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Bolitoglossa Duméril, Bibron & Duméril 1854

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Bolitoglossa

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Bolitoglossa is a genus of lungless salamanders, also called mushroom-tongued salamanders,[1] tropical climbing salamanders,[2] or web-footed salamanders,[3] in the family Plethodontidae.[1][4] Their range is between northern Mexico through Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, northeastern Brazil, and central Bolivia.[1] Neotropical salamanders of the Bolitoglossa make up the largest genus in the order Caudata,[5] consisting of approximately one-fifth of all known species of salamanders.[1] Adult salamanders range anywhere from 45mm to 200mm in length depending on their specific species.[6] They are notorious for their ability to project their tongue at prey items, as indicated from their name. They are also known for their webbed feet, having significantly more webbing than any other species outside their genus with the exception of the cave-dwelling Mexican bolitoglossine Chiropterotriton magnipes.[7] Although webbed feet are a common characteristic of these salamanders, only about half of the species in this genus contain webbed feet.[6]

Characteristics

Hand and foot morphology

Hand and foot morphology is strikingly diverse in an otherwise morphologically uniform group. While just under half of these species contain webbing between their fingers and toes, the remaining species experience little to no webbing and undergo elongation of their fingers and toes throughout development. Ultimately, the variation of foot morphology within this genus is primarily due to natural selection. Derived characteristics correspond to arboreal vs. terrestrial salamanders.[7]

  • Webbed fingers – natural selection to improve terrestrial movement through water.
  • Elongated fingers – natural selection of increased suction efficiency, favoring a larger surface area of the foot. This also selects for a decreased body size, enabling the salamander to cling trees more easily.

Tail autotomy

Tail autotomy refers to the salamanders’ ability to release or lose their tail if necessary. This is a common characteristic of nearly all salamanders and lizards. (See autotomy). It is particularly helpful to the salamander in escaping attacks from its predators. Once the tail has been lost, it can regenerate one time. After this regeneration, the tail is incapable of separation with regeneration.[8]

Poison

Bolitoglossa rostrata and B. subpalmata are two rare examples of poisonous salamanders within their genus. The poison is secreted through their skin as an antipredator mechanism. It is particularly toxic to certain snake species, rendering them immobile and unresponsive to external stimuli upon initial contact. The common defense tactic of these two species is to remain still in the presence of the snake until it makes initial contact (usually by the flickering of its tongue), and then run away as the paralytic poison begins to take effect in the snake.[9]

Evolution

Natural selection

Tropical adaptation of the Bolitoglossa is thought to have evolved from North American plethodontids. Natural selection is responsible for morphological changes shifting from those supporting temperate environments to those supporting tropical environments such as Panama and Costa Rica.[10] Natural selection is thought to have resulted in genetic changes from physical adaptation. The main differences that have developed from natural selection affect the skull and bones of the feet in these salamanders. Due to these primary changes, secondary changes are believed to have followed, including:

  • Body size
  • Additional ossification of bones
  • Webbing
  • Ear structure

Phylogeny of this genus is partially dependent on its variations in bone structure due to the effects of natural selection over a long period of time.[11]

Hybridization

The first documented case of hybridization in tropical salamanders occurred between B. frankini and B. resplendens. This hybridization has taken a pervasive effect on the morphology of B. resplendens, whereas B. frankini seemed to maintain its same physical structure.[12]

Taxonomy

Broadfoot Mushroomtongue Salamander (Bolitoglossa platydactyla), Municipality of Ocampo, Tamaulipas, Mexico (11 July 2005).

Derived characteristics of the genus Bolitoglossa has led to their classification based on this specific list of characters:

  • Tongue and hypobranchial apparatus
  • Epibranchial Number
    • embryos having a single epibranchial
  • Tail Autotomy
  • Brain stem motor control
  • Bone structure of Jaws, Cranial, and inner ear
  • Chromosome number
    • diploid number of chromosomes is 26
  • Development

Classification of this genus is primarily accomplished through analysis of the salamanders’ DNA. This has proven to be the most effective and accurate way of classifying this genus.[5]

Species

As of September 2022, there are 137 species assigned to this genus,[1][4][13] including the species listed below.

