Associations
provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Amanita singeri is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Pinus nigra
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Anungitea dematiaceous anamorph of Anungitea continua is saprobic on dead, fallen needle of Pinus nigra
Foodplant / pathogen
Armillaria mellea s.l. infects and damages Pinus nigra
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Chroogomphus rutilus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Pinus nigra
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / parasite
amphigenous pycnium of Coleosporium tussilaginis parasitises live needle of Pinus nigra
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Digitosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Crumenulopsis sororia is saprobic on dead branch (small) of Pinus nigra
Remarks: season: 4-5
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Dacrymyces variisporus is saprobic on decayed wood of Pinus nigra
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Dendrodochium anamorph of Dendrodochium pinastri is saprobic on branch of Pinus nigra
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum minimum is associated with Pinus nigra
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum triplex is associated with Pinus nigra
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / sap sucker
nymph of Leptoglossus occidentalis sucks sap of unripe seed (in 1-year old cone) of Pinus nigra
Remarks: season: 5-8
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / parasite
subcuticular or partially subepidermal pycnium of Melampsora populnea parasitises live needle of Pinus nigra
Remarks: season: 5-6
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / pathogen
Dothistroma coelomycetous anamorph of Mycosphaerella pini infects and damages live needle of Pinus nigra
Foodplant / pathogen
fruitbody of Phaeolus schweinitzii infects and damages live root of mature tree of Pinus nigra
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phlebiopsis gigantea is saprobic on dead, decayed trunk (cut end) of Pinus nigra
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Russula torulosa is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Pinus nigra
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, becoming erumpeny conidioma of Strasseria coelomycetous anamorph of Strasseria geniculata is saprobic on dead twig of Pinus nigra
Remarks: season: 1-5
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Stypella dubia is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Pinus nigra
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / secondary infection
erumpent pycnidium of Sclerophoma coelomycetous anamorph of Sydowia polyspora secondarily infects gall-midge infected leaf of Pinus nigra
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Tricholoma batschii is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Pinus nigra
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Xyela curva feeds within unripe male catkin (sporophylls) of Pinus nigra
Other: sole host/prey
Brief Summary
provided by Ecomare
Not only is black pine more resistant to sea wind than the Scots pine. The Corsican black pine can reach the ripe age of 600 years! Understandably, most of the conifers planted in the dunes are black pine species. Nevertheless, they don't grow well if they receive the full blast of sea wind and therefore are often sheltered by a stretch of deciduous trees. Thanks to these pines, there are many new species of birds, plants and mushrooms living and growing in the dunes and on the Wadden Islands. Besides the Corsican pines, Austrian pines are also a common species found planted in Dutch forests.
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Description
provided by eFloras
Trees to 50 m in native range; bark gray or dark brown; branchlets pale brown or orange-brown, glabrous; winter buds ovoid or cylindric-ovoid, slightly resinous. Needles 2 per bundle, pale or dark green, straight or curved, 4-19 cm × 1-2 mm, somewhat rigid, resin canals 3-17, median, base with persistent sheath. Seed cones subsessile, yellowish or pale brown, shiny, 3-8 × 2-4 cm, deciduous. Apophyses slightly or obtusely keeled; umbo mucronate.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
provided by eFloras
Widely cultivated. Beijing Shi, Hubei (Wuhan Shi), Jiangsu (Nanjing Shi), Jiangxi (Lu Shan), Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang [native to NW Africa, SW Asia, S Europe]
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Common Names
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Austrian pine
Australian pine
Corsican pine
Crimean pine
Pyrenees pine
European black pine
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Austrian pine is an introduced, medium-sized, two-needle pine [
7].
Mature height (approximately 80 years of age [
21]) ranges from 66 to 165
feet (20-50 m) [
11]. Some characters vary depending on the subspecific
taxon; the type variety has dark brown to black bark that is widely
split by flaking fissures into scaly plates [
14]. The bark becomes
increasingly creviced with age [
17]. Austrian pine is
fast growing and usually has a pyramidal form. It has deep lateral
roots. Austrian pine is long lived; harvest rotation times of up
to 360 years have been used in Europe [
21].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Austrian pine is native to Europe and Asia. Its range there
extends from Spain and Morocco east to eastern Turkey, south to Cypress,
and north to northeastern Austria and the Crimea, Russia. In the United
States Austrian pine widely planted in northern states in New
England, around the Great Lakes, and in the Northwest. It has
naturalized in New England and the Great Lakes States [
21].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
fire regimeIn Europe, Austrian pine is associated with Scotch pine, a species
which is maintained by periodic fire. No information on the fire
adaptations of Austrian pine is available in the English language
literature.
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Austrian pine is mainly suited to northern temperate climate zones
in the United States; it does not grow well in the southern states [
21].
Different provenances (seed sources by geographic area) or varieties are
adapted to different soil types: Austrian and Pyrenees pines grow well
on a wide range of soil types, Corsican pine grows poorly on
limestone-derived soils, and Crimean pine grows well on poorer,
limestone-derived soils. Most provenances will also show good growth on
podzolic soils. Whatever the soil type, however, the soils need to be
deep for good growth [
11,
21]. Austrian pine grows well on high pH
soils in New England. Some provenances exhibit better winter hardiness
than others [
21].
