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Nyctimene rabori — Details

Philippine Tube-nosed Fruit Bat learn more about names for this taxon

Overview

Brief Summary

Biology

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The Philippine tube-nosed bat breeds seasonally, with females giving birth to one young each year between April and May. Young females first become pregnant at around seven to eight months old, producing their first young four and a half to five months later, at about one year of age. By contrast, males are thought to reach sexual maturity a little later than females, at approximately one year of age. Lactation lasts three to four months, but little else is known about parental behaviour in raising the young (3). This forest bat is known to feed on wild figs, and thought to rarely forage far from its roost (3). Like many fruit bats, this species is also suspected to feed on a variety of other local fruits and possibly insects as well (2).

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Comprehensive Description

Description

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First described in 1984, the peculiar features of this species make it one of the strangest and intriguing of all known bats (4). One of the most bizarre and distinctive features is its separate tubular nostrils, which are about 6 mm long and project outwards above the mouth, and give this bat its common name (2) (3) (4). This species is also one of the few striped bats in the world, bearing one broad dark stripe down the centre of its back. There are also unusual yellow spots on the ears and wings (2) (4). The fur is soft and a pale golden brown to buff colour in females, and a darker, more chocolaty brown in males (2).

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Distribution

Range Description

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The tube-nosed fruit bat is endemic to the Philippines, where it is restricted to the islands of Cebu (Vinciguerra and Muller 1993), Negros and Sibuyan; it might also occur in Panay, although there has been a lack of sampling there to confirm this (L. Heaney pers. comm. 2006). It has also been recorded from Karakelong in the Talaud Islands (Indonesia), and on Siao and Greater Sangihe in the Sangihe Islands (Indonesia) (K. Helgen pers. comm.), but these records represent tentative identifications. The elevational range is from sea level to 1,300 m asl. On Negros, it has been recorded from 200 to 1,300 m asl.

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Geographic Range

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Nyctimene rabori is found on Negros, Cebu, and Sibuyan Islands, in the central Philippines.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

Other Geographic Terms: island endemic

Heaney, L., et. al.. 2002. "Nyctimene rabori" (On-line). A Synopsis of the Mammalian Fauna of the Phillippine Islands. Accessed August 18, 2004 at http://www.fmnh.org/philippine_mammals/Nyctimene_rabori.htm.

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Range

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As its common name suggests, the Philippine tube-nosed bat is endemic to the Philippines, where it is recorded only from the islands of Cebu, Negros and Sibuyan (4). The species has an extremely restricted range on these islands, having only once been seen on Cebu over 10 years ago, and with only a small population surviving in the hills of Sibuyan. The largest population exists on Negros Island, but is now limited to the relatively narrow strips of forest on the mountainside (3).

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Physical Description

Morphology

Physical Description

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The striking physical features from which this animal gets its name are its tubular nostrils, which are separate and are about 6mm long. Body coloration is sexually dimorphic, with females being a light golden brown or buff color, and males a darker, more chocolatey brown. Both sexes have a dark stripe extending from the shoulders to the tail and light spots on their ears and wings. The bats measure about 142 mm in total length, with tail 25 mm, ear 20 mm and forearm 76 mm.

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Ecology

Habitat

Habitat and Ecology

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Habitat and Ecology

It is found in or adjacent to forest (sea level to 1,300 m), in both primary and secondary forest (Vinciguerra and Muller 1993). N. rabori was previously thought to be confined to high-quality forest, but it is tolerant to a wider range of habitats than previously suspected, having been recorded from degraded habitats on Negros, and persisting in very degraded habitats on Cebu. During recent collections, the species has tended to be found near bodies of water.

Systems

Terrestrial

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Habitat

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Nyctimene rabori is found only in tropical, forested areas, and probably mainly utilizes the high canopy.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest

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Habitat

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This bat is almost always found in primary, preferably lowland forest, but has also been recorded in lightly disturbed secondary forest (5). Known breeding populations tend to occur in only very narrow bands of forest near the tops of ridges and on the sides of tall mountains (3). Although recorded from 200 to 1,300 m on Negros Island (5), the lower limit is probably now about 800 – 900 m and rising as deforestation continues (3), but the species is found near sea level on Sibuyan (5). This bat roosts either in vegetation or large hollow trees in the forest, but never in caves (3).

