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Comprehensive Description

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Bylgides groenlandicus (Malmgren, 1867)

Antinoe sarsi Malmgren, 1865:75 [part].

Antinoe groenlandica Malmgren, 1867:136.

Antinoe promamme Malmgren, 1867:136 [part].

Antinoe sarsii [sic] forma occidentalis Malm, 1874:75.

Antinoe angusta Verrill, 1874:36.—Hartman, 1942:23, figs. 13–18.

Antinoe sarsi.—Hansen, 1878:1; 1882:44 [part; not Malmgren, 1865].

Polynoe badia Théel 1879:18, pl. 1: fig. 11 [part, P. badia variety].

Harmothoe longisetis.—Wesenberg-Lund, 1951:15 [part; not Grube, 1863].

Harmothoe (Antinoella) promamme.—Eliason, 1962a:220 [not Malmgren, 1867].

Antinoella angusta.—Pettibone, 1963:31, fig. 7k-m.

Antinoella plumosa Fauchald, 1972:90, fig. 1; 1974:7 [part, sta. 48 and 65].

Harmothoe (Antinoella) sarsi promamme.—Hartmann-Schröder, 1974:176 [not Malmgren, 1867].

Bylgides groenlandica Pettibone, in Loshamn, 1980:205, fig. 101a–e [unpublished thesis].—Levenstein, 1981:32 [footnote].—Uschakov, 1982:153.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—KARA SEA: 71°05′N, 63°20′E, 120–153 m, mud, Nova Semlja Expedition 1875, sta 147 (no. 19, Théel), syntype of P. badia variety (NRS 2612). 70°20′N, 62°40′E, 85 m, mud, sta 16 (no. 49, Théel), 2 small syntypes of P. badia variety (NRS 2372).

NORWAY: Spitsbergen Archipelago: Storfjorden, 9–18 m, fine clay, A.J. Malmgren, collector, 1864, syntype of A. promamme (NRS 2602). Wyde Bay, 73 m, fine clay, Göes and Smitt, collectors, 2 syntypes of A. promamme (NRS 2605, 2606). North Atlantic off Norway: Fjord south of Florö, 61°30′N, 05°25′E, 456 m, Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition 1875, 1 specimen (ZMUB 1999, as A. sarsi by Hansen, 1878). 63°05′N, 03°05′E, 763–960 m, clay, Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition 1876–1878, sta 31 and 33, 2 specimens (ZMUB 2105, as A. sarsi by Hansen, 1878). Sognefjorden, SW of mouth of Vadheimsfjorden, 61°08′N, 05°45′E, 1272 m, Brattegaard, collector, 4–5 May 1966, holotype of A. plumosa (ZMUB 52203). Sörfjorden, NW of Ullensvang, 60°19′N, 06°38′E, 350 m, mud, very fine sand, few rocks, sta 65, 24 Aug 1956, 1 specimen (ZMUB, as A. plumosa by Fauchald, 1974). Öynefjorden, E of Grönevik, 60°05′N, 05°57′E, 465–468 m, stiff clayey mud, sta 248, 21 Aug 1956, 1 specimen (ZMUB, as A. plumosa by Fauchald, 1974). Off Norway, 588–600 m, sta HZ 30, 12 Jun 1963, 17 specimens (ZMUB; ZMUO; USNM 59826, as A. plumosa by Fauchald, 1974).

SWEDEN: West Coast: Kosterfjord, R. Warberg and A. Eliason, collectors, 50–230 m, sta 9, 33, 45, 71, 15 Jul, 4 Aug 1925, 14 Jul 1926, 16 Aug 1927, 5 specimens (NMG 8748, 8753–4, 8756; USNM 43234, as H. (A.) promamme by Eliason, 1962a). Gullmarfjord, Skarbergen, 110–146 m, A. Stuxberg, collector, 25 Jun, 1 Jul 1887, 16 specimens (NMG 1255–7; identified as H. sarsi occidentalis by I. Arwidsson).

