Pelliaceae

Tvorup Hul, Thy, Danmark

Pellia epiphyllaCommon LiverwortSlo.: navadni jetrnjakDat.: Sept. 05. 2008Lat.: 45.48812 Long.: 13.74346Code: Bot_294/2008-3078Habitat: In stream bed in a narrow shady ravine, dense mixed bushes and trees, in shade, precipitations 1.000-1.100 mm/year, average temperature 12 deg C, elevation 160 m (520 feet), submediterranean phytogeographical region. Place: Near village Kotabona, Supot stream gorge, Istria, Slovenia EC

Pellia endiviifoliaEndive PelliaSlo.: ?Dat.: Oct. 02. 2010Lat.: 46.03581 Long.: 14.02119Code: Bot_462/2010_IMG2584Habitat: Almost vertical clay road cut flank, turned east, thick soil layer, calcareous ground, fairly humid but sunny place, fully exposed to direct rain, average precipitations 2.000-2.600 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 300 m (980 feet), borderline between prealpine and Dinaric phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil. Place: Near confluence of rivers Idrijca and Ganik, right bank of river Idrijca, close to Spodnja Idrija town, Gorika, Slovenia ECComments: The small yellow-green highly branched branches on much larger basic thallus are characteristic for autumnal form of this liverwort. It was formerly called P. endiviifolia fo. furcigera.Pellia endiviifolia is a dioicous plant. Pictures mainly show female plants.Ref.:(1) Personal communication dr. Andrej Martini. (2) I. Atherton (ed), Mosses and Liverworts of Britain and Ireland - a field guide, BBS, (2010), p237.

Longitude (deg): -0.1. Latitude (deg): 50.8. Longitude (deg/min): 0° 10' W. Latitude (deg/min): 50° 50' N. Vice county name: East Sussex. Vice county no.: 14. Country: England. Identified by: Malcolm Storey. Comment: on soil. Category: standard photograph or close-up. Photographic equipment used: "35mm transparencies (on a variety of films, but Agfa CT18 in the 1960's to early 1980's followed by Fujichrome in the late 1980's.) Transparencies scanned with Minolta Dimage Scan Dual II AF-2820U transparency scanner.".

Longitude (deg): -1.5. Latitude (deg): 53.3. Longitude (deg/min): 1° 30' W. Latitude (deg/min): 53° 20' N. Vice county name: South-east Yorks. Vice county no.: 61. Country: England. Identified by: Malcolm Storey. Comment: on damp ground near stream. Category: standard photograph or close-up. Photographic equipment used: "35mm transparencies (on a variety of films, but Agfa CT18 in the 1960's to early 1980's followed by Fujichrome in the late 1980's.) Transparencies scanned with Minolta Dimage Scan Dual II AF-2820U transparency scanner.".

Ravnkilde ved Rebild Bakker, Jylland, Danmark

Pellia epiphylla (L.) Corda, syn.: Blasia epiphylla (L.) Fr., Marsilia epiphylla (L.) Lindb.EN: Common Liverwort, Common Pellia, Overleaf Pellia, DE: Gemeines BeckenmoosSlo.: navadni jetrnjakDat.: Feb. 13. 2008Lat.: 46.12988 Long.: 13.81285Code: Bot_0240/2008_DSC5176 and Bot_0241/2008_DSC5245Habitat: mixed forest; moist, right bank of a narrow mountain ravine; steep mountain slope, southeast aspect; mostly in shade; average precipitations 2.000-2.600 mm/year, average temperature 10-11 deg C, elevations 470 m (1.550 feet), prealpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rocky, almost vertical surface with a thin layer of clayey soil.Place: Next to the trail from village Slap ob Idrijci to village Ponikve; the ravine of Kostanjevica creek, East Julian Pre-Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: Pellia epiphylla is a foliose species of liverworts (Marchantiophyta). These geologically very old creatures also belong to the kingdom of plants (Plantae), but are morphologically and functionally much different. Pellia epiphylla is like a 'double kind' of living being. The first one (gametophyte) reproduces sexually. It has separate male (antheridia) and female (archegonia) sex organs. In this form the species consists of green, foliose thalli of rather poorly defined shapes measuring up to 1 cm across and bearing both sex organs on the upper side of the thalli (not shown on my pictures). In wet weather sperms float around and eventually fertilize ova. The fertilized ova develop into the second form of this plant (sporophyte) in the shape of small, brownish cups (see Fig.5), which remain attached to the sexual green thalli of the gametophyte. This form proliferates on a non-sexual way producing spores like mosses, fungi and ferns. The sporophytes produce long, translucent 'stalks' (setae) with dark, shiny, spherical capsules on top (Fig. 2, 3). When they become mature, they burst and their cuticle peels back into four brownish segments. Light ocher-brown tufts of 'hairs' (elaters) and spores appear. Elaters mechanically change their shape depending on environmental conditions, particularly regarding air humidity, and hence ensure that the spores are dispersed only in favorable conditions. When the spores germinate, new gametophytes are produced and the life circle is closed.Pellia epiphylla is morphologically very similar to Pellia neesiana. The latter one is a dioicous plan (separate plants bearing male only or female only sexual organs) in contrast to Pellia epiphylla, which is a monoicous plant (male and female organs reside on the thallus of the same plant). Hence, thali of sterile plants (still without sexual organs) of both species are generally (without microscopy) indistinguishable (which may apply also to this find). Linn described Pellia epiphylla already in 1757. It is a very common liverwort species living in all colder regions of north hemisphere on permanently moist places. In spite of this most people have never even heard of it. Ref.:(1) Ian Atherton, Ed., Mosses and Liverworts of Britain and Ireland - a field guide, British Bryological Society (2010), p 235. (2) www.gbif.org/species/2689550 (accessed Feb. 23. 2019)(3) V. Wirth, R. Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 193.