Binomial Name
and Author Common Name B. adspersa
Peters, 1863 Peter's climbing salamander B. alberchi
García-París, Parra-Olea, Brame & Wake, 2002 Alberch's salamander B. altamazonica
Cope, 1874 Nauta salamander B. alvaradoi
Taylor, 1954 Alvarado's salamander B. anthracina
Brame, Savage, Wake & Hanken, 2001 Coal-black salamander B. aurae
Kubicki B, Arias E. 2016[14] Aura's golden salamander B. aureogularis
Boza-Oviedo E, Rovito SM, Chaves G, Garcia-Rodriguez A, Artavia LG, Bolanos F, Wake DB 2012 Yellow-throated web-footed salamander B. awajun
Cusi JC, Gagliardi-Urrutia G, Brcko IC, Wake DB, Von May R. 2020 Awajun Salamander B. biseriata
Tanner, 1962 Two-lined climbing salamander B. borburata
Trapido, 1942 Carabobo climbing salamander B. bramei
Wake, Savage & Hanken, 2007 Brame's climbing salamander B. caldwellae
Brcko IC, Hoogmoed MS, Neckel-Oliveira S 2013 Caldwell’s lungless salamander B. capitana
Brame & Wake, 1963 Orphan salamander B. carri
McCranie & Wilson, 1993 Cloud forest salamander B. cathyledecae
Ponce M, Navarro D, Morales R, and Batista A., 2022 Chiriquí fire salamander B. cataguana
Townsend, Butler, Wilson & Austin, 2009 Cataguana salamander B. celaque
McCranie & Wilson, 1993 Celaque climbing salamander B. centenorum
Campbell et al., 2010 B. cerroensis
Taylor, 1952 Millville climbing salamander B. chica
Brame & Wake, 1963 Hotel Zaracay salamander B. chinanteca
Rovito, Parra-Olea, Lee & Wake, 2012 Chinanteca salamander B. chucantiensis
Batista A, Koehler G, Mebert K, Vesely M 2014 Chucanti salamander B. coaxtlahuacana
Palacios-Aguilar R, Cisneros-Bernal AY, Arias-Montiel JD, Parra-Olea G. 2020 Coaxtlahuacán Salamander B. colonnea
Dunn, 1924 La Loma salamander B. compacta
Wake, Brame & Duellman, 1973 Cerro Pando salamander B. conanti
McCranie & Wilson, 1993 Conant's salamander B. copia
Wake, Hanken & Ibáñez, 2005 El Cope giant salamander B. copinhorum
Itgen MW, Sessions SK, Wilson LD, Townsend JH 2020 Lenca mushroomtongue salamander B. cuchumatana
Stuart, 1943 Oak forest salamander B. cuna
Wake, Brame, & Duellman, 1973 Camp Sasardi salamander B. daryorum
Campbell et al., 2010 B. decora
McCranie & Wilson, 1997 Monte Escondido salamander B. diaphora
McCranie & Wilson, 1995 El Cusuco salamander B. digitigrada
Wake, Brame & Thomas, 1982 Rio Santa Rosa salamander B. diminuta
Robinson, 1976 Quebrada Valverde salamander B. dofleini
Werner, 1903 Doflein's salamander B. dunni
Schmidt, 1933 Dunn's climbing salamander B. engelhardti
Schmidt, 1936 Engelhardt's climbing salamander B. epimela
Wake & Brame, 1963 Tapanti climbing salamander B. equatoriana
Brame & Wake, 1972 Ecuadorian climbing salamander B. eremia
Campbell et al., 2010 B. flavimembris
Schmidt, 1936 Yellow-legged climbing salamander B. flaviventris
Schmidt, 1936 Yellow-belly climbing salamander B. franklini
Schmidt, 1936 Franklin's climbing salamander B. gomezi
Wake, Savage & Hanken, 2007 Gómez's web-footed salamander B. gracilis
Bolaños, Robinson & Wake, 1987 Rio Quiri salamander B. guaneae
Acosta-Galvis AR, Gutierrez-Lamus DL 2012 B. guaramacalensis
Schargel, García-Pérez & Smith, 2002 Guaramacal salamander B. hartwegi
Wake & Brame, 1969 Hartweg's climbing Salamander B. heiroreias
Greenbaum, 2004 Holy-Mountain salamander B. helmrichi
Schmidt, 1836 Coban climbing salamander B. hermosa
Papenfuss, Wake & Adler, 1984 Guerreran climbing salamander B. hiemalis
Lynch, 2001 Winter climbing salamander B. huehuetenanguensis
Campbell et al., 2010 B. hypacra
Brame & Wake, 1962 Paramo Frontino salamander B. indio
Wake, et al., 2008 Rio Indio Webfoot Salamander B. insularis
Wake, et al., 2008 B. jacksoni
Elias, 1984 Jackson's climbing salamander B. jugivagans
Hertz A, Lotzkat S, Koehler G 2013 Continental divide salamander B. kaqchikelorum
Campbell et al., 2010 B. la
Campbell et al., 2010 B. leandrae
Acevedo AA, Wake DB, Marquez R, Silva K, Franco R, Amezquita A 2013 Leandra salamander B. lignicolor
Peters, 1873 Camron climbing salamander B. lincolni
Stuart, 1943 Lincoln's climbing salamander B. longissima
McCranie & Cruz, 1996 Longest climbing salamander B. lozanoi
Acosta-Galvis & Restrepo, 2001 Lozano's salamander B. macrinii