In Europe, Austrian pine is found at elevations ranging from 820
to 5,910 feet (250-1,800 m) [
21].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
No specific information on the effect of fire on Austrian pine is
available in the English language literature.
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeIn Wyoming mule deer that were forced onto a conifer tree nursery by
bad weather browsed Austrian pine in preference to ponderosa pine
(Pinus ponderosa), blue spruce (Picea pungens), bristlecone pine (Pinus
aristata), and Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum). Damage
was concentrated on the lateral branch buds and needles [
9].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
naturalIn Europe trees usually associated with Austrian pine include
Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris), Swiss mountain pine (P. mugo), Aleppo
pine (P. halepinsis), Italian stone pine (P. pinea), and Heldreich pine
(P. heldreichii). In the United States where it has become naturalized,
Austrian pine may be developing natural associations [
21].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Most of the Austrian pine planted in the United States is from
Austrian sources [
21].
Austrian pine seedlings up to about 2 months of age are subject to
predation by voles and rabbits; older seedlings apparently become
unpalatable [
21].
Insects and diseases: Austrian pine seedlings are damaged by
damping off fungi and seedling root rots. Mature trees are easily
infected by Dithostroma needle blight, the most damaging foliage disease
of Austrian pine. Other diseases include Lophodermium needle
cast, which is damaging to Austrian pine in the Great Lakes States
[
21]. Austrian pine is also moderately to highly susceptible to
infection by brown spot needle disease [
18]. The dagger nematode
damages seedlings. Insect damage to Austrian pine is generally of
less importance than damage by fungal pathogens [
21].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
CT IL ME MD MA MI MS MO NJ NY OH PA WV
AB BC ON PE QC
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeIn the United States Austrian pine is mainly planted for
shelterbelts, as a street tree, and as an ornamental [
21,
22]. It is
recommended for windbreaks in the Northern Great Plains on medium to
deep moist or upland soils [
16]. Its value as a street tree is largely
due to its resistance to salt spray (used in road de-icing) and various
industrial pollutants, and its intermediate drought tolerance [
21]. It
is resistant to snow and ice damage. In Missouri Austrian pines
were undamaged by a sleet storm that caused widespread and extensive
damage to many other street trees [
4].
One- to three-year-old Austrian pine seedlings were found to have
no symptoms of ozone damage after exposure to 0.020 ppm of ozone for
5-hour periods (treatment repeated over one growing season) [
5].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
White-tailed deer showed intermediate preference for Austrian pine
as compared to other ornamental species (including yews [Taxus spp.],
other conifers, and various hardwoods) [
2].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. In Ontario Austrian pine pollen is released from May to June.
Individual ovulate cones are only receptive to pollen for approximately
3 days, but collectively are receptive from May to June. Fertilization
takes place 13 months after pollination. Cones mature from September to
November and seeds are dispersed from October to November [
21].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fresh,
seed,
stratificationAustrian pine attains sexual maturity at ages ranging from 15 to
40 years. Trees from Corsican sources in England produce their first
heavy seed crops at 25 to 30 years of age, with maximum production at 60
to 90 years of age. Large seed crops are produced at 2- to 5-year
intervals [
21]. The winged seeds are wind dispersed [
11]. Fresh seed
does not require stratification for good germination, but stored seeds
can be cold stratified for up to 60 days to hasten germination [
11].
Austrian pine can be propagated by grafting [
21].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. Austrian pine is intolerant of shade and needs to be planted in
full sun [
21,
22]. In England direct sowing of Austrian pine seeds
is successful on north-facing slopes on young sand dunes [
21]. European
black pine (Corsican pine) plantations in England develop a more closed
canopy than similar-aged plantations of Scotch pine [
17].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
naturalThe scientific name of Austrian pine is Pinus nigra Arnold [
13,
21].
The species is genetically diverse. Numerous subspecies, varieties,
and forms have been named; there is much controversy as to the
correct interpretation of these infrataxa [
21]. In general, there are
three main groups of Austrian pine races recognized:
(1) the western group from around Austria, France, and Spain
(Austrian and Pyrenees pines),
(2) the central group (Corsican pine) from Corsica, Italy, and Sicily, and
(3) the eastern group (Crimean pine) from the Balkans and the Crimea [
11,
23].
Some natural hybrids with other European pines have been reported.
Artificial hybrids have also been created [
23].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Austrian pine is recommended for planting on strip-mined lands in
Pennsylvania [
10]. It has probably not been widely used for
surface-mine plantings. Austrian pine is similar to red pine in
climatic adaptation and growth performance on acid minesoils. It is
recommended for use in Ohio on fine-clay, poorly drained minesoils with
a pH of 5 to 7, although suitable native pines are preferred [
22]. In
Idaho it was reported as having good potential for revegetating sites
denuded by heavy metal pollution from smelter emissions [
1].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
fuelThe wood of Austrian pine is similar to that of Scotch pine and
red pine (Pinus resinosa), which is moderately hard and
straight-grained. Austrian pine wood, however, is rougher, softer,
and not as strong [
21].
In the Mediterranean region Austrian pine wood is used for general
construction, fuel, and in other purposes [
21].
In the United States Austrian pine is of little importance as a
timber species. It is planted mainly for shelterbelts [
21].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Pinus nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
provided by Silvics of North America
European black pine in its many forms grows naturally throughout the
Mediterranean region in association with Scotch pine, Swiss mountain pine
(Pinus mugo), Aleppo pine (P. halepensis), Italian stone
pine (P. pinea), and Heldreich pine (P. heldreichii) (11,40,69).
