dcsimg

Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Fungus / saprobe
pycnidium of Camarosporium coelomycetous anamorph of Camarosporium quercus is saprobic on dead wood of Quercus coccinea

Foodplant / feeds on
pycnidium of Macrophoma coelomycetous anamorph of Cleistophoma dryina feeds on twig (slender) of Quercus coccinea

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Ganoderma pfeifferi is saprobic on dead, white-rotted trunk (esp. base) of Quercus coccinea
Other: minor host/prey

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BioImages
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BioImages
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BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK

Comments ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Trees having acorns with broad, distinctly warty cups are sometimes classified as Quercus coccinea var. tuberculata Sargent.

Quercus coccinea reportedly hybridizes with Q . imbricaria , Q . ilicifolia (= Q . × robbinsii Trelease), Q . laevis , and Q . palustris (E. J. Palmer 1948) and with Q . phellos , Q . rubra , and Q . velutina (= Q . × fontana Laughlin).

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حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
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eFloras

Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Trees , deciduous, to 30 m; lower trunk without stubs of dead branches. Bark dark gray to dark brown, irregularly fissured with scaly ridges, inner bark orangish pink. Twigs reddish brown, (1-)2-3.5 mm diam., glabrous. Terminal buds dark reddish brown, conic to ovoid, 4-7 mm, noticeably 5-angled in cross section, usually silvery- or tawny-pubescent distal to middle. Leaves: petiole 25-60 mm, glabrous. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate or obovate, 70-160 × 80-130 mm, base obtuse to truncate, margins with 5-9 deep lobes and 18-50 awns, lobes distally expanded, sinuses usually extending more than 1/2 distance to midrib, apex acute; surfaces abaxially glabrous except for minute axillary tufts of tomentum, adaxially glossy light green, glabrous, secondary veins raised on both surfaces. Acorns biennial; cup turbinate to hemispheric, 7-13 mm high × 16.5-31.5 mm wide, covering 1/3-1/2 nut, outer surface light to dark reddish brown, glossy, glabrous to puberulent, inner surface light brown, glabrous, occasionally with ring of pubescence around scar, scales often tuberculate, base broad, glossy, margins strongly concave with tips tightly appressed, acute to attenuate; nut oblong to subglobose, 12-22 × 10-21 mm, glabrous, with 1 or more rings of fine pits at apex, scar diam. 6.5-13.5 mm. 2 n = 24.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ill., Ind., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Flowering/Fruiting ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Flowering spring.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Poor soils, well-drained uplands, dry slopes, and ridges, occasionally on poorly drained sites; 0-1500m.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Synonym ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Quercus coccinea var. tuberculata Sargent
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire use, prescribed fire

The following Research Project Summaries
provide information on prescribed

fire use and postfire response of plant
community species, including scarlet

oak, that was not available when this
species review was originally

written:

ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Common Names ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
scarlet oak
Spanish oak
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Conservation Status ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
In Maine's Official List of Endangered and Threatened Plants, scarlet
oak is listed under the administrative category, Special
Concern-Possibly Extirpated [13].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: monoecious, tree

Scarlet oak is a medium-sized, monoecious, native, deciduous tree with
an open, rounded crown [24,43].  At maturity, scarlet oak is usually 60
to 80 feet (18-24 m) tall and 24 to 36 inches (61-91 cm) in d.b.h., but
it can reach a maximum size of 100 feet (30 m) in height and 48 inches
(122 cm) in d.b.h. on good sites.  Seedlings have a strong taproot and
relatively few lateral roots.  Scarlet oak is one of the fastest growing
upland oak species [24] and is short-lived [38].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Scarlet oak is distributed from southwestern Maine west to New York,
Ohio, southern Michigan and Indiana; south to southern Illinois,
southeastern Missouri, and central Mississippi; east to southern Alabama
and southwestern Georgia; and north along the western edge of the
Atlantic Coastal Plain to the Virginia Coast.  Scarlet oak is abundant
in the Piedmont and in the Appalachian Mountains [24,30].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Fire Ecology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: basal area, density, fire regime, frequency, litter, root crown, seed, severity

The fire resistance of scarlet oak is rated as low.  It has thin bark,
and even low severity surface fires can result in severe basal damage
and high mortality.  Top-killed scarlet oaks sprout vigorously from the
root crown after fire [24].

A thick litter covering is unfavorable for scarlet oak acorn germination
[24].  Fire removes litter and may facilitate scarlet oak regeneration
[39].  However, no study documenting increased scarlet oak regeneration
from seed after fire was found in the literature.  The primary mode of
regeneration after fire appears to be sprouting.

The prevalent presettlement upland oak forests in the eastern and
central United States were associated with recurring fire.  These
forests probably burned at an intermediate frequency (50 to 100 year
intervals), which promoted the dominance and stability of oak [1].
Oak-hickory forests are not usually conducive to high-severity fires,
but surface fires are easily ignited and spread rapidly under favorable
conditions [9].  In the absence of fire or other disturbance, the
short-lived scarlet oak is replaced by later successional species.
Periodic fire opens the canopy and provides an opportunity for upland
oaks to regenerate and maintain dominance [1].  Fifty-five years after a
late summer fire in south-central Connecticut, a burned area had higher
absolute and relative amounts of oak (scarlet, black, white, chestnut,
and northern red) than an adjacent unburned area [60].

In Missouri, nearly all trees were top-killed after a spring fire in a
23-year-old white oak-black oak-hickory stand in which 79 percent of the
stems larger than 0.6 inches (1.5 cm) in d.b.h. were oak and hickory.
Ten years later, 64 percent of the stems were oak and hickory,
indicating that a stand can replace itself.  Scarlet oak increased from
a prefire density of 253 stems per acre (625 stems/ha) to a postfire
density of 329 stems per acre (813 stems/ha).  Scarlet oak basal area
decreased from (2.7 m sq/ha) prefire to (0.6 m sq/ha) postfire.
However, scarlet oak maintained its position as the third most frequent
overstory species behind white oak and black oak.  New stems were
primarily from basal sprouting [37].

Scarlet oak is restricted from the pine-scrub oak communities of the New
Jersey Pine Barrens because it does not produce viable seed at a young
enough age to become established in areas that burn every 8 to 12 years
[31,32].  In the Pine Barrens, scarlet oak is usually restricted to the
later successional forests along with white, black, and chestnut oaks
[19].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Fire Management Considerations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: hardwood, tree

Prescribed fire is often used to control hardwoods and promote
establishment of pine.  In a study on the South Carolina Piedmont,
spring felling of leafed-out residual oaks (scarlet, chestnut, and
black) followed by summer burning produced greater reductions of
dominant sprout height and sprout clump crown diameters at the end of
the first postfire growing season than did winter felling followed by
summer broadcast burning.  Spring felling was probably more effective
because carbohydrate root reserves are low after leaves emerge [17].

Because of the prolific sprouting of scarlet oak, prescribed burning
without additional use of herbicides or mechanical removal may not
adequately control this species.  Prescribed burning is not recommended
for hardwood control, including scarlet oak, for shortleaf pine (Pinus
echinata) regeneration on the Cumberland Plateau in Kentucky [63].

Equations have been developed to estimate the fire-caused mortality of
scarlet oak.  In order to predict mortality, a manager needs to know the
tree d.b.h., the height of bark blackening, the width of bark blackening
1 foot (0.3 m) above the ground, and the season of fire.  The equation
should be applied to trees between 3 and 16 inches (7.6-40.6 cm) in
d.b.h. [35].  Equations have also been developed to predict lumber value
losses due to fire wounding of scarlet oak [36].  An equation has been
developed to predict the size of a fire wound on a scarlet oak from the
area of the exterior discolored bark and the diameter of the damaged
tree [45].

Scarlet oak is a preferred species for shelterbelts around farms and
houses to protect them from fire in open country.  The row of trees
reduces wind velocity, filters out air borne debris, slows ground fires,
and readily regenerates after fire [52].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

  
   Phanerophyte
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat characteristics ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: hardwood, shrub, tree

Scarlet oak, an upland xerophytic species, commonly occurs on ridges and
slopes in hilly to mountainous terrain.  It occurs up to 5,000 feet
(1,520 m) in the southern Appalachian Mountains but is most common below
3,000 feet (910 m) [24].  In the Smoky Mountains, scarlet oak is most
frequent in middle and lower slope positions centered around 2,500 feet
(760 m) in elevation [61].  Scarlet oak will also grow in valley sites
on generally coarser soils than white oak [46].

Scarlet oak grows in a wide variety of soils, but especially in dry
sandy or gravelly soils [20,24].  It is most common on lower quality
sites [56].  In 51 upland hardwood stands on the Virginia Piedmont,
scarlet oak was significantly associated with low soil clay content
(p less than 0.05), low soil calcium (p less than 0.01), low soil magnesium (p less than 0.05), and
low pH (p less than 0.05) [15].

Common small tree and shrub associates of scarlet oak not mentioned in
Distribution and Occurrence include sassafras (Sassafras albidum),
flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), redbud (Cercis canadensis), sourwood
(Oxydendrum arboreum), sumacs (Rhus spp.), hawthorns (Crataegus spp.),
eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), greenbriers (Smilax spp.),
blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), and huckleberries (Gaylussacia spp.).
Mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia) is an associate on very dry sites
[24,56].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Cover Types ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: hardwood

    14  Northern pin oak
    40  Post oak - blackjack oak
    43  Bear oak
    44  Chestnut oak
    45  Pitch pine
    51  White pine - chestnut oak
    52  White oak - black oak - northern red oak
    53  White oak
    75  Shortleaf pine
    76  Shortleaf pine - oak
    78  Virginia pine - oak
    79  Virginia pine
    82  Loblolly pine - hardwood
   110  Black oak
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Ecosystem ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

   FRES10  White - red - jack pine
   FRES13  Loblolly - shortleaf pine
   FRES14  Oak - pine
   FRES15  Oak - hickory
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Plant Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

   K095  Great Lakes pine forest
   K100  Oak - hickory forest
   K104  Appalachian oak forest
   K110  Northeastern oak - pine forest
   K111  Oak - hickory - pine forest
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Immediate Effect of Fire ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire interval, litter, surface fire

Small scarlet oak are easily top-killed by low-severity surface fires,
and larger scarlet oak may suffer severe basal damage [24].  Scarlet oak
is less resistant to basal injury than black oak, white oak, or chestnut
oak.  Scarlet oak is often severely wounded even when the area of
discolored bark is comparatively small.  Fire wounds often extend far
beyond the region of bark discoloration [45].

Because bark thickens with age, the longer the fire interval, the
greater the chance a thin-barked species will develop bark thick enough
to protect it from a low-severity surface fire.  Scarlet oak is reduced
in number by short-interval fires because of its thin bark and slow
growth [22].

Almost all scarlet oak in a 23-year-old mixed oak-hickory stand in
Missouri were top-killed by a spring fire [37].

Acorns cannot withstand the amount of heat usually generated in leaf
litter fires [28].  Acorns buried in the soil by animals may survive,
although documentation of this possibility with respect to scarlet oak
was not found in the literature.
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Scarlet oak acorns are an important food source for numerous upland
wildlife species including squirrels, chipmunks, mice, wild turkeys,
white-tailed deer, blue jays, and woodpeckers [24].  White-tailed deer
occasionally browse young oak sprouts.  The deer only take the top few
inches of the sprout unless it is extremely succulent or other food is
scarce [33].