Pellia endiviifoliaEndive PelliaSlo.: ?Dat.: Oct. 02. 2010Lat.: 46.03581 Long.: 14.02119Code: Bot_462/2010_IMG2584Habitat: Almost vertical clay road cut flank, turned east, thick soil layer, calcareous ground, fairly humid but sunny place, fully exposed to direct rain, average precipitations 2.000-2.600 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 300 m (980 feet), borderline between prealpine and Dinaric phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil. Place: Near confluence of rivers Idrijca and Ganik, right bank of river Idrijca, close to Spodnja Idrija town, Gorika, Slovenia ECComments: The small yellow-green highly branched branches on much larger basic thallus are characteristic for autumnal form of this liverwort. It was formerly called P. endiviifolia fo. furcigera.Pellia endiviifolia is a dioicous plant. Pictures mainly show female plants.Ref.:(1) Personal communication dr. Andrej Martini. (2) I. Atherton (ed), Mosses and Liverworts of Britain and Ireland - a field guide, BBS, (2010), p237.

Longitude (deg): -0.7. Latitude (deg): 51.3. Longitude (deg/min): 0° 50' W. Latitude (deg/min): 51° 20' N. Vice county name: Berks. Vice county no.: 22. Country: England. Identified by: Malcolm Storey. Category: standard photograph or close-up. Photographic equipment used: "35mm transparencies (on a variety of films, but Agfa CT18 in the 1960's to early 1980's followed by Fujichrome in the late 1980's.) Transparencies scanned with Minolta Dimage Scan Dual II AF-2820U transparency scanner.".

Munkholm Skov, Mariager, Danmark

Pellia epiphyllaCommon LiverwortSlo.: navadni jetrnjakDat.: Sept. 05. 2008Lat.: 45.48812 Long.: 13.74346Code: Bot_294/2008-3078Habitat: In stream bed in a narrow shady ravine, dense mixed bushes and trees, in shade, precipitations 1.000-1.100 mm/year, average temperature 12 deg C, elevation 160 m (520 feet), submediterranean phytogeographical region. Place: Near village Kotabona, Supot stream gorge, Istria, Slovenia EC

Pellia endiviifoliaEndive PelliaSlo.: ?Dat.: Oct. 02. 2010Lat.: 46.03581 Long.: 14.02119Code: Bot_462/2010_IMG2584Habitat: Almost vertical clay road cut flank, turned east, thick soil layer, calcareous ground, fairly humid but sunny place, fully exposed to direct rain, average precipitations 2.000-2.600 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 300 m (980 feet), borderline between prealpine and Dinaric phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil. Place: Near confluence of rivers Idrijca and Ganik, right bank of river Idrijca, close to Spodnja Idrija town, Gorika, Slovenia ECComments: The small yellow-green highly branched branches on much larger basic thallus are characteristic for autumnal form of this liverwort. It was formerly called P. endiviifolia fo. furcigera.Pellia endiviifolia is a dioicous plant. Pictures mainly show female plants and the close-up picture shows two female sexual organs.Ref.:(1) Personal communication dr. Andrej Martini. (2) I. Atherton (ed), Mosses and Liverworts of Britain and Ireland - a field guide, BBS, (2010), p237.