Other pine species that share the same geographic range or portions of it
with European black pine include Swiss stone pine (P. cembra), Balkan
pine (P. peuce), maritime pine (P. pinaster), and P.
brutia and its variant P. pithyusa (11). In England some
naturally regenerating European black pines, from principally Corsican
sources, are associated with birch (Betula pendula), willows (Salix
caprea and S. cinerea), and oak (Quercus robur) on the
sand dunes, saltmarshes, and intertidal sand and mudflats of the north
Norfolk coast (27).
In the United States, European black pine is associated with numerous
species consequent to its use in landscape and environmental plantings.
Its apparent tendency to escape, possibly to naturalize, and to hybridize
with certain other pines may, in time, result in some natural species
associations in this country.
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Climate
provided by Silvics of North America
In parts of its native European habitat, black pine grows in a cool to
cold temperate climate (23). The northern varieties are very frost-hardy,
withstanding temperatures of -30° C (-22° F), and the southern
varieties tolerate -7° C (19° F) temperatures. Annual
precipitation varies from 610 to 1020 mm (24 to 40 in). The species has
been shown to carry on photosynthesis at -5° C (23° F), with
respiration still detectable at -19° C (-2° F) (21). Black pine
withstands the weight of ice well and is considered hardy except in the
coldest, hottest, and driest regions.
In the United States, black pine is mainly suited to Climatic Zone IV,
which includes most of Nova Scotia, southern Maine, New Hampshire,
Vermont, New York, southern Ontario, Michigan, northern Indiana, northern
Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, northern Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado,
Utah, Idaho, Montana, southwestern Alberta, and central British Columbia
(52). It has either failed or has performed poorly in the southern states
of Oklahoma, Texas, North Carolina, Georgia, northern Florida, and
Arkansas.
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Damaging Agents
provided by Silvics of North America
European black pine is susceptible to infection
by many pathogens that damage seedlings, foliage, stems, and roots (26).
Damping-off and seedling root rots, caused by Rhizoctonia solani,
Phytophthora cactorum, and Pythium debaryanum, and loss of
seedling vigor caused by the dagger nematode (Xiphinema americanum)
(45) are among the most common causes of seedling damage in nurseries.
Dothistroma needle blight, caused by the fungus Dothistroma pini, is
one of the most damaging of the foliage diseases of black pine. The
fungus has been found in 23 States in the United States and in three
Provinces in Canada. Dothistroma needle blight is widespread and causes
extensive damage to Austrian pine in Christmas tree plantings in Minnesota
(43), and in shelterbelt, ornamental, and Christmas tree plantings in the
central and southern Great Plains (48). Infection of current-year needles
first occurs in mid-July, while infection of second-year needles begins in
late May in the Great Plains and in British Columbia. Symptoms develop in
early September to early November and consist of yellow and tan spots and
bands that appear water-soaked on the needles. The bands and spots may
turn brown to reddish brown, and the distal end of the needle becomes
chlorotic, then necrotic, while the base of the needle remains green.
Infected needles are cast prematurely (46).
Genetic resistance to Dothistroma needle blight has been detected in
European black pine. In a Nebraska test of 21 geographic sources (51),
some individual trees within 16 sources were highly resistant, while those
from one Yugoslavian source showed universally high resistance (48).
Lophodermium needle cast of pines, caused by Lophodermium pinastri,
is a serious disease of European black pine in the Lake States,
causing browning and premature dropping of needles and terminal bud
dieback (60). A needle disease caused by the fungus Nemacyclus minor
has been reported from Pennsylvania (38).
Diplodia tip blight, caused by the fungus Diplodia pinea, is a
very damaging twig and stem disease of European black pine, especially to
trees more than 30 years old. Entire new shoots are killed rapidly by the
fungus. Trees repeatedly infected have some branches killed back to the
main stem (47).
Black pine seedlings in nurseries are susceptible to the fungi Cylindrocladium
scoparium and C. floridanum. These fungi cause root rot,
damping-off, and needle blight (9).
Damage to black pine by insects and other pests is apparently of lesser
consequence than that from fungal pathogens. The species has been reported
to be injured by pine aphids, pine beetles, and pine weevils, but growing
trees, on the whole, are relatively free from insect pests (12). Damage by
rabbits and sapsuckers has been noted (19,42).
Some incidence of attack in northeastern United States from the
Zimmerman pine moth (Dioryctria zimmermani), the European pine
sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer), and the European pine shoot moth has
been observed (68).
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Flowering and Fruiting
provided by Silvics of North America
European black pine is monoecious, with
staminate (microsporangiate) and ovulate (megasporangiate) strobili borne
separately on the same tree (67). Staminate strobili, clustered at the
base of new shoots, mostly on older lateral branches in the lower crown,
are cylindrical, short-stalked, bright yellow, about 2 cm (0.8 in) long
with numerous scales, and contain pollen in great quantity (12,49,52).