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Trophic Strategy

Food Habits

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Little is yet known about the habits of this recently (1984) described species, but, like other Nyctimene species, it probably eats a variety of local fruits and perhaps some insects as well.

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Life History and Behavior

Reproduction

Reproduction

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Reproduction is known to occur in May and June, based on a small number of specimens that were collected while lactating (females) or in breeding condition (males). The duration of the breeding season and other details of the species' reproductive behavior have not yet been studied by researchers.

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Conservation

Conservation Status

IUCN Red List Assessment

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Red List Category

EN

Endangered

Red List Criteria

C2a(i)

Version

3.1

Year Assessed

2008

Assessor/s

Ong, P., Rosell-Ambal, G. & Tabaranza, B. & Heaney, L., Ingle, N., Cariño, A.B., Pangulatan, L.M., Pedregosa, M., Alcala, E. & Helgen, K.

Reviewer/s

Hutson, A.M., Racey, P.A. (Chiroptera Red List Authority) & Stuart, S.N. (Global Mammal Assessment Team)

Contributor/s

Justification

N. rabori is listed as Endangered because its population size is estimated to number fewer than 2,500 mature individuals, there is an observed continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, and no subpopulation contains more than 250 mature individuals.

History

1996

Critically Endangered

(Baillie and Groombridge 1996)
1994

Endangered

(Groombridge 1994)
1990

Endangered

(IUCN 1990)
1988

Endangered

(IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 1988)

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Conservation Status

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Human activities have resulted in the loss of much of this tube-nosed fruit bat's forest habitat. If the forest fragments where it still lives are adequately protected, the species may survive.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered

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Status

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Classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List (1).

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Trends

Population

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Population

The tube-nosed fruit bat has been collected (mist-netted) infrequently on Cebu and Negros. It might be less common in degraded habitat than in old growth forest, but it does seem to be able to persist in degraded areas (L. Heaney pers. comm. 2007). It is more widespread on Negros and Cebu than previously suspected (L. Heaney pers. comm. 2007). On Negros, where it had been known only from a population on the southern part of the island, surveys have located 30 individuals at eight sites between 1998 and 2004 (Carino 2004). During survey, the highest number of individuals of N. rabori was recorded in Ban-ban, Ayungon municipality, with a total capture of nine individuals during 26 Mar to 10 Apr 1999 (Cariño 2004). Mount Siburan (Sibuyan Island) may have numbers of the tube-nosed fruit bats in the high hundreds, Negros may have low thousands of individuals and Cebu may have numbers in the low hundreds, where the population of that island has been found only in five small sites (L. Heaney pers. comm. 2007). The number of mature individuals could be less than 2,500.

Population Trend

Decreasing

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Threats

Threats

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Major Threats

Deforestation is a major threat, and has been severe across much of the range of N. rabori, although the rate has slowed due to the fact that there is little remaining primary forest. Most of the lowland forest habitat, which is the most suitable for the species, has been destroyed in two out of the three islands on which the species is known to occur. Although it has recently been recorded from some areas of secondary forest, the remaining populations are under intense pressure since very little forest remains and there is a continuing decline in area and quality of this forest. Hunting is not suspected to be a threat as, according to surveys, local people are unfamiliar with this tube-nosed fruit bat.

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Threats

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Populations of this unusual-looking bat have declined dramatically since 1950 due to extensive habitat destruction, and the threat of extinction now lingers dangerously close (5). Habitat has been destroyed by clearing and illegal logging, leaving less than just 1 % of original old-growth lowland forest remaining on Negros Island, where the largest population of this species is found (3). Lowland rainforest on Cebu Island is virtually gone altogether, and it is not known if this species still survives there, as it has not been seen for over 10 years. Thus, the Philippine tube-nosed bat now clings to a precarious existence, edging slowly closer to extinction as illegal logging and clearing continue to reduce vital habitat ever further (4).

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Management

Conservation Actions

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Conservation Actions

Surveys are needed over a wider part of the potential range of N. rabori to more acurately determine the status of its population, and to determine whether it occurs on Panay. It is known to occur in North Negros Forest Reserve (Tamblyn et al. 2005). More adequate conservation measures are needed at known sites.