Small mammals and birds use scarlet oak for nesting sites, both in the
canopy and in cavities [2,56]. 
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Key Plant Community Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: codominant, cover, cover type, forest

Scarlet oak is a common component of many eastern and central dry upland
forests.  Nearly pure stands of scarlet oak grow in areas of the Ozark
Plateau in Missouri [24].  A chestnut oak (Quercus prinus)-scarlet oak
variant of the chestnut oak SAF cover type is found on upper slopes and
ridges in the central Appalachians.  Scarlet oak is also prominent in
several variants of the white oak (Q. alba)-black oak (Q.
velutina)-northern red oak (Q. rubra) SAF cover type [14].

At middle and lower elevations in the Appalachian Mountains, scarlet oak
is often a major component of pine (Pinus spp.) forests and pine heaths
[61].  Scarlet oak constitutes an important component of the subcanopy
and canopy layers of Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens) forest [62].

The following published classifications list scarlet oak as a codominant
species:

Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains [61]
Old growth forests within the Piedmont of South Carolina [25]
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Life Form ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Tree
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Management considerations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: density, forest, frequency, mesic, top-kill, tree

Forest managers have noticed a decrease in upland oak frequency in newly
regenerated stands after clearcutting, especially on good sites.  The
reason for the decrease is the inability of oak seedlings to compete
successfully with late successional, fast-growing species that have
invaded the oak forest understory in the absence of fire [51].

Oak seedlings that are occasionally top-killed will sprout from the
stump.  These sprouts, known as advance regeneration, have
well-developed root systems.  They grow faster than true seedlings and
are better able to compete successfully.  To regenerate upland oaks
successfully, advance regeneration must be 4 to 5 feet (1.2-1.5 m) tall
before the overstory is removed.  Regeneration of a mixed oak forest
after clearcutting can be successful only if there are adequate numbers
of older advance regeneration or saplings [51].  Sanders [50] recommends
there be at least 433 well-distributed oak sprouts and saplings per acre
(1,070/ha).  Otherwise, a shelterwood silviculture system is needed to
give oak regeneration time and partial light to grow [24,51,59].  For
best results, the shelterwood cut should leave a 60 to 70 percent
stocking density.  All nonoak stems in the understory larger than 4 to 6
feet (1.2-1.8 m) tall should be killed [51].

The season of clearcutting appears to have an effect on the regeneration
of upland oaks stands.  On medium quality sites in south-central Ohio,
upland oaks (chestnut, scarlet, black and white) were more favored over
mixed hardwoods after summer clearcutting than after winter
clearcutting.  The season of harvest (dormant season versus growing
season) did not affect regeneration on good sites [59].

Site quality affects the ability of upland oaks to regenerate.  In the
above study in south-central Ohio, medium quality sites had higher
absolute and relative oak densities 18 to 20 years after clearcutting
than did good sites.  The oaks showed good early establishment on both
medium and good sites but were later unable to compete with the faster
growing, mesic hardwoods on good sites [59].

Information on storage, seeding, and planting techniques for upland oaks
is detailed [49].  A method for increasing the growth rate of northern
red oak seedlings in nurseries has been developed and may be applicable
to scarlet oak [55].

Once scarlet oak stands are established, thinning increases the growth
rate of remaining trees.  Thirty-two-year-old scarlet oaks showed 12
years of increased differential diameter growth beginning 6 to 7 years
after thinning.  The reason for the delayed response is unknown [10].
Information on thinning, stocking, growth and yields of upland oaks is
detailed [18].  Thinning upland oak stands to retain the best acorn
producers for wildlife habitat enhancement did not improve acorn yields
enough to justify the efforts [13].

Scarlet oak is susceptible to a number of insects and diseases.  Gypsy
moth (Lymantria dispar), an introduced species, defoliates scarlet oak,
and successive defoliations can kill a tree.  Other insects that
defoliate scarlet oak include oak leaftier (Croesia semipurpurana), fall
cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria), forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma
disstria), and walkingstick (Diapheromera femorata).  Insects that bore
into the trunk include twolined chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineatus), red
oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus), oak timberworm (Arrhenodes minutus),
Ambrosia beetles (Platypus spp. and Xyleborus spp.), and the larvae of
carpenterworms (Prionoxystus spp.).  Egg-laying activity of the gouty
oak gall wasp (Callirhytis quercuepuntata) results in galls on smaller
twigs and limbs, and the oak-apple gall wasp (Amphibolips confluenta)
causes gall growth on leaves and petioles.  Black carpenter ants
(Camponotus pennsylvanicus) sometimes nest in standing trees [24].

Scarlet oak is susceptible to oak wilt caused by the fungus Cerotocystis
fagacearum, and infected trees may die within 1 month.  Cankers are
caused by Nectria spp. and Strummella coryneoidea.  Fungi, such as
Stereum gausapatum, cause heart rot and enter the bole through branch
stubs and fire wounds.  Scarlet oak does not self-prune well, and old
branch stubs facilitate fungi entry [24].  Pruning a scarlet oak stand
results in better timber quality [7].  Sprouts are susceptible to heart
rot; sprouts from large diameter stumps are more susceptible than those
from small diameter stumps [24].

Scarlet oaks that are stressed from drought, gypsy moth defoliation,
spring frost defoliation, old age, fire, poor site conditions, or other
factors often succumb to secondary agents such as twolined chestnut
borer and shoestring root rot (Armillaria mellea).  This scenario, in
which a primary agent stresses the tree and a secondary agent kills it,
is known as "oak decline" and is responsible for considerable scarlet
oak mortality.  For instance, from 1968 to 1972, 27 percent of scarlet
oak in the Newark Watershed in New Jersey died from gypsy moth
defoliation followed by twolined chestnut borer and shoestring root rot
attack [42].  Based on site factors, a general stand classification of
mortality risk from oak decline has been developed [53].

Herbicides have been used to control scarlet oak on sites where pine
regeneration is desired.  In order to convert a North Carolina
Appalachian site to white pine (Pinus strobus), picloram was applied in
May as 10 percent acid equivalent pellets at the rate of 4.5 pounds acid
equivalent per acre (5.0 kg ae/ha).  One year later, 19 percent of the
scarlet oaks showed complete crown kill or defoliation; 72 percent showed
leaf curling, crown biomass reduction, and/or chlorosis; and 9 percent
exhibited no effect from the herbicide treatment [44].

In Georgia, three herbicides were tested on scarlet oak.  Each tree
received one incision for every 3 inches (7.6 cm) in d.b.h.; each
incision was injected with 0.06 ounces (2 ml) of herbicide.  One year
after injection, scarlet oaks injected with Arsenal at two different
concentrations (1 and 2 pounds AC 252,925 per gallon [120 and 240 g/l])
had 100 percent top-kill and no sprouting.  Garlon 3A (1.5 pounds
triclopyr per gallon [180 g/l]) resulted in 50 percent top-kill.
Scarlet oak injected with 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid at two
concentrations (1.5 and 3 pounds XRM-3972 per gallon [180 and 360 g/l])
resulted in 0 percent and 20 percent top-kill, respectively [41].

When managing forests for cavity-nesting species, scarlet oak should be
selected over hickories (Carya spp.) and white oak because of its high
number of cavities.  In southeastern Missouri, 21.2 percent of scarlet
oaks had cavities.  The average d.b.h. of cavity trees was 12.2 inches
(31.0 cm) with bigger trees having larger cavities [2].  In the Great
Smoky Mountains National Park, dead standing scarlet oak decays at a
rate of 5.7 percent per year [21].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Nutritional Value ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Scarlet oak acorns are on average 14.6 percent crude fat, 35.6 percent
total carbohydrates, 4.2 percent total protein, 0.18 percent calcium,
0.07 percent phosphorus, and 0.07 percent magnesium [4].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
     AL  CT  DE  GA  IL  IN  KY  ME  MD  MA
     MI  MS  MO  NH  NJ  NY  NC  OH  PA  RI
     SC  TN  VA  VT  WV
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Other uses and values ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Scarlet oak is widely planted in the United States and Europe as a shade
tree and ornamental.  It has brilliant red foliage in autumn [24].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Palatability ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
The sprouts of scarlet oak are more palatable to white-tailed deer than
the sprouts of bear oak [34].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

Scarlet oak flowers in April or May, depending on latitude, elevation,
and weather.  Acorns mature in two growing seasons.  They ripen and drop
in the fall and germinate in the spring [24].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: density, fire frequency, forest, frequency, moderate-severity fire, root crown, severity

Scarlet oak individuals, including seedlings, sprout from the root crown
when top-killed.  Individuals that survive fire often have basal fire
wounds.

Fire-wounded scarlet oaks sometime suffer a reduction in the rate of
diameter growth.  A severe fire in the Bent Creek Experimental Forest in
North Carolina resulted in larger reductions in growth than a
moderate-severity fire.  While unwounded scarlet oaks grew on average of
0.20 inch per year (0.50 cm/yr) in diameter, scarlet oak with 1 to 25
percent, 25 to 50 percent, and more than 50 percent of the base wounded
grew 0.17 inch per year (0.43 cm/yr), 0.14 inch per year (0.36 cm/yr),
and 0.09 inch per year (0.23 cm/y), respectively [23].

The mortality of oak trees from fire is often delayed.  Six months after
two surface fires of different severity in southern New York, living
butt-scorched trees (larger than 1 inch [2.5 cm] in d.b.h.) were tagged
for future study.  In the less severely burned area, 23 percent of the
tagged scarlet oak were dead 1.5 years after the fire.  Smaller diameter
trees, especially those less than 5 inches (12.7 cm), had the highest
mortality.  In the other area that burned more severely because of a
dense understory of mountain-laurel, 100 percent of the tagged scarlet
oaks were dead 1.5 years after the fire.  The authors concluded that at
least one postfire growing season must elapse before fire damage to oaks
can be accurately determined [54].

The density of scarlet oak stems generally increases after fire because
of sprouting.  Two growing seasons after two annual fires in an oak-pine
stand in the Cumberland Plateau in Kentucky, scarlet oak and black oak
stems increased from a prefire density of approximately 1,250 stems per
acre (3,090 stems/ha) to a postfire density of approximately 1,750 stems
per acre (4,320 stems/ha) [63].

If high fire frequency is continued, however, scarlet oak density will
eventually decrease as rootstocks weaken and die.  After 27 years of
annual burning in a Tennessee upland oak forest, both overstory and
understory stem densities of scarlet oak were considerably reduced [11].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: secondary colonizer, tree

   Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/root sucker
   Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: competition, cover, density, forest, frequency, hypogeal, litter, root crown, seed, shrubs, tree, xeric

Sexual:  Seed production begins when the tree is about 20 years old,
with maximum production occurring after 50 years of age.  Seed
production is irregular and unpredictable, but good crops generally
occur every 3 to 5 years [24].  Seeds are disseminated by animals and
gravity.

Germination is hypogeal.  A light covering of forest litter is ideal for
germination [24].  In oak-pine forests in the New Jersey Pine Barrens,
scarlet oak seedlings occurred more frequently in areas with moss-lichen
cover and shallow litter layers than in areas with deep litter.  The
mean litter depth of 1-year-old seedlings was 0.9 inch (2.2 cm) [7].  In
another study, the density of scarlet oak seedlings was negatively
correlated with deep litter coverage on some sites.  However, this
negative correlation may be related to light availability because more
litter accumulated near shrubs [39].