One or two ovulate strobili (conelets) emerge near the end of the new
growth of terminal and lateral branches; they are cylindrical, small,
bright red, and short-stalked or sessile (12,49,67). Pollen dispersal and
conelet receptivity occur from May to June. Individual ovulate conelets
are receptive for the pollen for only about 3 days, however (67). After
pollen dispersal, the staminate strobili dry and fall within several
weeks. The scales of the ovulate strobili close within a few days of
pollination, and the conelets begin a slow developmental process. At the
beginning of the second growing season, the ovulate strobili are only
about 2 cm (0.8 in) long (47). Fertilization takes place in the spring or
early summer about 13 months after pollination, and the cones, now turned
green in color begin to grow rapidly from about May until maturity in the
fall (67).
The fruit, a tough, coarse, woody, yellow-green cone during the
pre-ripening second summer, changes to shiny yellow-brown to light brown
at maturity from September to November of the second growing season
(12,49,52). Cones are descending, sessile, ovoid, and 5 to 8 cm (2 to 3
in) long. Cone scales are shiny, thickened at the apex, and end in a short
spine on the dorsal umbo.
Minimum seed bearing age is 15 to 40 years (40,52,67). In England, black
pine from Corsican sources produce their first heavy cone crops at ages 25
to 30 years and reach maximum production between 60 and 90 years of age
(27). The interval between large cone crops is 2 to 5 years.
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Genetics
provided by Silvics of North America
Within the climatically and topographically diverse and disjunct
distribution of European black pine, recognizable differences in the
population have evolved through natural selection. As early as the third
century B.C., Theophrastis (370-285 B.C.) recognized several striking
variations within what is here called Pinus nigra.
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Growth and Yield
provided by Silvics of North America
European black pine transplants well when
small, or when larger if transplanted in the dormant season (49). It is a
fast and vigorously growing tree of pyramidal form with full, dark
foliage. In England, its habit has been described as bushy in youth,
presenting a coarse appearance and having poor stem form; this severely
limits its timber value, although it grows rapidly, is hardy, and provides
an excellent windbreak (6).
In the Great Plains region black pine grows relatively rapidly during
the first 20 years after planting-approximately 0.3 m (1 ft) per year on
the average site (57). Similar rates of growth have been reported in Iowa,
where 12-year-old trees average 3.9 m (12.9 ft) in height (19). The
fastest growing source in a Nebraska provenance study, a disease resistant
source from Yugoslavia, was 5.9 m (19.4 ft) tall at age 12 (51) and 9.7 m
(31.8 ft) tall at age 20 (64). Average heights of 4.4 m (14.5 ft) and
diameters of 13.5 cm (5.3 in) were recorded in a 15-year-old Michigan
provenance plantation (68).
The average growth rate of European black pine in Great Plains
shelterbelts decreases 7.6 cm (3.0 in) per year from about age 20, so that
annual height increase is only 6.1 to 9.1 cm (2.4 to 3.6 in) 50 years
after planting. Height growth in the Loess Plains of Nebraska compares
favorably with height growth in Europe up to age 50. Height growth in
Europe, however, is slower during the early years and faster after 40 to
50 years (57).
A 25-year-old stand of planted black pine in Michigan State University's
Kellogg Forest is similar in growth to red pine stands on the same forest
and, like them, is being thinned for pulpwood and pruned for timber
production (69). Use of faster growing black pine sources does not cause
the production of lower wood quality (34).
Forest plantings established in the North Central and Northeastern
United States during recent decades are generally thrifty. Data on growth
of older stands, however, is limited to a few relatively small plantings,
such as the group of 50-year-old trees in the University of Michigan's
Nichols Arboretum at Ann Arbor. These trees are similar in growth rate to
nearby red pine, Scotch pine, and eastern white pine (P. strobus) (69).
European black pine, in the Secrest Arboretum at Ohio State University's
Agricultural Research and Development Center in Wooster, OH, has performed
as follows (3):
Age
Average d.b.h.
Average height
yr
cm
in
m
ft
10
9.7
3.8
5.3
17.4
13
10.7
4.2
6.3
20.6
19
14.2
5.6
9.6
31.5
24
16.0
6.3
11.7
38.5
25
18.0
7.1
11.8
38.8
31
17.8
7.0
14.5
47.7
40
22.4
8.8
17.1
56.0
45
24.1
9.5
17.6
57.7
At age 45, the above trees would produce about 0.4 m³ (14 ft³)
of wood per tree.
Height growth of Corsican material in England was proportional to the
preceding winter's rainfall from October to March if soil moisture was
below field capacity, and volume increment was proportional to the
preceding year's height growth. Diameter growth began when the mean 5-day
temperature rose to 10° C (50° F) and ended when the mean
temperature fell below 10° C (50° F) (56). Wood density of
Corsican black pine grown in England was higher than that of other
commercially grown exotics, and resin contents as high as 20 percent were
found in the heartwood of individual trees (10).
European black pine matures at about 80 years of age, commonly
developing a flat, round, or spreading crown. The species attains heights
of 20.1 to 50.3 m (66 to 165 ft) (52,69). Minimum rotation periods of 160
to 180 years have been reported for black pine in Corsica, 240 to 360
years being the normal to produce trees 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter (12).
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Reaction to Competition
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European black pine is classed as
intolerant of shade, and, therefore, must be planted in situations where
it will receive full sunlight. Those from Austria and the Balkans have
received increasing attention during recent decades from foresters and
Christmas tree growers in the Northeastern United States as an alternative
to red pine, which has been heavily damaged by the European pine shoot
moth (Rhyacionia buoliana). It has proven especially successful on
soils of high pH in the southern part of the area formerly planted to red
pine (69).
