested that Pacific ocean perch and walleye pollock compete for the same euphausiid prey. Consequently, the large removals of Pacific ocean perch by foreign fishermen in the Gulf of Alaska in the 1960s may have allowed walleye pollock stocks to greatly expand in abundance.

Predators of adult Pacific ocean perch are likely sablefish, Pacific halibut, and sperm whales.[19] Juveniles are consumed by seabirds,[8] other rockfish, salmon, lingcod, and other large demersal fish.[20]

Population

Pacific ocean perch is a very slow growing species, with a low rate of natural mortality (estimated at 0.06), a relatively old age at 50% maturity (10.5 years for females in the Gulf of Alaska), and a very old maximum age of 98 years in Alaska (84 years maximum age in the Gulf of Alaska).[21] Age at 50% recruitment to the commercial fishery has been estimated to be between 7 and 8 years in the Gulf of Alaska. Despite their viviparous nature, the fish is relatively fecund with number of eggs/female in Alaska ranging from 10,000 to 300,000, depending upon size of the fish.[22]

The evolutionary strategy of spreading reproductive output over many years is a way of ensuring some reproductive success through long periods of poor larval survival.[23] Fishing generally selectively removes the older and faster-growing portion of the population. If there is a distinct evolutionary advantage of retaining the oldest fish in the population, either because of higher fecundity or because of different spawning times, age-truncation could be ruinous to a population with highly episodic recruitment like rockfish.[24] Recent work on black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) has shown that larval survival may be dramatically higher from older female spawners [25][26] The black rockfish population has shown a distinct downward trend in age-structure in recent fishery samples off the West Coast of North America, raising concerns about whether these are general results for most rockfish. Studies of this species and the rougheye rockfish (S. aleutianus) for senescence in reproductive activity of older fish and found that oogenesis continues at advanced ages.[27] It has been shown that older individuals have slightly higher egg dry weight than their middle-aged counterparts. Such relationships have not yet been determined to exist for Pacific ocean perch or other rockfish in Alaska.[22]

Few studies have been conducted on the stock structure of Pacific ocean perch. Based on allozyme variation, and Pacific ocean perch are genetically quite similar throughout their range, and genetic exchange may be the result of dispersion at early life stages.[28] In contrast, preliminary analysis using mitochondrial DNA techniques suggest that genetically distinct populations of Pacific ocean perch exist (A. J. Gharrett pers. commun., University of Alaska Fairbanks, October 2000). It has been found that there are distinct genetic populations on a small scale in British Columbia. Currently, genetic studies are underway that should clarify the genetic stock structure of Pacific ocean perch.[29]

Commercial fishing

Rock cod sandwich at Princess Seafood in Fort Bragg, California. The rock cod was caught off the coast of Fort Bragg.

The fishery for Pacific ocean perch developed nearly synchronously from the U.S. West Coast to the Bering Sea. The Gulf of Alaska fishing history captures a typical catch history: A Pacific ocean perch trawl fishery by the U.S.S.R. and Japan began in the Gulf of Alaska in the early 1960s. This fishery developed rapidly, with massive efforts by the Soviet and Japanese fleets. Catches peaked in 1965, when a total of nearly 350,000 metric tons (t) was caught. This apparent overfishing resulted in a precipitous decline in catches in the late 1960s. Catches continued to decline in the 1970s, and by 1978 catches were only 8,000 t. Foreign fishing dominated the fishery from 1977 to 1984, and catches generally declined during this period. Most of the catch was taken by Japan.[30] Catches reached a minimum in 1985, after foreign trawling in the Gulf of Alaska was prohibited.

