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Diagnostic Description

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Anatomy of the pharyngeal apparatus is the main distinguishing characteristic; throat teeth typically form a single row of 4-5 large molariform teeth on each of the two arches, with formula typically 1,4 - 4,1.
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Recorder
Rainer Froese
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Diseases and Parasites

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Grass Carp Haemorrhagic Disease Reovirus. Viral diseases
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Allan Palacio
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Diseases and Parasites

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Enteritis (Bacterial infection). Bacterial diseases
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Allan Palacio
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Life Cycle

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Prewspawning adults migrate upstream in spring - early summer; spawning takes place in turbulent waters; eggs are pelagic and drift downstream and larvae enter nursery areas such as flood plains or backwater habitats; main river channel is used as feeding and wintering area by subadults and adults.
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Rainer Froese
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Migration

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Potamodromous. Migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e.g. Saliminus, Moxostoma, Labeo. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Susan M. Luna
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 7 - 9; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 8 - 10
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Rainer Froese
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Trophic Strategy

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Bottom-feeders that predominantly prey on snails and bivalve mollusks (Ref. 55930). Larval and small juvenile feed mostly on zooplankton and aquatic insects, shifting to a diet of mollusks as they grow and their pharyngeal teeth become more developed (Ref. 55930). Use their pharyngeal mill to crush the hard shells and expose the soft parts for digestion. A gape-limited predator because its mouth diameter, or gape, essentially determines the maximum size of mollusks it can consume (Ref. 55930).
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Pascualita Sa-a
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Biology

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Adults inhabit large lowland rivers and lakes, preferably with clear water and high oxygen concentrations. Larvae feed on zooplankton, then on ostracods and aquatic insects. At about 120 mm SL, juveniles start to prey on small snails and clams while larger juveniles and adults feed almost entirely on molluscs. Undertake upriver migration and spawns in open waters. Deposit pelagic or semipelagic eggs which hatch while drifting downstream. Larvae settle into floodplain lakes and channels with little or no current (Ref. 59043). Maximum age probably exceeds 15 years; the figure of 20 years is not supported by data (Ref. 55930).
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Susan M. Luna
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Importance

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fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial
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Susan M. Luna
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分布

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
原產於中國大陸,而以長江與黃河族群較大,而後引進臺灣,日本亦有移植本種魚。目前臺灣的各大水庫、湖泊及養殖池多有養殖。
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臺灣魚類資料庫
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利用

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本種皆為養殖魚種,除供市場與餐廳交易外,一般多供作池釣之用,為高經濟價值的淡水養殖魚類。
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描述

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體延長,前部略呈圓筒狀。腹部圓,無肉稜。頭中大,頭頂寬。吻短,前端圓鈍。口大,前位,上頜略長於下頜。咽頭齒1列,大而呈臼齒狀,齒面平滑,齒式5-4。各鰭均無硬棘,背鰭軟條 3(不分枝軟條)+ 7(分枝軟條);臀鰭 3(不分枝軟條)+8-9(分枝軟條);腹鰭1(不分枝軟條)+8(分枝軟條)。體被大型圓鱗;側線完全,在腹鰭上方略下彎,向後延伸至尾柄中央,側線鱗39-46。體呈青黑色,背側色泛黑,腹部灰白,鰭皆為黑色。
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棲地

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初級淡水魚。主要棲息於江河、湖泊與水庫的中、下層水域。生長快速。以軟體動物為食,包括螺、蚌、蜆等為主食,亦常攝食甲殼類、水生昆蟲及藻類等。
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Black carp

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The black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) or Chinese black roach is a species of cyprinid freshwater fish and the sole extant species of the genus Mylopharyngodon. It is native to lakes and rivers in East Asia, ranging from the Amur Basin across China to Vietnam.[2] One of the largest cyprinids in the world, the black carp has a typical length of 60–120 cm (23.5–47 in), though it can reach up to 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) in length and 109 kg (240 lb) in weight.[2] It is carnivorous and generally feeds on invertebrates such as snails, clams and mussels.