Lafrentz, 1930 Oaxacan climbing salamander B. madeira
Brcko IC, Hoogmoed MS, Neckel-Oliveira S 2013 B. magnifica
Hanken, Wake & Savage, 2005 Magnificent web-footed salamander Binomial Name
and Author Common Name B. marmorea
Tanner & Brame, 1961 Crater salamander B. medemi
Brame & Wake, 1972 Finca Chibigui salamander B. meliana
Wake & Lynch, 1982 Meliana climbing salamander B. mexicana
Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 Mexican climbing salamander B. minutula
Wake, Brame & Duellman, 1973 Dwarf climbing salamander B. mombachoensis
Köhler & McCranie, 1999 Mombacho salamander B. morio
Cope, 1869 Cope's climbing salamander B. mucuyensis
Garcia-Gutierrez J, Escalona M, Mora A, Diaz de Pascual A, Fermin G. 2013 La Mucuy salamander B. mulleri
Brocchi, 1883 Muller's climbing salamander B. nicefori
Brame & Wake, 1963 San Gil climbing salamander B. nigrescens
Taylor, 1949 Cordillera central salamander B. ninadormida
Campbell et al., 2010 B. nussbaumi
Campbell et al., 2010 B. nympha
Campbell et al., 2010 B. oaxacensis
Parra-Olea, Garcia-Paris & Wake, 2002 Atoyac web-footed salamander B. obscura
Hanken, Wake & Savage, 2005 Tapantí giant salamander B. occidentalis
Taylor, 1941 Southern banana salamander B. odonnelli
Stuart, 1943 O'Donnell's climbing salamander B. omniumsanctorum
Stuart, 1952 Todos Santos Salamander B. oresbia
McCranie, Espinal & Wilson, 2005 Zarciadero web-footed salamander B. orestes
Brame & Wake, 1962 Culata climbing salamander B. pacaya
Campbell et al., 2010 B. palmata
Werner, 1897 Amazon climbing salamander B. pandi
Brame & Wake, 1963 Pandi climbing salamander B. paraensis
Unterstein, 1930 Para climbing salamander B. peruviana
Boulenger, 1883 Peruvian climbing salamander B. pesrubra
Taylor, 1952 Red-footed climbing salamander B. phalarosoma
Wake & Brame, 1962 Medellin climbing salamander B. platydactyla
Gray in Cuvier, 1831 Broadfoot climbing salamander B. porrasorum
McCranie & Wilson, 1995 Pijol salamander B. psephena
Campbell et al., 2010 B. pygmaea
Bolaños & Wake, 2009 Pygmy web-footed salamander B. qeqom
Hellen D-B, Serrano MJ, Alonso-Ascencio M, Cruz-Font JJ, Rosito-Prado I, Ruiz-Villanueva KJA, Vásquez-Almazán JR, Ariano-Sánchez D. 2021 B. ramosi
Brame & Wake, 1972 Ramos' climbing salamander B. riletti
Holman, 1964 Rilett's climbing salamander B. robinsoni
Bolaños & Wake, 2009 Robinson's web-footed salamander B. robusta
Cope, 1894 Robust climbing salamander B. rostrata
Brocchi, 1883 Long-nosed climbing salamander B. rufescens
Cope, 1869 Northern banana Salamander B. salvinii
Gray, 1868 Salvin's salamander B. savagei
Brame & Wake, 1963 Savage's salamander B. schizodactyla
Wake & Brame, 1966 Cocle salamander B. silverstonei
Brame & Wake, 1972 Silverstone's salamander B. sima
Vaillant, 1911 Northwestern climbing salamander B. sombra
Hanken, Wake & Savage, 2005 Shadowy web-footed salamander B. sooyorum
Vial, 1963 Cordillera Talamanca salamander B. striatula
Noble, 1918 Cukra climbing salamander B. stuarti
Wake & Brame, 1969 Stuart's salamander B. subpalmata
Boulenger, 1896 La Palma salamander B. suchitanensis
Campbell et al., 2010 B. synoria
McCranie & Köhler, 1999 Cerro Pital salamander B. tamaense
Acevedo AA, Wake DB, Marquez R, Silva K, Franco R, Amezquita A 2013 Tama salamander B. tapajonica
Brcko IC, Hoogmoed MS, Neckel-Oliveira S 2013 B. tatamae
Acosta-Galvis & Hoyos, 2006 Tatama climbing salamander B. taylori
Wake, Brame & Myers, 1970 Taylor's salamander B. tenebrosa
Vasquez-Almazan CR, Rovito SM 2014 Guatemalan black salamander B. tica
García-París, Parra-Olea & Wake, 2008 Tico salamander B. tzultacaj
Campbell et al., 2010 B. vallecula
Brame & Wake, 1963 Yarumal climbing salamander B. veracrucis
Taylor, 1951 Veracruz salamander B. walkeri
Brame & Wake, 1972 Walker's salamander B. xibalba
Campbell et al., 2010 B. yariguiensis
Meza-Joya FL, Hernandez-Jaimes C, Ramos-Pallares E. 2017 Yariguíes salamander B. yucatana
Peters, 1882 Yucatán salamander B. zacapensis
Rovito, Vásquez-Almazán & Papenfuss, 2010 Zacapa salamander B. zapoteca
Parra-Olea, Garcia-Paris & Wake, 2002 Zapotec salamander