Conservative management measures, an excellent observer program, and perhaps higher productivity in Alaska have allowed the stock to recover to a level to allow about 26,000 tons per annum. The U.S. West Coast stock was declared rebuilt in 2017 after 17 years in a rebuilding plan.[31]

References

  1. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2021). "Sebastes alutus" in FishBase. June 2021 version.
  2. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Sebastes". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  3. ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (22 May 2021). "Order Perciformes (Part 8): Suborder Scorpaenoidei: Families Sebastidae, Setarchidae and Neosebastidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  4. ^ Allen, M. J. & G. B. Smith (1988). "Atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the Bering Sea and northeastern Pacific". NOAA Tech. Rept. NMFS. U.S. Department of Commerce. 66: 36.
  5. ^ Love M.S.; M.M. Yoklavich & L. Thorsteinson (2002). The Rockfishes of the Northeast Pacific. University of California Press, Los Angeles. ISBN 0-520-23437-5.
  6. ^ Hanselman, D.H.; T.J. Quinn II; C. Lunsford; J. Heifetz; and D.M. Clausen (2001). "Spatial implications of adaptive cluster sampling on Gulf of Alaska rockfish". In G.H. Kruse; N. Bez; A. Booth; M.W. Dorn; S. Hills; R.N. Lipcius; D. Pelletier; C. Roy; S.J. Smith; and D. Witherell (eds.). Proceedings of the 17th Lowell-Wakefield Symposium: Spatial Processes and Management of Marine Populations. University of Alaska Sea Grant Program, Fairbanks. pp. 303–325. ISBN 978-1-56612-068-5.
  7. ^ Kendall, A. W. & W. H. Lenarz (1986). "Status of early life history studies of northeast Pacific rockfishes". In Brenda Melteff (ed.). Proceedings of the International Rockfish Symposium. October 1986 Anchorage Alaska. University of Alaska. pp. 99–117.
  8. ^ a b Ainley, D.G.; Sydeman, W.J.; Parrish, R.H. & Lenarz, W.H. (1993). "Oceanic factors influencing distribution of young rockfish (Sebastes) in central California: A predator's perspective". CalCOFI Report. 34: 133–139.
  9. ^ Kendall, A. W. Jr (2000). "An historical review of Sebastes taxonomy and systematics". Marine Fisheries Review. 62: 1–16.
  10. ^ Seeb, L. W. & A. W. Kendall Jr (1991). "Allozyme polymorphisms permit the identification of larval and juvenile rockfishes of the genus Sebastes". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 30 (1–2): 191–201. doi:10.1007/BF02296889. S2CID 45858421.
  11. ^ Li, Z. (2004). Phylogenetic relationships and identification of juveniles of the genus Sebastes (M.S.). University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
  12. ^ Gharrett, A. J.; Z. Li; C. M. Kondzela & A. W. Kendall (2002). Final report: species of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) collected during ABL-OCC cruises in the Gulf of Alaska in 1998-2002 (Report). (Unpubl. manuscr. available from the NMFS Auke Bay Laboratory, 11305 Glacier Hwy., Juneau AK 99801.
  13. ^ a b c Carlson, H. R. & R. E. Haight (1976). "Juvenile life of Pacific ocean perch, Sebastes alutus, in coastal fiords of southeastern Alaska: their environment, growth, food habits, and schooling behavior". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 105 (2): 191–201. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1976)105<191:JLOPOP>2.0.CO;2.
  14. ^ Carlson, H. R. & R. R. Straty (1981). "Habitat and nursery grounds of Pacific rockfish, Sebastes spp., in rocky coastal areas of Southeastern Alaska". Marine Fisheries Review. 43: 13–19.
  15. ^ Yang, M-S. (1993). "Food habits of the commercially important groundfishes in the Gulf of Alaska in 1990". NOAA Tech. Memo. U.S. Department of Commerce (NMFS-AFSC-22).
  16. ^ Yang, M-S. (1996). "Diets of the important groundfishes in the Aleutian Islands in summer 1991". NOAA Tech. Memo. U.S. Department of Commerce (NMFS-AFSC-60).
