Acraea ye un xéneru de lepidópteru perteneciente a la familia Nymphalidae de la subfamilia Heliconiinae.[2]
Atópase n'África subsaḥariana, con representantes nel Yeme y Arabia Saudita , Asia tropical, el sur de China, de la India a Indonesia y Vietnam , n'Oceanía con una especie que vuela n'Australia y delles islles del Pacíficu, ( Samoa, Islles Salomón, (Nueva Caledonia), y América Central y del Sur.
Acraea acrita grupo d'especies
Acraea andromacha grupo d'especies
Acraea anemosa grupo d'especies
Acraea aureola grupo d'especies
Acraea bonasia grupo d'especies
Acraea caecilia grupo d'especies
Acraea cepheus species group
Acraea circeis grupo d'especies
Acraea egina grupo d'especies
Acraea encedon grupo d'especies
Acraea jodutta grupo d'especies
Acraea issoria grupo d'especies
Acraea masamba grupo d'especies
Acraea oberthuri grupo d'especies
Acraea pentapolis grupo d'especies
Acraea pharsalus grupo d'especies
Acraea rahira grupo d'especies
Acraea satis grupo d'especies
Acraea serena grupo d'especies
Acraea terpsicore grupo d'especies
Acraea zetes grupo d'especies
grupo d'especies indeterminado
Acraea ye un xéneru de lepidópteru perteneciente a la familia Nymphalidae de la subfamilia Heliconiinae.
Acraea is a genus of brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae) of the subfamily Heliconiinae. It seems to be highly paraphyletic and has long been used as a "wastebin taxon" to unite about 220 species of anatomically conservative Acraeini. Some phylogenetic studies show that the genus Acraea is monophyletic if Bematistes and Neotropical Actinote are included (see Pierre & Bernaud, 2009). Most species assembled here are restricted to the Afrotropical realm, but some are found in India, Southeast Asia, and Australia.[2]
The eggs are laid in masses; the larvae are rather short, of almost equal thickness throughout, and possessing branched spines on each segment, young larvae group together on a protecting mass of silk; the pupa is slender, with a long abdomen, rather wide and angulated about the insertion of the wings, and suspended by the tail only. A. horta, A. cabira, and A. terpsicore illustrate typical life histories. The food plants of Acraea caterpillars are usually Urticaceae or, like in most Heliconiinae, Passifloraceae. Some feed on other plants, such as Fabaceae, "Flacourtiaceae", or Violaceae. Their preferred species contain cyanogenic glycosides, which make the larvae and adults poisonous to predators. The aposematic coloration of the adults announces this, and some species are mimicked by less noxious butterflies. At least some "Acraea" are able to produce the toxins themselves.[2] Their flight is slow and flapping.
That all these species were properly placed in Acraea has never been generally accepted. In 1807, Johan Christian Fabricius established the genus for the garden acraea, described as Papilio horta by Carl Linnaeus in 1764, and its relatives. By and by, an increasing number of species were placed here. As early as 1848, and again in 1887 and the early 1990s, it was attempted to divide the genus into groups of closest relatives, as it was suspected that some "Acraea" might actually be closer to other genera in the tribe Acraeini.[3]
With increasing availability of DNA sequence data, it is confirmed that Acraea as loosely defined does not constitute a monophyletic group. Even before the attempts to split up Acraea in earnest had begun, Jacob Hübner in 1819 suggested to separate species around Acraea serena as Telchinia. This name has been applied to a generally African group whose members usually feed on Urticaceae, and they had already been noted to bear some uncanny resemblances to the American Actinote in anatomical details. Indeed, they seem to be closer relatives of these than of the other butterflies placed in Acraea, which usually feed on Passifloraceae and are at least in part quite close relatives of the African genus Bematistes. Those closest to that genus might warrant separation as Rubraea or Stephenia.[3]
But while several informal species groups have been established, it is not clear which of these are monophyletic and how to split the apparently still paraphyletic genus further. The placement of the garden acraea—the type species—and hence which of the any further subdivisions will get to bear the name Acraea, remains unresolved. As it is traditionally included in the former A. terpsicore group (now A. serena group) and its caterpillars, while polyphagous, do not feed on Urticaceae, it may be that the separation of Telchinia is unwarranted and other proposed genera might be resurrected instead.[1]
There was one major misidentification which still causes confusion today. Acraea terpsicore, described as Papilio terpsicore by Linnaeus in 1758, was held to be the senior synonym of A. serena, described by Fabricius as Papilio serena in 1775. Hence, the former name was commonly used for that African species. But as it turned out, Linnaeus had actually described an Indian species—the well-known tawny coaster. Fabricius in 1793 believed it was new to science and described it again, as Papilio violae. Consequently, it had been long known as A. violae. It was also recognized that Fabricius' little-studied P. serena was none other than the orange acraea. For this, the name A. eponina, from the Papilio eponina established in the 1780 issue of Pieter Cramer's De uitlandsche Kapellen, had been used all the time.[4] Another instance of the confusion rife in this genus is exemplified by Boisduval's Acraea manjaca.
