Mud Dragons

Neuhaus (2013, p. 273): "Some confusion appears in the literature (Remane 1928, 1929, 1936; Zelinka 1928; Higgins 1971; Adrianov & Malakhov 1999a) concerning the names of and within the taxon Kinorhyncha and the time these names have been introduced (corrected in Tabs 6, 7, 9). Whereas Dujardin (1851) calls his new species simply “l’Echinodère”, Claparède (1863) formally assigns it to a genus and names it Echinoderes dujardinii. No unifying scienti?c name is provided for species of Echinoderes, probably also because it takes some time to realize that the taxon represents a group of its own. The name “Kinorhyncha (Echinoderes)” is ?rst used in the seldom-cited contribution of Reinhard (1885) in Russian. Subsequently, this very same article is published again in German, almost without any major changes (Reinhard 1887), and this time it receives much more attention, especially in the German-speaking scienti?c community (Remane 1928, 1929, 1936; Zelinka 1928). Reinhard (1885: p. 296, 1887: p. 463) chooses the name “Kinorhyncha” (kinein = Greek for move, rhynchos = Greek for snout), because he wants to avoid confusion with, e.g., Echinodermata, and because he misidenti?es the posterior extensions of the esophagus bulging between the pharynx protractors as brain and consequently the protrusible introvert as protrusible snout of the alimentary canal (Zelinka 1928: p. 38). However, Zelinka (1928: p. 224) latinizes the German name “die Echinoderen” and refers to the Kinorhyncha as “Echinodera” (echinos = Greek for hedgehog, deres = Greek for neck; terms refer to spiny scalids of the introvert, which Dujardin in 1851 obviously interprets as neck, Echinoderes represents the ?rst described genus of Kinorhyncha). Other authors prefer the name “Echinoderida” derived from the ?rst family erected within Kinorhyncha, Echinoderidae (e.g., Johnston 1938; Nyholm 1947c; Lang 1949, 1953; McIntyre 1962). In summary, the ?rst introduced scienti?c group name is Kinorhyncha, but the morphologically correct name would be Echinodera."

As stated by Neuhaus (2013, p. 273), Kinorhyncha was also named Echinodera, Echinoderen (in German) and Echinoderida. "Echinodera" was used by: Zelinka (1928), Blake (1930), Chitwood (1951), and Bacescu (1968). The German "Echinoderen" was used by: Greeff (1869), Metschnikoff (1869), Pagenstecher (1875), Bütschli (1876), Reinhard (1887), and Zelinka (1896, 1907, 1908, 1912, 1913, 1914). The Italian "Echinoderi" was used by Panceri (1878). Both "Echinodera" + "Kinorhyncha" were mentioned by: Remane (1929, 1936), Pearse (1936), and Neuhaus (2013). "die Echinoderiden" was used by: Zelinka (1894),Schepotieff (1907a-b, 1908). "Echinoderida" was used by: Abe (1930), Johnston (1938), Nyholm (1947a-c), Lang (1949, 1953), Krishnaswamy (1962, lapsus calami: Echinodereda), and McIntyre (1962). "Echinoderida" + "Kinorhyncha" were mentioned by Southern (1914) and Moore (1973) "Echinocephala" = "Igelwürmer" were created by Haeckel (1896). The remaining sources used "Kinorhyncha" only, introduced by Reinhard (1885), some as early as Hartog (1896).