A moderately open overstory canopy provides a favorable environment for
germination [24].  In the Pine Barrens of New Jersey, scarlet oak
seedlings occurred on sites with a higher percent (37.6) of full sun
than did chestnut oak or white oak.  In addition, scarlet oak seedlings
occurred on sites with less competition, determined by distance to
closest neighbor in the ground layer.  However, because acorns have
large energy reserves, 1-year-old seedlings may not be highly site
specific [7].

Vegetative:  If top-killed, scarlet oak sprouts from dormant buds at or
above the root crown.  Nearly 100 percent of stumps smaller than 4
inches (10 cm) in d.b.h. sprout, and about 18 percent of trees 24 inches
(61 cm) in d.b.h. sprout [24].  In a study on the Virginia Piedmont, the
season of harvest did not affect the the sprouting frequency of scarlet
oak stumps [27].

Scarlet oak stumps initially produce large numbers of sprouts [24], but
over time, sprout clumps tend towards the survival of one or two stems.
In one study, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 35 years after cutting, the average
number of sprouts per stump was 9.0, 4.6, 2.7, 1.9, 1.5, and 1.3,
respectively [40].  Between the ages 4 and 8, stem-to-stem competition
within a scarlet oak clump is a more dominating interaction than
competition between clumps [8].

Scarlet oak sprouts grow faster in the first 5 years than the sprouts of
most associated oak species, but height growth falls off rapidly after
20 years [24].  The sprouts concentrate on stem growth during the first
and second growth flushes.  A third flush does not show nearly as much
growth which may be because this species is adapted to xeric sites where
moisture stress limits growth later in the growing season [57].

Juveniles often die back and sprout numerous times, thus becoming
advance regeneration.  Seedling sprouts grow faster than seedlings, with
the sprout growth rate dependent on the thickness of the stem [24].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: association, climax, codominant, forest

Scarlet oak is intolerant of shade [24].  Seeds can germinate in the
shade, but seedlings do not exhibit long-term survival or growth under a
closed canopy [11].  Scarlet oak is usually found in dominant and
codominant positions, since suppressed individuals eventually die [24].

Scarlet oak tends to be better represented in forests with a history of
disturbance such as fire, logging, grazing, or disease [24,38].  In a
study of long-term forest composition in North Carolina, scarlet oak
regeneration was low for over 30 years, suggesting population
recruitment of this species is episodic and probably dependent on
disturbance.  In the absence of disturbance, codominant scarlet oak
declines in importance in mixed oak stands [47].

Scarlet oak may be climax on dry sites with adequate light because of
its drought tolerance [24].  Little [32] suggests mixed oak forests of
black, white, chestnut, and scarlet oaks may represent a physiographic
climax association on upland sites in the New Jersey Pine Barrens.
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Synonyms ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Quercus richteri Baenitz
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cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of scarlet oak is Quercus coccinea
Muenchh. (Fagaceae)[24,30]. Scarlet oak has been placed within the the
subgenus Erythrobalanus, or red (black) oak group [20]. A rarely recognized
variety, Quercus coccinea var. tuberculata Sarg., is distinguished by
thickened tuberculate scales of the cup [5].

Scarlet oak hybridizes with the following species [24,30]:

x Q. ilicifolia (bear oak): Q. X robbinsii Trel.
x Q. velutina (black oak): Q. X fontana Laughlin
x Q. palustris (pin oak)
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Wood Products Value ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Although scarlet oak wood is of inferior grade, it is cut and utilized
with other red oaks as red oak lumber [20].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus coccinea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من IABIN
Chile Central
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Universidad de Santiago de Chile
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Pablo Gutierrez
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IABIN

Associated Forest Cover ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Scarlet oak is recognized as an important component of 14 forest cover types in North America (8). It is a major component of two variants of Chestnut Oak (Society of American Foresters Type 44). The chestnut oak-scarlet oak variant is found on upper slopes and ridge tops in the central Appalachians; the chestnut oak-black oak-scarlet oak variant is common in the Southeast. It is also a major component of three variants of White Oak-Black Oak-Northern Red Oak (Type 52): black oak-scarlet oak, black oak-scarlet oak-chestnut oak, and scarlet oak-chestnut oak. Nearly pure stands of scarlet oak grow in areas of the Ozark Plateau in Missouri.

Other forest types that include scarlet oak as an associate are Northern Pin Oak (Type 14), Post Oak-Blackjack Oak (Type 40), Black Oak (Type 110), Bear Oak (Type 43), White Oak (Type 53), Shortleaf Pine-Oak (Type 76), Loblolly Pine-Hardwood (Type 82), Pitch Pine (Type 45), Shortleaf Pine (Type 75), Virginia Pine (Type 79), Virginia Pine-Oak (Type 78), and White Pine-Chestnut Oak (Type 51).

Common less important trees and shrubs associated with scarlet oak include flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), and vacciniums (Vaccinium spp.).

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Paul S. Johnson
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Silvics of North America

Climate ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
The range of scarlet oak is within the humid region. Average annual precipitation ranges from 760 mm (30 in) along the western edge of the region to 1400 mm (55 in) in the southeast and at the higher elevations. Mean annual temperatures and growing season lengths range from about 10° C (50° F) and 120 days in New England to 18° C (65° F) and 240 days in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. Actual temperatures range from a minimum of -33° C (- 28° F) in the north to a maximum near 41° C (105° F) in the south.

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Silvics of North America

Damaging Agents ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Because of its thin bark, scarlet oak is very susceptible to fire damage. If not killed outright, the tree is usually injured so that sap or heart rots enter (4). This weakness, coupled with a dry environment, helps explain the high mortality or severe damage to trees even from light ground fires. Nevertheless, basal sprouting from fire-killed scarlet oaks may be prolific.

Heart rots of scarlet oak can enter the bole through branch stubs even at an early age and cause severe damage. Heart rots are especially common in stump sprouts that originate high on the stump (4). In one study, decay in scarlet oak sprouts that originated at or below ground line was only 9 percent, whereas decay in sprouts originating 2.5 cm (I in) or more above ground was 44 percent (22). The fungus Stereum gausapatum, which is transmitted from stump to sprout, was the most common cause of decay.

Scarlet oak is also susceptible to oak wilt (Ceratocystis fagacearum). Trees attacked by this fungus may die within a month after the first symptoms appear. This oak is also subject to cankers of Nectria spp. and Strummella coryneoidea. These diseases are especially severe from Virginia northward (4).

The major insect defoliators in scarlet oak include the oak leafteater (Croesia semipurpurana), fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria), forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria), gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), and orangestriped oakworm. (Anisota senatoria) (19). Coupled with defoliation by spring frosts, repeated defoliation by these insects either individually or in combination is thought to be the primary cause of "decline" and mortality of scarlet oak and other oaks in the red oak group in Pennsylvania. Similarly, in the Missouri Ozarks, scarlet oak decline has been linked to a complex of factors including insects, disease, drought, and soil-site relations (13).

The walkingstick (Diapheromera femorata) may severely defoliate scarlet oak, particularly in the northern portion of the scarlet oak range. The twolined chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineatus) is a secondary pest of scarlet and other oaks following drought, fire, frost damage, or defoliation by other insects. Larvae of carpenterworms (Prionoxystus sp.) can damage scarlet oak by tunneling into heartwood and sapwood. They prefer open grown trees or trees growing on poor sites. Ambrosia beetles (Platypus sp. and Xyleborus sp.) and the oak timberworm (Arrhenodes minutus) can invade and damage freshly cut or wounded trees (4). The red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus) breeds in trunks of living trees greater than 5 cm (2 in) d.b.h. Larvae bore into phloem and cause serious defect and degrade; ants and fungi may then enter wounds and cause further injury (1). The black carpenter ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus) sometimes nests in standing trees. Ants may enter the tree through stem cracks, scars, and holes and may extend their galleries into sound wood (1). The gouty oak gall wasp (Callirhytis quercuepunctata) can produce galls on twigs and smaller limbs of scarlet oak, and heavy infestations may kill the entire tree. Also, the large oak-apple gall wasp (Amphibolips confluenta) may cause gall on the leaves or leaf petioles of scarlet oak (1).

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Paul S. Johnson
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Silvics of North America

Flowering and Fruiting ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Scarlet oak is monoecious. It flowers in April or May, depending on latitude, elevation, and weather. Two growing seasons are required for the acorns to mature (20).

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Paul S. Johnson
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Silvics of North America

Genetics ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Scarlet oak hybridizes with black oak (Quercus velutina), producing Q. x fontana Laughlin, and with bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia), producing Q. x robbinsii Trel.; it also hybridizes with pin oak (Q. palustris).

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Paul S. Johnson
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Silvics of North America

Growth and Yield ( الإنجليزية )

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Scarlet oak is a medium-sized tree, normally maturing when 18 to 24 m (60 to 80 ft) tall and 61 to 91 cm (24 to 36 in) d.b.h. Maximum size is about 30 m (100 ft) in height and 122 cm (48 in) in d.b.h. The tree grows rapidly and matures early. Economic maturity is reached at 46 to 58 cm (18 to 23 in) d.b.h., depending on vigor class (4).

In diameter growth, scarlet oak ranks ahead or equal to that of associated oaks. Among 11 species compared in pole-size stands in the Central States, average 10-year diameter growth for scarlet oaks was exceeded only by yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and black walnut (Juglans nigra) (9). However, on poor sites, scarlet oak probably grows more rapidly than any of its associates (4). Yields of fully stocked unthinned oak stands in which scarlet oak is present range at age 80 from about 75.6 m³/ha (5,400 fbm/acre) for site index 55 to 175.0 m³/ha (12,500 fbm/acre) for site index 75 (10). Thinning scarlet oak stands can greatly increase growth and quality of individual trees (7,12).

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Reaction to Competition ( الإنجليزية )

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Scarlet oak is classed as very intolerant of shade. Except for reproduction under older stands, it is usually found only as a dominant or codominant (4). Its absence in suppressed or intermediate positions is indicative of its intolerance. It probably maintains its dominance on dry sites because of its rapid growth and drought tolerance, and because of light conditions that are adequate for the establishment and development of reproduction (4,21).

When site index is equal, scarlet oak tends to be better represented in forests with a fire history than in forests with little or no evidence of past burning (3). Its better representation on burned sites may be related to its vigorous sprouting ability after burning, together with the elimination of more fire-sensitive competitors.

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Rooting Habit ( الإنجليزية )

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Scarlet oak seedlings develop a strong taproot with relatively few lateral roots. Difficulties in transplanting this species may be related to its coarse root system plus its relatively slow rate of root regeneration (16).

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Seed Production and Dissemination ( الإنجليزية )

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Minimum seed-bearing age is 20 years, but maximum production does not occur until after 50 years of age. Seed production increases with tree size up to a diameter of 51 cm (20 in), then levels off. On the average, good seed crops occur every 3 to 5 years, although actual seed production may be irregular and unpredictable from year to year. In Missouri, scarlet oak acorn crops tend to be more variable than those of black oak (Quercus uelutina), white oak (Q. alba), post oak (Q. stellata), and blackjack oak (Q. marilandica) (4,5).