At Ithaca, NY, a series of four-paired, quarter-acre plots of red pine
and black pine were established on a series of somewhat poorly drained to
excessively well-drained acidic, silty loam, and other associated soils
typical of New York's southern tier, to compare their performances. After
21 growing seasons, black pine averaged about 1.8 m (6 ft) in height and
3.2 cm (1.25 in) in diameter less than red pine over all sites. Branches
were usually thicker and closer together, suggesting slower early height
growth; stems suffered sapsucker damage, and the trees had many double
forks and malformed shoots. These tests suggested that European black
pine, from this source at least, was a poor choice to replace red pine on
many northeastern sites (42).
In the Great Plains shelterbelt planting, European black pine was
frequently intermixed with ponderosa pine within the same row. Survival
was about 5 percent better and height growth was about 0.7 m (2.3 ft) more
for black pine over a 12- to 19-year period on the deep to medium,
permeable, well-drained silty and sandy loams of loess origin (50).
Heights of trees also were more uniform within black pine rows because of
freedom from damage by tip moths (Rhyacionia spp.). Density
and form of crowns also were superior to ponderosa pine.
In West Virginia, 10 sources of European black pine, ponderosa pine,
black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), autumn olive (Elaeagnus
umbellata), and European alder (Alnus glutinosa) were tested
on strip mine spoils. Although all hardwood species grew faster than the
pines, Yugoslavian sources grew faster and survived best of all other
black pine sources (29).
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Rooting Habit
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All varieties of European black pine are
considered to be deep laterally rooted and, therefore, to perform best in
deep soils (22,49).
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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Seeds are dispersed from
October through November of the second growing season. Seeds are reddish
brown, often mottled, 6.4 mm (0.25 in) long at one end of a membranous
wing 19 mm (0.75 in) long (49). Two winged seeds are produced on the upper
surface of each scale of the cone except for those at the tip and base.
Seeds are extracted from harvested cones by air-drying for 3 to 10 days
or kiln-drying at 46° C (115° F) for 24 hours. Sound seeds are
separated from empty seeds by flotation in 95 percent ethanol (31). The
number of sound seeds per cone in Austrian black pine ranges from 30 to
40, of which 15 to 20 are germinable (67).
Cleaned seeds average 57,300 per kilogram (26,000/lb) with a range from
30,900 to 86,000/kg (14,000 to 39,000/lb). Seeds from the Crimea, Turkey,
and Cyprus tend to be the largest, ranging from 38,600 to 45,900/kg
(17,500 to 20,800/lb), and those from Corsica the smallest, ranging from
61,700 to 79,400/kg (28,000 to 36,000/lb) (31,67).
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Seedling Development
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European black pine is easily grown from
seed and transplants well. Fresh seeds require no pre-sowing
stratification; but stored seeds can be cold-stratified up to 60 days to
hasten germination. Ninety-nine percent germination was obtained from
seeds stored 10 years in closed containers at 6.6 percent moisture content
(ovendry-weight basis) at 0° to 2° C (32° to 36° F).
No loss of viability occurred in seeds stored in sealed containers at room
temperature after 2 years. Storage at moisture contents as low as 2
percent or as high as 12 percent, however, was detrimental to seeds stored
for long periods (25). A light period of 8 hours at 30° C (86°
F) and a dark period of 20° C (68° F) for 16 hours is
recommended for germination (24). Germination is epigeal (31). Seeds from
Corsican sources tend to germinate more slowly than those from Austria and
Calabria (55).
In nurseries, nonstratified seeds are sown in the fall or spring, at a
density to obtain 540 to 650 seedlings per square meter (50 to 60/ft²).
Seeds should be sown at a depth of 13 to 19 mm (0.5 to 0.75 in).
Black pine seedlings can be produced in peat-perlite containers using
low rates of fertilizers (e.g. Osmocote 18N-2.6P-10K) (1). Experiments
with 3-year-old nursery seedlings from 27 different European provenance
locations demonstrated that nitrogen and manganese ion uptake was
significantly enhanced, but that uptake of potassium, phosphorus,
magnesium, boron, zinc, and aluminum ions was suppressed by 45 percent
urea (33). Application of a pre-emergence herbicide was found to enhance
mycorrhizal formation in nursery-grown seedlings (61).
In Germany, seedlings of all provenances of black pine from Corsica,
Spain, and southern France suffered severe frost damage in the nursery,
and those from southern Italy suffered some damage; but seedlings from
eastern provenances (Austria, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Cyprus) were
undamaged (54). Experience in the United States strongly suggests that
black pine seed be obtained from the Balkan Peninsula or from the Crimea,
for improved winter hardiness (32).
Nursery-grown seedlings are commonly field-planted as 2-0, 2-1, or 2-2
seedlings. Field-plantable seedlings can be greenhouse grown in containers
in 9 months following a predetermined schedule of temperature, moisture,
relative humidity, and nutrient application (62).
In England, germination success of direct-sown Corsican black pine seed
was found to be strongly dependent on aspect; satisfactory germination was
achieved on north-facing slopes on young sand dunes nearest the sea (27).
Newly germinated seedlings suffered very heavy losses from voles and
rabbits but became unpalatable to them within 2 months.