These developments come from two papers written by J. Pierre and D. Bernaud.[5][6]
Since the proposed phylogenetic sequence of the species groups is almost certainly incorrect for a large part, the groups are simply listed alphabetically.[7]
J. Pierre & D. Bernaud have published a complete systematic and synonymic list.[8]
Acraea acrita species group
Acraea andromacha species group (close to part of A. terpsicore group?)
Acraea anemosa species group
Acraea aureola species group
Acraea bonasia species group (close to A. oberthuri and A. rahira groups? Paraphyletic?)
Acraea caecilia species group (close to A. cepheus and A. egina groups?)
Acraea cepheus species group (close to A. caecilia and A. egina groups?)
Acraea circeis species group (close to A. masamba)
Acraea egina species group (close to A. caecilia and A. cepheus groups?)
Acraea encedon species group (close to A. jodutta and A. pharsalus groups?) – common acraea or white-barred acraea or encedon acraea
Acraea issoria species group (a rather distinct lineage?)
Acraea jodutta species group (close to A. encedon and A. pharsalus groups?)
Acraea masamba species group (close to A. circeis?)
Acraea oberthuri species group (close to A. bonasia group?)
Acraea pentapolis species group (close to A. circeis and A. masamba groups?)
Acraea pharsalus species group (close to A. encedon and A. jodhutta groups?)
Acraea rahira species group (close to A. bonasia group?)
Acraea satis species group
A. terpsicore group
Acraea terpsicore species group (formerly A. violae group)
Acraea zetes species group (might include part of A. serena group; a very distinct lineage?)
Species group undetermined
Some other species formerly in Acraea have now been definitely assigned to other genera, e.g. Bematistes.
Acraea is a genus of brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae) of the subfamily Heliconiinae. It seems to be highly paraphyletic and has long been used as a "wastebin taxon" to unite about 220 species of anatomically conservative Acraeini. Some phylogenetic studies show that the genus Acraea is monophyletic if Bematistes and Neotropical Actinote are included (see Pierre & Bernaud, 2009). Most species assembled here are restricted to the Afrotropical realm, but some are found in India, Southeast Asia, and Australia.
Acraea es un género de lepidóptero perteneciente a la familia Nymphalidae de la subfamilia Heliconiinae.
Se encuentra en África subsahariana, con representantes en el Yemen y Arabia Saudita , Asia tropical, el sur de China , de la India a Indonesia y Vietnam , en Oceanía con una especie que vuela en Australia y algunas islas del Pacífico ( Samoa , Islas Salomón , Nueva Caledonia ), y América Central y del Sur .
Acraea acrita grupo de especies
Acraea andromacha grupo de especies
Acraea anemosa grupo de especies
Acraea aureola grupo de especies
Acraea bonasia grupo de especies
Acraea caecilia grupo de especies
Acraea cepheus species group
Acraea circeis grupo de especies
Acraea egina grupo de especies
Acraea encedon grupo de especies
Acraea jodutta grupo de especies
Acraea issoria grupo de especies
Acraea masamba grupo de especies
Acraea oberthuri grupo de especies
Acraea pentapolis grupo de especies
Acraea pharsalus grupo de especies
Acraea rahira grupo de especies
Acraea satis grupo de especies
Acraea serena grupo de especies
Acraea terpsicore grupo de especies
Acraea zetes grupo de especies
grupo de especies indeterminado
Acraea es un género de lepidóptero perteneciente a la familia Nymphalidae de la subfamilia Heliconiinae.