Maximum annual production of mature scarlet oak acorns in Missouri for a 4-year period was about 25 acorns per square meter (2 or 3/ft²) of crown area (18). In contrast, maximum annual production of black oak and white oak acorns was 70 to 75/m² (about 7/ft²)during the same period. In the Southeast, scarlet oak acorn production has averaged 14.6 kg/m² (3.0 lb/ft²) of basal area of scarlet red oak trees for a 12-year period (2). This production rate was about 25 percent of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and about 36 percent of white oak during the same period; however, scarlet oak acorn production exceeded that of black oak and chestnut oak (Q. prinus).

More than 80 percent of mature scarlet oak acorns may be destroyed by insects. Most insect damage occurs after acorn fall. The most important insect pests are nut weevils (Curculio spp.), moth larvae (Lepidoptera), and cynipid gall wasps (Cynipidae) (18). The proportion of uninfested acorns is usually highest in years of greatest seed production.

Scarlet oak acorns are a choice food for eastern gray squirrels, chipmunks, mice, wild turkey, deer, and birds, especially blue jays and red-headed woodpeckers (4). One-third to one-half of acorn losses have been attributed to removal by birds and squirrels while the acorns were still on the tree.

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Seedling Development ( الإنجليزية )

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A light covering of forest litter is beneficial to the germination of scarlet oak acorns; no litter or a deep litter is less favorable. A moderately open overstory canopy provides a more favorable environment for acorn germination than does a completely closed or very open canopy (4). Germination is hypogeal.

Shoots of scarlet oak seedlings commonly die back and resprout, thus forming seedling sprouts; resprouting occurs from dormant buds at or above the root collar. As a result of recurrent shoot dieback, root systems of scarlet oaks may be many years older than shoots. The potential rate of annual height growth of this reproduction increases with increasing basal diameter of sprouts (23). Young stump sprouts may produce up to three flushes of shoot growth per growing season (6). However, individual flush lengths get progressively shorter as the season progresses. Despite the initial rapid height growth of scarlet oak stump sprouts, a comparison of site index curves for sprouts with conventional curves indicated that the height growth of sprouts falls off rapidly after 20 years (26).

A two-cut shelterwood method has been recommended to regenerate scarlet oaks with the first cut made to provide a favorable germination environment (4). The second cut is made to release the advanced regeneration as soon as sufficient numbers of stems are large enough to successfully compete with the other vegetation that will develop when the remaining overstory is removed (24).

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Soils and Topography ( الإنجليزية )

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Scarlet oak is found on a wide variety of soils. The soil groups with which it is most frequently associated in the northern portion of its range include Fragiudalfs, Hapludalfs, and Paleudalfs of the order Alfisols (much of these formerly classified as gray-brown podzolic soils). In the northeastern portion of the species range, the predominant soil group is the Dystrochrept of the order Inceptisols (which includes soils formerly classified as brown podzolic). In the south, the species range lies within the area of soil groups that include Fragiudults, Hapludults, and Paleudults of the order Ultisols (much of these formerly classified as red-yellow podzolic soils).

The site index of scarlet oak at base age 50 years ranges from 11.3 to 27.7 in (37 to 91 ft) in the Missouri Ozarks (4,15). In the southern Appalachians, it regenerates and competes best on middle to upper slopes of southern exposure (17). However, site index increases with increasing depth of the A horizon, decreasing amounts of sand in the A horizon, and lower position on the slope. In the northern Appalachians, position on the slope, slope gradient, aspect, and soil depth to bedrock are also important site factors (4).

Although its successional position has not been defined, scarlet oak is probably a climax tree on dry soils. Because of its hardiness, it can be planted on a wide variety of soils.

Maximum elevation for scarlet oak is about 1520 in (5,000 ft) in the southern Appalachians; it is common at elevations less than 910 in (3,000 ft).

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Special Uses ( الإنجليزية )

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In addition to its value as a timber and wildlife species, scarlet oak is widely planted as an ornamental. Its brilliant red autumn color, open crown texture, and rapid growth make it a desirable tree for yard, street, and park.

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Vegetative Reproduction ( الإنجليزية )

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Scarlet oak stumps produce sprouts at greater ages and larger sizes than most other oaks (4). They also produce a larger number of sprouts per stump and these sprouts grow faster than those of most associated oaks, hickories (Carya spp.), and red maple (Acer rubrum) during the first 5 years (25). However, the percent of stumps that sprout decreases from near 100 percent for trees 10 cm (4 in) d.b.h. and smaller to about 18 percent for trees 61 cm (24 in) d.b.h. (11).

In a study of scarlet oak sprouts in the Appalachians, 28 percent had butt rot, and sprouts from large stumps were more subject to butt rot than sprouts from small stumps (22). As the sprouts grow older, the rot spreads and may weaken the trees to a point where they break off during high winds. Because of poor natural pruning, only one-third of scarlet oak crop trees originating from sprouts produce stems with desirable bole quality, even on good sites, i.e., oak site index 23 in (75 ft) (27). However, in coppice stands, thinning sprout clumps to one stem can increase growth and survival of the remaining stem (14).

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Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

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Fagaceae -- Beech family

Paul S. Johnson

Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), also called black oak, red oak, or Spanish oak, is best known for its brilliant autumn color. It is a large rapid-growing tree of the Eastern United States found on a variety of soils in mixed forests, especially light sandy and gravelly upland ridges and slopes. Best development is in the Ohio River Basin. In commerce, the lumber is mixed with that of other red oaks. Scarlet oak is a popular shade tree and has been widely planted in the United States and Europe.

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Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

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Scarlet oak is found from southwestern Maine west to New York, Ohio, southern Michigan, and Indiana; south to southern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, and central Mississippi; east to southern Alabama and southwestern Georgia; and north along the western edge of the Coastal Plain to Virginia.


-The native range of scarlet oak.


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Quercus coccinea ( الأذرية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AZ

Quercus coccinea (lat. Quercus coccinea) - fıstıqkimilər fəsiləsinin palıd cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Mənbə

Bu şablona bax Palıd cinsinə aid növlər Q. griseaQ. oblongifoliaQ. acerifoliaQ. acutaQ. acutissimaQ. afaresQ. agrifoliaQ. albaQ. albocintaQ. alienaQ. alnifoliaQ. arizonicaQ. arkansanaQ. aucheriQ. austrinaQ. basaseachicensisQ. benthamiiQ. berberidifoliaQ. bicolorQ. boyntoniiQ. brandegeeiQ. brenesiiQ. brevilobaQ. buckleyiQ. bumelioidesQ. calliprinosQ. canariensisQ. castaneifoliaQ. cedrosensisQ. cerrioidesQ. cerrisQ. chapmaniiQ. chrysolepisQ. coahuilensisQ. cocciferaQ. coccineaQ. convallataQ. conzattiiQ. copeyensisQ. cornelius-mulleriQ. corrugataQ. costaricensisQ. cubanaQ. deliquescensQ. dentataQ. depressaQ. depressipesQ. deviaQ. diversifoliaQ. douglasiiQ. dumosaQ. durataQ. ellipsoidalisQ. emoryiQ. engelmanniiQ. excelsaQ. fagineaQ. falcataQ. flagelliferaQ. frainettoQ. fulvaQ. fusiformisQ. galeanensisQ. gambeliiQ. garryanaQ. georgianaQ. germanaQ. glaucaQ. glaucoidesQ. graciliformisQ. gravesiiQ. gulielmitreleaseiQ. havardiiQ. hemisphaericaQ. hintoniiQ. hintoniorumQ. humboldtiiQ. hypoxanthaQ. ibericaQ. ilexQ. ilicifoliaQ. imbricariaQ. invaginataQ. john-tuckeriQ. kelloggiiQ. laceyiQ. laevisQ. lamellosaQ. laurifoliaQ. libaniQ. liebmanniiQ. lobataQ. lusitanicaQ. lyrataQ. macdonaldiiQ. macdougalliiQ. macrantheraQ. macrocarpaQ. macrolepisQ. marilandicaQ. martineziiQ. michauxiiQ. miquihuanensisQ. mohrianaQ. mongolicaQ. muehlenbergiiQ. myrsinifoliaQ. nigraQ. oglethorpensisQ. oleoidesQ. pacificaQ. pagodaQ. palmeriQ. palustrisQ. peninsularisQ. perpallidaQ. petraeaQ. phellosQ. planipoculaQ. polymorphaQ. ponticaQ. praecoQ. praineanaQ. prinoidesQ. prinusQ. pubescensQ. pungensQ. purulhanaQ. rapurahuensisQ. roburQ. robustaQ. rubraQ. rugosaQ. rysophyllaQ. sadlerianaQ. sebiferaQ. shumardiiQ. skinneriQ. skutchiiQ. stellataQ. suberQ. subspathulataQ. tardifoliaQ. texanaQ. tomentellaQ. tonduziiQ. toumeyiQ. trojanaQ. turbinellaQ. undataQ. uxorisQ. vacciniifoliaQ. variabilisQ. velutinaQ. vincentensisQ. wislizeniQ. xalapensisQ. zempoaltepecanaQ. × alvordiana Inula britannica.jpeg İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.
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Quercus coccinea: Brief Summary ( الأذرية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AZ

Quercus coccinea (lat. Quercus coccinea) - fıstıqkimilər fəsiləsinin palıd cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Quercus coccinea ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

Quercus coccinea o roure escarlata americà[1] és una espècie de roure que pertany a la família de les fagàcies oriünd del centre i est d'Amèrica del Nord. El roure escarlata americà pot confondre amb el roure palustre americà, el roure blanc americà, o ocasionalment, el roure pirinenc americà. El roure palustre americà, però, és identificat correctament com a Quercus palustris. Al roure escarlata americà els pits entre els lòbuls tenen forma de "C" en comparació amb el roure palustre americà (Q. palustris), que té pits en forma de "U" i els fruits són més petits, d'1,2 cm només i globulars en lloc de aovades.[2]

El roure escarlata americà és originari de l'Est dels Estats Units, des de la part meridional de Maine cap a l'oest d'Oklahoma, i cap al sud fins a la part meridional d'Alabama. És també originària de l'extrem sud d'Ontàrio, Canadà. Prefereix els sòls secs, arenosos, normalment àcids.

És un arbre caducifoli de mida mitjana a gran, ja que creix fins a 20-30 m d'alt amb una capçada oberta i arrodonida. Les fulles són d'un verd brillant, 7-17 cm de llarg i 8-13 cm d'ample, lobulades, amb set lòbuls, i profunds pits entre els lòbuls. Cada lòbul té 3-7 dents. La fulla no té pèl, a diferència del seu parent el roure palustre americà.

Usos

El roure escarlata americà sovint es planta com un arbre ornamental, popular a la tardor pel seu brillant vermell. La fusta, generalment, es ven com a roure pirinenc vermell americà, però és d'inferior qualitat, una mica més dèbil i no és un arbre tan gran.

Referències

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Quercus coccinea Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Quercus coccinea: Brief Summary ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

Quercus coccinea o roure escarlata americà és una espècie de roure que pertany a la família de les fagàcies oriünd del centre i est d'Amèrica del Nord. El roure escarlata americà pot confondre amb el roure palustre americà, el roure blanc americà, o ocasionalment, el roure pirinenc americà. El roure palustre americà, però, és identificat correctament com a Quercus palustris. Al roure escarlata americà els pits entre els lòbuls tenen forma de "C" en comparació amb el roure palustre americà (Q. palustris), que té pits en forma de "U" i els fruits són més petits, d'1,2 cm només i globulars en lloc de aovades.