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Soils and Topography
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European black pine is adapted to many soil types and topographic
habitats. In its native range the species commonly is separated into three
geographic groupings: western, central, and eastern. Sources from southern
France and Spain, the western group, often are indifferent to soil type;
sources from Corsica, Italy, and Sicily, the central group, grow poorly on
limestone soils; while sources from the Balkans and the Crimea, U.S.S.R.,
the eastern group, appear to do well on the poorer limestone soils (31).
Black pine also grows well on podzolic soils (8).
In England, Austrian material does well as a shelterbelt tree in exposed
situations near the sea on light, dry, shallow soils, sands, chalks, and
limestone. It is less well-suited than Corsican strains in infertile, "stiff,"
or wet soils (6).
Although European black pine often is found on poor, calcareous, sandy,
and even pure limestone soils, it requires a deep soil. On good sites,
Italian, Sicilian, and Corsican strains are fast growing (up to 40 m or
131 ft tall) and straight (23,40).
In Europe, black pine is found at elevations ranging from 250 to 1800 m
(820 to 5,910 ft). In Austria, it is found on poor dolomite and limestone
sites from 260 to 500 m (850 to 1,640 ft) and on good soils from 300 to
700 m (980 to 2,300 ft); at about 610 m (2,000 ft) in the Dinaric Alps of
the Balkans; at 1200 m (3,940 ft) in the Sierra de Segura of southeastern
Spain; and from 900 to 1800 m (2,950 to 5,910 ft) on Corsica (40).
In the United States the major experience with European black pine has
been with Austrian sources. Most planting stock is provided by private
nurseries, and several million trees are produced annually in the
Northeastern States. The species has been especially successful in the
Northeast on soils of high pH in the southern part of the area formerly
planted to red pine (Pinus resinosa) (69). There is evidence,
however, that black pine is not a good choice to replace red pine on many
northeastern sites (42). After 21 growing seasons, black pine averaged
about 2.1 m (7 ft) shorter and 3.2 cm (1.25 in) less in d.b.h. on several
New York soil types.
In the Great Plains region, European black pine is not a demanding
species and is being planted on soils of the orders Aridisols, Entisols,
Mollisols, and Vertisols. More specifically it grows well throughout a
broad range of soils including sandy loams, silty clays, and calcareous
soils. It is about as adaptable to most Great Plains windbreak and
shelterbelt sites as ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), although on
the very poor sites it suffers considerable mortality. Once established,
however, the rate of height growth is good, and density and form of the
crown are superior to ponderosa pine (50). Survival, height, vigor, and
crown development throughout the Great Plains region are best in deep,
permeable, well-drained, and mostly sandy loams along river lowlands and
stream valleys where the water table is 6.1 m (20 ft) or less below the
surface; they are poorest on shallow, sandy, or silty soils underlain by
claypan or gravel.
After early success in the turn of the century plantings in the Nebraska
Sandhills, black pine was not considered as desirable for extensive
plantings as eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana), jack pine
(Pinus banksiana), or ponderosa pine. In Iowa, black pine was
reported to be tolerant of high-lime soils, where survival and growth were
best on western and northern exposures (19).
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Special Uses
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European black pine is a widespread and important timber-producing tree
of central and southern Europe, especially Corsica. The wood resembles
Scotch pine but is rougher, softer in texture, and possesses less
strength. Although the wood has a relatively larger proportion of sapwood
to heartwood and thus requires a long rotation, it is used extensively
throughout the Mediterranean region for general construction, fuelwood,
and other purposes for which pine timber is needed (12).
Elsewhere, black pine has been grown more for estate and landscape uses
than as a timber crop, although in England during World War II it proved
serviceable for box boards and pit props.
The species has been planted extensively in cold, semi-arid, exposed
coastal regions for protection and sand dune fixation because of its
capacity to withstand drought, to grow on light, dry sandy soils of low
productivity, and to tolerate fill (6). This frost-hardy, windfirm, and
light-demanding species has been widely used for nearly 100 years in
windbreaks and roadside plantings throughout the eastern Great Plains of
the United States, where its dense foliage and stiff branches withstand
wind, ice, and heavy snow.
The species has not been widely grown in the United States for timber
production, although estate, school, and experimental plantings have been
thinned for pulpwood and timber products (69). It is occasionally tapped
for resin, but its pitch is not as high in quality as that of slash pine
(Pinus elliottii).
European black pine is grown for Christmas trees in the North Central
and Northeastern States (34) where it is not subject to heavy damage from
the European shoot moth and tip moth, but where it is severely damaged by
Dothistroma, Lophodermium, and Diplodia needle and tip blights.
It is being increasingly used in urban and industrial environmental
improvement plantings because of its rapid growth and protoplasmic
insensitivity to salt spray (4) and to industrial dust, dry soil, and
smoke containing sulfur dioxide (7). Excised shoots of black pine and
other conifer species are capable of absorbing more S02, N02,
and 03 than shoots of a number of deciduous species (18). It
also provides wildlife habitat and might be used as a wood source (39).
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Vegetative Reproduction
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At present, grafting is the most common
method for vegetatively propagating European black pine. Needle fascicles
have been rooted, but only fascicles from 1-year-old short shoots on young
(5-year-old) plants were able to form callus or to root. Propagation by
cuttings and air-layering has not been reported.