Longitude (deg): -0.7. Latitude (deg): 51.3. Longitude (deg/min): 0° 50' W. Latitude (deg/min): 51° 20' N. Vice county name: Berks. Vice county no.: 22. Country: England. Identified by: Malcolm Storey. Category: macro-photograph. Image scaling: enlarged. Photographic equipment used: "35mm transparencies (on a variety of films, but Agfa CT18 in the 1960's to early 1980's followed by Fujichrome in the late 1980's.) Transparencies scanned with Minolta Dimage Scan Dual II AF-2820U transparency scanner.".

Munkholm Skov, Mariager, Danmark

Pellia epiphyllaCommon LiverwortSlo.: navadni jetrnjakDat.: Sept. 05. 2008Lat.: 45.48812 Long.: 13.74346Code: Bot_294/2008-3078Habitat: In stream bed in a narrow shady ravine, dense mixed bushes and trees, in shade, precipitations 1.000-1.100 mm/year, average temperature 12 deg C, elevation 160 m (520 feet), submediterranean phytogeographical region. Place: Near village Kotabona, Supot stream gorge, Istria, Slovenia EC

Pellia endiviifoliaEndive PelliaSlo.: ?Dat.: Oct. 02. 2010Lat.: 46.03581 Long.: 14.02119Code: Bot_462/2010_IMG2584Habitat: Almost vertical clay road cut flank, turned east, thick soil layer, calcareous ground, fairly humid but sunny place, fully exposed to direct rain, average precipitations 2.000-2.600 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 300 m (980 feet), borderline between prealpine and Dinaric phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil. Place: Near confluence of rivers Idrijca and Ganik, right bank of river Idrijca, close to Spodnja Idrija town, Gorika, Slovenia ECComments: The small yellow-green highly branched branches on much larger basic thallus are characteristic for autumnal form of this liverwort. It was formerly called P. endiviifolia fo. furcigera.Pellia endiviifolia is a dioicous plant. Pictures mainly show female plants.Ref.:(1) Personal communication dr. Andrej Martini. (2) I. Atherton (ed), Mosses and Liverworts of Britain and Ireland - a field guide, BBS, (2010), p237.

Longitude (deg): -0.7. Latitude (deg): 51.3. Longitude (deg/min): 0° 50' W. Latitude (deg/min): 51° 20' N. Vice county name: Berks. Vice county no.: 22. Country: England. Identified by: Malcolm Storey. Category: macro-photograph. Image scaling: enlarged. Photographic equipment used: "35mm transparencies (on a variety of films, but Agfa CT18 in the 1960's to early 1980's followed by Fujichrome in the late 1980's.) Transparencies scanned with Minolta Dimage Scan Dual II AF-2820U transparency scanner.".

Slo.: navadni jetrnjak - Habitat: In stream bed, in a narrow shady ravine, dense mixed bushes and trees, in shade, precipitations 1.000-1.100 mm/year, average temperature 12 deg C, elevation 160 m (520 feet), submediterranean phytogeographical region.

