dcsimg

Diagnostic Description

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Description: fully grown specimens deep bodied (Ref. 52307). Body scales ctenoid (Ref. 44520). Upper profile of head elevated, concave in front of eyes, very high between them; greatest depth of head exceeding its length (Ref. 41594). Cheek scales cycloid (Ref. 44520), in 6-9 series with width of scaly part greater than eye diameter (Ref. 2989). Scales on rostral part of dorsum mixed cycloid and ctenoid (Ref. 44520). Mouth not extending to below anterior border of eye (Ref. 41594), but extending to between nostril and eye (Ref. 2989). Teeth conic, rather short, in rows with 7-8 teeth in middle and less on sides (Ref. 3062). Outer teeth better developed (Ref. 52343, 53262). Teeth caniniform in external row; pharyngeal teeth molariform (Ref. 3062). Pharyngeal apophysis formed by parasphenoid (Ref. 52330). Premaxillary processes moderate, not extending to between the orbits; snout rounded, longer than postocular part of head (Ref. 41594). Occipital crest very strong, extending forward in advance of interorbital region (Ref. 52330). Eye diameter much less than preorbital depth (Ref. 41594). Preoperculum and inferior part of head with large pores (Ref. 52343). Opercular scales large (Ref. 1884, 52343, 53262). Gill-rakers very short (Ref. 53262). Dorsal fin spines slightly increasing in length to the last, which is 2/5 of head length (Ref. 41594). Longest soft ray of dorsal fin about 1/2 of head length (Ref. 41594, Ref. 2989). Anal spines stronger than dorsal spines (Ref. 2989). Third (and last) spine of anal fin 1/3 of head length (Ref. 41594). Caudal fin slightly rounded to subtruncate (Ref. 52307). Scales on caudal peduncle strongly ctenoid (Ref. 44520). Pectoral fins not reaching vertical from origin of anal (Ref. 41594, Ref. 2989). Pelvic fins reaching vent (Ref. 41594, Ref. 2989).Coloration: grey to brown and not spectacular (Ref. 52307). Dark brown band between eyes (Ref. 2989). Another on each side of body from head to caudal peduncle between lateral lines; a roundish blackish spot on lateral band above pectoral fin (Ref. 2989, 53262). Dorsal fin can have a thin red margin and a dark spot is often present at the base of the soft section (Ref. 52307). Juveniles: light brown with bronze reflections, and silvery with blue-green reflections ventrally; 5-6 dark transversal bands on body (Ref. 41580). 1 lateral band from posterior border of eye to base of caudal (Ref. 52307, 41580). Large black spot above pectoral fins, where lateral band crosses second transversal band; dark band on sides of back of head crosses eye and runs forward over cheeks and behind corners of mouth; dark bands are less clear in live specimens; dorsal and anal fin reddish and yellow; base of dorsal fin with a large black spot (as in Tilapia), followed by multiple series of black spots in oblique bands; anal fin slightly mottled with black; caudal fin and paired fins yellowish; pelvic fins more or less black in the largest specimens (Ref. 41580).
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Tobias Musschoot
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 14; Dorsal soft rays (total): 14 - 15; Anal spines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 - 9
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Biology

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Old males can exhibit a remarkable head profile with a well-developed hump; probably a biparental substrate spawner (Ref. 52307).
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Guy Teugels
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Importance

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fisheries:
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Heterochromis

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Heterochromis is a genus of cichlid fish in the order Perciformes. It is the only genus of the subfamily Heterochromidinae, and contains a single species, Heterochromis multidens, which is endemic to the Congo River Basin in Central Africa. The relationships of Heterochromis to other cichlids have long been controversial, with several morphological features suggesting that it is more closely related to American cichlids than to other African species.[2] Molecular studies have given contradictory results. The most comprehensive analysis done to date found more support for relationship to African cichlids, but could not conclusively reject a relationship to the American clade.[3]

It can reach a total length of 29.5 cm (11.6 in). This species is probably a substrate spawner and in older males a hump may develop on the head.[4]

References

  1. ^ Moelants, T. (2010). "Heterochromis multidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T181935A7767720. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T181935A7767720.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ Kullander SO (1998) A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). Pp. 461-498 in Malabarba, L., et al. (eds), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes, Porto Alegre.
  3. ^ Keck, Benjamin P.; Hulsey, C. Darrin (2014). "Continental monophyly of cichlid fishes and the phylogenetic position of Heterochromis multidens". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 73: 53–59. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.011. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 24472673.
  4. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Heterochromis multidens" in FishBase. February 2013 version.
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Heterochromis: Brief Summary

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Heterochromis is a genus of cichlid fish in the order Perciformes. It is the only genus of the subfamily Heterochromidinae, and contains a single species, Heterochromis multidens, which is endemic to the Congo River Basin in Central Africa. The relationships of Heterochromis to other cichlids have long been controversial, with several morphological features suggesting that it is more closely related to American cichlids than to other African species. Molecular studies have given contradictory results. The most comprehensive analysis done to date found more support for relationship to African cichlids, but could not conclusively reject a relationship to the American clade.

It can reach a total length of 29.5 cm (11.6 in). This species is probably a substrate spawner and in older males a hump may develop on the head.

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