SKAGERRAK: 58°21′N, 05°26′E, 345 m, silt and clay, sta 12c,d, 6 Jan 1968, 5 specimens (ZMH P-13173, as H. (A.) sarsi promamme by Hartmann-Schröder, 1974).

GREENLAND: North Greenland, Omenak, 55 m, O. Torell, collector, 1859, syntype of A. groenlandica (NRS 2599). Ablartok, 512 m, O. Torell, collector, 1859, 3 syntypes of A. groenlandica (NRS 2600).

ICELAND: 66°18′N, 18°36′W, 360 m, “Dana” sta 5982, 19 Jul 1938, 1 specimen (ZMUC, as H. longisetis by Wesenberg-Lund, 1951).

CANADA: North Atlantic off Newfoundland: 44°46′N, 59°55′W, 238 m, Albatross sta 2499, 6 Jul 1885, 2 specimens (USNM 26638).

UNITED STATES: Gulf of Maine: Murray and Wilkinson basins, 42°25′N–43°10′N, 69°31′W–69°48′W, 172–280 m, Verrill cruise 67–53, sta 1, 2, 5–7, 11, 31 Jul, 1 Aug 1967, R.R. Hessler, T.J. Schopf, collectors, 36 small specimens (USNM 43617–22). Massachusetts: Off Cape Ann and Cape Cod, 238 m, Speedwell sta 173, 344, 24 Aug 1878, 10 Sep 1879, 2 specimens (USNM 7568–9, as A. angusta by Verrill, 1874).

MEASUREMENTS.—Type Material: Syntype of Antinoe groenlandica from Omenak, North Greenland (NRS 2599) in poor condition lacking elytra; 3 syntypes from Ablartok (NRS 2600) consisting of small fragments. Syntype from Storfjorden, Spitsbergen (NRS 2602), in good condition with 37 segments, 36 mm long, 15 mm wide; 2 syntypes from Wyde Bay (NRS 2605–6) with 35–36 segments, 31–32 mm long, 12–14 mm wide, pharynx extended.

Syntype of Polynoe badia, variety from Kara Sea (NRS 2612) large, with posterior end missing, 31+ segments, 50+ mm long, 21 mm wide; pharynx removed; 2 small syntypes (NRS 2372) with 35 segments, 11 mm long, 5 mm wide.

Holotype of Antinoella plumosa from Sognefjorden, Norway (ZMUB 52203), consisting of 2 fragments with posterior end missing, 28+ segments, 14+ mm long, 7 mm wide, elytra missing. Additional specimen from Öynefjorden (ZMUB) with 36 segments, 20 mm long, 7 mm wide, with elytra.

Type specimens of Antinoe angusta from near George's Bank, off Maine, in 274 m not found (not in USNM nor in Peabody Museum, see Hartman, 1942:23). Two specimens from off Cape Ann and Cape Cod, Massachusetts, identified by Verrill (USNM 7568–9), with 32–36 segments, 11–24 mm long, 7–9 mm wide.

Nontype Material: Two specimens from Norwegian fjord in 456–960 m, identified by Hansen, 1878 (ZMUB 1999, 2105) with 34–36 segments, 12–14 mm long, 7–8 mm wide. Two specimens from off Norway in 588–600 m, identified by Fauchald, 1974 (USNM 59826) with 37 segments, 32–35 mm long, 12–14 mm wide. Specimen from Kosterfjord, Sweden in 200 m, identified by Eliason, 1962a (USNM 43234) with 37 segments, 36 mm long, 15 mm wide. Largest of 11 small specimens from Gulf of Maine in 239 m (USNM 43618) with 33 segments, 10 mm long, 4 mm wide.

DESCRIPTION.—Body flattened, slightly tapered anteriorly and posteriorly, with parapodia about as long as body width and setae about as long as parapodia. Dorsum with 2 transverse ciliated bands per segment, tannish to brownish except for light ciliated bands, greenish on dorsal tubercles and elytrophores (Figures 10A, 11A,B). Elytra large, oval to subreniform, covering dorsum, opaque, shiny, with scattered short, delicate, slender papillae, cylindrical basally, with or without clavate tips (Figures 10C, 11C). Dorsal cirri with long cylindrical cirrophores on posterior sides of notopodia; styles long, slender, extending far beyond neurosetae, with rather long clavate papillae (Figures 10G, 11F); dorsal tubercles nodular.