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Conservation

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Both Mount Canlaon and a part of the mountainous southern fragment where this bat is thought to occur on Negros Island are designated by the national government as protected areas. Nevertheless, deforestation continues to pose a serious threat, including in the beautiful Twin Lakes Region that falls within the southern 'protected area' (6). If the remaining forest fragments were adequately protected, this rare and intriguing species may have a chance of survival (2), but if current rates of habitat loss continue, the future for this bat looks pretty bleak.

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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

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Tube-nosed fruit bats are dispersers of fruit tree seeds, and may help control pest insect populations.

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Wikipedia

Philippine Tube-nosed Fruit Bat

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The Philippine Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene rabori) is a species of megabat in the Pteropodidae family. It is endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Source

Chiroptera Specialist Group 1996. Nyctimene rabori. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 30 July 2007.

Extant species of family Pteropodidae

Kingdom: Animalia · Phylum: Chordata · Class: Mammalia · Infraclass: Eutheria · Superorder: Laurasiatheria · Order: Chiroptera

Subfamily Nyctimeninae

Nyctimene (Tube-nosed fruit bats)	Broad-striped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (N. aello) · Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (N. albiventer) · Pallas's Tube-nosed Bat (N. cephalotes) · Dark Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (N. celaeno) · Mountain Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (N. certans) · Round-eared Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (N. cyclotis) · Dragon Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (N. draconilla) · Keast's Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (N. keasti) · Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (N. major) · Malaita Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (N. malaitensis) · Demonic Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (N. masalai) · Lesser Tube-nosed Bat (N. minutus) · *Philippine Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (N. rabori)* · Eastern Tube-nosed Bat (N. robinsoni) · Umboi Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (N. vizcaccia)

Paranyctimene	Lesser Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (P. raptor) · Steadfast Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (P. tenax)

Subfamily Cynopterinae

Aethalops (Pygmy fruit bats)	Borneo Fruit Bat (A. aequalis) · Pygmy Fruit Bat (A. alecto)

Alionycteris	Mindanao Pygmy Fruit Bat (A. paucidentata)

Balionycteris	Spotted-winged Fruit Bat (B. maculata)

Chironax	Black-capped Fruit Bat (C. melanocephalus)

Cynopterus (Dog-faced fruit bats)	Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat (C. brachyotis) · Horsfield's Fruit Bat (C. horsfieldii) · Peters’s Fruit Bat (C. luzoniensis) · Minute Fruit Bat (C. minutus) · Nusatenggara Short-nosed Fruit Bat (C. nusatenggara) · Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat (C. sphinx) · Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat (C. titthaecheilus)

Dyacopterus (Dayak fruit bats)	Brooks's Dyak Fruit Bat (D. brooksi) · Rickart's Dyak Fruit Bat (D. rickarti) · Dayak Fruit Bat (D. spadiceus)

Haplonycteris	Fischer's Pygmy Fruit Bat (H. fischeri)

Latidens	Salim Ali's Fruit Bat (L. salimalii)

Megaerops	Tailess Fruit Bat (M. ecaudatus) · Javan Tailless Fruit Bat (M. kusnotoi) · Ratanaworabhan's Fruit Bat (M. niphanae) · White-collared Fruit Bat (M. wetmorei)

Otopteropus	Luzon Fruit Bat (O. cartilagonodus)

Penthetor	Dusky Fruit Bat (P. lucasi)

Ptenochirus (Musky fruit bats)	Greater Musky Fruit Bat (P. jagori) · Lesser Musky Fruit Bat (P. minor)

Sphaerias	Blanford's Fruit Bat (S. blanfordi)

Thoopterus	Swift Fruit Bat (T. nigrescens)

Subfamily Harpyionycterinae

Aproteles	Bulmer's Fruit Bat (A. bulmerae)