El roure escarlata americà és originari de l'Est dels Estats Units, des de la part meridional de Maine cap a l'oest d'Oklahoma, i cap al sud fins a la part meridional d'Alabama. És també originària de l'extrem sud d'Ontàrio, Canadà. Prefereix els sòls secs, arenosos, normalment àcids.

És un arbre caducifoli de mida mitjana a gran, ja que creix fins a 20-30 m d'alt amb una capçada oberta i arrodonida. Les fulles són d'un verd brillant, 7-17 cm de llarg i 8-13 cm d'ample, lobulades, amb set lòbuls, i profunds pits entre els lòbuls. Cada lòbul té 3-7 dents. La fulla no té pèl, a diferència del seu parent el roure palustre americà.

 src=

Escorça

 src=

Fulles a la primavera.

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Dub šarlatový ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ

Dub šarlatový (Quercus coccinea) je opadavý strom dorůstající výšky okolo 30 metrů. Pochází z východních oblastí USA. V Česku se pěstuje jako okrasný strom nápadný zejména jasně červeným podzimním zbarvením.

Charakteristika

Dub šarlatový je opadavý strom dorůstající výšky okolo 30 metrů. Borka je tmavě šedá až tmavě hnědá, nepravidelně podélně rozpukaná. Letorosty jsou červenavě hnědé, lysé. Zimní pupeny jsou tmavě červenohnědé, kuželovité až vejcovité, 4 až 7 mm dlouhé, v průřezu zřetelně pětihranné, obvykle v horní polovině pýřité. Listy jsou oválné, vejčité nebo obvejčité, s 5 až 9 laloky jejichž okrouhlé zářezy většinou přesahují polovinu šíře čepele, na bázi tupé až klínovité. Čepel listů je 7 až 16 cm dlouhá a 8 až 13 cm široká, na líci jasně leskle zelená, oboustranně lysá s výjimkou nepatrných chomáčků chlupů v paždí žilek na spodní straně. Řapík je 25 až 60 mm dlouhý. Žaludy dozrávají druhým rokem, jsou podlouhlé až téměř kulovité, 12 až 22 mm dlouhé, kryté do 1/3 až 1/2 kuželovitou až polokulovitou číškou s přitisklými šupinami.[2][3][4]

Rozšíření

Dub šarlatový pochází z východních oblastí USA, kde roste na kyselých půdách v nadmořských výškách do 1500 metrů. Je to poměrně rychle rostoucí strom.[5]

V oblastech společného výskytu se dub šarlatový kříží s jinými duby ze sekce Lobatae, zejména s dubem celokrajným (Q. imbricaria), dubem cesmínolistým (Q. ilicifolia), dubem bahenním (Q. palustris) a s dubem Quercus laevis.[3]

Rozlišovací znaky

Z běžněji pěstovaných cizokrajných dubů lze dub šarlatový zaměnit zejména s dubem červeným (Quercus rubra) a dubem bahenním (Q. palustris). Oproti dubu červenému má hlouběji prořezané laloky listů a střední lalok bývá největší. Dub bahenní má laloky téměř kolmé na osu listu a na rubu čepele nápadné chomáčky chloupků v paždí žilek. Vzácně pěstovaný dub sametový (Q. velutina) má plstnaté letorosty a pupeny a v mládí i listy.[2][4]

Význam

Jako okrasná dřevina je dub šarlatový v Česku pěstován řidčeji než dub červený (Quercus coccinea), vyznačuje se však mnohem živějším podzimním zbarvením. Byl introdukován co Evropy již v roce 1691.[5] Uváděn je např. z Průhonického parku, Dendrologické zahrady v Průhonicích a Arboreta Žampach,[6] je vysazen také v pražské Stromovce a v Botanické zahradě a arboretu MU v Brně. Kultivar 'Splendens' má listy na podzim zvlášť zářivě zbarvené.[4]

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b KOBLÍŽEK, J. Jehličnaté a listnaté dřeviny našich zahrad a parků. 2. vyd. Tišnov: Sursum, 2006. ISBN 80-7323-117-4.
  3. a b Flora of North America: Quercus coccinea [online]. Dostupné online.
  4. a b c Dendrologie online: Quercus coccinea [online]. Dostupné online.
  5. a b Oaks of the World: Quercus coccinea [online]. Dostupné online.
  6. Florius - katalog botanických zahrad [online]. Dostupné online.

Externí odkazy

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Dub šarlatový: Brief Summary ( التشيكية )

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Dub šarlatový (Quercus coccinea) je opadavý strom dorůstající výšky okolo 30 metrů. Pochází z východních oblastí USA. V Česku se pěstuje jako okrasný strom nápadný zejména jasně červeným podzimním zbarvením.

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Skarlageneg ( الدانماركية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DA

Skarlageneg (Quercus coccinea), også skrevet Skarlagen-Eg, er en stort, løvfældende træ med en kuplet krone. Træet er hårdført og mest dyrket i Europa på grund af dets højrøde efterårsfarve.

Beskrivelse

Skarlageneg er et stort, løvfældende træ med en høj og åben, kuplet krone. Stammen er forholdsvis tynd og let bugtet. Hovedgrenene er få og opstigende med mange, unge skud. Barken er først brun med en olivengrøn skyggeside. Senere bliver den sølvgrå og hårløs med udstående barkporer, der danner lysere striber, og til sidst er den mørkegrå, men kun lidt furet. Knopperne er spredt stillede, ægformede og spidse med brune eller rødlige knopskæl.

Bladene er ovale i grundformen, men de er meget indskårne med tre lapper på hver side af midterribben. Bladranden er hel, men med langt udtrukne spidser på lappernes ender. Oversiden er blank og mørkegrøn, mens undersiden ligeledes er blank, men mere bleg. Høstfarven er klart højrød. Blomstringen foregår i forbindelse med løvspringet. De hunlige blomster sidder få sammen i bladhjørnerne, mens de hanlige danner bundter af rakler fra årsskuddenes endeknopper. Frugterne er nødder, agern.

Rodsystemet består af kraftige, højtliggende hovedrødder og mange siderødder.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 18 x 12 m (40 x 25 cm/år).

Hjemsted

Skarlageneg har sin naturlige udbredelse i USAs østlige og sydøstlige stater samt i staterne ved de store søer. Arten er en almindeligt forekommende del af mange østlige og centrale skove på høj, tør bund.

På kystsletten i New Jersey, Delaware og Maryland findes blandede løvskove med et islægt af nåletræer. Her vokser arten sammen med bl.a. amerikansk kristtorn, amerikansk sassafras, begfyr, bredbladet kalmia, Carex pensylvanica (en art af star), Chimaphila maculata (en art af Vintergrøn), dværgkastanje, farveeg, hvideg, kantet sarsaparil, marylandlyonia, nedliggende bjergte, pindsvinfyr, skovtupelotræ, virginsk ambratræ og virginsk fyr samt flere arter af blåbær[1]





Note

  1. ^ J. Teague, L. Sneddon, R. Simmons, J. Parrish, M. Tice og M. Strong: Upper Anacostia Watershed Plant Communities of Conservation Significance (engelsk) rapport om plantesamfundene på kystsletten langs USA's nordlige atlanterhavskyst.
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Skarlageneg: Brief Summary ( الدانماركية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DA

Skarlageneg (Quercus coccinea), også skrevet Skarlagen-Eg, er en stort, løvfældende træ med en kuplet krone. Træet er hårdført og mest dyrket i Europa på grund af dets højrøde efterårsfarve.

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Scharlach-Eiche ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Die Scharlach-Eiche (Quercus coccinea) ist eine Laubbaumart aus der Gattung der Eichen (Quercus) in der Familie der Buchengewächse (Fagaceae). Sie ist der offizielle Baum des US-amerikanischen Bundesdistrikts District of Columbia.[1]

Beschreibung

Die Scharlach-Eiche ist ein laubabwerfender Baum. Sie kann eine Wuchshöhe von 20 bis 25 Metern erreichen. Die Krone ist bei jungen Bäumen noch dicht kegelförmig, mit zunehmendem Alter eher unregelmäßig und etwas locker. Die Rinde des Stammes ist in der Jugend silbergrau und glatt; später wird sie dunkelgrau und feinrissig mit vielen Warzen.

Die jungen Zweige sind orangebraun, dabei oft auf der Oberseite mehr rotbraun und auf der Unterseite mehr olivfarben. Die Knospen sind spitz eiförmig mit dunkelrotbraunen Schuppen. Die wechselständigen Laubblätter der Scharlach-Eiche sind in Form und Größe variabel. Sie sind 7 bis 17 cm lang, 8 bis 13 cm breit und tief gelappt. Das Blatt ist nicht behaart und sitzt an einem dünnen, etwa 2,5 bis 3 cm langen Stiel. Sehr auffallend ist die scharlachrote Herbstfärbung, die meist vorzeitig bei ein oder zwei einzelnen Ästen einsetzt. Ein Teil der Blätter an den unteren Ästen bleibt oft bis Januar am Baum.

Die Scharlach-Eiche ist einhäusig (monözisch). Die männlichen Blüten sitzen in hängenden Kätzchen. Die Eicheln sind eiförmig und etwa 1 bis 2 cm lang; sie sitzen in einem flachen breitschuppigen Becher.

Verbreitung und Standort

 src=
Verbreitung der Scharlach-Eiche
 src=
Männliche Blütenkätzchen
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Herbstliche Scharlach-Eichenblätter

Diese Baumart stammt ursprünglich aus dem Osten Nordamerikas. Das Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von Maine im Norden nach Oklahoma im Westen und Alabama im Süden. Auch im äußersten Süden von Ontario (Kanada) ist sie heimisch. Die Scharlach-Eiche wurde in Europa als Zier- und Parkbaum eingeführt. Bekannt ist die Scharlacheiche (Berlin-Altglienicke).

Die Scharlach-Eiche wächst auf trockenen, sandigen und sauren Böden.

Systematik

Die Erstbeschreibung der Art wurde 1770 veröffentlicht. Sie stammt aus dem sechsbändigen Werk Der Hausvater des deutschen Botanikers Otto Freiherr von Münchhausen.[2]

Zuchtformen

  • 'Splendens': Diese großblättrige Form hat etwa 18×13 cm große glänzende Blätter; die Blattstiele sind mit 4 bis 6 cm Länge auch länger als beim Typ. Die Form weist eine noch intensivere, leuchtendere Herbstfärbung als der Typ auf.

Ähnliche Arten

Verwechslungsgefahr besteht vor allem mit der Rot-Eiche (Q. rubra), der Sumpf-Eiche (Q. palustris) und der Färber-Eiche (Q. velutina).

Quellen und weiterführende Informationen

Einzelnachweise

  1. http://www.usna.usda.gov/Gardens/collections/statetrees.html#scarletoak
  2. Der Hausvater 5:254. 1770; siehe Eintrag bei GRIN Taxonomy for Plants.

Literatur

  • Alan Mitchell, übersetzt und bearbeitet von Gerd Krüssmann: Die Wald- und Parkbäume Europas: Ein Bestimmungsbuch für Dendrologen und Naturfreunde. Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin 1975, ISBN 3-490-05918-2.
  • C. Frank Brockman: Trees of North America. St. Martin's Press, New York 2001, ISBN 978-1-58238-092-6.

Weblinks

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Scharlach-Eiche: Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Die Scharlach-Eiche (Quercus coccinea) ist eine Laubbaumart aus der Gattung der Eichen (Quercus) in der Familie der Buchengewächse (Fagaceae). Sie ist der offizielle Baum des US-amerikanischen Bundesdistrikts District of Columbia.