Acraea est un genre de papillons tropicaux qui est classé aujourd’hui dans la famille des Nymphalidae (papillons tétrapodes – première paire de pattes réduite) et dans la sous-famille des Heliconiinae.
Il occupe l’Afrique subsaharienne, avec des représentants au Yémen et en Arabie saoudite, l'Asie tropicale, du sud de la Chine, de l'Inde à l'Indonésie et au Vietnam, l'Océanie avec une espèce qui vole en Australie et dans certaines îles du Pacifique (îles Samoa, îles Salomon, Nouvelle-Calédonie), et l'Amérique centrale et du Sud.
L’architecture générale de la classification est fondée (sous-genre, clade, groupes) et découle de l’apport de J. Pierre, professeur au Muséum national d'histoire naturelle de Paris. La liste définitive des espèces a fait l’objet de deux publications réalisées avec Dominique Bernaud. Un nouveau supplément édité en 2014 par le même éditeur délivre la liste systématique et synonymique complète du genre Acraea de l'ancien et du nouveau monde.
La présente classification est le fruit d’un travail entrepris par le Pr J. Pierre depuis les années 1974, date à laquelle il publiait l’article intitulé « Variation géographique et mimétisme chez Acraea encedon (Linné) » au Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France. Depuis cette date il a publié près de 60 articles ou ouvrages sur le genre Acraea.
D. Bernaud s’est associé à ce travail depuis 1991 en co-publiant avec J. Pierre son premier article intitulé « A propos d'Acraea kraka Aur. au Cameroun (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae) ». Depuis, il a co-publié ou publié seul environ 40 articles ou ouvrages sur le même sujet.
Au total les deux auteurs réunis ont produit depuis 40 années plus d’articles et d’ouvrages que le plus prolifique des auteurs sur les Acraea, Butler A. G. qui n’en publia que 48. Nous signalerons à ce titre que J. Pierre et D. Bernaud ont mis en évidence deux problèmes dans la nomenclature des Acraea :
L'oubli de la première description des Acraea par Linné : terpsicore. Ce nom désigne l'espèce nommée violae en Asie[1]. Il a fallu plus de 10 années pour que ce nom de terpsicore revienne en usage.
'oubli du vrai nom de ce qu'il était d'usage d'appeler Acraea eponina ou Acraea Terpsichore (avec un « h »). Il s'agissait en fait d'Acraea serena, nom d'origine donné par Fabricius et en usage pendant près d'un siècle avant qu'il se soit perdu[2].
Outre l’étude minutieuse des collections et l’analyse permanente de la morphologie interne des spécimens (genitalia, griffes, écailles, etc.), les deux auteurs ont mené des recherches sur les premiers états. À ce jour ils ont publié des informations sur les stades larvaires des Acraea de plus de 85 espèces africaines, soit plus de 33 % des espèces connues. Ils ont également mené des recherches basées sur le séquençage d’une portion du gène mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxydase I (code-barres ADN ou « barcode ») de près de 80 % des espèces africaines.
De l’ensemble de ces informations J. Pierre a construit l’actuelle classification du genre (réunissant deux sous-genres). Cette classification, rejetant tous les autres noms de genres utilisés par le passé, tant pour les espèces africaines qu’asiatiques et du nouveau monde, est donc monophylétique.
Cependant J. Pierre estime que nommer de nombreux genres dans la famille des Acraea (genres basés pour l’essentiel sur les groupes qu'il a déterminés lui-même), alors que la position des espèces dans chaque groupe ne peut découler de la simple observation des imagos, mais se fonde sur des détails anatomiques discrets (glandes sous - papillaires par exemple) n’apporte rien et risque d’entraîner la confusion et de nombreuses erreurs de description à l’avenir.
Acraea est un genre de papillons tropicaux qui est classé aujourd’hui dans la famille des Nymphalidae (papillons tétrapodes – première paire de pattes réduite) et dans la sous-famille des Heliconiinae.