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Frost, Darrel R. (2016). "Bolitoglossa Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  2. ^ "Tropical climbing salamanders Bolitoglossa". HerpMapper. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  3. ^ Huettmann, Falk (4 August 2015). Central American Biodiversity: Conservation, Ecology, and a Sustainable Future. Springer. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-4939-2208-6.
  4. ^ a b "Plethodontidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  5. ^ a b Devitt, Tom; David Wake (2007). "supergenus Bolitoglossa. Version 09 March 2007 (under construction)". The Tree of Life Web Project, tolweb.org. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  6. ^ a b Alberch, Pere (1981). "Convergence and parallelism in foot morphology in the neotropical salamander genus Bolitoglossa. I. Function". Evolution. 35 (1): 84–100. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04861.x. JSTOR 2407944. PMID 28563463. S2CID 34178280.
  7. ^ a b Jaekel, M.; Wake, D. B. (2007). "Developmental processes underlying the evolution of a derived foot morphology in salamanders". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (51): 20437–20442. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10420437J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0710216105. PMC 2154449. PMID 18077320.
  8. ^ Ducey, Peter K.; Brodie, Edmund D. (1983). "Salamanders respond selectively to contacts with snakes: survival advantage of alternative antipredator strategies". Copeia. 1983 (4): 1036–1041. doi:10.2307/1445106. JSTOR 1445106.
  9. ^ Brodie, Edmund D. Jr.; Ducey, Peter K.; Baness, Elizabeth A. (1991). "Antipredator skin secretions of some tropical salamanders (Bolitoglossa) are toxic to snake predators". Biotropica. 23 (1): 58–62. doi:10.2307/2388688. JSTOR 2388688.
  10. ^ Ortega, Jesús E.; Monares-Riaño, John Maury; Ramírez-Pinilla, Martha Patricia (2009). "Reproductive activity, diet, and microhabitat use in Bolitoglossa nicefori (Caudata: Plethodontidae)". Journal of Herpetology. 43 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1670/07-250R2.1. JSTOR 25599180. S2CID 83945415.
  11. ^ Alberch, Pere (1983). "Morphological variation in the Neotropical salamander genus Bolitoglossa". Evolution. 37 (5): 906–919. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1983.tb05620.x. JSTOR 2408406. PMID 28563544.
  12. ^ Wake, David B.; Yang, Suh Y.; Papenfuss, Theodore J. (1980). "Natural hybridization and its evolutionary implications in Guatemalan plethodontid salamanders of the genus Bolitoglossa". Herpetologica. 36 (4): 335–345. JSTOR 3891875.
  13. ^ "Bolitoglossa". AmphibiaWeb. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  14. ^ "A beautiful new yellow salamander, genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae), from the northeastern slopes of the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.

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Bolitoglossa: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Bolitoglossa is a genus of lungless salamanders, also called mushroom-tongued salamanders, tropical climbing salamanders, or web-footed salamanders, in the family Plethodontidae. Their range is between northern Mexico through Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, northeastern Brazil, and central Bolivia. Neotropical salamanders of the Bolitoglossa make up the largest genus in the order Caudata, consisting of approximately one-fifth of all known species of salamanders. Adult salamanders range anywhere from 45mm to 200mm in length depending on their specific species. They are notorious for their ability to project their tongue at prey items, as indicated from their name. They are also known for their webbed feet, having significantly more webbing than any other species outside their genus with the exception of the cave-dwelling Mexican bolitoglossine Chiropterotriton magnipes. Although webbed feet are a common characteristic of these salamanders, only about half of the species in this genus contain webbed feet.

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