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Bodo (boe-dough) saliens Larsen and Patterson, 1990. Cells are usually elongate elliptical and somewhat inflexible, and are 4 to 12 microns long (mostly 6 to 9 microns). Two flagella unequal in length emerge subapically from a shallow pocket. The anterior flagellum appears inactive, is as long as or slightly shorter than the cell and is held forwards with a single anterior curve held perpendicular to the substrate. The acronematic posterior flagellum is typically directed straight behind the cell and is about 2.2 to 3.5 times cell length. The cells swim in rapid darts in straight lines. Frequently observed. Description based on observations of 43 cells.
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Cruzella marina De Faria et al., 1922. Cells metabolic, about 27.5 microns, spindle-shaped or oval, slightly compressed on the sides, with sharp-pointed posterior end, when anterior end is terminated by a long snout. The anterior flagellum is shorter than the trailing flagellum, it is equal to the body length and it emanates from the end of the snout. The trailing flagellum emanates just below the snout and is twice the body length. The contractile vacuole not described. Nuclues in the centre.
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Bodo designis, small flagellate, with two flagella, moving with a rotating motion, skipping or gliding motion. The flagella insert into a small subapical pocket, as is suggested by the subapical depression. One of the most common of the bodonids, found in almost every habitat so far studied. Moves by skipping near surfaces. It stops to ingest attached or detrital bacteria with the anterior mouth (in the rostrum). Phase contrast.
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Bodo celer Klebs, 1893. Bodo cells that are oval, anteriorly beak-shaped, 8-10 microns long and 4-5.5 microns wide. Two flagella insert subapically. The anterior flagellum is about the cell length and the posterior flagellum is longer than the cell. The cells swim with a rotating movement. One contractile vacuole in the anterior part of the cell. Bodo deisgnis may be a synonym of this species. This species may be a synonym of Bodo designis.
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Cryptobia are monogenetic (single host) bodonid flagellates with an anteriorly directed flagellum and a recurrent flagellum attached along the entire length of the body, but does not form a prominent undulated membrane. The cytostome is situated far from the flagellar pocket but is linked to it by a prominent preoral ridge. The cell bears a kinetoplast at the base of the flagella. All are parasitic or endo-commensals in host cavities such as reproductive system of gastropods, the gut of fishes. This species, Cryptobia helicis, is from the seminal receptacle of Helix - a snail, contracted and elongated form with the anterior kinetoplast close to the nucleus, the anterior free flagellum and the recurrent adherent flagellum (Giemsa).
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Rhynchomonas nasuta (rink-owe-moan-ass), a kinetoplastid flagellate. Arguably the most widespread heterotrophic flagellate - so fare found in northern and southern hemispheres, Atlantic and Pacific, surface waters and in deep sediments, coastal and oceanic, in water column and in sediments, in soils and freshwater habitats, in waters so salty the salt is crystallizing and from guaranteed anoxic habitats. There are two flagella, but the front one supports an expanded lobe of cytoplasm which includes the mouth and looks a bit like a nose or a proboscis. Posterior flagellum is acronematic - in that the posterior section is thinner than the bit nearer the body. Eats bacteria through its nose. Phase contrast.
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Trypanoplasma are digenetic (two hosts) bodonid flagellates in which the recurrent flagellum is attached along the entire length of the body to form a prominent undulating membrane. Most of them live in the blood of fishes and in the vector leech. Trypanoplasma borelli infects carp and several European cyprinid fishes and is transmitted by leeches such as Piscicola geometra or Hemiclepsis marginata. Trypanoplasma borelli in the blood of fish (Giemsa), nucleus (n), kinetoplast (k), anterior flagellum (fa), recurrent flagellum (fr).
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10.1371/journal.pmed.0050055.g003/Simarro et al. 2008 [PLos Medicine 5(2): e55]
EOL staff
Map of Africa Showing the Epidemiological Status of Countries Considered Endemic for Human African Trypanosomiasis
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Ribadelago de Franco, Castille and Leon, Spain
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Aldcliffe, England, United Kingdom
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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Bodo saliens Larsen and Patterson, 1990. Bodo cells that are usually elongate elliptical and somewhat inflexible, and are 4 to 12 microns long (mostly 6 to 9 microns). Two flagella unequal in length emerge subapically from a shallow pocket. The anterior flagellum appears inactive, is as long as or sightly shorter than the cell and is held forwards with a single anterior curve held perpendicular to the substrate. The acronematic posterior flagellum is typically directed straight behind the cell and is about 2.2 to 3.5 times cell length. The cells swim in rapid darts in straight lines.