Acraea est genus papilionum subfamiliae Heliconiinarum familiae Nymphalidarum. Videtur magnopere paraphyeticum, quam ob rem diu ut wastebin taxon ad congregandas circa 220 species anatomice conservativorum Acraeinorum adhibitum est. Plurimae species hic conlectae in regionibus Africae endemicae sunt, sed nonnullae in India, Asia Meridio-Orientali, et Australia inveniuntur.[2]
Plantae quibus erucae vescuntur usitate sunt Urticaceae, vel, in plurimis Heliconiinis, Passifloraceae. Nonnullae species aliis plantis vescuntur, inter quas plantas familiae Fabacearum, Flacourtiacearum, et Violacearum. Species a larvis petitae glycosida cyanogenica continent, quae et larvas et adultos praedatoribus toxiferos efficiunt. Aposematicus adultorum color hoc nuntiat, et papiliones minus noxii nonnullas Acraearum species imitantur. Saltem nonnullae Acraeae venena in se generare possunt.[2]
Quod hae species omnes in Acraea rite positae sunt numquam in universum acceptum est. Anno 1807, Fabricius genus instituit Papilionis hortae a Carolo Linnaeo anno 1764 definita, et eorum cognatorum. Interea, crescens specierum numerus hic positus est. Iam anno 1848, iterum anno 1887 et decennio 200 ineunte, lepidopteristae genus in greges coniunctorum propinquissimorum dividere conati sunt, quia nonnullas crediderunt Acraeas ad alia genera propinquiora in tribu Acraeinorum re vera pertinere.[3]
Diu erat maior speciei agnitio quae iam confusionem efficiebatur: Acraea terpsicore, a Linnaeo Papilio terpsicore anno 1758 descripta, habebatur synonymum senius Acraeae serenae, a Fabricio Papilio serena anno 1775 descriptae; unde prius nomen pro illa specie Africana usitate adhibebatur, sed Linnaeus speciem Indicam reapse descripserat, Acraeam terpsicore bene notam, quam Fabricius, anno 1793 scientiae novam putans, iterum descripsit, nomine Papilionem violae. Ergo, ea diu Acraea violae appellabatur. Praeterea Papilio serena agnoscebatur Fabricii P. serena esse speciem cui nomen Acraea eponina ex Papilione eponina instituta in libro De uitlandsche Kapellen anno 1780 in editione Petri Cramer semper adhibitum erat.[4]
Quia proposita gregum specierum sequentia phylogenetica haud dubie magna ex parte est mendosa, greges aphabetice infra perscribuntur.[4]
Grex specierum Acraea acrita
Grex specierum Acraea andromacha
Grex specierum Acraea anemosa
Grex specierum Acraea aureola
Grex specierum Acraea bonasia
Grex specierum Acraea caecilia
Grex specierum Acraea cepheus
Grex specierum Acraea circeis
Grex specierum Acraea egina
Grex specierum Acraea encedon
Grex specierum Acraea issoria
Grex specierum Acraea jodutta
Grex specierum Acraea masamba
Grex specierum Acraea oberthuri
Grex specierum Acraea pentapolis
Acraea pharsalus species group
Grex specierum Acraea rahira
Grex specierum Acraea satis
Grex specierum Acraea serena (olim grex A. terpsicore, polyphyletica?)
Grex specierum Acraea terpsicore (olim grex A. violae)
Grex specierum Acraea zetes
Grex specierum non iam digestarum
Nonnulla species olim inter Acraeas nunc in aliis generibus, inter quae Bematistes, positae sunt.
Acraea est genus papilionum subfamiliae Heliconiinarum familiae Nymphalidarum. Videtur magnopere paraphyeticum, quam ob rem diu ut wastebin taxon ad congregandas circa 220 species anatomice conservativorum Acraeinorum adhibitum est. Plurimae species hic conlectae in regionibus Africae endemicae sunt, sed nonnullae in India, Asia Meridio-Orientali, et Australia inveniuntur.