Råbjerg Mile, Jylland, Danmark

Pellia epiphylla (L.) Corda, syn.: Blasia epiphylla (L.) Fr., Marsilia epiphylla (L.) Lindb.EN: Common Liverwort, Common Pellia, Overleaf Pellia, DE: Gemeines BeckenmoosSlo.: navadni jetrnjakDat.: Feb. 13. 2008Lat.: 46.12988 Long.: 13.81285Code: Bot_0240/2008_DSC5176 and Bot_0241/2008_DSC5245Habitat: mixed forest; moist, right bank of a narrow mountain ravine; steep mountain slope, southeast aspect; mostly in shade; average precipitations 2.000-2.600 mm/year, average temperature 10-11 deg C, elevations 470 m (1.550 feet), prealpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rocky, almost vertical surface with a thin layer of clayey soil.Place: Next to the trail from village Slap ob Idrijci to village Ponikve; the ravine of Kostanjevica creek, East Julian Pre-Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: Pellia epiphylla is a foliose species of liverworts (Marchantiophyta). These geologically very old creatures also belong to the kingdom of plants (Plantae), but are morphologically and functionally much different. Pellia epiphylla is like a 'double kind' of living being. The first one (gametophyte) reproduces sexually. It has separate male (antheridia) and female (archegonia) sex organs. In this form the species consists of green, foliose thalli of rather poorly defined shapes measuring up to 1 cm across and bearing both sex organs on the upper side of the thalli (not shown on my pictures). In wet weather sperms float around and eventually fertilize ova. The fertilized ova develop into the second form of this plant (sporophyte) in the shape of small, brownish cups (see Fig.5), which remain attached to the sexual green thalli of the gametophyte. This form proliferates on a non-sexual way producing spores like mosses, fungi and ferns. The sporophytes produce long, translucent 'stalks' (setae) with dark, shiny, spherical capsules on top (Fig. 2, 3). When they become mature, they burst and their cuticle peels back into four brownish segments. Light ocher-brown tufts of 'hairs' (elaters) and spores appear. Elaters mechanically change their shape depending on environmental conditions, particularly regarding air humidity, and hence ensure that the spores are dispersed only in favorable conditions. When the spores germinate, new gametophytes are produced and the life circle is closed.Pellia epiphylla is morphologically very similar to Pellia neesiana. The latter one is a dioicous plan (separate plants bearing male only or female only sexual organs) in contrast to Pellia epiphylla, which is a monoicous plant (male and female organs reside on the thallus of the same plant). Hence, thali of sterile plants (still without sexual organs) of both species are generally (without microscopy) indistinguishable (which may apply also to this find). Linn described Pellia epiphylla already in 1757. It is a very common liverwort species living in all colder regions of north hemisphere on permanently moist places. In spite of this most people have never even heard of it. Ref.:(1) Ian Atherton, Ed., Mosses and Liverworts of Britain and Ireland - a field guide, British Bryological Society (2010), p 235. (2) www.gbif.org/species/2689550 (accessed Feb. 23. 2019)(3) V. Wirth, R. Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 193.

Pellia endiviifoliaEndive PelliaSlo.: ?Dat.: Oct. 02. 2010Lat.: 46.03581 Long.: 14.02119Code: Bot_462/2010_IMG2584Habitat: Almost vertical clay road cut flank, turned east, thick soil layer, calcareous ground, fairly humid but sunny place, fully exposed to direct rain, average precipitations 2.000-2.600 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 300 m (980 feet), borderline between prealpine and Dinaric phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil. Place: Near confluence of rivers Idrijca and Ganik, right bank of river Idrijca, close to Spodnja Idrija town, Gorika, Slovenia ECComments: The small yellow-green highly branched branches on much larger basic thallus are characteristic for autumnal form of this liverwort. It was formerly called P. endiviifolia fo. furcigera.Pellia endiviifolia is a dioicous plant. Pictures mainly show female plants.Ref.:(1) Personal communication dr. Andrej Martini. (2) I. Atherton (ed), Mosses and Liverworts of Britain and Ireland - a field guide, BBS, (2010), p237.

Longitude (deg): -1.5. Latitude (deg): 53.3. Longitude (deg/min): 1° 30' W. Latitude (deg/min): 53° 20' N. Vice county name: South-east Yorks. Vice county no.: 61. Country: England. Identified by: Malcolm Storey. Category: microscope photograph. Image scaling: magnified. Photographic equipment used: "35mm transparencies (on a variety of films, but Agfa CT18 in the 1960's to early 1980's followed by Fujichrome in the late 1980's.) Transparencies scanned with Minolta Dimage Scan Dual II AF-2820U transparency scanner.".

Habitat: Almost vertical clay road cut flank, turned east, thick soil layer, calcareous ground, fairly humid but sunny place, fully exposed to direct rain, average precipitations 2.000-2.600 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 300 m (980 feet), borderline between prealpine and Dinaric phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil. - Comments: The small yellow-green highly branched branches on much larger basic thallus are characteristic for autumnal form of this liverwort. It was formerly called P. endiviifolia fo. furcigera. Pellia endiviifolia is a dioicous plant. Pictures mainly show female plants and the close-up picture shows two female sexual organs. - Ref.: (1) Personal communication dr. Andrej Martini. (2) I. Atherton (ed), Mosses and Liverworts of Britain and Ireland - a field guide, BBS, (2010), p237.

Råbjerg Mile, Jylland, Danmark