The side graft method is the usual practice, but cleft and veneer grafts
can also be used. Grafting is done on actively growing stock, and removal
of the stock by pruning must be gradual after scion growth begins.
Stock-scion incompatibility in black pine is not a serious problem,
especially if the stock and the scion are of the same race. Black pine can
be grafted onto Pinus sylvestris, P. resinosa, P. khasya, P. montana,
P. mugo, and P. contorta; but semi-incompatibility has been
found with P. ponderosa, P. radiata, and P. armandii (67).
Research in Yugoslavia indicates that a wide range of auxin
concentrations, can promote the development of rootable plantlets from
shoot tip explants (30).
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Brief Summary
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Pinaceae -- Pine family
David F. Van Haverbeke
European black pine (Pinus nigra), also called Austrian pine,
was one of the early tree introductions into the United States, first
reported in cultivation in 1759 (52). Black pine was one of the first
conifers tested for adaptability in the Sandhills of Nebraska in the 1891
Bruner plantation, Holt County, and in 1909 on the Nebraska National
Forest. It was also planted by homesteaders on the Great Plains in the
early 1900's to provide beauty and protection from wind and snow on the
treeless prairies.
The most common seed sources of European black pine introduced into the
United States have been from Austria and the Balkans (69). Sources from
other parts of the natural range are relatively scarce in this country,
except in a few arboreta. The best of these, however, grow as much as 50
percent faster than the typical Austrian sources. Today, European black
pine is one of the most common introduced ornamentals in the United
States.
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Physical Description
provided by USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins finely serrulate (use magnification or slide your finger along the leaf), Leaf apex acute, Leaves > 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves not blue-green, Needle-like leaves triangular, Needle-like leaves twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 2, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones < 5 cm long, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Seed cones bearing a scarlike umbo, Umbo with obvious prickle, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds green, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
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Pinus nigra
provided by wikipedia EN
Pinus nigra, the Austrian pine[2] or black pine, is a moderately variable species of pine, occurring across Southern Europe from the Iberian Peninsula[3] to the eastern Mediterranean, on the Anatolian peninsula of Turkey, Corsica and Cyprus, as well as Crimea and in the high mountains of Northwest Africa.
Description
Pinus nigra is a large coniferous evergreen tree, growing to 20–55 metres (66–180 feet) high at maturity and spreading to 6 to 12 m (20 to 39 ft) wide. The bark is gray to yellow-brown, and is widely split by flaking fissures into scaly plates, becoming increasingly fissured with age. The leaves ('needles') are thinner and more flexible in western populations.
The ovulate and pollen cones appear from May to June. The mature seed cones are 5–10 centimetres (2–4 inches) (rarely to 11 cm) long, with rounded scales; they ripen from green to pale gray-buff or yellow-buff in September to November, about 18 months after pollination. The seeds are dark gray, 6–8 millimetres (1⁄4–5⁄16 in) long, with a yellow-buff wing 20–25 mm (3⁄4–1 in) long; they are wind-dispersed when the cones open from December to April. maturity is reached at 15–40 years; large seed crops are produced at 2–5 year intervals.
Pinus nigra is moderately fast growing, at about 30–70 cm (12–28 in) per year. It usually has a rounded conic form, that becomes irregular with age. The tree can be long-lived, with some trees over 500 years old.
Foliage and cone of subsp. nigra
Taxonomy
The species is divided into two subspecies, each further subdivided into three varieties.[4][5] Some authorities (e.g. Flora Europaea) treat several of the varieties at subspecific rank, but this reflects tradition rather than sound taxonomy, as the distinctions between the taxa are small.[6]
- Subspecies
-
P. nigra subsp. nigra in the east of the range, from Austria, northeast and central Italy, east to the Crimea and Turkey. Needles stout, rigid, 1.5–2 mm diameter, with 3–6 layers of thick-walled hypodermal cells.
-
P. nigra subsp. nigra var. nigra (syn. Pinus nigra var. austriaca, Pinus nigra subsp. dalmatica) (Austrian pine): Austria, Balkans (except southern Greece).
-
P. nigra subsp. nigra var. caramanica (Turkish black pine): Turkey, Cyprus, southern Greece.
-
P. nigra subsp. nigra var. italica (Italian black pine): central Italy (Villetta Barrea, in Abruzzo National Park)
-
P. nigra subsp. nigra var. pallasiana (syn. Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) (Crimean pine): Crimea, Cyprus.
-
P. nigra subsp. salzmannii in the west of the range, from southern Italy to southern France, Spain and North Africa. Needles slender, more flexible, 0.8–1.5 mm diameter, with 1–2 layers of thin-walled hypodermal cells.
-
P. nigra subsp. salzmannii var. salzmannii (Pyrenean pine): Pyrenees, Southern France, Northern Spain.
-
P. nigra subsp. salzmannii var. corsicana (syn. Pinus nigra subsp. laricio, Pinus nigra var. maritima) (Corsican pine): Corsica, Sicily, Southern Italy.
-
P. nigra subsp. laricio Koekelare [7]
-
P. nigra subsp. salzmannii var. mauretanica (Atlas Mountains black pine): Morocco, Algeria.
Pinus nigra var.
corsicana—Corsican pine, in
Corsica.