Plantae quibus erucae vescuntur usitate sunt Urticaceae, vel, in plurimis Heliconiinis, Passifloraceae. Nonnullae species aliis plantis vescuntur, inter quas plantas familiae Fabacearum, Flacourtiacearum, et Violacearum. Species a larvis petitae glycosida cyanogenica continent, quae et larvas et adultos praedatoribus toxiferos efficiunt. Aposematicus adultorum color hoc nuntiat, et papiliones minus noxii nonnullas Acraearum species imitantur. Saltem nonnullae Acraeae venena in se generare possunt.
Acraea is een geslacht van vlinders uit de onderfamilie Heliconiinae van de familie Nymphalidae. De verspreiding van dit geslacht is vrijwel volledig beperkt tot Afrika en Madagaskar; de enige uitzondering is Acraea andromacha, die in het Australaziatisch gebied voorkomt.
Acraea is een geslacht van vlinders uit de onderfamilie Heliconiinae van de familie Nymphalidae. De verspreiding van dit geslacht is vrijwel volledig beperkt tot Afrika en Madagaskar; de enige uitzondering is Acraea andromacha, die in het Australaziatisch gebied voorkomt.
Acraea er en slekt av tropiske sommerfugler som hører til underfamilien Heliconiinae i den store familien flikvinger (Nymphalidae). De fleste av de minst 130 artene lever i Afrika, men det finnes også noen få i Sørøst-Asia og Australia. Acraea-artene er giftige og signaliserer dette med karakteristiske, røde eller gule og brune fargemønstre som mange andre sommerfugler har etterlignet.
Acraea-artene har et ganske enhetlig utseende. De kan likevel være vanskelige å bestemme fordi mange sommerfugler fra andre grupper etterligner disse giftige artene. Middelsstore (vingespenn 30–90 mm), spinkle sommerfugler. Vingene er farget i rødt eller gult og brunt eller svart. Vingeårene er mørke og står tydelig fram mot vingenes grunnfarge. Mange arter har mer eller mindre gjennomsiktige vinger. Kroppen er pinneaktig tynn, antennene er kortere enn halvparten av forvingen, med markert kølle ytterst. Forvingene er avlange og smale, forhjørnene helt avrundede, ytterkanten jevn. Bakvingene er forholdsvis små og avrundede. Larvene er dekket av korte torner.
Acraeini er skogsinsekter. Mange av artene har larver som lever på pasjonsblomstfamilien (Passifloraceae), slektene Passiflora og Adenia. Andre næringsplanter er blant annet søtpotet (Ipomoea batatas) og sommerfuglbusk (Buddleia). Den afrikanske arten Acraea acerata kan gjøre betydelig skade på søtpoteter. Stort sett er Acraeini trege insekter som stoler på at giftigheten verner dem mot rovdyr, men det finnes også noen arter som flyr høyt over trekronene.
Acraea er i hovedsak en afrikansk gruppe og alle artene bortsett fra fem lever i Afrika. Slekten er imidlertid også representert i Sørøst-Asia og Australia. Tallet på arter i slekten oppgis til mellom 130-240.
Slekten blir delt opp i en rekke artsgrupper som formodentlig representerer monofyletiske grupper. Artsgruppene blir under listet i alfabetisk rekkefølge, dette gjenspeiler ikke slektskapsforholdene mellom dem (som i stor grad er uavklarte). Andre oppdelinger opererer med færre arter enn de som er listet her, kanskje bør en god del av artene regnes til Actinote.
Acraea er en slekt av tropiske sommerfugler som hører til underfamilien Heliconiinae i den store familien flikvinger (Nymphalidae). De fleste av de minst 130 artene lever i Afrika, men det finnes også noen få i Sørøst-Asia og Australia. Acraea-artene er giftige og signaliserer dette med karakteristiske, røde eller gule og brune fargemønstre som mange andre sommerfugler har etterlignet.
共127種,詳見正文。
珍蝶屬(學名:Acraea)是蛺蝶科釉蛺蝶亞科珍蝶族裡的一個屬。物種主要都分佈在非洲,只有五種廣泛分佈至印度、東南亞和大洋洲等地。有毒,因此會有蝶種模仿牠們的外貌以避過捕食者捕捉,即擬態[1]。
樹梢珍蝶演化支
雅貴珍蝶演化支
娜塔珍蝶演化支
紅褐珍蝶演化支
紐珍蝶演化支
線珍蝶演化支