Black carp, together with bighead carp, silver carp, and grass carp, make up the culturally important "four famous domestic fishes" used in polyculture in China for over a thousand years. It has also been introduced in the United States as one of the invasive "Asian carps", though it is not as widely distributed worldwide as the other three.

In China, black carp is widely cultivated for food and Chinese medicine, being one of the most highly esteemed and expensive domestic food fish,[3] and partly because of its diet and limited food supply, is the most scarce and expensive in the marketplace among the "four famous domestic fishes".[4]

Description

Black carp are elongated fish with a fusiform body. They appear dusky gray, brown or bluish black and have dark fins.[5] Their dorsal fin is high and pointed. In comparison to grass carp, the distances from the eye to the superior and inferior edges of the pre-operculum are respectively longer, contributing to the elongate appearance of the scaleless head.[5] Unlike in grass carp, the upper lip does not appear to protrude beyond the lower lip when viewed from above with the fish's mouth closed.[5] Black carp have large cycloid scales on their body and a forked tail fin behind a broad caudal peduncle.

Black carp in the United States

The black carp was first accidentally introduced into the United States during a grass carp shipment from Asia in the 1970s.[6] The black carp was later intentionally introduced to the US in the 1980s for use in retention ponds and aquaculture facilities to manage yellow grub and snails populations. It was also to be used as food fish. However, flooding in the South caused these populations of carp to spread into the Mississippi watershed.[7] They continued to spread via the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, where they began to form wild populations. Black carp later began to migrate to connected river systems, and spread via continued flooding events. Aside from this, the population was also introduced via human release.

The nature of the black carp's diet has led to its use in the United States in the control of snails in aquaculture. Snails are obligate alternate hosts of trematode pests that can cause substantial losses to aquaculture crops. Some state aquaculture laws require the carp to be bred as triploids, to render them sterile, thus minimizing the potential for the fish to escape and create self-sustaining populations. The use of triploids, though, does require the maintenance and use of fertile diploid brood stock at least at some location for production of the triploids.

Many mechanical control methods have been used to control the population of Asian carp, including use of noise, walls of bubbles, netting and even explosions, but these have only succeeded in slowing the spread of carp.[7] The most effective methods, such as chemical poisoning, are successful at killing carp, but also affect other fish in the body of water, further disrupting the ecosystem.[7]

Currently, novel control methods are being researched that use carp pheromones to control their behavior.[7][8] Another widespread effort involves using carp as a food source. Locals in areas where carp have invaded are encouraged to catch and eat them.[7] Efforts to prevent Asian carp from spreading to crucial ecosystems such as the Great Lakes or waterways on the West Coast are ongoing.[9][10] Local laws prevent human release of these fish in these waterways, and population controls have also contributed to this success. No state allows the intentional release of black carp, sterile or otherwise, but the United States Geological Survey reports that more than 60 confirmed black carp have been caught in the Mississippi River basin. This basin is the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent. The Mississippi River spans 2320 miles, while the entire system covers 1,151,000 sq mi. The presence of black carp within this enormous river system means that this highly invasive species has access to a vast range of bodies of water covering the majority of the Midwestern United States. Rivers where black carp have been captured also include the White in Arkansas, the Atchafalaya and Red in Louisiana, and the Kaskaskia and Illinois Rivers in Illinois. One confirmed escape of black carp from aquaculture has occurred on the Osage River in Missouri, but other escapes are likely, because most early captures were far from this location, in the southern Mississippi basin. Most of the captured fish have been confirmed to be diploid and assumed fertile. Two diploid fingerlings were captured near Cape Girardeau, Missouri in 2016,[11] a sign of natural reproduction of this species in the wild. In Louisiana, many other reports by knowledgeable fishers of their capture have not been verified by biologists.[12]

Black carp are considered to be a serious threat to mollusks native to the United States, many of which are critically endangered. In 2007, the black carp was listed as an "injurious species" under the Lacey Act of 1900.[13] Transporting live black carp, whether sterile or fertile, into the United States or across state lines is thus illegal in most cases.