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Quercus coccinea ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Quercus coccinea, the scarlet oak, is a deciduous tree in the red oak section Lobatae of the genus Quercus, in the family Fagaceae.

It is primarily distributed in the central and eastern United States. It occurs on dry, sandy, usually acidic soil. It is often an important canopy species in oak–heath forests.[3][4] The scarlet oak is the official tree of Washington, D.C.[5]

Description

Quercus coccinea is a medium to large deciduous tree growing to around 5.5–7.3 metres (18–24 feet) with an open, rounded crown; the maximum height is approximately 30 m (100 ft). The trunk diameter at breast height is typically 61 to 91 centimetres (24 to 36 inches) It is a medium-size tree that grows fast and matures relatively early.[6] It sets a deep growing taproot.[6]

The leaves are glossy green, 7–17 cm (2+346+34 in) long and 8–13 cm (3+14–5 in) broad, with seven lobes, and deep sinuses between the lobes. Each lobe has 3–7 bristle-tipped teeth. The leaf is hairless (unlike the related pin oak (Q. palustris), with tufts of pale orange-brown down where the lobe veins join the central vein). The foliage generally becomes bright scarlet in autumn. The flower color is yellow to green, depending on the season.

The acorns are ovate, 7–13 millimetres (1412 inch) broad and 17–31 mm (581+14 in) long, a third to a half covered in a deep cup, green maturing pale brown about 18 months after pollination; the kernel is very bitter.[7]

Similar species

It can be mistaken for the pin oak, the black oak (Q. velutina), or occasionally the red oak (Q. rubra). On the scarlet oak the sinuses between lobes are C-shaped in comparison to pin oak, which has U-shaped sinuses and the acorns are half covered by a deep cap.[8] Additionally, pin oak foliage generally turns bronze in autumn.

Taxonomy

The common English name is derived from the fall (autumn) coloration of the foliage.

Distribution and habitat

It is primarily distributed in the central and eastern United States, from southern Maine west to Wisconsin, Michigan and Missouri, and south as far as Louisiana, Alabama, and Georgia.[9] The tree needs full exposure to sunlight for best growth. Its preferred soil ranges from dry to somewhat dry well-drained, acidic soil.

Scarlet Oak in northwestern metro Atlanta

Ecology

Forestry

April and May are flowering months for the scarlet oak. During this time, factors such as elevation and weather play a significant role in the flowering process. It takes about two seasons for the acorns to mature following maturation.[10] Scarlet oak is prominent as a co-component of forests, including species such as white oak, black oak, and northern red oak. When at a lower elevation surrounding the Appalachian Mountains, pine forests and heaths are a common component.

Oak seeds are faster-growing than many other trees and can compete very successfully. To regenerate oaks, the oak saplings should be 4–5 feet tall before removing the overstory. To favor oak regeneration, non-oak stems in the understory exceeding 4 feet can be controlled by various methods. The quality of the environment impacts oak regeneration.[11]

Seed production starts when the tree is about 20 years old. Seed production reaches a maximum at approximately 50 years of age. The seed production (masting) is highly variable. A good masting year occurs every 3–5 years, depending on the weather and environment.

Wildlife value

Many species of wildlife look to the Q. coccinea for shelter, including small- to medium-sized birds, as well as small mammals such as squirrels. It is also a temporary home to various moth larvae throughout the year. It provides food in the form of acorns to many animals[10] such as woodpeckers, blue jays, small mammals, wild turkeys, white-tailed deer, and black bears.[12]

Threats

found on wikipedia commons
Picture of a grown Quercus coccinea tree.

Cryphonectria parasitica, a bark pathogen, has been known to infect scarlet oak trees particularly in Pennsylvania. Cankers were found on many of these trees due to this parasite during 1989 and 1990. The parasite was removed from 69.7% of infected areas and recovered from 67% of incidents.[13] Spongy moths are known to defoliate a scarlet oak, which can kill the tree. Other defoliating insects capable of killing scarlet oaks include the oak leaftier moth (Acleris semipurpurana), fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria), forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria), and walking stick (Diapheromera femoral).[14]

A few species of insects bore into the scarlet oak bark and trunk, including the towline chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineatus), red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus), oak timber worm (Arrenodes minutus), Ambrosia beetles (Scolytinae and Platypodinae spp.), and the larvae of carpenterworms (Prionoxystus spp.).[15]

Gouty galls are commonly found on smaller twigs and limbs due to the gouty oak gall wasp (Callirhytis quercuspunctata). The spongy oak apple gall wasp (Amphibolips confluenta) causes gall growth on leaves and petioles. Black carpenter ants (Camponotus pennsylvanicus) are known for nesting in the scarlet oak trees.[16]

'Oak decline' can be caused by drought, moth defoliation, age, fire, environmental causes, and other factors. From 1968 to 1972, 27% of the scarlet oak population in the Newark watershed in New Jersey died from the spongy moth defoliation, which came before the towline chestnut borer and shoestring root rot attack.[17]

Conservation status

Red oak is not listed in the CITES Appendices or on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[18]

Uses

Scarlet oak is sometimes planted as an ornamental tree, popular for its bright red fall color. The cultivar 'Splendens' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[19][20]

Scarlet oak has an excellent red color during the fall months and is typically grown for shade and ornamental purposes. The red oak is a popular selection for lumber and is commonly used as a flooring material.[21]

Scarlet oak wood has a light to medium color consisting of reds and browns. The scarlet oak has a fairly coarse texture with a relatively large pore size. The durability of scarlet oak is less than the white oak, which has a higher level of decay and rot resistance. Scarlet oak lumber is easy to glue and looks attractive after staining and finishing. It has a distinct, appealing smell common with most oaks.[22]

Oak has been classified as a sensitizer, although it does not cause many allergic reactions. Reactions include eye and skin irritations and asthma-like symptoms, but not severe.[23]

White oak is typically more expensive than scarlet oak; red oak is in good supply with reasonable pricing, making it a very popular lumber product throughout the USA.[24]

Scarlet oak is commonly used in furniture, cabinetry, interior trim, flooring, and veneer. Scarlet oak shares many characteristics with red oak and often falls in the same category as red oak (Quercus rubra) in a broad sense [25]

Medicinal

Quercus coccinea produces galls from insect interactions which may be used to treat hemorrhages, chronic diarrhea, and dysentery.[26]

References

  1. ^ Wenzell , K.; Kenny, L. (2015). "Quercus coccinea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T194079A2296706. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T194079A2296706.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Quercus coccinea Münchh.". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  3. ^ The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups (Version 2.3), Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2010 Archived January 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Schafale, M. P. and A. S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.
  5. ^ "DC Symbols | os".
  6. ^ a b "Quercus coccinea Menchh". www.srs.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  7. ^ Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus coccinea". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  8. ^ University of Connecticut Plant Database: Quercus coccinea
  9. ^ "Quercus coccinea". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  10. ^ a b "Quercus coccinea". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  11. ^ "Quercus coccinea". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  12. ^ "Quercus coccinea (Black Oak, Oaks, Quercus velutina, Red Oak, Scarlet Oak, Spanish Oak) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  13. ^ "How to access research remotely". www.cabdirect.org. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  14. ^ "Quercus coccinea". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  15. ^ "Quercus coccinea". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  16. ^ "Quercus coccinea". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  17. ^ "Perioperative Acute Kidney Injury". doi:10.21203/rs.2.19674/v1. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ^ "Scarlet Oak | The Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)". Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  19. ^ "Quercus coccinea 'Splendens': scarlet oak 'Splendens'". RHS Gardening. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  20. ^ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 83. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  21. ^ "Quercus coccinea". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  22. ^ "Scarlet Oak | The Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)". Retrieved 2021-12-01.
  23. ^ "Scarlet Oak | The Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)". Retrieved 2021-12-01.
  24. ^ "Scarlet Oak | The Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)". Retrieved 2021-12-01.
  25. ^ "Scarlet Oak | The Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)". Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  26. ^ "medicinal herbs: SCARLET OAK - Quercus coccinea". www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net. Retrieved 2021-10-13.

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Quercus coccinea: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Quercus coccinea, the scarlet oak, is a deciduous tree in the red oak section Lobatae of the genus Quercus, in the family Fagaceae.

It is primarily distributed in the central and eastern United States. It occurs on dry, sandy, usually acidic soil. It is often an important canopy species in oak–heath forests. The scarlet oak is the official tree of Washington, D.C.

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Quercus coccinea ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Quercus coccinea o roble escarlata es una especie de árbol perteneciente a la familia de las fagáceas oriundo del Centro y Este de América del Norte. El roble escarlata puede confundirse con el roble palustre americano, el roble blanco americano, u, ocasionalmente, el roble boreal americano. El roble palustre americano, sin embargo, es identificado correctamente como Quercus palustris. En el roble escarlata los senos entre los lóbulos tienen forma de "C" en comparación con el roble palustre americano (Q. palustris), que tiene senos en forma de "U" y los frutos son más pequeños, de 1,2 cm sólo y globulares en lugar de aovadas.[1]​ Está clasificada en la Sección Lobatae; del roble rojo de América del Norte, Centroamérica y el norte de América del Sur que tienen los estilos largos, las bellotas maduran en 18 meses y tienen un sabor muy amargo. Las hojas suelen tener lóbulos con las puntas afiladas, con cerdas o con púas en el lóbulo.

 src=
Corteza
 src=
Hojas en primavera.

Distribución

El roble escarlata es originario del Este de los Estados Unidos, desde Maine meridional hacia el Oeste de Oklahoma, y hacia el sur hasta Alabama meridional. Es también originaria del extremo sur de Ontario, Canadá. Prefiere los suelos secos, arenosos, normalmente ácidos.

Descripción

Es un árbol de hoja caduca de tamaño medio a grande, pues crece hasta 20-30 m de alto con una copa abierta y redondeada. Las hojas son de un verde brillante, 7-17 cm de largo y 8-13 cm de ancho, lobuladas, con siete lóbulos, y hondos senos entre los lóbulos. Cada lóbulo tiene 3-7 dientes. La hoja no tiene pelo, a diferencia de su pariente el roble palustre americano.

Usos

El roble escarlata a menudo se planta como un árbol ornamental, popular por su brillante rojo en otoño. La madera generalmente se vende como roble boreal rojo americano, pero es de inferior calidad, algo más débil y no forma un árbol tan grande.

Taxonomía

Quercus coccinea fue descrita por Otto von Münchhausen y publicado en Der Hausvater 5(1): 254. 1770.[2]

Etimología

Quercus: nombre genérico del latín que designaba igualmente al roble y a la encina.

coccinea: epíteto latín que significa "de color escarlata".[3]

Sinonimia
  • Quercus acuta Raf.
  • Quercus palustris Regel ex A.DC.
  • Quercus rubra var. coccinea (Münchh.) Aiton[4][5]

Referencias

  1. University of Connecticut Plant Database: Quercus coccinea
  2. «Quercus coccinea». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 18 de diciembre de 2013.
  3. En Epítetos Botánicos
  4. Quercus coccinea en PlantList
  5. «Quercus coccinea». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 18 de diciembre de 2013.

Bibliografía

  1. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  2. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  3. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Fl. N. Amer. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590.
  4. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  5. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  6. Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  7. Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
  8. Voss, E. G. 1985. Michigan Flora. Part II Dicots (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 59. xix + 724.