Prostomium bilobed, oval, with large cephalic peaks closely allied to ceratophore of median antenna; eyes rather small, subequal in size, or anterior pair slightly larger than posterior pair, anterior to greatest width of prostomium; ceratophore of median antenna large, bulbous, in anterior notch of prostomium; style long, with scattered clavate papillae, subterminal enlargement, and filamentous tip; lateral antennae with short rounded ceratophores inserted ventrally and fused medially, styles short, subulate, papillate; palps stout, long, tapered, very finely papillate (Figures 10A,B, 11A,B). Tentaculophores lateral to prostomium, with digitiform acicular lobe and 1–4 stout, short notosetae on inner side; tentacular cirri similar to median antenna, dorsal tentacular cirrus slightly longer than ventral cirrus (Figures 10A,D, 11A,B); facial tubercle absent.

Second segment without nuchal lobe, with first pair of prominent elytrophores, biramous parapodia with rami subequal in length, and long ventral buccal cirri lateral to mouth, similar to tentacular cirri, longer than following ventral cirri; notosetae shorter and stouter than neurosetae, similar to those of following segments; upper neurosetae similar to those of following segments, lower neurosetae with short sharp tips (Figures 10A,D,E, 11A,D). Pharynx with 9 pairs of border papillae and 2 pairs of jaws.

Parapodia biramous, with golden setae; notopodium shorter than neuropodium, rounded, with projecting acicular lobe on lower side; neuropodium with subconical postsetal lobe and longer presetal acicular lobe with supraacicular digitiform process (Figures 10F,G, 11E,F). Notosetae numerous, forming radiating bundle, much stouter than neurosetae, with numerous spinous rows; some notosetae short, slightly curved, with short bare tips, others long, straight, with longer bare tips (Figures 10H, 11G). Neurosetae very numerous, slender, all with long capillary tips (unless broken), upper neurosetae longer, with longer spinous regions, larger spinous rows basally, and fine hairs distally (Figures 10I, 11H); some middle neurosetae with extra large spines in basal part (Figures 10J, 11I); lower neurosetae shorter, tapering to fine tips (Figures 10K, 11J). Ventral cirri short, tapered, with scattered clavate papillae (Figures 10F,G, 11E,F).

Nephridial papillae short, bulbous, beginning on segment 5. Pygidium with anus medial to parapodia of last segment, with pair of anal cirri.

DISTRIBUTION.—Greenland, Spitsbergen Archipelago, Kara Sea, North Atlantic off Norway and west coast of Sweden, Iceland, Skagerrak, off Newfoundland, Gulf of Maine, Massachusetts; in 9–1272 meters.
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bibliographic citation
Pettibone, Marian H. 1993. "Revision of some species referred to Antinoe, Antinoella, Antinoana, Bylgides, and Harmothoe (Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Harmothoinae)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-41. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.545

Bylgides groenlandicus

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Bygides groenlandicus is a marine scale worm that lives in cold waters.

Description

It has 39 segments and is 70 millimeters (about 2.76 inches) in length. It possesses very long, filamentous chaetae. It scales are brown on its dorsal, medial, and posterior sides, and its ventral side is grey or colorless. Two bands of lighter color run across its dorsal side.[1][2]

Distribution

It is found in the Arctic and North Atlantic waters, as well as off the coast of Massachusetts, the Gulf of Maine, and Newfoundland.[1][2]

References

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Bylgides groenlandicus: Brief Summary

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Bygides groenlandicus is a marine scale worm that lives in cold waters.

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Distribution

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Saguenay Fjord, southern Gaspe waters (Baie des Chaleurs, Gaspe Bay to American, Orphan and Bradelle banks; eastern boundary: eastern Bradelle Valley); lower St. Lawrence estuary

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat

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bathyal and circalittoral of the Gulf and estuary

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Kennedy, Mary [email]