Distribution and habitat
Pinus nigra is a tree of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome. The majority of the range is in Turkey. It is found in the higher elevations of the South Apennine mixed montane forests ecoregion in southern Italy and the Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests ecoregion in Sicily. There are remnant populations in the Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests ecoregion, and in the higher Atlas Mountains in Morocco and Algeria.
It is found at elevations ranging from sea level to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), most commonly from 250–1,600 m (820–5,250 ft). Several of the varieties have distinct English names.[8] It needs full sun to grow well, is intolerant of shade, and is resistant to snow and ice damage.
It has naturalized in parts of the midwestern states of the United States, normally south of the normal native ranges of native pines.
Ecology
In Mediterranean Europe and the Anatolian Peninsula (Asia Minor), trees usually associated with this species include Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Serbian spruce (Picea omorika), Bosnian pine (Pinus heldreichii), Norway spruce (Picea abies), Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani), European silver fir (Abies alba) and related firs. Several species of juniper (Juniperus spp.), and various broadleaf trees are associates.
Climate and provenance
Pinus nigra is a light-demanding species, intolerant of shade but resistant to wind and drought.[9] The eastern P. nigra subsp. nigra exhibits greater winter frost hardiness (hardy to below −30 °C) than the western P. nigra subsp. salzmannii (hardy to about −25 °C).[4]
Different provenances (seed sources by geographic area) or varieties are adapted to different soil types: Austrian and Pyrenees origins grow well on a wide range of soil types, Corsican origins grows poorly on limestone, while Turkish and Crimean origins grow well on limestone. Most provenances also show good growth on podzolic soils.
As an invasive species
Pinus nigra var.
corsicana—Corsican pine plantation, in
Belgium.
Pinus nigra has become naturalised in a few areas of the US. In New Zealand it is considered an invasive species and noxious weed, along with lodgepole pine (P. contorta) and Scots pine (P. sylvestris), due to their habitat conversion nature in tussock grassland plant communities, shading out the native bunch grasses as their forest canopy develops.
Uses
Lumber
The timber of European black pine is similar to that of Scots pine (P. sylvestris) and red pine (P. resinosa), being moderately hard and straight-grained. It does however tend to be rougher, softer, and not as strong, due to its faster growth. It is used for general construction, fuel, and in paper manufacture.
In the United Kingdom, Pinus nigra is important both as a timber tree and in plantations (primarily Corsican pine subsp.). Recently however, serious problems have occurred with red band needle blight disease, caused by the fungus Dothistroma septosporum, resulting in a major recent decline in forestry planting there.[10] In the United States it is of low importance as a timber species.
In regard to Austrian pine, the fungus Dothistroma septosporum is widespread and rapidly spreading out of control throughout the United States. It is out of control and not recommended for landscaping, especially in groups or rows.
Ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal use
In Turkey, this pine (subsp. pallasiana) was and is used in various ways, both topically and internally, as well as for construction and for livestock. Among its uses are curing acne, common cold, osteomyelitis, and viral infections; acting as an oral antiseptic; treating cracked hands and feet in the winter; and sealing wooden roofs.
Ornamental use
In the US and Canada, the European black pine is planted as a street tree, and as an ornamental tree in gardens and parks. Its value as a street tree is largely due to its resistance to salt spray (from road de-icing salt) and various industrial pollutants (including ozone), and its intermediate drought tolerance. In the UK the tree is planted as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens. It is planted with great success as far north as Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.[11]
In both the US and UK most of the specimens planted are from Austrian sources, the P. nigra subsp. nigra and P. nigra subsp. nigra var. nigra seed selections. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, when demand for natural trees was extremely high, its rapid growth, deep green color and low cost made it briefly a popular Christmas tree, but the extreme length of the needles (making it very difficult to decorate) soon led to its fall from favor, and it has long since been abandoned in the US for that purpose.
P. nigra is planted for windbreaks and shelterbelts in the US, recommended for windbreaks in the Northern Great Plains on medium to deep moist or upland soils.
References
-
^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus nigra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42386A2976817. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42386A2976817.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
-
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Pinus nigra". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
-
^ "Jardim Botânico UTAD | Espécie Pinus nigra". Jb.utad.pt.
-
^ a b Gymnosperm Database: Pinus nigra
-
^ Christensen, K. I. (1993). Comments on the earliest validly published varietal name for the Corsican Pine. Taxon 42: 649-653.
-
^ Farjon, A. (2005). Pines Drawings and Descriptions of the Genus Pinus 2nd ed. Brill ISBN 90-04-13916-8.
-
^ Belgische Dendrologie Belge Pinus Nigra Laricio Koekelare
-
^ Rushforth, K. (1987). Conifers. Helm ISBN 0-7470-2801-X.
-
^ Isajev, V.; Fady, B.; Semerci, H.; Andonovski, V. (2004), European Black pine - Pinus nigra: Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use (PDF), European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
-
^ Forestry Commission: Red band needle blight
-
^ "PlantFiles Pictures: Pinus Species, Austrian Pine, Black Pine, Corsican Pine, European Black Pine (Pinus nigra)". Davesgarden.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
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Pinus nigra: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Pinus nigra, the Austrian pine or black pine, is a moderately variable species of pine, occurring across Southern Europe from the Iberian Peninsula to the eastern Mediterranean, on the Anatolian peninsula of Turkey, Corsica and Cyprus, as well as Crimea and in the high mountains of Northwest Africa.
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