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Quercus coccinea: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Quercus coccinea o roble escarlata es una especie de árbol perteneciente a la familia de las fagáceas oriundo del Centro y Este de América del Norte. El roble escarlata puede confundirse con el roble palustre americano, el roble blanco americano, u, ocasionalmente, el roble boreal americano. El roble palustre americano, sin embargo, es identificado correctamente como Quercus palustris. En el roble escarlata los senos entre los lóbulos tienen forma de "C" en comparación con el roble palustre americano (Q. palustris), que tiene senos en forma de "U" y los frutos son más pequeños, de 1,2 cm sólo y globulares en lugar de aovadas.​ Está clasificada en la Sección Lobatae; del roble rojo de América del Norte, Centroamérica y el norte de América del Sur que tienen los estilos largos, las bellotas maduran en 18 meses y tienen un sabor muy amargo. Las hojas suelen tener lóbulos con las puntas afiladas, con cerdas o con púas en el lóbulo.

 src= Corteza  src= Hojas en primavera.
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Purppuratammi ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI

Purppuratammi (Quercus coccinea) on yksi lukuisista pohjoisamerikkalaisista tammilajeista. Sitä kasvaa Yhdysvaltojen itäosissa,[3] Mainesta Oklahomaan ulottuvalla alueella. Sitä tavataan myös Kanadassa Ontarion provinssin eteläosissa.[4] Purppuratammi menestyy melko kuivilla ja hiekkaisillakin paikoilla, toisin kuin monet muut tammet.

Tuntomerkit

Purppuratammi kasvaa 20–30 metriä korkeaksi. Vanhemmiten se kasvaa kuitenkin muiden tammien tapaan enimmäkseen järeyttä. Puu kukkii toukokuussa. Hedelmänä on terho, kuten kaikilla muilla tammilajeillakin. Ne ovat noin 2,5 senttimetriä pitkiä ja ne kypsyvät seuraavana vuonna. Puun lehdet ovat kesäisin kirkkaan, kiiltävänvihreät ja melko teräväloviset, jos vertaa vaikkapa kotoisen metsätammen lehtiin. Lehtien pituus on 9–15 senttimetriä. Purppuratammen lehdet saavat syksyisin komean purppuranvärisen ruskan.[3]

Muuta

Suomessa purppuratammi menestyy puistopuuna kohtuullisesti vain etelärannikolla, vyöhykkeillä 1 ja 2.

Lähteet

  1. Kenny, L. & Wenzell , K.: Quercus coccinea IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.2. 2015. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 2.10.2016. (englanniksi)
  2. ITIS Viitattu 16.3.2019.
  3. a b Coombes, Allen: Puut, s. 135. Suomentanut Jani Kaaro. WSOY, 2005. ISBN 951-0-30137-x.
  4. PLANTS USDA
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Purppuratammi: Brief Summary ( الفنلندية )

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Purppuratammi (Quercus coccinea) on yksi lukuisista pohjoisamerikkalaisista tammilajeista. Sitä kasvaa Yhdysvaltojen itäosissa, Mainesta Oklahomaan ulottuvalla alueella. Sitä tavataan myös Kanadassa Ontarion provinssin eteläosissa. Purppuratammi menestyy melko kuivilla ja hiekkaisillakin paikoilla, toisin kuin monet muut tammet.

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Chêne écarlate ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Quercus coccinea

Le chêne écarlate (Quercus coccinea) est une espèce de chênes présente au nord-est des États-Unis et au Canada.

Habitat

Ce chêne se trouve à l'est des États-Unis. Au nord, il est présent du Maine jusqu'au Wisconsin et au sud de la Géorgie à la Louisiane[1]. On le trouve également à l'extrémité sud de la province canadienne de l'Ontario. Il apprécie les terrains secs, sablonneux et les sols acides.

Description

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Feuilles et partie mâle au printemps.

Il est régulièrement confondu avec d'autres chênes de la section Lobatae, comme le Chêne rouge d'Amérique, le Chêne des marais ou plus rarement le Chêne noir, dont les feuillages sont assez similaires.

Il s'agit d'un arbre caduc de taille moyenne à importante pouvant atteindre 20 à 30 mètres de hauteur.

Ses feuilles lobées sont vertes, brillantes, ayant de 7 à 17 cm de longueur pour 8 à 13 cm de largeur. Chaque lobe possède de trois à sept petites dents. La feuille n'est pas pubescente (contrairement au proche Chêne des marais).

Les glands sont ovoïdes, 7-13 mm de large pour 17-31 mm de long. La cupule recouvre le gland sur un tiers voire la moitié de sa longueur. D'abord vert, ce fruit devient brun clair environ 18 mois après la pollinisation. L'intérieur du gland est très amer.

Utilisation

L'arbre est utilisé en ornementation grâce à ses couleurs rouges en automne. Son bois est souvent vendu sous le nom de chêne rouge mais est inférieur en qualité par rapport à ce dernier car l'arbre n'est pas aussi grand et parce que son bois est moins résistant.

Variétés

On lui connaît deux variétés :

  • Quercus coccinea var. coccinea ;
  • Quercus coccinea var. tuberculata.

Il est de plus connu pour s'hybrider avec plusieurs autres espèces du genre Quercus (Q. imbricaria, Q. ilicifolia, Q. laevis, Q. palustris, Q. phellos, Q. rubra et Q. velutina).

Voir aussi

Notes et références

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
  1. (en) « Profil de la plante », USDA (consulté le 30 août 2009)

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Chêne écarlate: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Quercus coccinea

Le chêne écarlate (Quercus coccinea) est une espèce de chênes présente au nord-est des États-Unis et au Canada.

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Skarlatseik ( الآيسلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IS

Skarlatseik (fræðiheiti: Quercus coccinea) er eikartegund sem er aðallega í mið og austur Bandaríkjunum, frá suður Maine vestur til Wisconsin, Michigan og Missouri, og allt suður til Louisiana, Alabama og Georgíu.[1][2][3]

Hún verður að 20–30 m há.[4]

Tilvísanir

  1. Quercus coccinea County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  2. The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups (Version 2.3), Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2010 Geymt janúar 5, 2011, í Wayback Machine
  3. Schafale, M. P. and A. S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.
  4. Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). Quercus coccinea In Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.

Ytri tenglar

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Skarlatseik: Brief Summary ( الآيسلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IS

Skarlatseik (fræðiheiti: Quercus coccinea) er eikartegund sem er aðallega í mið og austur Bandaríkjunum, frá suður Maine vestur til Wisconsin, Michigan og Missouri, og allt suður til Louisiana, Alabama og Georgíu.

Hún verður að 20–30 m há.

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Börkur

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Blöð og karlblóm í maí, Exbury, Bretlandi

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Haustlitur, Ewing, New Jersey

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Quercus coccinea ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Quercus coccinea Münchh., 1770 è una quercia originaria dell'est degli Stati Uniti,[1] introdotta in Europa alla fine del '600.

Descrizione

Albero a tronco esile e corteccia grigia con poche fessure, cima arrotondata, raggiunge i 20 metri con una crescita molto lenta (a 20 anni raggiunge i 7 m).

Le foglie profondamente lobate di 10/16 cm sono lucide su entrambe le pagine; di un bel verde scuro sulla pagina superiore, diventano scarlatte in autunno.

Molto decorativa per i suoi colori, si adatta a qualsiasi tipo di terreno.

Coltivazione

I semi di Q.coccinea sono di media dimensione, dimensione e morfologia che molto si avvicinano a quelli di una comune nocciola. Il tegumento appare rozzamente striato, alternando strisce brune a strisce bordò. Per la germinazione è necessario stratificare il seme, stratificazione che richiede tempi piuttosto brevi (si parla di circa una ventina di giorni) a freddo artificiale (frigorifero) o naturale (esterno). Allorquando la radichetta emergerà dall'apice inferiore del seme, anche la semina potrà avvenire.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Quercus coccinea Münchh., su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 19 gennaio 2021.

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Quercus coccinea: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Quercus coccinea Münchh., 1770 è una quercia originaria dell'est degli Stati Uniti, introdotta in Europa alla fine del '600.

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Purpurinis ąžuolas ( اللتوانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia LT
Quercus coccinea range map 1.png

Purpurinis ąžuolas (lot. Quercus coccinea) – bukinių (Fagaceae) šeimos augalas. Natūraliai paplitęs Šiaurės Amerikos rytuose, Lietuvoje negausiai auginamas dendrologinėse kolekcijose.

Tai 20-30 m aukščio vasaržalis medis, liemuo iki 0,8 m skersmens. Laja plati, ovališka arba beveik rutuliška. Žievė tamsiai ar sidabriškai pilka, lygi arba nedaug suaižėjusi. Labai puošnūs rudenį skaisčiai raudoni žvilgantys, o pavasarį švelniai gelsvai žali lapai. Nereiklus dirvožemio derlingumui ir drėgmei, dažniausiai auga nederlingose nuokalnėse.

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Šarlaksarkanais ozols ( اللاتفية )

المقدمة من wikipedia LV

Šarlaksarkanais ozols (latīņu: Quercus coccinea) ir daudzgadīgs dižskābaržu dzimtas koks. Šis ozols savvaļā aug ASV austrumdaļā. Izplatības areāls plešas robežās no Meinas dienviddaļas rietumos un Oklahomas austrumdaļas līdz Alabamas dienvidiem. Aug arī Ontārio dienvidos. Ozoli aug sausās, smilšainās, skābās augsnēs. Koks ir vidēji liels, sasniedz 20—30 m augstumu. Vainags apaļīgs. Lapas ir spīdīgas, 7—17 cm garas, 8—13 cm platas ar smailām daivām abās pusēs. Rudenī lapas krāsojas sarkanas. Zīles ir 1,7—3,1 cm garas, cepurīte klāj 1/3 līdz ½ no zīles. Zīles pēc garšas ir izteikti rūgtas.

Šarlaksarkano ozolu koksni izmanto kokmateriālu iegūšanai, lai gan koksnes kvalitāte nav pārāk augsta. Ozolus stāda arī dekoratīvos nolūkos, jo rudenī kokiem ir izteikti sarkanas lapas.

Vikikrātuvē par šo tēmu ir pieejami multivides faili. Skatīt: Šarlaksarkanais ozols
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Scharlaken eik ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

De scharlaken eik (Quercus coccinea) is een eenhuizige boom uit de napjesdragersfamilie (Fagaceae). Hij is inheems in het midden en oosten van de Verenigde Staten en is nauw verwant aan de moeraseik (Q. palustris) en de Amerikaanse eik (Q. rubra).

Beschrijving

De scharlaken eik is een snelgroeiende, middelgrote loofboom met een losse, ronde kroon. Hij kan een hoogte bereiken van 30 meter.

De gladde bladeren staan verspreid op de takken. Ze zijn aan de bovenzijde glanzend groen en aan de onderzijde doffer glanzend lichtgroen. De herfstkleuren zijn gewoonlijk fel scharlakenrood. Elk blad heeft een drie tot zes centimeter lange bladsteel. De bladschijf meet acht tot achttien centimeter en heeft een brede, afgeplatte voet. De bladrand is bochtig en heeft meestal zeven onregelmatige, smalle lobben, met elk drie tot zeven spits toelopende punten. Eén lob vormt het bladuiteinde, de overigen staan aan weerszijden van de middennerf. Soms telt het blad aan een zijde vier lobben. De ronde bochten tussen de lobben zijn breed en diep en reiken vaak bijna tot de middennerf.