Dobsonia (Bare-backed fruit bats)	Andersen's Bare-backed Fruit Bat (D. anderseni) · Beaufort's Naked-backed Fruit Bat (D. beauforti) · Philippine bare-backed fruit bat (D. chapmani) · Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bat (D. crenulata) · Biak Naked-backed Fruit Bat (D. emersa) · Sulawesi Naked-backed Fruit Bat (D. exoleta) · Solomon's Naked-backed Fruit Bat (D. inermis) · Lesser Naked-backed Fruit Bat (D. minor) · Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat (D. moluccensis) · Panniet Naked-backed Fruit Bat (D. pannietensis) · Western Naked-backed Fruit Bat (D. peroni) · New Britain Naked-backed Fruit Bat (D. praedatrix) · Greenish Naked-backed Fruit Bat (D. viridis)

Harpyionycteris	Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat (H. celebensis) · Harpy Fruit Bat (H. whiteheadi)

Subfamily Macroglossinae

Macroglossus (Long-tongued fruit bats)	Long-tongued Nectar Bat (M. minimus) · Long-tongued Fruit Bat (M. sobrinus)

Melonycteris	Fardoulis' Blossom Bat (M. fardoulisi) · Black-bellied Fruit Bat (M. melanops) · Woodford's Fruit Bat (M. woodfordi)

Notopteris (Long-tailed fruit bats)	Long-tailed Fruit Bat (N. macdonaldi) · New Caledonia Blossom Bat (N. neocaledonica)

Syconycteris (Blossom bats)	Common Blossom Bat (S. australis) · Halmahera Blossom Bat (S. carolinae) · Moss-forest Blossom Bat (S. hobbit)

Subfamily Pteropodinae

Acerodon	Sulawesi Flying Fox (A. celebensis) · Talaud Flying Fox (A. humilis) · Giant Golden-crowned Flying Fox (A. jubatus) · Palawan Fruit Bat (A. leucotis) · Sunda Flying Fox (A. mackloti)

Desmalopex	White-winged Flying Fox (D. leucopterus) · Small White-winged Flying Fox (D. microleucopterus)

Eidolon (Straw-coloured fruit bats)	Madagascan Fruit Bat (E. dupreanum) · Straw-coloured Fruit Bat (E. helvum)

Mirimiri	Fijian Monkey-faced Bat (M. acrodonta)

Neopteryx	Small-toothed Fruit Bat (N. frosti)

Pteralopex	Bougainville Monkey-faced Bat (P. anceps) · Guadalcanal Monkey-faced Bat (P. atrata) · Greater Monkey-faced Bat (P. flanneryi) · Montane Monkey-faced Bat (P. pulchra) · New Georgian Monkey-faced Bat (P. taki)

Pteropus (Flying foxes)	P. alecto species group: Black Flying Fox (P. alecto) P. caniceps species group: Ashy-headed Flying Fox (P. caniceps) P. chrysoproctus species group: Silvery Flying Fox (P. argentatus) · Moluccan Flying Fox (P. chrysoproctus) · Makira Flying Fox (P. cognatus) · Banks Flying Fox (P. fundatus) · Solomons Flying Fox (P. rayneri) · Rennell Flying Fox (P. rennelli) P. conspicillatus species group: Spectacled Flying Fox (P. conspicillatus) · Ceram Fruit Bat (P. ocularis) P. livingstonii species group: Aru Flying Fox (P. aruensis) · Kei Flying Fox (P. keyensis) · Livingstone's Fruit Bat (P. livingstonii) · Black-bearded Flying Fox (P. melanopogon) P. mariannus species group: Okinawa Flying-fox (P. loochoensis) · Mariana Fruit Bat (P. mariannus) · Pelew Flying Fox (P. pelewensis) · Insular Flying Fox (P. tonganus) · Kosrae Flying Fox (P. ualanus) · Yap Flying Fox (P. yapensis) P. melanotus species group: Black-eared Flying Fox (P. melanotus) P. molossinus species group: Lombok Flying Fox (P. lombocensis) · Caroline Flying Fox (P. molossinus) · Rodrigues Flying Fox (P. rodricensis) P. neohibernicus species group: Great Flying Fox (P. neohibernicus) P. niger species group: Aldabra Flying Fox (P. aldabrensis) · Mauritian flying fox (P. niger) · Madagascan Flying Fox (P. rufus) · Seychelles Fruit Bat (P. seychellensis) · Pemba Flying Fox (P. voeltzkowi) P. personatus species group: Bismark Masked Flying Fox (P. capistratus) · Masked Flying Fox (P. personatus) · Temminck's Flying Fox (P. temminckii) P. poliocephalus species group: Big-eared Flying Fox (P. macrotis) · Geelvink Bay Flying Fox (P. pohlei) · Grey-headed Flying Fox (P. poliocephalus) P. pselaphon species group: Chuuk Flying Fox (P. insularis) · Temotu Flying Fox (P. nitendiensis) · Bonin Flying Fox (P. pselaphon) · Vanikoro Flying Fox (P. tuberculatus) · New Caledonia Flying Fox (P. vetulus) P. samoensis species group: Vanuatu Flying Fox (P. anetianus) · Samoa Flying Fox (P. samoensis) P. scapulatus species group: Gilliard's Flying Fox (P. gilliardorum) · Lesser Flying Fox (P. mahaganus) · Little Red Flying Fox (P. scapulatus) · Dwarf Flying Fox (P. woodfordi) P. subniger species group: Admiralty Flying Fox (P. admiralitatum) · Ryukyu Flying Fox (P. dasymallus) · Nicobar Flying Fox (P. faunulus) · Gray Flying Fox (P. griseus) · Ontong Java Flying Fox (P. howensis) · Small Flying Fox (P. hypomelanus) · Ornate Flying Fox (P. ornatus) · Little Golden-mantled Flying Fox (P. pumilus) · Philippine Gray Flying Fox (P. speciosus) P. vampyrus species group: Indian Flying Fox (P. giganteus) · Andersen's Flying Fox (P. intermedius) · Lyle's Flying Fox (P. lylei) · Large Flying Fox (P. vampyrus)