  17. ^ a b Yang, M.-S. & M.W. Nelson (2000). "Food habits of the commercially important groundfishes in the Gulf of Alaska in 1990, 1993, and 1996". NOAA Tech. Memo. U.S. Department of Commerce (NMFS-AFSC-112).
  18. ^ a b Yang, M.S. (2003). "Food habits of the important groundfishes of the Aleutian Islands in 1994 and 1997". AFSC Processed Report 2003-07. National Marine Fisheries Service.
  19. ^ Major, R. L. & H. H. Shippen (1970). "Synopsis of biological data on Pacific ocean perch, Sebastodes alutus". FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 79, NOAA Circular 347: 38 p.
  20. ^ Hobson, E.S.; J.R. Chess; D.F. Howard (2001). "Interannual variation in predation on first-year Sebastes spp. by three northern California predators". Fisheries Bulletin. 99: 292–302.
  21. ^ Hanselman, D.H.; T.J. Quinn II; C. Lunsford; J. Heifetz & D.M. Clausen (2003). "Applications in adaptive cluster sampling of Gulf of Alaska rockfish". Fisheries Bulletin. 101 (3): 501–512.
  22. ^ a b Leaman, B. M. (1991). "Reproductive styles and life history variables relative to exploitation and management of Sebastes stocks". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 30 (1–2): 253–271. doi:10.1007/BF02296893. S2CID 11987732.
  23. ^ Leaman, B.M. & R.J. Beamish (1984). "Ecological and management implications of longevity in some Northeast Pacific groundfishes". International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin. 42: 85–97.
  24. ^ Longhurst, A. (2002). "Murphy's law revisited: longevity as a factor in recruitment to fish populations". Fisheries Research. 56 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00351-4.
  25. ^ Berkeley, S. A.; C. Chapman & S. M. Sogard (2004). "Maternal age as a determinant of larval growth and survival in a marine fish, Sebastes melanops". Ecology. 85 (5): 1258–1264. doi:10.1890/03-0706.
  26. ^ Bobko, S.J. & S.A. Berkeley (2004). "Maturity, ovarian cycle, fecundity, and age-specific parturition of black rockfish (Sebastes melanops)". Fisheries Bulletin. 102: 418–429.
  27. ^ de Bruin, J.; R. Gosden; C. Finch & B. Leaman (2004). "Ovarian aging in two species of long-lived rockfish, Sebastes aleutianus and S. alutus". Biology of Reproduction. 71 (3): 1036–1042. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.103.019919. PMID 15151924. S2CID 33419575.
  28. ^ Seeb, L. W. & D.R. Gunderson (1988). "Genetic variation and population structure of Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 45: 78–88. doi:10.1139/f88-010.
  29. ^ Withler, R.E.; T.D. Beacham; A.D. Schulze; L.J. Richards & K.M. Miller (2001). "Co-existing populations of Pacific ocean perch, Sebastes alutus, in Queen Charlotte Sound, British Columbia". Marine Biology. 139 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1007/s002270100560. S2CID 85214855.
  30. ^ Carlson, H.R.; D.H. Ito; R.E. Haight; T.L. Rutecki & J.F. Karinen (1986). R.L. Major (ed.). "Condition of groundfish resources of the Gulf of Alaska region as assessed in 1985". NOAA Tech. Memo. U.S. Department of Commerce (NMFS F/NWC-106): 155–209.
  31. ^ Another important West Coast groundfish stock is rebuilt. Pacific Fishery Management Council. 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
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Pacific ocean perch: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN
A 40 ton catch of Pacific ocean perch about to come on boardRockfish eyes can bulge as a result of being brought up from great depths

The Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus), also known as the Pacific rockfish, Rose fish, Red bream or Red perch, is a fish whose range spans across the North Pacific : from southern California around the Pacific rim to northern Honshū, Japan, including the Bering Sea. The species appears to be most abundant in northern British Columbia, the Gulf of Alaska, and the Aleutian Islands .

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