De mannelijke bloeiwijze is een katje, de vrouwelijke bloemen zijn klein en onopvallend. In Europa draagt de scharlaken eik vanaf oktober eikels. Deze zijn gedrongen eivormig en tot 2,5 centimeter lang. Het komvormige napje bedekt de vrucht voor een derde tot de helft en is bedekt met grove schubben. Ze zijn in de herfst van het tweede jaar na de bestuiving rijp. De kern smaakt zeer bitter.

Onderscheid met gelijkende soorten

De scharlaken eik lijkt sterk op verwante eiken in zijn leefgebied, namelijk de moeraseik (Q. palustris) en de blikeik (Q. velutina). Ook kan hij mogelijk worden verward met de Amerikaanse eik (Q. rubra). Al deze soorten hebben bladeren met spitse punten.

De bladschijf van de scharlaken eik is kleiner dan bij de Amerikaanse eik en heeft slankere lobben. Het blad lijkt vooral sterk op dat van de moeraseik. Deze heeft echter fijne haartjes, is symmetrischer van vorm met diepere inhammen en wordt in de herfst bronskleurig. De eikel van de moeraseik heeft bovendien een dieper napje.

Verspreiding

De scharlaken eik is inheems in het midden en oosten van de Verenigde Staten; van het zuiden van Maine in het oosten tot Wisconsin en Missouri in het westen. In het zuiden komt de boom voor tot in Louisiana, Alabama en Georgia.[1]

De standplaats van de scharlaken eik is voornamelijk arme, zure grond. In veel eikenbossen is het een prominente boom.[2]

Toepassingen

De scharlaken eik wordt in veel delen van de wereld als sierboom aangeplant, waaronder ook in België en Nederland. Hij wordt echter minder vaak gecultiveerd dan de Amerikaanse eik en de moeraseik. De cultivar 'Splendens' is bekroond met de Award of Garden Merit, die jaarlijks wordt uitgereikt door de Royal Horticultural Society.[3]

Het hout van de scharlaken eik wordt vaak verkocht als Amerikaanse eik, maar is van mindere kwaliteit. Het is niet zo stevig en er kunnen minder lange planken van worden gezaagd.

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Scharlaken eik: Brief Summary ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

De scharlaken eik (Quercus coccinea) is een eenhuizige boom uit de napjesdragersfamilie (Fagaceae). Hij is inheems in het midden en oosten van de Verenigde Staten en is nauw verwant aan de moeraseik (Q. palustris) en de Amerikaanse eik (Q. rubra).

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Skarlageneik ( النرويجية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NO

Skarlageneik (Quercus coccinea) er et løvfellende tre som vokser i østlige deler av USA.

Den blir opptil 30 m høy. Nedre del av stammen har ikke merker etter døde greiner. Barken er sølvgrå og glatt med store korkporer på unge trær, mens barken hos eldre trær er mørkegrå, fint furet og vortete. Bladene er avlange til elliptiske, 7–16 cm lange og 8–13 cm brede. Bladstilken er 2,5–6 cm lang. Bladet har tre fliker på hver side; basalfliken er vinkelrett eller tilbakebøyd, midtfliken utoverstående og tredje flik rettet framover. Tredje flikpar har ofte ulik lengde på hver side. Bladene er glinsende grønne på oversiden og glinsende lyse under. Høstfargen er dypt karmosinrød. Nøttene bruker 1,5 år på å bli modne. Nøtteskåla dekker mellom en tredjedel og halvparten av nøtta.

Skarlageneik vokser best på ganske tørr sand- eller grusjord i litt høyereliggende områder. Den forekommer som regel sammen med andre eikearter og furu, men på Ozarkplatået i Missouri vokser den i nesten rene bestander. I undervegetasjonen er blomsterkornell, syretre og bærlyng vanlig.

Nordgrensen går fra sørvestre Maine vestover til New York, Ohio, sørlige Michigan og Indiana. Vestgrensen går gjennom sørlige Illinois, sørøstlige Missouri og sentrale Mississippi. Sørgrensen går gjennom sørlige Alabama og sørvestlige Georgia, og østgrensen går i overgangen mellom kystsletta og Appalachene nordover til Virginia.

Dette treslaget er mye plantet både i USA og Europa på grunn av de praktfulle høstfargene. Kultivaren 'Splendens' har ekstra store, glinsende blad.

Kilder

Eksterne lenker

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Skarlageneik: Brief Summary ( النرويجية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NO

Skarlageneik (Quercus coccinea) er et løvfellende tre som vokser i østlige deler av USA.

Den blir opptil 30 m høy. Nedre del av stammen har ikke merker etter døde greiner. Barken er sølvgrå og glatt med store korkporer på unge trær, mens barken hos eldre trær er mørkegrå, fint furet og vortete. Bladene er avlange til elliptiske, 7–16 cm lange og 8–13 cm brede. Bladstilken er 2,5–6 cm lang. Bladet har tre fliker på hver side; basalfliken er vinkelrett eller tilbakebøyd, midtfliken utoverstående og tredje flik rettet framover. Tredje flikpar har ofte ulik lengde på hver side. Bladene er glinsende grønne på oversiden og glinsende lyse under. Høstfargen er dypt karmosinrød. Nøttene bruker 1,5 år på å bli modne. Nøtteskåla dekker mellom en tredjedel og halvparten av nøtta.

Skarlageneik vokser best på ganske tørr sand- eller grusjord i litt høyereliggende områder. Den forekommer som regel sammen med andre eikearter og furu, men på Ozarkplatået i Missouri vokser den i nesten rene bestander. I undervegetasjonen er blomsterkornell, syretre og bærlyng vanlig.

Nordgrensen går fra sørvestre Maine vestover til New York, Ohio, sørlige Michigan og Indiana. Vestgrensen går gjennom sørlige Illinois, sørøstlige Missouri og sentrale Mississippi. Sørgrensen går gjennom sørlige Alabama og sørvestlige Georgia, og østgrensen går i overgangen mellom kystsletta og Appalachene nordover til Virginia.

Dette treslaget er mye plantet både i USA og Europa på grunn av de praktfulle høstfargene. Kultivaren 'Splendens' har ekstra store, glinsende blad.

 src=

Bark

 src=

Rakler med hannblomster

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'Splendens'

 src=

Høstfarge

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Dąb szkarłatny ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Dąb szkarlatny (Quercus coccinea) – gatunek drzewa liściastego należący do rodziny bukowatych. Występuje we wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej. W Europie rzadko sadzony.

Morfologia

Pokrój
Dorasta do około 25 m wysokości. Korona u młodszych drzew stożkowata, z dość gęsto rozmieszczonymi gałęziami, u starszych – sklepiona, w dolnym odcinku tylko z kilkoma konarami.
Pień
Smukły i nieco pogięty. Kora początkowo gładka i jasnoszara, dzięki licznym przetchlinkom pokryta wyraźnym punktowym i liniowym deseniem, później szara, ale zawsze tylko delikatnie spękana. Pędy żółtawobrunatne z wierzchu. Pączki podłużnie jajowate, na szczycie zaostrzone, w przedniej części owłosione, z licznymi łuskami.
Liście
Długości 8-12 cm i prawie tak samo szerokie, eliptyczne, po każdej stronie podzielone na trzy nierównej długości klapy z licznymi spiczastymi zakończeniami. Zatoki między klapami sięgają prawie do grubego nerwu środkowego. Klapy liścia odstają niemal pod kątem prostym. Liście są po obu stronach błyszczące, z wierzchu ciemnozielone, od spodu jaśniejsze z pęczkami włosków w kącikach nerwów. Jesienią przebarwiają się na kolor szkarłatno-czerwony.
Kwiaty
Niepozorne zwisające, zielonkawe kotki męskie, w gęstych wiązkach[2]. Pojawiają się od maja do czerwca.
Owoce
Żołądź ma 1-2 cm szerokości, prawie do połowy tkwi w miseczce z grubymi łuskami.

Zmienność

Tworzy mieszańce z dębem czerwonym (Quercus × benderi Baenitz)[3].

Zastosowanie

W Europie już od dawna jest sadzony w parkach jako drzewo ozdobne. Także do obsadzania placów i ulic.

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-01-05].
  2. Bruno T. Kremer: Drzewa. Warszawa: Świat Książki, 1996, s. 124. ISBN 83-7129-141-8.
  3. Lucjan Rutkowski: Klucz do oznaczania roślin naczyniowych Polski niżowej. Warszawa: Wyd. Naukowe PWN, 2006. ISBN 83-01-14342-8.
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Dąb szkarłatny: Brief Summary ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL

Dąb szkarlatny (Quercus coccinea) – gatunek drzewa liściastego należący do rodziny bukowatych. Występuje we wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej. W Europie rzadko sadzony.

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Blodek ( السويدية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SV
Question book-4.svg
Den här artikeln behöver källhänvisningar för att kunna verifieras. (2013-07)
Åtgärda genom att lägga till pålitliga källor (gärna som fotnoter). Uppgifter utan källhänvisning kan ifrågasättas och tas bort utan att det behöver diskuteras på diskussionssidan.
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Blad från Blodek

Blodek (Quercus coccinea), även kallad "Scharlakansek", är en ek i rödeks-sektionen Lobatae av eksläktet Quercus.

Blodeken förväxlas ofta med Kärrek eller Rödek. Eken är främst hemmahörande i östra USA, från södra Maine i väster, till östra Oklahoma och söderut till södra Alabama. Arten förekommer på torra, sandiga, ofta sura jordar.

Blodek växer till en höjd av 20–30 meter, med en öppen, rundad krona. Bladen är glänsande gröna, 7–17 cm långa och 8–13 cm breda, flikiga, med sju flikar och djupa bihålorna mellan loberna. Bladet är hårlösa (till skillnad från den närstående kärreken, som har tofsar av blekt orange-brun färg). Ekollonen är äggformade, 7–13 mm breda och 17–31 mm långa, en tredjedel till hälften täckt av en djupt ollonskål, och mognar omkring 18 månader efter pollinering. Kärnan är mycket bitter.

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Blodek: Brief Summary ( السويدية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SV
 src= Blad från Blodek

Blodek (Quercus coccinea), även kallad "Scharlakansek", är en ek i rödeks-sektionen Lobatae av eksläktet Quercus.

Blodeken förväxlas ofta med Kärrek eller Rödek. Eken är främst hemmahörande i östra USA, från södra Maine i väster, till östra Oklahoma och söderut till södra Alabama. Arten förekommer på torra, sandiga, ofta sura jordar.

Blodek växer till en höjd av 20–30 meter, med en öppen, rundad krona. Bladen är glänsande gröna, 7–17 cm långa och 8–13 cm breda, flikiga, med sju flikar och djupa bihålorna mellan loberna. Bladet är hårlösa (till skillnad från den närstående kärreken, som har tofsar av blekt orange-brun färg). Ekollonen är äggformade, 7–13 mm breda och 17–31 mm långa, en tredjedel till hälften täckt av en djupt ollonskål, och mognar omkring 18 månader efter pollinering. Kärnan är mycket bitter.

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Quercus coccinea ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Quercus coccinea là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Münchh. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1770.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Quercus coccinea. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 2013.

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Quercus coccinea: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Quercus coccinea là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Münchh. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1770.

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia VI