Styloctenium	Mindoro Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (S. mindorensis) · Sulawesi Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (S. wallacei)

Subfamily Rousettinae

Eonycteris (Dawn fruit bats)	Greater Nectar Bat (E. major) · Cave Nectar Bat (E. spelaea) · Philippine Dawn Bat (E. robusta)

Rousettus (Rousette fruit bats)	Subgenus Boneia: Manado Fruit Bat (R. bidens) Subgenus Rousettus: Geoffroy's Rousette (R. amplexicaudatus) · Sulawesi Rousette (R. celebensis) · Egyptian Rousette (R. aegyptiacus) · Leschenault's Rousette (R. leschenaulti) · Linduan Rousette (R. linduensis) · Comoro Rousette (R. obliviosus) · Bare-backed Rousette (R. spinalatus) Subgenus Stenonycteris: Long-haired Rousette (R. lanosus) · Madagascan Rousette (R. madagascariensis)

Subfamily Epomophorinae

Epomophorus (Epauleted fruit bats)	Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat (E. angolensis) · Ansell's Epauletted Fruit Bat (E. anselli) · Peters's Epauletted Fruit Bat (E. crypturus) · Gambian Epauletted Fruit Bat (E. gambianus) · Lesser Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat (E. grandis) · Ethiopian Epauletted Fruit Bat (E. labiatus) · East African Epauletted Fruit Bat (E. minimus) · Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat (E. minor) · Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat (E. wahlbergi)

Epomops (Epauleted bats)	Buettikofer's Epauletted Fruit Bat (E. buettikoferi) · Dobson's Fruit Bat (E. dobsoni) · Franquet's Epauletted Fruit Bat (E. franqueti)

Hypsignathus	Hammer-headed Bat (H. monstrosus)

Micropteropus (Dwarf epauleted bats)	Hayman's Dwarf Epauletted Fruit Bat (M. intermedius) · Peter's Dwarf Epauletted Fruit Bat (M. pusillus)

Nanonycteris	Veldkamp's Dwarf Epauletted Fruit Bat (N. veldkampii)

Lissonycteris	Angolan Rousette (L. angolensis)

Megaloglossus	Woermann's Bat (M. woermanni)

Myonycteris (Little collared fruit bats)	São Tomé Collared Fruit Bat (M. brachycephala) · East African Little Collared Fruit Bat (M. relicta) · Little Collared Fruit Bat (M. torquata)

Plerotes	D'Anchieta's Fruit Bat (P. anchietae)

Casinycteris	Short-palated Fruit Bat (C. argynnis)

Scotonycteris	Zenker's Fruit Bat (S. zenkeri) · Pohle's Fruit Bat (S. ophiodon)

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