Anatomy and physiology

Black carp have enameloid teeth[14] located in the posterior pharynx between the cleithral bones.[5] There are four teeth on the left side and five teeth on the right side of the pharynx in adults.[14] As the black carp prepare to crush shelled prey, they forcibly occlude their pharyngeal teeth. A horny patch above the pharyngeal teeth helps to position and hold the prey in place as it is crushed.[14] The pharyngeal teeth will be replaced multiple times during the life of the carp.[15]

Etymology

Generic name from Greek mylo- "mill" + New Latin pharynx- "throat" + Greek odon "tooth".[2] Specific name from Latin piceus "pitch-black."

References

  1. ^ Bogutskaya, N. (2022). "Mylopharyngodon piceus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T166112A156739085. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T166112A1112111.en.
  2. ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Mylopharyngodon piceus" in FishBase. July 2022 version.
  3. ^ Chu, X. et al. 1989. The fishes of Yunnan China. Part 1. Cyprinidae. Science Press, Beijing, China.
  4. ^ Chu X. 1984.The fishes of Fujian Province. Part 1. Fujian Science and Technology Press, Fujian, China.
  5. ^ a b c d Kroboth, Patrick T.; Chapman, Duane C.; Hrabik, Robert A.; Neely, David A. (2019). "Characteristics for the External Identification of Black Carp From Grass Carp". Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management. 10 (2): 304–313. doi:10.3996/112018-JFWM-102.
  6. ^ "Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Asian Carp: Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force" (PDF). Fws.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2020.
  8. ^ Mackey, C.M.; Calfee, R.D.; Sorensen, P.W.; Rue, M.C.P.; Leese, J.M.; Ghosal, R.; Lim, H. (2020). "Physiological and behavioral responses of bighead and silver carp to chemicals associated with common carp sex pheromones: U.S. Geological Survey data release". USGS. doi:10.5066/P9K7KWM3. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  9. ^ "Asian Carp". Washington Invasive Species Council. Washington State Recreation and Conservation Office. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  10. ^ Kaeding, Danielle (2021). "Efforts To Keep Asian Carp Out Of The Great Lakes Move Forward Under New Agreements". Wisconsin Public Radio. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  11. ^ Stafford, Margaret (5 March 2016). "Scientists: Discovery of young, wild black carp troubling". STLtoday.com. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  12. ^ Nico et al. 2005. Black carp: biological synopsis and risk assessment of an introduced fish American Fisheries Society Special Publication 32. 337 pp.
  13. ^ "Injurious Wildlife Species; Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), U.S. President. Rule". Federal Register. 72 (201): 59019–59035. 18 October 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  14. ^ a b c He, Chong; Zhou, Wu; Wang, Hongtao; Shi, San-Qiang; Yao, Haimin (2013). "Mechanics of Pharyngeal Teeth of Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) Crushing Mollusk Shells". Advanced Engineering Materials. 15 (8): 684–690. doi:10.1002/adem.201200304.
  15. ^ Liu, Huanliang; Li, Hua; Zhai, Baoxiang; Liu, Wei (1990). "Post-Larval Development of the Masticating Apparatus of Black Carp Mylopharyngodon piceus(Richardson)". Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica. 14 (4): 310–320. Retrieved 21 July 2022.

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Black carp: Brief Summary

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The black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) or Chinese black roach is a species of cyprinid freshwater fish and the sole extant species of the genus Mylopharyngodon. It is native to lakes and rivers in East Asia, ranging from the Amur Basin across China to Vietnam. One of the largest cyprinids in the world, the black carp has a typical length of 60–120 cm (23.5–47 in), though it can reach up to 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) in length and 109 kg (240 lb) in weight. It is carnivorous and generally feeds on invertebrates such as snails, clams and mussels.

Black carp, together with bighead carp, silver carp, and grass carp, make up the culturally important "four famous domestic fishes" used in polyculture in China for over a thousand years. It has also been introduced in the United States as one of the invasive "Asian carps", though it is not as widely distributed worldwide as the other three.

In China, black carp is widely cultivated for food and Chinese medicine, being one of the most highly esteemed and expensive domestic food fish, and partly because of its diet and limited food supply, is the most scarce and expensive in the marketplace among the "four famous domestic fishes".

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