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Cells metabolic, about 27.5 microns, spindle-shaped or oval, slightly compressed on the sides, with sharp-pointed posterior end, when anterior end is terminated by a long snout. The anterior flagellum is shorter than the trailing flagellum, it is equal to the body length and it emanates from the end of the snout. The trailing flagellum emanates just below the snout and is twice the body length. The contractile vacuole not described. Nuclues in the center. ATCC 50326.
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Bodo (beau-dough) small kinetoplastid flagellate, with one anterior flagellum and one trailing one. In this species, the mouth region is quite prominent and directed to the anterior. In this respect it is reminiscent of Dimastigella, and the identification is tentative. Appearance of different clones quite variable. Phase contrast microscopy.
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From snails, phase contrast showing the anterior flagellum and the recurrent adhering flagellum.
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Rhynchomonas, distinctive kinetoplastid flagellate, with swollen or bulbous ingestion apparatus that is supported by the anterior flagellum and has a waggling movement. Second flagellum trails behind the cell and is acronematic - the tip is thinner than the rest of the flagellum. Phase contrast micrograph.
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Bodo curvifilus Griessmann, 1913. Bodo cells that are oval or bean-shaped. The cells are 5 to 8 microns long, flattened, and pliable. The two flagella are unequal in length and insert subapically and to one side in a small pocket. The anterior flagellum is as long as the cell, is curved and beats slowly with a paddling motion. The trailing posterior flagellum is acronematic and is about 2.5 to 3 times the length of the cell. Cells normally glide but also may have a squirming movement.
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Trypanosoma forms in blood smear from patient with African trypanosomiasis
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Trypanosoma cruzi amistigotes
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Bodo (beau-dough) small kinetoplastid flagellate, with one anterior flagellum and one trailing one. In this species, the mouth region is quite prominent and directed to the anterior. In this respect it is reminiscent of Dimastigella, and the identification is tentative. Appearance of different clones quite variable. Phase contrast microscopy.
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Grom snails, phase contrast showing the anterior flagellum and the recurrent adhering flagellum.
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Portrait of Rhynchomonas, a small, colorless bodonid flagellate. Two flagella, one short anterior and embedded in the mobile rostrum, the other about twice the body length trailing posteriorly. Bactivorous. Ingestion occurs via cytostome at the tip of the rostrum. The nucleus is seen anteriorly adjacent to the posterior flagellum in this image. Several digestive vacuoles are also seen. Collected from standing freshwater pond near Boise, Idaho. Phase contrast.
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Centers for Disease Control/Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria
EOL staff
Life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, cause of African Sleeping SicknessDuring a blood meal on the mammalian host, an infected tsetse fly (genus Glossina) injects metacyclic trypomastigotes into skin tissue (trypomastigotes are the characteristic developmental stage that infects humans. The parasites enter the lymphatic system and pass into the bloodstream (1). Inside the host, they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes (2), are carried to other sites throughout the body, reach other blood fluids (e.g., lymph, spinal fluid), and continue to replicate by binary fission (3). The entire life cycle of this parasite is represented by extracellular stages. The tsetse fly becomes infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on an infected mammalian host (4,5). In the fly’s midgut, the parasites transform into procyclic trypomastigotes, multiply by binary fission (6), leave the midgut, and transform into epimastigotes (7). The epimastigotes reach the fly’s salivary glands and continue multiplication by binary fission (8). The cycle in the fly takes approximately 3 weeks. Humans are the main reservoir for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, but this species can also be found in animals. Wild game animals are the main reservoir of T. b. rhodesiense. The subspecies Trypanosoma brucei brucei infects domestic and wild animals but usually not humans (but see the phylogeographic analysis by Balmer et al. 2011, which concludes that the three "subspecies"of T. brucei are not actually genetically or historically distinct lineages).From
Centers for Disease Control Parasites and Health website.
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Bodo (beau-dough) small kinetoplastid flagellate, with one anterior flagellum and one trailing one. In this species, the mouth region is quite prominent and directed to the anterior. In this respect it is reminiscent of Dimastigella, and the identification is tentative. Appearance of different clones quite variable. Phase contrast microscopy.